Scribd
Upload
266 views3 pages

Modelling of Electrical Systems

1. Mathematical modelling involves creating mathematical representations of physical systems using equations to describe how the system behaves in response to inputs. 2. For electrical systems, common passive elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors can be modeled using equations like Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, and relationships between voltage, current, and time. 3. There are several ways to represent a system mathematically, including using differential equations, transfer functions, or state-space models. Obtaining reasonable mathematical models is important for analyzing control systems.

Uploaded by

Pandu K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
266 views3 pages

Modelling of Electrical Systems

1. Mathematical modelling involves creating mathematical representations of physical systems using equations to describe how the system behaves in response to inputs. 2. For electrical systems, common passive elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors can be modeled using equations like Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, and relationships between voltage, current, and time. 3. There are several ways to represent a system mathematically, including using differential equations, transfer functions, or state-space models. Obtaining reasonable mathematical models is important for analyzing control systems.

Uploaded by

Pandu K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Introduction to modelling of a system:


A physical system is a collection of physical objects connected together to serve an
objective. To analyse and design a physical system it is always necessary to have some types of
equivalent representation which will describe the various components, and their relations in the
system. This equivalent configuration is known as model of that system. And these models will
predict how the system will behave in response to the various inputs to the system.
Once a physical model of a physical system is obtained the next step is to obtain a
mathematical model which is the mathematical representation of the physical model through a set
of mathematical equations. The descriptions of system elements, components, properties etc. in
these models are represented by mathematical relations like integro–differential equations. Such
differential equations may be obtained by using physical laws governing a particular system, for
example, Newton’s laws for mechanical systems and Kirchhoff’s laws for electrical systems. We
must always keep in mind that driving reasonable mathematical models is the most important part
of the entire analysis of control systems.
In practice it is not possible to represent the system parameters and properties by
exact mathematical relations because they are complex in nature and difficult to obtain. hence
certain approximations are made to get these mathematical relations simplified before using them in
mathematical models of the system. While dealing with non-linear systems these assumptions
linearize the system models there by making mathematical operations simple and possible.
When the mathematical model of a physical system is solved for various input
conditions the result represents the dynamic response of the system. After having the complete
system model the dynamic behavior is investigated to predict and understand the system
performance and thus to select proper system components and parameters to obtain the desired
system performance.
Procedure :
The procedure used to investigate the system dynamic response is described below
1. Specify the system under consideration and obtain a simple physical model whose behavior
will almost be same as that of the system under consideration.
2. Define a set of mathematical relations to describe the physical model
3. Solving various equations for the model, obtain mathematical equations to study the
dynamic behaviour of the system. From this various components and parameters are
selected to have the desired system response which then becomes the design specifications
of the system.
Introduction to modelling of electrical system:
Electrical systems have either lumped or distributed parameters depending upon the
system properties. The elements of electrical systems are divided in two categories which are
known as active elements and passive elements. The elements which are source of electrical energy
are known as active elements while those elements which consume energy are known as passive
elements. The source of energy may be voltage or current source. The basic passive elements are
Resistor, inductor, capacitor and these can be modeled as follows
Modelling of passive electrical elements:
Resistor: which opposes the flow of current. And Ohm’s law states that the voltage drop V R (t ),
across a resistor R is proportional to the current i(t) going through the resistor.
V R (t )= i(t)R

Inductor: which will store the energy in the form of magnetic field. The voltage drop V L (t),
across an inductor L is proportional to the rate of change of current i(t) going through the
inductor, thus,
di(t)
V L ( t ) =L
dt
Capacitor: which stores the energy in the form of electric field. and the voltage drop V C (t ),
across a capacitor C is proportional to the integral current i(t) going through the capacitor with
respect to the time, therefore
1
V C (t)= i(t)dt
C∫
Mathematical modelling of electrical networks:
The mathematical modelling of a electrical network can be obtained by applying kirchhof’s
laws. Which states that
Kirchhof’s voltage law or loop law: which states that at any given instant the algebraic sum of the
voltages around any loop in an electrical circuit is zero.
Kirchhof’s current law or node law: which states that the algebraic sum of all currents entering
and leaving a node is zero.
The mathematical model of a system can be represented in the following ways
1. Differential equation model
2. Transfer function model
3. State space model
Differential equation model:
The procedure for finding Differential equation model for electrical system is described below:
Procedure:
1.Define variable in the system i.e., voltages and currents in the system or network. Impose the
constraints on these variables.
2.Obtain loop equations by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws to the loops formed by
various elements in the network.
3.Apply physical voltage-current relationships to individual elements.
4.Form loop equations in Step (2) and voltage-current relationship in Step (3) obtain the system
equations by algebraic manipulations.
Transfer Function model
Any physical system is mathematically described by a set of equations which are known as
system equations. These equations are simplified by using Laplace transformations and taking the
system initial conditions to be zero. Initial conditions are taken to be zero, as in actual analysis or
design of control system, the system is assumed to be initially at rest i.e. Initially they have no
energy stored in their elements. These simplified system equations are manipulated to determine the
ratio of Laplace transform of system output to the Laplace transform of system input to investigate
the system properties .This ratio is known as the transfer function of the system. The complete
transfer function of the system is obtained by determining the transfer functions of various
components in the system and then combining them according to their connections.
The procedure for obtaining the transfer function of the physically realizable, lumped parameter,
stationary linear system with input r(t) and output c(t) is described below.
Procedure.
1.Determine equations which relate the system input r(t)with output c(t).
2.Obtain the Laplace transform of these equations and substitute zero initial conditions.
3.By algebraic manipulations determine the ratio
C(s)
G(s) =
R(s)
Where G (s) is the transfer function of the system.

You might also like