St.

Rita’s College of Balingasag

Balingasag, Misamis Oriental
HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
MODULE 1

Subject Code: Educ 4

Course Title: Technology Teaching and Learning
Credit Units: 3 units
Course Description: This course is designed to introduce the basic learning theories and
principles as bases in the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of instruction for
educational technology. Students are expected to demonstrate skills in integrating technology in
various content areas. Course activities are focused on the design and development of ICT-based
instructional plans.

Course Outcomes:
CO 1 – Establish the significance of technology in the 21st century education.
CO 2 - Demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature of the computer components and how they
interact with each other.
CO 3 - Integrate useful instructional materials/software in the teaching-learning process.
CO 4 - Establish the benefits of the internet and World Wide Web for effective teaching and learning.
CO 5 - Demonstrate skills in developing teacher support materials as well as production of
technology-based outputs in the various content areas in the K-12 program.

Course Outline:
Unit 1: Meaning of Educational Technology
Unit 2: Instructional Technology
Unit 3: Teaching Strategies, Methods and techniques of Educational Technology, Learner- Centred
Strategies, Group-Centered strategies
Unit 4: Models of Teaching, Glasser’s Basic Teaching Model, Taba Inductive Thinking Model,
Unit 5: The Place of Information and Communication Technology in Distance Education
Unit 6: Educational Resource Centres (ERC)

Grading System:

See Revised Handbook

Topic
Educational Technology Concept, Approaches and Scope
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to;
(i) define educational technology;
(ii) describe the two major aspects of educational technology and provide relevant examples
of each;

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 (iii) discuss at least four major concepts/terminologies that are wrongly used to describe
educational technology; and
(iv) discuss the relevance of psychology to educational technology.
Introduction
Has it ever occurred to you to ask yourself the meaning of the name you bear? This is considered
natural and indeed necessary. You must have noticed within your community that some
individuals have cause to change their names for reasons not known to you aside from marital
reason, especially among women-folks. 14 Experience has shown that some people resorted to
changing their names when they discovered that they did not like the meaning of the initial name
given to them at birth. Indeed, the name one bears suggests to the world some expectations from
the bearers. In this unit, the meaning of the course title ‘Educational Technology’ shall be provided.
You are to take note of some terminologies and concepts used in the course of the discussion.
Time Allotment: 15 hours (1 week)
Core/Related Values and Biblical Passage
Core/Related Values: Service – Courage

Biblical Passage: “Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends”
John 15:13

Learning Content

There are a lot of misconceptions as regards the meaning of educational technology. To many, it is
a discipline associated with the use of audiovisual media in education. Some use the term software
and hardware as synonyms of educational technology. Whereas, some people are comfortable with
the term teaching machines as the meaning of educational technology. In Nigeria, the difference in
the two disciplines of “introductory technology and educational technology or instructional
technology” are often overlooked. The truth of the matter is that…

1.1 Educational Technology

Educational Technology is a combination of two terms education and technology. Education refers
to the process of bringing up or leading out the inherent potentialities from the pupil. It is the
process by which the knowledge, skills and attitude are transmitted to the members of the
community.
Technology refers to the techniques as well as technical contrivances which enhance a
process. It is a systematic way of applying the techniques to achieve an objective. Therefore
Educational Technology can be defined as the systematic application of technology in the field of
education. Like any other term, Educational Technology has been defined variously. According to
G.O.M. Leith ‘Educational Technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and
the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning’.
Concept of Educational Technology

Educational Technology is a wider term which is more than the sum of its parts. Educational
Technology is not a simple combination of these two words as shown below
o Technology in Education

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  Technology of Education

Early developments referred to the role of technology in education which signifies the use of audio-
visual equipment that is hardware in educational process. Later development recognises the
concept of technology of education that is techniques and methodologies of teaching and learning.
This is indeed the software aspect of educational technology. Educational technology is also
different from audio-visual aids. Educational Technology is a vast subject concerned with the
application of scientific knowledge about learning and conditions of learning in order to improve
the effectiveness of teaching, learning and evaluation.

Audio –visual aids are merely the aids or resources, i.e., materials which are employed to improve
the quality of the message. Audio-visual aids are only a part of educational technology.

Meaning of Educational Technology

Educational Technology is a system of 5M’s in education in which machines, material ,men,

media and methods are interrelated and work together for the fulfilment of specific educational
objectives. Technology explosion has yielded several new machines, materials and media which
have great potential for use in the educational enterprise. An adequate knowledge of theory and
practice of educational technology and their proper use would enable the teacher to understand
and effectively discharge his new roles in the educational system in the age of ‘information
explosion’, ‘knowledge explosion’ and ‘expectation explosion’.
Educational technology is branch of study in which the results of engineering techniques,
information science, natural science, behavioural science and human technology are to be used to
promote the efficiency of education.
Broadly speaking educational Technology connotes three meanings. The first view which
may call educational technology I (ET 1) refers to the application of Physical Science and
engineering technology to provide mechanical or electro-mechanical tools, instruction or hardware
which can be used for instructional purposes. In this sense ,the reference is generally to the use of
equipment for presenting instructional material such as still and motion pictures, projectors, tape
recorders, television, teaching machine and computer based technology.

The second view which may call educational technology 2 (ET 2) refers to the application of
scientific principles to instruction. Here psychological principles of learning are stressed. The third
and modern view of educational technology 3(ET3) incorporates both ET1 and ET2 through the
application of a system approach to education. According to this view education should be
considered as a system in which machines, materials, media, men and methods are incorporated
parts and are organised in such a way as they work together for the fulfilment specific educational
objectives.

Nature and Characteristics of Educational Technology

 Educational Technology is the application of scientific principles to education

 It lays stress on the development of methods and techniques for effective teaching-learning
 It emphasis the designing of measuring instruments for testing learning outcomes
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 It involves input, output and process aspect of education
 Educational Technology is not to be taken as a synonym to audio-visual aids in education
 Educational Technology is a comprehensive term and is not to be viewed in terms of its parts
or processes. It includes instructional technology, teaching technology, programmed learning,
micro teaching and system etc..

Significance of Educational Technology

The growing use of educational technology helps to release the teacher from the routine role of
‘information giving’ so that he can devote his time and effort to the more important tasks of
planning, arranging and evaluating learning experiences and outcomes. Another noticeable trend is
the creation of multi-media learning environments in classrooms which involve the use of a variety
of interrelated learning experiences.
The US Commission on Instructional Technology (1970) has listed the following important benefits
of educational technology.
 Technology can make education more individual
 Technology can make education more effective
 With the use of technology instructions can have more scientific base
 Technology makes instruction more powerful
 Technology provides immediate and equal access to information
In spite of these the use of technology has the following benefits also.
 Involvement of maximum senses
 Utilise maxims of teaching
o Proceed from known to unknown
o Proceed from simple to complex
o Proceed from easy to difficult
o Proceed from concrete to abstract
o Proceed from particular to general
 Attention compellers
 Motivating force
 Reduce verbalism and monotonous teaching
 Helps in clarifying concepts
 Substitute for direct experience
 Meets inadequate resources
 Develops scientific attitude
 Helps in better learning and retention
 Makes teaching-learning attractive inspirational and effective
 Cater to individual differences of students

Principles of Educational Technology

While using educational technology in classroom teacher should consider the following
principles.
1) Principle of Purposiveness
There shall be a definite purpose in using technological methods and devices in classrooms.
Use of it should not be considered as a substitute for teaching.

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2) Principle of Economy
While suggesting a machine or method, the affordability must be considered.
3) Principle of ease in the use of an aid
When a teacher selects one aid from among a possible set, he should have the competency to
handle it. It is better to avoid complicated gadgets.
4) Principle of Availability
Availability must also be considered while selecting a hardware or software.
5) Principle of Simplicity
Easy to use or simple methods are recommended than the complicated ones. It should not
confuse the minds of pupil.
6) Principle of Stimulation
The technology used in the classroom should be inspirational. They are meant to
supplement oral and written presentation.
7) Principle of Self-preparation
It is preferred to use self- prepared learning materials and method for the transparency in
preparation.

Scope of Educational Technology

The scope of Educational Technology is as wide as education itself. The scope includes the
use of hardware and software and system analysis in various educational operations. The
possibility of using ET in almost all areas of education has been and is being explored. As such the
scope of ET encompasses educational objectives, media and their characteristics, criteria for
selection of media and resources, management of resources, as well as their evaluation. ET
increases the output of the entire system of education.
Ø ET tries to study the phases of teaching, skills of teaching and learning, principles of teaching,
maxims of teaching etc.
Ø ET as a discipline strives for the formulation of objectives and goals of education based on
individual and social needs.
Ø ET includes planning of curricular and non-curricular inputs on the basis of goals and objectives
of education. It also highlights the ways and means of content selection, transaction and
sequencing of teaching learning activities.
Ø ET develops tools of evaluation to provide feedback and based on this modifications are
incorporated in the process.
Ø ET has its scope for the development of the course content, curriculum, the development of
teaching learning materials etc.
Ø Training of teachers, teacher-training programme, development of suitable strategies and
techniques of teaching.
Ø Selection and use of appropriate audio-visual aids for making the teaching-learning process
more meaningful and realistic.
Ø Effective use of hardware, software and mass media
Ø Individualized instructional technology
Ø Programmed learning
Ø Models of teaching
Ø Multimedia approach to teaching
Ø Communication technology
Ø Task-analysis, preparation of modules
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Ø Computer, internet, E-mail, teleconferencing, virtual classrooms, satellite instruction etc.
Ø Micro teaching, simulation, and other training techniques

What do you understand by these terms?

(1) Technology in Education? and

(2) Technology of Education?

3.4 Technology in Education

By the term “technology in education” is meant application of machines, gadgets or equipment to

improve the quality of education. This aspect is described as the “hardware” approach to
educational technology. It involves the use of pieces of instructional materials (media) such as
audio media, visual media, projected media, graphics, computers and other teaching machines. It
is important to note that hardware/machines are means through which information are extracted
from their corresponding software.

3.4.1 Audio Media

These are teaching-learning devices that appeal to the auditory sense. They consist of radio sets;
audio recording machines such as audiotapes, disc machines, telephone and walkie-talkie.

3.4.2 Visual Media

These are instructional media that appeal to the sense of seeing (eyes). Most graphics are in this
family of instructional media. They include: pictures, photographs, diagrams, charts and cartoons,
still pictures such as slides, filmstrips and transparencies.

3.4.3 Audio-visual Media

These are instructional materials that have the capacity to provide issues in form of pictures and
audio effect, in form of commentaries on the pictures simultaneously. Examples of media in this
category are: the television, videotape player, filmstrip/slides with in-built or synchronized sound.

3.4.4 Broadcast / Telecommunication Media

These are media through which information is disseminated usually to the mass of people /
audience that are scattered over a wide distance. Common among the family of mass media are:
the radio, the television, and the newspapers. The two former ones are in electronic forms while
the latter is the printed form.

3.4.5 Projected Media

Projected media belong to a group of instructional resources which can only be accessed by means
of projecting their content on the screen/wall using a projector machine specifically designed for
the purpose. Therefore, projected media are usually a combination of software and the
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corresponding hardware. You may have watched a cinema or a film in a cinema house or at some
gathering. Recall that there was an equipment/machine that was used to propel a scroll of film. In
addition, you will recall that the machine was energized through a power source – direct current or
the use of a generator. Your experience has provided you with all that we can use to explain the
meaning of projected media. From your experience, consider the machine that was used to propel
the scroll of the film as the “hardware”. The “film” which contains the content or the message to be
disseminated is referred to as the software

What we need to know is that all projected media are designed to be transmitted on the screen
through the use of projectors. Examples of such projectors are: slide projector, overhead projector,
video projector, 16mm projector, 8mm projector, 35mm projector, filmstrip projector, opaque
projector among others. It should be pointed out that most of the named projectors are fast
becoming obsolete due to technological advancement and the advent of computer age.

Pictures of the under listed projected equipment are as shown below:

(i) 8mm projector

(ii) ) Overhead projector
(iii) Computers
(iv) Audiotape player/recorder
(v) Videotape player/recorder

3.5 Technology of Education

The term “technology of education” refers to application of theories and laws/rules in education
and related disciplines for the purpose of improving the quality of education. Such related
disciplines include: sociology/sociology of education, philosophy/philosophy of education,
psychology/psychology of education, communication, technology, etc. Technology of education is
a component of educational technology that is involved in the use of systems approach to promote
high quality education. Furthermore, this aspect of educational technology is concerned with the
use of systematic and scientific procedures in educational practice. Simply put, technology of
education refers to the application of the systems approach to educational enterprise. Its main
concerns include issues bothering on identification of educational problem, analysing the problem,
setting objectives, suggesting solution strategies, synthesizing the processes, embarking on
evaluation and providing feedback.

At this junction, it is to be noted that a combination of the meaning of technology in education and
technology of education will provide a fairly acceptable/description of educational technology.

Major steps in the systems approach in education are:

1. Formulating of specific instructional objectives to be achieved and defining instructional goals,
2. Deciding appropriate media to achieve these goals,
3. Defining learner characteristics and requirements,
4. Selecting appropriate methods suitable for effective learning to take place,
5. Selecting appropriate learning experiences from available alternatives,
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6. Selecting appropriate materials and tools required,
7. Assigning appropriate personal roles for teachers, students and supporting staff,
8. Implementing the programme,
9. Evaluating the outcome in terms of original objectives measured in student performance and
10. Revising to improve efficiency of the system to improve students’ learning.

Learning Evaluation
Teaching – Learning Activities
TLA 1:
Explain what educational technology is by using this graphic organizer.

Educational
Technology

TLA 2: Using the three concentric circles given below, show that educational technology,
instructional technology are much broader than educational media and technology integration.
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TLA 3: Accomplish this Learning Bank

Deposits Dividends
(What I learned) (How I would use what I learned in life)

TLA 4: Come up with your own listing on how technology can be a blessing or a curse to
mankind. Feel free to give examples drawn from life. Use the table provided below.

Technology as Boon Technology as Bane

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TLA 5: Choose 1 quotation below and explain its meaning.

1. “Technology or perish” – John R Peirce

2. “All our technological progress, our very civilization is like the axe in the hand of the
pathological criminal" Albert Einsten
3. If there is technological advance without social advance, there is, almost automatically, an
increase in human misery”, Michael Harrington

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Assessment

Reflection Paper
Guide question:
Can technology take the place of the teacher in the classroom?

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Assignment
You are a school head. For technology to serve its ultimate purpose of improved learning, you
involved your faculty in the formulation of guidelines on the use of technology in the classroom.
Simulate a faculty meeting and come up with written guidelines. Write them below.

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 Rubrics

References
Becker, H.J., Ravitz, J.L. & Wong, Y.T. (2015). Teacher and teacher-directed student use of
computers and software. [PDF document]. Center for Research on Information Technology
& Organizations, University of California, Irvine and University of Minnesota. Retrieved
from http://www.crito.uci.edu/

Corpuz, B.B., Lucido, P.I. (2015). Educational technology. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon City,
Metro Manila,

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http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson963/Rubric.pdf
https://www.cwu.edu/teaching-learning/sites/cts.cwu.edu.teaching-
learning/files/documents/BSED316.pdf

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