GIS IN URBAN PLANNING

Submitted by

ATHIRA REJI & CHIPPY NICHOLAS

Semester 1, M.Planning, TKMCE, 2020-22

on 05-01-2021
GIS - DEFINITION
Geographic Information System (GIS)
▪A GIS is a computer-based information system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating
and displaying geographically referenced information.
▪A computer system which can hold and use data describing places on the earth's surface.
▪A map with a database behind it.
▪ A virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure.
▪ summarized to support strategic decision making and policy formulation analysed to support
scientific inquiry.
▪Urban planning is one of the main applications of GIS. Urban planners use GIS both as a
spatial database and as an analysis and modelling tool.

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 HOW DOES GIS LOOKS LIKE?
▪ A GIS is a database for spatial and attribute data
▪ A GIS stores its data in layers.
▪ Each layer consists of a map plus a table of
attribute data customers

buildings

streets

reality
Figure : GIS Techniques Figure : GIS Layer System

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GIS DATA TYPES
RASTER AND VECTOR IMAGES

Raster : Base Map, Imagery, Land Cover, Wetlands,

Demography, Topography
• Raster data consists of pixels.
• Each pixel has an associated value.
• A grid of cells represents this data.
• In other words, it is a matrix of cells organized
into rows and columns.

Raster : Zoning, Land Parcels, Streets, Landmarks

• Vector data is a type of spatial data used for
storing data that has discrete boundaries.
• Vector data uses sequential points or vertices to
represent data.
• Each vertex contains x coordinate and a y
coordinate.
• Administrative borders, linear features, roads,
and rivers are some examples of vector data.
• Moreover, vector data display latitude and
longitude using lines, points, polygons, etc.
Figure : Different layers in the database Figure : Raster and Vector Data
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/409827634827051028/ https://in.pinterest.com/pin/409827634827051028/

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GIS DATA TYPES AND CAPABILITIES
GIS DATA TYPES – SPATIAL & ATTRIBUTE

• Spatial - the absolute and relative location

of Geographic features.

• Attribute data – which describes the

characteristics of the spatial features.
Characteristics can be quantitative and/or
qualitative in nature. Attribute data is often
referred to as tabular data.

Figure : Spatial and Attribute data

Source: http://docs.autodesk.com/MAP/2012/ENU/filesMTU/GUID-6B506AC7-
0F0B-452B-9DC9-55EE1EA5EF0A.htm

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GIS - NEED IN URBAN PLANNING
The Urban Planning is a complex phenomenon which require enormous amount of data to support the
decision. Our normal practice is to keep data in file format sometime in loose papers. After several years,
nobody knows where the data was, how they analyse, and when it was.

• Our urban areas are growing rapidly and therefore need to be planned and adequately serviced to avoid
problems associated with unplanned growth.

• Planning so far has been a time consuming activity and by the time plan is prepared it would be outdated. A
part of the delay can be attributed to the current status of data such as outdated maps, lack of information,
etc. Data collection procedures, and analysis and techniques used to prepare plans.

• Another very important aspect with the current methods is that it is not easy to make rational and informed
planning decisions. Hence there is need for tools and techniques that enable rapid planning and enable taking
rational and informed planning decisions. This is ultimately, lead to plans that are better and implementable.
The innovative technologies make easy to planners to experiment and select best alternatives for their urban
development proposals.

• Satellite Images and use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are example of such tools that facilitate
preparation of rapid, comprehensive, rational, and implementable plans.

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GIS & RS APPLICATION IN URBAN PLANNING

1. Mapping of Administrative Boundaries 10. Assessing physical transformation of cities

2. Delineating of Environmental Sensitive and 11. Land suitability modelling
Fragile Areas 12. Disaster Management
3. Conservation of Archaeological and Historical • e.g. Fire, Landslides, Floods, Drought etc.
Monuments 13. Terrain Modelling and Slope angles
4. Preparation of Land Use Plans & Zoning Plans 14. Delineation and incorporation of
5. Water Demand & supply Analysis socio-infrastructure databases
6. Traffic Analysis 15. Urban Information Systems,
7. Road Network Analysis 16. Database Management Systems
8. Monitoring Temporal Changes 17. Spatial data, Data reference to the earth
• – Weather changes • e.g. Land Information System
• – Urban growth and Land use changes 19. Non-Spatial data
9. Prototyping of Routing Work • eg: Socio-economic data, Population,
• – Process of Building plan approval housing, income, infrastructures etc.
• – Process of Change of use of building 20. Tsunami & Hazard Mapping,
• – Process of Tax and rental collection etc. 21. 3D Modelling

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EXAMPLES
1. Geographic overlay
2. Buffer Zones
3. GPS support
4. Shortest path

Source:
https://www.caliper.com/maptitude/gi
s_software/default.htmt

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EXAMPLE : Mapping of Administrative Boundaries

CITY WARD MAP

A City Ward boundaries are boundaries which simply

represent the Administrative and electoral boundary area of
the City. It has a great roll in planning of the city, for each
council of the municipal corporation.
It can also be very useful to
▪ understand the past situations of the city,
▪ the geographical area which newly extended in
neighborhoods of the city and
▪ several analysis like housing statistics, income level, health,
education, population, poverty
▪ Crime Mapping

Figure : Ward Map of Bangalore

Source: http://gismaps.in/prod/citymap/cities_ward_map.htmlt

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EXAMPLE : Mapping of Soils

▪ This GIS map represents the distribution of Indian Soils. In

the original GIS format, the map is interactive and may be
used to evaluate regional soil types.

▪ The map above is merely a conversion of the interactive soil

map into a hard copy, which leads to a loss of information.
The soil type abbreviations in the map can be found with
detailed information in the interactive GIS found at the link
below in the source of the image.

▪ The purpose of the converted map here is to exemplify the

diversity of soil types found across India's landscape as this
most certainly affects agricultural production and the
development of eco-tones across the sub-continent.

Figure : Soil Map of India

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