AUTOMATIC DRAPES AND HOUSE LIGHTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A drape or curtain is a piece of cloth intended to block or obscure light, or drafts, or water in the

case of a shower curtain. A curtain is also the movable screen or drape in a theater that separates

the stage from the auditorium or that serves as a backdrop. Curtains are often hung on the inside

of a building's windows to block the passage of light, for instance at night to aid sleeping, or to

stop light from escaping outside the building (stopping people outside from being able to see

inside, often for privacy reasons). In this application, they are also known as "draperies".

Curtains come in a variety of shapes, materials, sizes, colors and patterns, and they often have

their own sections within department stores, while some shops are completely dedicated to

selling curtains.

1.1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Almost every building has windows. Since most of these windows are made of glass, they need

drapes (curtains). This is important since the outsiders can see what is in the building at ease.

This can attract theft due to the exposure of the house interior. These are manually wound open

in the morning and closed in the evening. This is mainly and largely done manually by people.

This means that sometime they are left unwound die to the forgetful nature of people. Also,

doing this manually and daily is a challenging task that consumes time and energy that could be

used for other purposes. This therefore needs to automate the opening and closing of the curtains.

Therefore the need of automatic drapes and house lighting system arises. At dusk, it senses

darkness and closes the curtains and morning opens. On top of this, there is an automatic

1
darkness activated switch incorporated to ensure that the lamps are turned on at night and off in

the morning.

1.2 MAIN OBJECTIVE

 To design, construct and test automatic drapes and house lighting system.

1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To use light dependent resistor to facilitate detection of darkness and light.

 To use a DC motor to mechanically power the curtain mechanism.

 To turn on the lamp when darkness comes and off in the morning.

1.4 AIM

It is a requirement by the Kenya National Examination Council ( knec) for partial fulfillment of

Diploma course in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (power station).

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

1.5.0 SCOPE

This project is designed to use reading available electronics components the 10N cost dusk-down

controller is build around light dependent resistor among other components. The common 240v

supply is used to power the circuit which is stepped down to a lower 12v Dc working voltage.

Resistors work as voltage. Resistors work as voltage divider and current limited in the circuit.

Diodes are used for circuit deadivation.

2
1.5.1 LIMITATIONS

During research and data collection, different challenges were experienced. The first major

challenge was that most of the targeted members of the society were busy with their personnel

schedule and this created barrier to successful data collection.

The second category of challenge concerned research logistics and procedure such as travel

distances which was much costly.

The third concerned reliability of information given by different people who were interviewed.

Lastly, the fourth concerned scientific quality and interpretation, including issues of reliability

and combining data from multiple sources. Moreover, the project faced both common and

diverse research challenges and used many different strategies to address them

1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power supply

Light sensor Comparator Motor Motor Curtain

Circuit controller Mechanism
circuit

Reference
circuit Switching Lamp
circuit

3
1.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

1.7.0 POWER SUPPLY

This steps down voltage from 240v ac to stable 12v dc to power the electronic circuit. It is

comprised of step down transformer, bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor and reference circuit.

1.7.1 LIGHT SENSOR

This senses light and converts it to electrical signal to be used to monitor if there is darkness in

order to light the lamp and close the drapes.

1.7.2 COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

This compares the voltage from the light sensor with reference voltage and gives an output.

Reference voltage is used to determine the points at which the lamps turn off or on and also

when the curtains closes or opens.

1.7.3 REFERENCE CIRCUIT

This gives a stable voltage representing the point at which the motor should run and the lamp

should come on. The reference voltage is fed to the voltage comparator together with the signal

from the light sensor. When the light sensor signal exceeds reference, the comparator output goes

high.

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1.7.4 MOTOR CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

This power to the motor on receiving the necessary signal from the comparator. This is

comprised of CMOS timer circuits which enable the motor to run in one direction for some time

and then stops.

1.7.5 MOTOR

This provides the mechanical power to drive the curtain mechanism. A DC motor is used since it

can be run in two directions at ease. DC shunt motor is used.

1.7.6 CURTAIN MECHANISM

This is a mechanical setup that is driven by the motor to open or close the window. This is a gear

mechanism to run the curtains. The design of this gear may vary from one site to another.

1.7.7 SWITCHING CIRCUIT

This powers the lamp on receiving voltage from the comparator. This is a bipolar junction

transistor (BJT) based circuit. This when a small current flows through the base of the transistor,

a larger current flows through the collector enough to run the motor.

1.7.8 LAMP

This provides light when darkness comes. A 240V ac lamp is used here. One or more may be

used.

5
1.8 SPECIFICATIONS

Operating voltage 240v ac

Current 0.5 Ampere

Frequency 50 Hz

Minimum operating Temperature 00C

Maximum operating Temperature 650C

Controller response time 10 milliseconds

Motor voltage 12V DC

Maximum lamp output power 2000 watts

6
 CHAPTER TWO

THEORY OF COMPONENTS

2.2 RESISTORS

These are electronic opposes the flow of electricity through a circuit. They offer resistance,

which means the property of a substance due to which it opposes the flow of electricity through

it.

They are designed specifically to introduce a desired a mouth of impedance into a circuit to give

out the desired value of voltage or current.

FIXED RESISTORS

They have only one ohmic value, which cannot be changed or adjusted. They are several

different types of fixed resistors. One of the most common types of fixed resistors is the

composition carbon resistor. Carbon resistors are made from a compound of carbon graphite and

bonding material. The proportion of carbon and resin material determines the value of resistance.

This compound is enclosed in a case of non-conductive material with connecting leads.

the colour band take of resistor

COLOUR 1ST BAND 2ND BAND MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

black 0 0 _ _
brown 1 1 0 +1%
red 2 2 00
orange 3 3 000
yellow 4 4 0000
green 5 5 00000

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blue 6 6 000000
violet 7 7 0000000
grey 8 8 00000000
white 9 9 000000000
gold _ _ /10 +5%
silver _ _ /100 +10%

Tolerance if resistor have 3 bands +20%

TABLE OF RESISTOR TABLE

RESISTOR TABLE DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONS

Resistor (IEEE) resistor reduce the flow of

Resistor (IEEE) current

potential (IEEE) adjustable resistor has3

potential (IEEE) terminals ,its resistant can be
varied within a given range

rheostat (IEEEE) it has two terminals provider

rheostat (IEEE) varying resistor

trimmer resistor it is a present resistor

thermistor Thermal resistor- change

resistor when temperature
changes
Photo resistor/ light dependent Changes resistance with
resistor (LDR) change in light intensity.

COLOR CODE

The values of the entire above can often be determined by the colour code. Many resistors have

bands of colour that are used to determine the resistance value, tolerance, and in some cases

reliability. The colour bands represent numbers. Each colour represents a different numeric

value.

8
2.1 CAPACITORS

Capacitors are devices that oppose a change of voltage. The simplest type of capacitor is

constructed from material called dielectric. Three factors determine the capacitance of a

capacitor:-

1. The area of the plate

2. The distance between the plates

3. The type of dielectric used.

The greater the surface area of the plate, the more capacitance a capacitor will have.

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

There are different types of capacitors, these are:

2.3 DIODE

Normal (p-n) diodes are usually made of doped silicon or, more rarely, germanium. The vast

majority of all diodes are the p-n diodes found in CMOS integrated circuits, which include two

diodes per pin and many other internal diodes.

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2.1 TRANSISTORS

These are semi-conductor devices which are used in variety of electronic purposes. The main

purposes of transistor are:-

 Used in amplification

 Used as a switch

There are two main types of transistors which are available both in discrete and integrated circuit

versions:-

 The bipolar type

 The field effect type

 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

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These are considered as devices in which a current flowing between the collector and emitter is

controlled by a much smaller current flowing between the base and emitter. Bipolar transistor

can further be divided into two categories namely:-

(a) N-P-N transistor.

(b) P-N-P transistor.

NPN Transistor

NPN made from joining one Positive-Typed Semi Conductor in between two Negative-Typed

Semi Conductors. Here a lightly doped p-type semiconductor (semiconductor with more holes

than electrons) is sandwiched between two well-doped n-type regions. It is like two pn-junctions

facing away. An IEEE symbol for the npn transistor is shown here. The arrow between the base

and emitter is in the same direction as current flowing between the base-emitter junctions. Power

dissipated in the transistor is

P = VCEIC, where VCE is the voltage between the collector and the emitter and IC is the

collector current.

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PNP Transistor

PNP Transistor made from joining one Negative-Typed Semi Conductor in between two

Positive-Typed Semi Conductors

2.4 TRANSFORMER

This is a device used to step down the mains ac mains supply to a lower value required by the

circuit, and also to provide isolation between the ac supplies. The physical basis of a transformer

is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux; consists of two

inductive coils that are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low

reluctance.

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THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In some cases the

coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core

material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power

transformers are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a transformer and their functions

are:

 The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.

 The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source.

 The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding

and delivers it to the load.

 The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture,

and mechanical damage.

Below is the transformer symbol.

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If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and

electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load.

In an ideal transformer, the input power (Pp) equals the output power (Ps).

Pp=Ps

Power (P) = voltage (V) X current (I)

P=VI

Therefore,

VsIs=VpIp

This ratio is called transformation ratio (a). Therefore,

2.5 VOLTAGE STABILIZER

Circuits require dc power supply that can maintain a fixed voltage while supplying enough

current to drive a load.

A filter network is used to flatten out the rectified signal into a nearly flat (rippled) dc voltage

pattern.

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When the power supply is unregulated, sudden changes within the ac input voltage (spikes, dips,

etc) will be expressed at the supply’s output. Sensitive circuits like digital circuits can not be run

on such. This is because the circuit can operate improperly due to false triggering among others.

Unregulated power supply can not maintain a constant output voltage as the load resistance

changes.

Therefore, a voltage regulator circuit is needed. This eliminates the spikes and maintains a

constant output voltage with load variation.

There are different regulator ICs in the market. Some are designed to output a fixed voltage,

others a negative voltage while others are designed to be adjustable.

POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICs (78XX SERIES)

The digit XX represents the output voltage. E.g. 7805 is a 5 volt output regulator. This devices

can handle up to 1.5 A in properly heat sunk. To remove unwanted input or output spikes/noise,

capacitors can be attached to the regulator‘s input and output terminals.

NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ICs (79XX SERIES)

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XX represent the negative output voltage. These likewise can handle a maximum output of 1.5A.

the following diagram show how it is connected.

THE STANDARD 7800 SERIES REGULATORS

Type number output

7805 +5v
7806 +6v
7808 +8v
7809 +9v
7812 +12v
7815 +15v
7818 +18v
7824 +24v

2.6 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Light dependent resistor (LDR) is used due to its linearity characteristic in response to light.

Besides, it is easily available.

As its name implies, the Light Dependant Resistor is a resistive light sensor that changes its

electrical resistance from several thousand Ohms in the dark to only a few hundred Ohms when

light falls upon it. The net effect is a decrease in resistance for an increase in illumination.

Materials used as the semiconductor substrate include, Lead Sulphide, (PbS) Lead Selenide,

(PbSe) Indium Antimonide, (InSb) which detect light in the INFRARED range and the most

commonly used of all is Cadmium Sulphide(Cds), as its spectral response curve closely matches

that of the human eye and can even be controlled using a simple torch as a light source.

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Typically it has a peak sensitivity wavelength (λp) of about 560nm to 600nm in the visible

spectral range.

The Light Dependant Resistor Cell

2.7 COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

A comparator compares two voltage signals and determines which one is greater. The result of

this comparison is indicated by the output voltage: if the comparator’s output is saturated in the

positive direction, the non-inverting input (+) is a greater, or more positive, voltage than the

inverting input (-), all voltages measured with respect to ground. If the op-amp’s voltage is near

the negative supply voltage (in this case, 0 volts, or ground potential), it means the inverting

input (-) has a greater voltage applied to it than the non-inverting input (+).

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2.8 LM555 IC

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and

oscillator applications.

Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 is

designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it

usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a power supply

bypass capacitor.

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The connection of the pins is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.
3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.
4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.
5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.
8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

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555 MONOSTABLE

A monostable circuit produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is called a monostable

because it is stable in just one state: 'output low'. The 'output high' state is temporary. Fig 2.14

indicates 555 timer IC wired as monostable.

The duration of the pulse is called the time period (T) and this is determined by resistor R1 and

capacitor C1:

time period, T = 1.1 × R1 × C1

T   = time period in seconds (s)

R1 = resistance in ohms ( )

C1 = capacitance in farads (F)

Astable Mode Operation

In this mode, the circuit of the IC 555 timer produces the continuous pulses with exact frequency

based on the value of the two resistors and capacitors. Here the charging and discharging of the

capacitors depends on a specific voltage. The circuit diagram of the 555 timer in astable mode is

shown below. If the voltage is applied to the below circuit, the capacitors continuously gets

20
charged through two resistors and generates pulses continuously. In the following circuit pins 2

& 6 are shorted together for endless re-activate the circuit. If the o/p trigger pulse is high, then

capacitor in the circuit totally discharges. Long time delays are accomplished by using the higher

values of the resistors and capacitors.

Bistable Mode Operation

In this mode, the circuit produces 2-stable state signals which are low and states. The o/p signals

of low and high state signals are controlled by reset & activate the i/p pins, not by the charging &

discharging of capacitors. If a low logic signal is given to active pin, then the o/p of the IC circuit

goes to high level. If the low logic signal is given to the RST pin, then the o/p of the circuit goes

to low level.

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2.9 MOTOR

The purpose of the motor is to convert the electrical power into rotary mechanical power.

There are many types of motors but they are categorized into two main categories:

 Alternating current (AC) motors

 Direct current motor (DC) motors.

2.10 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a

magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on

or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch

contacts as shown in the diagram.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the

first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains

circuit.

Below is relay construction.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 POWER SUPPLY

TRANSFORMER

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The aim of the transformer in this project is to step down voltage from 240 volts ac to 12 volts

ac. Therefore, step down laminated core transformer is the one used because it is designed to

work at a low frequency. Since the electronic circuit consumes a maximum of 900mA, the

current rating of the transformer should slightly higher than the required output in order to

increase the life of the transformer. Therefore, the transformer selected for this work is 240 volts

to 12 volts, 1,000mA laminated core transformer.

To get the input current, the transformer equation can be used.

From here we can get

Vp=240V

Vs= 12V

Is= 1A

Therefore,

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Ip which is the input current to the transformer can be calculated as follows.

The power rating of the transformer can be calculated as follows.

RECIFICATION

Full wave four diode bridge rectifier is used here.

25
This is because it yields the best results at the most economical level. Since we are rectifying ac

power, rectifier diode is used here. Each diode is supposed to handle the transformer maximum

output current and voltage. Therefore, the diode current is 900mA and a peak inverse voltage of

12 volts.

The diode selected for this is therefore 1N4007. This can handle a current of 1000mA and peak

inverse voltage of 1000 volts.

SMOOTHING

5 × Io   
 Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs × f
C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io  = output current from the supply in amps (A)

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Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC

f    = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz).

Io= 900mA= 0.9A

Vs= 12 V

F= 50

Therefore,

C= 7,500uF

VOLTAGE REGULATION

The 78XX positive voltage regulator IC is used. This is because our voltage is a positive one and

that it can handle up to 1 A output therefore appropriate for our load which is 900mA. Since our

required output is 12 volts, we use 7812 voltage regulator IC.

The whole power supply circuit diagram is therefore described below.

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3.1 LIGHT SENSING CIRCUIT

Light dependent resistor (LDR) is used due to its linearity characteristic in response to light.

Besides, it is easily available. LDR is used in a resistor network. The circuit below describes how

the sensor circuit will be wired.

The light dependent resistor needs to be protected from over current flow which can destroy it.

Therefore R1 is used to protect LDR.

Assuming that the LDR resistor has dropped to zero ohms when light is maximum, the current

through it is recommended not to exceed 1.2mA. Therefore,

R1=10,000 = 10 K

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When there is light the light intensity is over 1,000 lumen, the LDR resistor is less than 100.

At this time the output voltage can be calculated as follows.

Vldr = 0. 12 volts

When darkness comes, the light intensity is below 200 lumen when the LDR resistance is around

1 M. At this time the output voltage can be calculated as follows.

Vldr = 9.9volts

3.2 COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

The most ideal ic used for this is 741 operational amplifier ic. This is because of its stability and

the ability to operate at varying voltages. The comparator circuit is illustrated below.

29
LM 741 IC

3.3 REFERENCE CIRCUIT

Resistors R2 & R3 form the reference voltage. Light to the LDR is maximum when there is no

one is passing. But when someone passes, light to the LDR is reduced. Therefore its voltage rises

30
to around seven volts. We therefore set the reference voltage to be 6 volts which is within that

range.

We minimize the current through R2 & R3 to 0.6mA as an attempt to reduce the overall power

consumption of the project. This is done because the input voltage to the comparator requires no

current. The comparator input is voltage driven. Consider that the supply voltage is 12 volts.

The total resistance of the reference network can therefore be calculated as follows.

Considering that the LDR output voltage at dusk is around 9.9 volts, the reference voltage is set

to 9 volts. Therefore each of the resistors R2 & R3 can be calculated as follows.

R3 = 15 K

The entire light sensing circuit is described below.

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3.4 MOTOR CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

TIMER CIRUIT

NE 555 timer IC is used. On receiving a voltage signal from the comparator circuit, this unit is

supposed to turn on the driving motor on one direction to open the window or the other one to

close it.

This comprises of two 555 timer ICs each wired as monostable multivibrator. They are designed

to on for the same time. The on time required from each of the 555 is 20 seconds. The following

formula will give time.

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Time (t) =1.1RtCt

Take Ct to be 220uF,

Rt=20/1.10.00022

=82,644

Rp is used to protect each of the transistors (Q). Their collector currents should not exceed

12mA. Therefore,

Rp= 12volts/0.012A= 1000

Transistor Q should therefore be able to withstand collector current of 12mA and 12 volts.

Therefore, the most ideal transistor for this is BC 337 and BC 327. Each can handle a collector

current of 500mA and Vceo of 40 volts.

The base current of BC337 or BC 327 should not exceed 1.2 mA. The output of the comparator

is a maximum of 12 volts. To offer this protection, RB is used. Therefore,

RB= 12/0.0012=10 K

3.5 DRIVER CIRCUIT

A H-bridge circuit is employed here. Bi polar transistors wired as switch were arranged to form

H bridge circuit. This is illustrated below.

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18 watts motor is enough to drive the door mechanism. Considering 12 volts supply, the current

can be calculated as follows.

Current = 1.5 A

The motor used consumes 1.5 A. Therefore each of the transistors used should comfortably

handle 1.5 A. This calls for TIP 31C N-P-N and TIP 32C P-N-P transistors. Each can handle up

to 3A and 60 volts. To drive the bridge, 54mA base current is enough to turn on the transistor. To

limit current to this, Rc is used.

Since the timer output voltage is 12 volts, Rc can be calculated as follows.

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Rc= 222

3.6 MOTOR

DC motor was the one found ideal for this function. This is because a dc motor can change

direction in case the voltage across it is reversed.

A 12 volts, 800 mA motor was selected because it can power an 8 watts mechanical load.

3.7 LAMP SWITCHING CIRCUIT

In our case a transistor switch is considered. This is because it is easier to switch with compared

to other switching devices. Since the load operated is rated 240 volts ac, relay is used alongside

the transistor. The circuit is illustrated below.

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A 12 volts relay with normally open contacts is used. The relay coil has an impedance of 200

ohms. Therefore when switched with 12 volts,

Q1 collector current (Ic)= 12/200= 0.06A=60mA.

Therefore Q1 should withstand a collector current of 60 mA and Vceo of 12 volts.

Therefore, the most ideal transistor for this is BC 337. BC337 can handle a collector current of

500mA and Vceo of 40 volts.

The base current of BC337 should not exceed 1.2 mA. The output of the comparator is a

maximum of 12 volts. To offer this protection, R7 is used. Therefore,

R7 = 12/0.0012=10 K

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

36
4.1 CIRCUIT OPERATION

When the switch sw1 is closed, the step down transformer brings down voltage from 240 volts ac

to 12 volts ac. It is then converted to dc by the four-diode bridge rectifier and then smoothened
37
by the 7500 uF capacitor stabilizes the voltage to 12 volts dc. R2 and R3 form voltage divider to

supply the inverting terminal of the comparator with 6 volts. When darkness comes, LDR

resistance raises and therefore the voltage at the non-inverting terminal rises above 6V and

therefore ic1 sends a triggering pulse to the 555 timer ICs which each gives an output.

The H-bridge conducts in one direction rotating the motor in one direction for some time until

the upper timer IC output goes off stops. When light comes, resistance of the LDR falls and

therefore the voltage of the inverting terminal of the comparator fall below the non-inverting.

The comparator therefore gives an output triggering the 555 timer ICs biasing the H- bridge to

conduct in the opposite direction causing the motor to rotate in the opposite direction for some

time then stop.

The output of the comparator at the same time turns on the relay through the transistor acting as a

switch. This turns on the lamp. This remains on till morning.

4.2 CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION

The required components were purchased from the local electronic shops in the city. The passive

components were then tested before assembly took place. The project was constructed on a

38
project board first for circuit operation testing while the appropriate adjustment was done on the

circuit. Latter the components were mounted on a strip board by the use of a solder wire and

soldering gun. The project was then mounted on the casing and tested for a long time for

endurance testing.

The appropriate parameters were considered when designing the casing:

1) The size of the strip board.

2) The tallest component in the circuit which is transformer.

The desired casing specifications were drawn and taken to a qualified carpenter for construction.

The strip board was mounted on the casing base and the transformer separate from the circuit

board but still on the base.

4.3 TEST RESULTS

TEST POINT EXPECTED VALUE (VOLTS) ACUAL VALUE (VOLTS)

1 (transformer) 12 ac 11.8 ac
2 (bridge) 13 14
3 (regulator) 12 11.9

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4 (reference) 6 6.2

4.4 CONCLUSION

The deviation from the expected values is as a result of the following:

1. The exact calculated values of the resistors were not locally available.

2. The inherent problems of the components used altered with the performance.

3. Component instability by variation in handling, storage and operating conditions led to

some components being unable to give the desired values when measured by the

measuring equipment.

4. Heating effect during soldering also led to some components not to give the desired

values.

4.5 RECOMMENDATION

After a thorough research, the project was tested and it worked. However, there is room for

improvement. I would recommend that in the future design; the unit should be incorporated with

40
a security circuit. In this case, when a person comes close to the window from the outside, the

unit should close the curtain as a security measure.

4.6 COSTING

ITEM QUANTITY PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL PRICE

Power cable 1 60 60
Transformer 1 500 500
Switch 1 80 80

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Capacitors 3 30 90
Diodes 4 30 120
Voltage regulator ic 1 85 85
Resistors 12 20 240
555 timer ic 2 150 300
LM 741 1 200 200
DC motor 1 500 500
Ic sockets 3 30 150
Transistors 7 30 210
Strip board 1 75 75
Solder wire 3 METRES 40 120
Connector wires 4 metres 15 60
Casing 1 650 650
Connectors 1 40 40
LDR 1 300 300
Relay 1 350 350
TYPING AND 3,000
BINDING
TOTAL 7,330

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