A RESEARCH STUDY OF THE IMPACTS OF FLOODING IN ESPANA

BOULEVARD, SAMPALOC DISTRICT

CITY OF MANILA

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement to Complete the Course

in English 3 - Essay Writing

by

Percibal G. Felices Jr.

Glaiza M. Coronacion

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 APPROVAL SHEET

Name of the Students: Felices Percibal Jr. G.

Coronacion Glaiza M.

Course/Major: BS in Civil Engineering / AB English

Project Title: A Research Study of the Impacts of Flooding in España

Boulevard, Sampaloc District, City of Manila

Date of Defense: September 25,2019 Venue: The University of Manila

Prof. Nenita Robediso

Thesis Adviser

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our gratitude to all those who have contributed unselfishly to this

project:

The researcher’s professor in Flood Control Design and Water

Supply, Engr. Perfecto Zaplan Jr. for imparting knowledge regarding the

subjects through numerous lessons;

To Engr. Mark Gerson Baril of Department of Public Works and

Highway - Manila, and Engr. Milan M. Lacson, Chief, Highway Division IV,

Department of Engineering and Public Works-Manila City Hall Engineering

Department, for providing the needed information;

We would like to acknowledge the attention and correction given by

our English 3 – Essay Writing instructor, Prof. Nenita Robediso.

We would like to thank our family for their prayers and support.

Finally, we would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all

those who have directly and indirectly guided me in doing this project.

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 DEDICATION

We dedicate this project to God Almighty the creator, the strong pillar,

the source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has

been the source of our strength throughout this program and on His wings

only have we soared. We also dedicate this work to our family and friends;

who have encouraged us all the way and whose encouragement has made

sure that we give it all it takes to finish that which we have started.

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 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

ABSTRACT

Philippines is geographically located along the Pacific region near the

Equator, which is prone to tropical cyclones and storms, for that reason,

typhoons are already usual occurrence in the country. The Philippines is

"the most exposed country in the world to tropical storms" according to a

Time Magazine article in 2013. Thus, floods are common especially in

urban areas. Floods have historically posed a threat to our daily lives and

properties.

This research study investigates the effects of flood on the life and

livelihoods of the affected area. The aims of the study are to assess the

situation, the causes, contributing factors, extent and effects of the flood, to

document the hazard and vulnerability, and various capabilities of the

community during flooding. The study found that there are several causes

of flood hazards. Some of them are construction of infrastructure such as

impervious roads, culverts, clogged drainage system and the topographical

and geographical location of the area of study.

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 INTRODUCTION

Floods are part of people’s lives in different parts of the world,

recurring with varying magnitudes and frequencies to which people have

adapted for centuries. These floods are generally expected and welcomed

in many parts of the world, since they enrich the soil and provide both water

and livelihoods. The Manual of Operational Procedures on Flood

Forecasting and Warning states: "From a strict hydrological sense, flood is

defined as a rise, usually brief, in the water level in a stream to a peak from

which the water level recedes at a slower rate (UNESCO-WMO 1974). The

episodic behavior of a river that may be considered flood is then termed

"flood event" (Linsley, 1942) which is described as a flow of water in a

stream constituting a distinct progressive rise, culminating in a crest,

together with the recession that follows the crest (Linsley, 1942). Flood is

"an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result

in the overflowing by the water of the normal confines of the stream with

the subsequent inundation of areas which are not normally submerged"

(PAGASA).

Floods are the most common and among the deadliest natural

disasters in the Philippines. Floods are the most frequent natural hazards in

the country, and the costliest in terms of property damage. Floods can
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occur in any region, in the countryside or in cities. In the past, floods have

affected hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. They can occur at any time of

the year and are most often caused by heavy rainfall, clogged storm

drainpipe, or more rarely, the failure of a natural or human-made dam. All

Philippine rivers experience flooding at one time or another.

Floods have brought destruction to every province and every city, and

in many areas, they are getting worse. Flooding has badly affected the

infrastructure, environment, economy, business sector, educational

institution and human health and safety, and has contributed in aggravating

traffic problems in highly urbanized areas. Storm water also aggravates

water pollution. Storm water picks up all types of pollutants along its

pathway, it carries these harmful substances in natural bodies of water.

In the current years, climate change has been attributed to induce

increasingly more common extreme weather events, and the resulting

natural disasters can easily destroy any efforts made in urban

development. Global warming continues to worsen sea level rise and

extreme weather; thus, our nation’s floodplains are continuously growing.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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 One of the cities in the Philippines that is prone to flooding is the

country’s capital itself, the City of Manila. Because of its geographical

location, high density of population and infrastructures and its

topographical, meteorological and hydrological conditions, the City of

Manila, is prone to floods and storm water. Flooding has long been a

problem in Manila, partly because the city lies between Manila Bay and the

surrounding hills of other cities and towns. There are many low-lying areas

toward which flood waters naturally flow when it rains, especially during

heavy rainfall. Urban floods from thunderstorms cause severe problems in

the City of Manila due to road traffic. Majority of flood-prone areas are

along the intersection of creeks and streets located in topographically lower

areas. When creeks and clogged storm drainage overflow or when rapidly

accumulated street flood does not drain immediately to the nearest channel

or conduit, the intersecting road also get flooded.

Previous researches and studies have shown that the temporary

solutions can be generally manage through structural measures while the

long-term solutions involve non-structural measures which depend on the

interrelationship between people and government agencies.

The general purpose of this study has been to generate data on the

impact of flooding on the general lives and livelihoods, and the effect of
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these events on the natural environment and socio-economic status of the

people. Furthermore, some objectives have been identified to fulfil the

study goal, which are: (a) To find out the main area of flood affects in the

study area from the literature or historical data sources and from the local

people. (b) To find out the impacts or effects of flood on socioeconomic

status of the respondents of the study area. (c) To find out the most

vulnerable livelihood assets, sector and people. (d) Disaster awareness

and preparedness.

The Thesis also aims to answer the following questions:

1.) What are the possible causes of flooding in the vicinity of España

Blvd. Sampaloc, Manila nowadays?

2.) What are the current flood mitigation measures to prevent or

reduce losses from flooding due to rainfall? What are the proposed

solutions (or flood control projects or programs)? What other solutions will

deter the relentless problem nowadays?

3.) What are the regulations that restrict certain types of activities in

the flood prone areas? What are the laws that must be implemented strictly

to lessen the problem of flooding in the area of study?

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 ASSUMPTION / HYPOTHESIS

This study uses the information gathered from Philippines'

Department of Public Works and Highway (DPWH) and the Department of

Engineering and Public Works (DEPW) of Manila, thus, it is assumed that

the information is competent and therefore reliable.

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 This thesis also utilizes authoritative writings or articles regarding the

subject of study and authors who are experts in Hydrology, Meteorology,

Flood Control and Water Resources Engineering, thus, all the data are

assumed to be factual.

The researcher assume that the respondents are stating only the

facts when answering the questions on the questionnaire.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

España Boulvevard in Sampaloc District, City of Manila is infamous

for its flooding during rainy season, for that reason the researcher chose

that specific location in Metro Manila as the subject of the research and

limit the scope of the study within that area.

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 This research focuses only on the study of causes of flooding and its

impacts on the environment and lives and livelihood of the people within

the area of study. Risk reduction measures (before, during and after

flooding) are included in this study.

The respondents are current residents of Sampaloc District City of

Manila. The findings of this study are just a snap shot of the impacts of

flood on lives and livelihoods of the community within the area of study,

which is naturally considered a big limitation for generalize the research

results. This study has only investigated the lives and livelihoods impacts of

the respondents. Researcher considered the age range from 18 to above.

The people, who are not directly or partially affected in the flood or its

secondary effects, are not included in this study. People who are

diagnosed with dementia or any other mental health problems, are being

excluded from the study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part will provide a short description on the importance of the

research study on the chosen area.

There are various reasons why flood study is important for our own

survival and safety. Disaster awareness and preparedness can save an

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individual during the event of flooding. Flooding has many negative

impacts, from property damages to even destruction of human lives and the

environment. Flooding transports other pollutants to other places. This

pollutes the habitats that wildlife may reside in. If the floods are to make

their way into urban areas, then it may interfere with drainage and electrical

systems and may cause traffic disruption. This causes millions of dollars in

damage. Thus, it would be necessary to properly manage flooding to

reduce its impact.

This thesis discusses the causes of flooding and its adverse effects to

one's life and property. It also includes the disaster risk preparation, various

flood mitigation proposals and current government programs to mitigate the

effects of flooding. Since flooding affected all sectors of society, everyone

has the obligation to contribute in reducing the damages and solving the

problem brought by the said natural calamity.

This research study is correlated with the vision of the University of

Manila, which is to impart to all future generations its trilogy of ideals: Love

of Country, Love of Science and Love of Virtue in making the lives of others

better, brighter, lighter and more livable. Thus, this research uses reliable

information, so that the researcher educates the reader on the causes and

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impacts of flooding, various flood mitigation measures and disaster

awareness and preparedness.

Striving for excellence, The University of Manila mission is to create

an atmosphere of academic excellence and competence; empowering its

student with modern scientific and technological skills in braving the

challenges of the global society.

As an engineering student of the university, applying the mission and

vision statement, the researcher conducts a research which seeks to inform

the reader on the causes and impacts of natural hazards not only to human

lives but also to the environment.

Specifically, the study may be deemed significant to the following:

a.) Students. The research study may help the students to be more

knowledgeable about the problem and the available remedies. They

can use the knowledge gained from this research study, when they

became workers in the field of engineering and scientific research.

This study also will help them to be more adaptive to today’s

environment, this is true, since they are the most affected of flooding

during rainfall and storm surge.

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 b.) Researcher. The thesis can be used as reference for the future

researchers, whether students or professionals, in the field of Flood

Control Design and Water Resources Engineering.

c.) Teachers or Instructors. The research is beneficial to the instructor

who taught in colleges and universities within flood prone areas,

since they are among those affected by flood hazard.

d.) Residents and commuters in España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila. The

study may benefit and help the residents of España, Sampaloc,

Manila to be more aware that pollution and other common or known

reasons are some of the causes of flooding in the City of Manila.

Thus, they have an obligation to mitigate the hazardous impact of

flooding in their community. Also, this will make them knowledgeable

regarding risk reduction measures, so that, they can prevent or

reduce losses due to flooding.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Base Flood Elevation (BFE) - The elevation of the 1% chance of

occurrence (100 yr flood recurrence).

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Bank Full - The condition of a river in which the level of water has reached

the top of the river bank and additional water will cause flow overland

(flooding).

Coastal Flooding - Seawater elevation rise and over running of low lying

coastal land not usually covered by tidal action. Such flooding often results

from storm seiche and is accompanied by eroding wave action.

Drainage Basin - See Watershed

Flood - An overflow on lands not normally covered by water. Floods have

two essential characteristics: the inundation of land is temporary; and the

land is adjacent to and is inundated by overflow from a river, stream, lake,

ocean or other body of water.

Flood Plain - Relatively flat area or low lands adjoining the channel of a

river, stream, watercourse, ocean, lake or other body of water, which has

been or may be covered by flood water.

Flood Stage - The stage or elevation at which overflow of the natural

bounds of a river, stream, ocean, lake or other body of water begins.

Floodproofing - Any combination of structural and non-structural

additions, changes, or adjustments to structures which reduce or eliminate

flood damage to structures and their content.

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Levee - A man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed

and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain,

control or divert the flow of water to provide protection from flooding.

Mean Sea Level - The average height of the sea for all stages of the tide.

(Not the same as NGVD)

National Geodetic Vertical Datum - The datum reference elevation

permanently established (with bench marks) water surface elevations to

which tidal data are referred. This is the datum established by the U.S.

Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1929.

PMF - (Probable Maximum Flood) - A calculated flood discharge that may

be expected from the most severe combination of critical meteorologic and

hydrologic conditions that are reasonable for the region.

River - “Water” VS “Pool” Elevation - These two items are closely

associated. The “Pool Level” corresponds to the normal elevation of the

water surface encountered at a placid section of the river as opposed to

more turbulent water caused by a rapid change in elevation. “Low water”

elevation when used in conjunction with flood analysis references the pool

level. In some cases, low water may actually be the elevation of the river

bottom.

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River Profile - Elevations at various points along the river water surface at

any particular flow condition. For flood analysis, the most valuable river

profile would be the one at 1% chance of occurrence (100 yr flood

recurrence) flood elevations.

Riverine Flood - Increased water elevation accompanied by overbank flow

developed along the river profile.

Standard Project Flood - Such floods, as used by the Corps of Engineers,

are intended as practical expressions of the degree of protection that

should be sought in the design of flood control projects. A recurrence

frequency is not assigned to this flood. GAPS Guidelines

Surface Water Run Off - (Ground surface water) - Run off from heavy

rain or snowmelt is normally not expected to enter a building, however,

local topography may produce a watercourse channeling water into a

building and causing damage.

Watershed/Drainage Basin - Every river consists of a major trunk

segment fed by a number of branches that diminish in size away from and

to higher elevation than the main stream. The many tributaries define a

network of channels that drain a recognizably bounded area separated

from the adjoining area by a divide, ridge or elevation rise. All precipitation

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within the ridge bound basin drains to the main river channel. Thus, all

drainage within the basin from the watershed is fed to the main stream. The

magnitude and duration of flooding is controlled by the size of the basin

and the climatic conditions prevailing.

Statistical Analysis of stream flow records and calculation for

postulated floods and flood-frequency estimates involves various

correlations of flood characteristics, meteorologic hydrologic features of

the drainage basin.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

LOCAL LITERATURE

Metro Manila Area is in a tropical monsoon climatic zone, and the

combination of typhoons and other climatic conditions with geographical

factor of situating zero meters above sea level causes frequent flooding

(DPWH-JICA).
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 The flooding in Metro Manila according to Miranda MK of Health

Research and Development Information Network (HERDIN) is mainly

caused by 1) the overflowing of the main rivers: Pasig-Marikina, Malabon-

Navotas, San Juan river basins; 2) insufficient inland drainage facilities to

cope with excessive surface run-off; and 3) a combination of the above.

Flooding is compounded by the high tides of Manila Bay occurring

simultaneously with the above. Solid wastes which are indiscriminately

dumped in waterways and siltation possibly due to soil erosion of

deforested watershed areas reduce capacities of drainage pipelines,

esteros and river tributaries. Squatter communities on riverbanks add to the

constriction of flow of storm waters along the rivers and are most

vulnerable to high floods. Sewage loads from households directly discharge

into the river systems have increased due to migration and population

growth. Debatable is the direct impact of denuded forests of the river

watershed and its contribution to Metro Manila flooding. Human error has

also contributed to flood disasters such as in neglecting the timely

operation of pumping stations and flood gates of flood control structures.

There are three river basins in Metro Manila which have their own unique

character and hydraulic relationship with Laguna Lake, Manila Bay and the

Mangahan Floodway. The interrelationship of these bodies of water

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provides the basis for storm water management and planning for mitigation

of flooding. Flooding due to insufficient inland drainage occurs more

frequently but flooding due to river overflows brings more serious damage.

In highly urbanized Metro Manila, flooding is as much a man-made disaster

as a natural disaster. Habits behavior and culture and unabated urban

population growth are ultimately to blame for the environmental

degradation of Metro Manila due to floods. With the floods come the traffic

mess and frayed nerves. (Miranda M.K., HERDIN)”.

With the recent floods in the Philippines brought about by Tropical

Storm “Gorio,” we are once again reminded of a problem that comes to us

with great regularity and increasing severity.

“Bakit bumabaha sa Manila?” Why does it flood in Manila? As a civil

engineer teaching at the University of the Philippines Los Baños, I always

asked my students that question.

Some blamed the drainage system which they described as poorly

designed; others blamed the garbage that clogged sewer lines. Some cited

the city’s concrete as lacking the porosity that allows floodwaters to recede

faster.

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 Of course, I appreciated those answers because, indeed, inadequate

drainage systems and high imperviousness aggravate the problem of

flooding. But if these were fixed, would Manila be flood-free?

The answer lies not in Manila’s drainage system or land cover, but in

its geography: Most parts of Manila are situated in a floodplain — the area

adjacent to a river that is inundated when water rises.

A floodplain is fertile land suitable for agriculture, but when people

transform it into a residential or commercial area, it becomes flood prone.

Therefore, from an engineering perspective, Metro Manila will always be

vulnerable to flooding: The drainage system, no matter how well-

maintained, can only store water from precipitation itself but not when the

river swells. The same may be said of other areas in the country situated

near creeks and rivers.

This conundrum begs the question: If floods are inevitable, what can

we do about them?

First, we need a reliable flood forecasting system. Fortunately, our

scientists have initiated efforts toward this direction, including Mahar

Lagmay and his colleagues in Project NOAH, as well as Enrico Paringit et

al. of UP Diliman’s DREAM program. But more work needs to be done:

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There are still many areas in the Philippines without flood maps. In the

United States, approximate but expedient terrain-based flood mapping that

does not need ground surveys has been gaining popularity. The application

of such a method in the Philippines must be explored.

In my studies at the University of Texas at Austin, I have been

privileged to witness the United States’ move toward a contiguous National

Water Model, which increases forecast locations from 4,000 to 2.7 million.

In the Philippines, the UPLB project of formulating a national water

security roadmap — in conjunction with the National Water Resources

Board—is a welcome development. But such plans must go beyond what

Ernesto Ordoñez, secretary general of the National Water Roadmap

Summit, called “ningas kugon” in a presummit meeting held on July 12,

which I attended. As with Project NOAH, such initiatives can only stay

afloat with enough government support.

Second, there must be interoperability between forecasters and local

government units: Forecasts must reach local emergency responders. Our

flood warning and response system must be strengthened. Again, there

have been advancements toward this end. For instance, an SMS warning

system is now in place in vulnerable areas. Also, Project NOAH’s inclusion

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in the Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment system of the National Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council has undoubtedly saved thousands

through timely warnings of incoming floods. We should support these and

similar efforts.

Finally, data sources must be readily available to the public. The fact

is that there is no openness of data in our country. While many reasons can

be offered for such secretiveness, like security, I find it ironic that when I

made Philippine flood maps, I had to rely on US agencies to download

Philippine data. Moreover, many researchers around the world—students,

for example—would like to study the Philippines’ flooding situation but are

impeded because of lack of data. International collaboration will surely

accelerate the knowledge and skills required for this.

The Philippines, while blessed with water resources, will continue to

be vulnerable to floods. But there are ingenious ways that we can adopt to

address this problem. Floods are here to stay, but we need not suffer their

consequences

(From: Dr. Jonathan David Lasco; Philippine Daily Inquirer August 07,

2017).

FOREIGN LITERATURE

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 Borrows and De Bruin (2006) indicated that among natural

catastrophes, flooding has claimed more lives than any other single natural

hazard. In the decade 1986 to 1995, flooding accounted for 31% of the

global economic loss from natural catastrophes and 55% of the casualties.

The damaging effects of flooding are likely to become more frequent, more

prevalent and more serious in the future. Carey (2005) argues that human

populations worldwide are vulnerable to natural disasters. Certain

conditions such as geographical location or people’s income level can

affect the degree to which natural disasters impact people’s homes and

livelihoods.

In a study of south Asian region Bank off (2003) states that, in

Philippines, flooding is not a recent hazard but one that has occurred

throughout the recorded history. On the one hand, it is related to a wider

global ecological crisis to do with climate change and rising sea levels but

on the other hand, it is also the effect of more-localized human activities. A

whole range of socio-economic factors such as land use practices, living

standards and policy responses are increasingly influencing the frequency

of natural hazards such as floods and the corresponding occurrence of

disasters. He also mentioned in his study that, Municipality has its basis in

a complex risk of inter-relating factors that emphasize how the nature of

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vulnerability is constructed through the lack of mutuality between

environment and human activity over time. Statistical trends suggest that

floods have become more numerous and more devastating in recent years.

Certainly the frequency of events and the number of people affected have

increased steadily as human related activities such as deforestation;

overgrazing and urbanization aggravate environmental conditions, making

communities more vulnerable (Bank off, 2003).

CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

The impacts of flood on lives and livelihoods depend on the

combination of different types of impact on individual sector.

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 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

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 RELEVANCE OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND STUDIES TO

PRESENT STUDIES

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 The literatures that are being reviewed in this thesis are previous

researches that are related to the present studies regarding the adverse

effects of flooding. It also shows the importance of this research study in

flood risk management.

Based on the literatures reviewed, the increasing population in urban

area is leading to the escalating exposure of people and property to

hazards of flooding. With the increased population in flood prone areas, it

may be expected that the effects of climate change will further aggravate

this. At present, there are no sufficient and effective measures globally to

limit the growing chance and consequence of flooding. The evidence is that

flood risk is increasing, and continuing alertness is needed to ensure that

existing systems are maintained, and improvements are introduced. It is

imperative that human society adopts a risk management approach (or risk

reduction measures) if there is to be harmonious coexistence with floods. In

practical terms, the chance of flooding can never be eliminated entirely.

However, the consequences of flooding can be mitigated by appropriate

behaviors and actions. Successful flood risk management is dependent

upon the active support of all on whom the effects of flooding may impact.

The literature suggests that socially vulnerable or disadvantaged

households have lower levels of disaster preparedness. Flood risk is

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expected to increase substantially in coming years as a result of both

climate change and continued socio-economic development. While there

are positive impacts of flooding on the environment such as making the soil

fertile, we cannot deny that most of flood studies acknowledge that flooding

has had more negative effects on people and properties. However, the

studies have tended to address the subject matter depending on the

objective of the study. This literature review suggests that the

documentation of longer-term flood impacts on communities vary markedly

specially on socio-economic sector.

Chapter 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH

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 RESEARCH DESIGN

The most appropriate methodology applied in this study is Mixed

Method (combination of interviews, survey and archival research) since this

study focus on the impacts of flooding on the different sectors of

community.

METHODOLOGY

This narrative study was carried out in Sampaloc District, City of

Manila. A survey was conducted among the residents, students, daily

commuters and workers to find out the sample group of this study. The

survey was carried out for find out the affected populations in flood. People,

whom the researcher got by during a survey, are the samples of this study.

A convenience sampling method is the procedure. The survey was

conducted through a simple self-developed questioner (appendix 01) by the

researcher. The questioner is adapted in Tagalog language and translated

also into English, so that the questions are understandable to the

respondents. After finding out the sample group, researcher collect all the

required data and information about the livelihood impacts of flood among

the sample group through a self-developed semi structural interview of the

32
individual household. The data collection unit was every household among

the sample. To complete the interview, observation and recording

technique were used to collect information about flood effects on their

livelihood. The interview was taken from those who fulfilled the inclusion

criteria of the study.

Permission was taken from every volunteer participant by using the

consent form (appendix 02). At the beginning of data collection, researcher

informed every participant about the ethical and confidential issues of this

study. It was also informed that participant had right to refuse to answer

any question of the research and had the right to withdraw from any part of

the research. All data of the research was used only for the research

purpose and it was protected safely.

The different livelihood assets like household, appliances, furniture,

land etc., are the dependent variables in this study. Observation and

individual household interview of all the members of the house methods are

used for collecting data from participants. The questionnaire was mainly

focused on the flood impacts on livelihood assets of the affected population

in the study areas.

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 Floods and its impacts are the independent variables in this research

study. For these variables, all respondents report the flood situation at the

study area as well as the major impacts. The respondents were asked to

explain the impacts of the major flood of the recent future. They also asked

for any massive disaster or disruptions for the flood and the secondary

effects of the flood. For this data collection a semi structural self-developed

questioner is developed by the researcher. Some types of short answer

were including at that question. That people who are the affected from the

flood and associated factors of flood are included in this study. The age

level of the sample is one of the most important factors. The pilot study was

conducted with the five number of small sample group, to check the

appropriateness of data collection and match the answers to the objectives

of the study. The sample size of the study is selected from the total number

of populations.

In addition, secondary data and information were collected from the

relevant organization such as Metropolitan Manila Development Authority

(MMDA), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Department of Trade and

Industries (DTI-NCR), National Water Resources Board (Philippines),

Google Map, National Economic Development Authority and Office of the

34
City Engineer [DEPW] -City Government of Manila. In this quantitative data,

the total population of the district, educational level, main income source of

that district is collected. With the help of the data collection questioner, in-

depth interview and key informant interview were conducted with twenty-

five (25) household in this area. For a fruitful and informative data

collection, this research used participants’ own experience, view, and

opinions to accomplish the objectives of this study during the interview. The

answers were recorded by a tape recorder which was helpful for the

analysis of the participants view appropriately. After collecting the primary

data from the study area, all information is coded.

For Flood Hazard Mapping this equation was used to show the

significant hazard or risk the floodwaters would be on people. This formula

was derived from the DEFRA/Environment Agency based on their study

about the Flood Risk to people.

HR = d*(v + 0.5) + DF

Where:
HR = Flood Hazard Rating
D= depth of flooding (in meters)
V = velocity of flood waters (meter/sec)

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 DF = debris factor (= 0.05, 1 depending on probability that debris will lead to a
significantly greater hazard)

To get the Velocity of flood waters in urban areas, this formula is

used, V= Q/A

Where:
V = velocity of flood waters (meter/sec)
Q = flow rate (in mm/hr.)
A = flow area (m^2)

The flow rate or the design peak storm water runoff rate is calculated

using the Rational Method equation,

Q = CiA

Where:
Q = flow rate (in mm/hr.)
A = tributary area or area of barangay (m^2)
C = run-off coefficient
I = Rainfall Intensity

36
 Rainfall data were made available through Hydrometeorological

Section of Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA).

People vulnerability mapping focuses on showing the rate of people

who are most vulnerable during a disaster. The following formula is used to

calculate the number of people vulnerable in an area.

PV% = [(PWD + Ederly + Infants + Pregnant)] /population * 100

Where:
PV% = rating of people vulnerability expressed as percentage
PWD = number of people with disability
Elderly = number of elderly people
Infants = number of infants (0-12months)
Pregnant = number of pregnant women
Population = total population in the area

37
 STUDY AREA

España Boulevard is an 8–lane major thoroughfare in Metro Manila

named after the Spanish name of Spain, the Philippines' colonial power for

333 years. True to its name, several Spanish names abound the street. It

starts at the Welcome Rotonda at the boundary of Quezon City and Manila

and ends with a Y-intersection with Lerma and Nicanor B. Reyes Sr. Street

in Manila. España is two kilometers long.

España is an east-west artery of Manila. It connects Lerma and

Nicanor Reyes (formerly Morayta) streets of Sampaloc district at the west

end to the Mabuhay (or Welcome) Rotonda, Quezon City at the east end.

The entire street is straddled by a center island, which is only broken at

major intersections and at the railroad crossing. Vehicles are allowed to

make a left turn only on two intersections: southward to Lacson Avenue

and at the western terminus going to Nicanor Reyes Street. España is two

kilometers long.

38
 España's north side is its west-bound (Manila-bound) side, while the

south side is its east-bound (Quezon City-bound) side. Buses, taxis,

jeepneys and cabriolets serve the commuters.

España Boulevard at night (left) and during its usual afternoon rush hour traffic (right).

39
 Manila's wealth is the prime reason the city's population is exploding.

If you want a piece of development and prosperity in the Philippines, you

have to come to the capital. Rural poverty has caused thousands of Filipino

people to flood into Manila every year from the countryside in search of

their fortune. They arrive to find few jobs and nowhere to live – but this still

isn't enough to make them return home (Manila: A megacity where the

living must share with the dead by Jenny Kleeman).

Majority of the population in the Sampaloc District are students

(permanently settled and dormers). The population in the area can be seen

40
at its maximum during 5-8pm where class ends and some students who

live in area go out to eat dinner (Urban re-planning of Sampaloc District by

Mariel Sanchez).

Source: Urban re planning of Sampaloc District by Mariel Sanchez

Almost every rainy season, especially during heavy downpour,

people of the area of study experienced flood. Metro Manila Development

Authority (MMDA) report showed that it took an average of 30 minutes for

floods in Metro Manila to subside in 2018.

41
 FLOOD HAZARD MAP OF SAMPALOC DISTRICT

RESPONDENTS

The respondents of our study are the residents, workers, borders and

college students within the study area. Since they are the one who have

42
enough knowledge and experience to answer the questions in the

questionnaire. They answered the questionnaire that we gave to them

which supplies the information that we need. In addition, with that, we have

personally interviewed two engineers (from DPWH and DPEW) for

additional information needed to complete the research study.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A Non-Probability Sampling Method, to be specific, a Convenience

Sampling procedure was used for selecting the participants in this study. A

convenience sample is simply one where the units that are selected for

inclusion in the sample are the easiest to access. Convenience sampling is

very easy to carry out with few rules governing how the sample should be

collected. The relative cost and time required to carry out a convenience

sample are small in comparison to other sampling techniques. The

convenience sample help the researcher gather useful data and

information that would not have been possible using probability sampling

techniques.

INSTRUMENTS USED

43
 The main instrument used in this research study is the questionnaire.

Also, the researcher designed an interview schedule as one of the data

collections instruments for this study. A survey was conducted among the

residents, workers and students to find out the sample group of this study.

The survey was carried out for find out the affected populations in flood of

the study area. People, whom I got by during a survey, are the samples of

this study. The survey was conducted through a simple self-developed

questioner by researcher. After finding out the sample group, researcher

collect data and information about the livelihood effects of flood among the

sample group through a self-developed semi structural interview of the

individual respondent. The data collection unit was every individual among

the sample. To complete the interview, observation and recording

technique were used to collect information about flood effects on their

livelihood. The interview was taken from those who fulfilled the inclusion

criteria of the study.

44
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire (Appendix 01) has three sections:

• section “1”, is on personal data of the respondents;

• section “2”, is for the main livelihood of the household (or of the

respondent) and what sector of society they are belonged to;

• section “3” contains questions on the impacts of flooding.

Permission was taken from every respondent by using the consent

form (appendix 02). At the beginning of data collection, researcher

informed every participant about the ethical and confidential issues of this

study. It was also informed that participant had right to refuse to answer

any question of the research and had the right to withdraw from any part of

the research. All data of the research was used only for the research

purpose and it was protected safely.

45
 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire designed for the study was subjected to a

validation process for content validity. In the validation process of this

study, copies of the questionnaire and copies of the research questions

were given to some civil engineers. These engineers went through the

research questions and the questionnaire carefully to ascertain the

appropriateness and adequacy of the instrument.

46
 DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL OF THE INSTRUMENT

For this data collection a semi structural self-developed questioner is

developed by the researcher. Some types of short answer were including at

that question. That people who are the affected from the flood and

associated factors of flood are included in this study. The age level of the

sample is one of the most important factors. In this quantitative data, the

total population of the district, educational level, main income source of that

area is collected. With the help of the data collection questioner, in-depth

interview and key informant interview were conducted with twenty-five (25)

household in this area. For a fruitful and informative data collection, this

research used participants’ own experience, view, and opinions to

accomplish the objectives of this study during the interview. The answers

were recorded by a tape recorder which was helpful for the analysis of the

participants view appropriately. After collecting the primary data from the

study area, all information is coded.

47
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE STUDY

Statistical Treatment for Data Responses to the questionnaire by the

respondents were statistically analyzed with the data requirements of the

study. Respondents were statistically analyzed with the data instruments of

the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count and mean are

considered.

To describe the profile of the respondents, the percentage will be

computed. The measure of dominant quantity was utilized to determine the

most probable scenario.

48
 The process of finding the “Weighted Mean,” which is referred to as

the central tendency was used, The formula is given below:

49
 Chapter 5

DISCUSSION

I. FLOOD IMPACTS ON HUMAN LIVES

Floods as natural hazards affecting Manila are probably the most

damaging and devastating because of their long-term and repetitive effects.

The occurrence of floods in Manila has resulted in losses of many lives.

Some deaths are indirectly cause by floods. Floods can potentially increase

the transmission of water-borne diseases such as leptospirosis and vector-

borne diseases such as dengue. It has long been established that the poor

are the most vulnerable group when it comes to facing disastrous events

due to lack of access to financial resources (Palm 1990; Blaikie et al.

1994). The street children, residents of slum and squatter communities and

those living near esteros are the most susceptible to flood hazards.

50
II. FLOOD IMPACTS ON EDUCATION

In highly urbanized area like Sampaloc Manila, streets can get

flooded easily even in the slightest rainfall. Flooding in España Boulevard is

a common occurrence during rainy season. According to one of the

respondents there is an instance that during the typhoon Ondoy, that the

flood water level reaches the second floor of a dormitory where most of the

tenants are students. Since numerous colleges and universities are found

within the area of study, among the most affected of flooding are students

in the university belt. Six years ago, on June 13, 2013, when heavy

monsoon rains hit parts of Metro Manila, it had triggered floods in major

thoroughfares. The floods affected classes and caused heavy traffic. A

waist-high floods submerged España and parts of the campus causing the

suspensions of classes. Around 2,000 students of the University of Sto.

Tomas in Manila were stranded due to floods, because students could not

leave and instead gathered inside the campus until around 7 p.m. At least

20 colleges and universities suspended Thursday classes because of the

floods.

III. FLOOD IMPACTS ON INFRASTRUCTURES & HOUSING

51
 The homes of those that were interviewed ranged from small,

rudimentary single-story structures to expansive, 6-story buildings. Most of

homes had walls made of cement while others had walls made of plywood.

Most households had roofs made of either G.I corrugated metal sheets. All

households had electricity and had piped water connections.

About 75 percent of respondents claimed that it flooded in their area

more than once a year. The estimated flood height reported for the

September 2009 flood event was 4 meters outdoors and 3 meters indoors.

The intensified monsoon and resulting flood caused damage to property,

including the dwelling structure itself and its contents – appliances,

electronic devices, and personal belongings. Most houses only needed

thorough cleaning, but others had damaged floors, roofs, and walls. The

most commonly damaged household appliances were television sets, rice

cookers, refrigerators, washing machines, and radios. Some households

also experienced damage to their vehicles – cars and motorcycles.

IV. FLOOD IMPACTS ON TRANSPORTATION

Floods worsen the traffic problems in España Boulevard in Sampaloc

District, Manila. During flash floods thousands of motorists and commuters

52
are stranded. Long lines were reported in MRT and LRT stations as

commuters tried to avoid the gridlock by taking the trains.

Flooded Espana Boulevard Photo © http://dzrhnews.com

V. FLOOD IMPACTS ON ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND LIVELIHOODS

Livelihoods comprise the assets (natural, physical, human, financial,

and social capital), the activities, and the access to these (mediated by

institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by

the individual or household. Among the different aspects of livelihood, this

study focuses on the flood-related impacts and coping mechanisms related

to incomes and occupations of the rural poor. Here, the term “coping

mechanisms” describes the approaches people employ to deal successfully

53
with crisis (Impact of floods on livelihoods and vulnerability of natural

resource dependent communities in Northern Ghana, Armah, F.A. et. al).

VI. FLOOD IMPACTS ON FOOD, WATER & ENVIRONMENT

At present, there is a paucity of research quantifying the impacts of

natural disasters on food security in the Philippines. An exception is the

WFP (2009) which conducted a study on typhoons Ondoy (Ketsana) and

Pepeng (Parma) including their impacts on food security at the household

level. The study found that as a coping strategy to adapt to the effects of

Ondoy and Pepeng, the most frequently reported consumption coping

mechanism, used by 79 % of the households surveyed, was to rely less on

preferred or expensive food. The least used consumption coping strategy,

adopted by 5 % of the households, was sending family members outside

for food. On the other hand, the most common non-consumption coping

mechanism, used by 15.1 % of households, was selling labor in advance,

while the least utilized was the selling of household and agricultural assets

for food, a mechanism used by just 5.2 % of households.

Limited available data and information also preclude a quantitative

evaluation of the negative impacts of natural disasters on the natural

54
resources and the environment of the Philippines. Thus, a descriptive and

generally qualitative assessment is instead conducted based on past

research. Flood water currents carry all sorts of wastes that are then

dumped into catchment areas. These wastes in turn pollute surface and

ground water, including that used for drinking and sanitation. There is also

no available study at present that quantifies the impact of floods on waste

accumulation and water pollution in the Philippines.

VII. FLOOD IMPACTS ON SANITATION, HEALTH AND WELLNESS

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), floods can

potentially increase the transmission of water-borne diseases (such as

typhoid fever, cholera, leptospirosis and hepatitis A) and vector-borne

diseases (like malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever).“Flooding is

associated with an increased risk of infection,” says the United Nations

health agency. “However, this risk is low unless there are significant

population displacement and/or water sources are compromised. ”The

major risk factor for outbreaks associated with flooding is the contamination

of drinking-water facilities, and even when this happens, as in Iowa and

Missouri in 1993, “the risk of outbreaks can be minimized if the risk is well

recognized and disaster-response addresses the provision of clean water

55
as a priority,” WHO says. It adds that “there is an increased risk of infection

of water-borne diseases contracted through direct contact with polluted

waters, such as wound infections, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and ear, nose

and throat infections. However, these diseases are not epidemic-prone.

VIII. EXISTING STRUCTURAL FLOOD MITIGATION IN MANILA

The current drainage network in Metro Manila consists of 44 km

mains, 1,200 km drainage laterals, 290 km of esteros and canals, and 153

km of river and major streams. To address the stormwater that exceeds the

current capacity of the drainage network, the Philippine government has

installed several structural flood mitigation measures to further reduce the

extent of flooding. A summary of the kinds of major structures, built and

56
 proposed for Metro Manila, are shown in Table below.

(Structural Flood Mitigation in Metro Manila: Consequences and Implications on Urban

Flood and the Environment; Romeo GILBUENA, Jr. et.al).

IX. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR FLOODING PROBLEMS IN MANILA

The proposed solutions are (a) Improving sewage and drainage

systems and de-clogging the existing structures. (b) Proper waste

57
disposals. (c) Rehabilitation of pumping stations. (d) Reducing the

existence of future high-rise structures. (e) Provision of Rainwater

Harvesting System in every barangay. (f) Promoting Green building

Infrastructures. (g) Provision of Storage Detention Tanks in the area of

study. (h) Elevating road pavements.

X. REGULATIONS TO REDUCE FLOOD IMPACTS IN FLOOD PRONE

AREAS

(a) Republic Act No. 6613 - An Act Declaring a Policy of The State to

Adopt Modern Scientific Methods to Moderate Typhoons and Prevent

Destruction by floods, rains and droughts, creating a council on Typhoon

Moderation and Flood Control Research and Development, Providing for its

Powers and Functions and Appropriating funds.

(b) Presidential Decree No. 1149 – Amending Certain Sections of

Presidential Decree No.78 Otherwise known as “The Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Science Act of 1972”.

(c) Implementing Rules and Regulation of REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121, also

known as "an act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction

58
and Management Framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for

other purposes".

(d) Philippine Green Building Code - A Referral Code of the NATIONAL

BUILDING CODE (P.D. 1096). Section 6. Green Building Concept Green

building is the practice of adopting measures that promote resource

management efficiency and site sustainability while minimizing the negative

impact of buildings on human health and the environment. This practice

complements the conventional building design concerns of economy,

durability, serviceability and comfort.

(e ) Republic Act 6716, also known as the Rainwater Collector and Springs

Development Act of 1989, which requires the construction of rainwater

collectors in every barangay to prevent flooding and ensure the continuous

provision of clean water during dry seasons.

(f) Republic Act No. 10639 otherwise known as the Free Mobile Disaster

Alerts Act. Behind the enactment of this law is the State policy of protecting

its citizenry in the event of natural or man-made disasters and calamities.

XI. RISK REDUCTION MEAURES

59
 What to do Before, During, and After a Flood

Floods and flash floods occur within all the district of Manila and can

be extremely dangerous, so knowledge and preparation is extremely

important and will help keep losses to a minimum.

Before A Flood

(a) Avoid building in a flood-prone area unless you elevate and reinforce

your home.

(b) Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to

flooding.

(c ) Install “check valves” in sewer traps to prevent water from backing up

into the drains of your home.

(d) Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to construct

barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop water from entering the homes

in your area.

(e) Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid

seepage.

During A Flood

60
(a) If a flood is likely in your area, you should:

(b) Listen to the radio or television for information.

(c ) Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of that

in your area, move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for

instructions to move.

(d) Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas

known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or

without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.

(e ) If you must prepare to evacuate, you should do the following:

>Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move

essential items to an upper floor.

>Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so.

>Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment

if you are wet or standing in water.

(f) If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation tips:

61
 >Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can

make you fall. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not

moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.

>Do not drive into flooded areas. If flood waters rise around your car,

abandon the car and move to higher ground if you can do so safely. You

and the vehicle can be quickly swept away.

>Crosswalk sign surrounded by high flood water.

After A Flood

The following are guidelines for the period following a flood:

(a) Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s water supply

is safe to drink.

(b) Avoid flood waters; water may be contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw

sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from underground or

downed power lines.

(c) Avoid moving water.

(d) Be aware of areas where flood waters have receded. Roads may have

weakened and could collapse under the weight of a car.

62
(e ) Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the power

company.

(f) Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe.

Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by flood waters.

(g) Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be hidden

damage, particularly in foundations.

(h) Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching systems

as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are serious health

hazards.

(i) Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. Mud left from floodwater can

contain sewage and chemicals.

63
XII. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS

The researcher had interviewed two authorities in this subject. They

are Engr. Mark Gerson Baril of Department of Public Works and Highway-

Bureau of Design (DPWH-BOD) and Engr. Milan Lacson, Chief Engineer of

Highway Division IV- Department of Engineering and Public Works

(DEPW), Manila City Hall Engineering Department.

According to Engr. Mark Gerson Baril the main cause of seemingly

unsolvable problem of flooding in España Boulevard in Sampaloc District is

its own topography and geographical location, aside from clogged drainage

system and impervious roads. España Blvd. serve as the catch basin of

runoff water from nearby city. Some proposed to modify the size of the

existing drainage system along the boulevard, however according Engr.

Baril, the width of box culvert under Espana Blvd. is almost the same size

of the road, that’s why redesigning the culvert will have an adverse effect

on the traffic flow. There is a proposal previously to construct a detention

tank under University of Sto. Tomas – Open Field, to serve as storage for

water during heavy rains, to be pumped out to waterways after a downpour,

64
however, the university administration rejected the proposal, citing security

concerns in case of structural failure, the expected disruption of the

university's regular activities and the proposed flood detention tank would

place UST’s heritage buildings in danger, and there was also no guarantee

that it would work. Instead the university administration proposes to build a

tunnel under the two-kilometer España Boulevard that passes in front of

UST.

The current solution is to rehab pumping stations in Metro Manila, the

project will boost the discharge capacity of existing pumping stations and

prevent occurrence or lessened the impact of flooding in low-lying areas of

Metro Manila.

Engr. M.G.Baril also recommends that rainwater harvesting system

be implemented in every commercial building and barangay in Sampaloc

District and nearby cities, in order to at least minimize flooding in España

Boulevard. He also mentioned that Green Building and Rainwater

Harvesting Facility Act must be strictly implemented, and those applying for

building permit must provide a detailed design of rainwater harvesting

facility be included on building plan.

65
 While according to Engr. Milan Lacson there were plenty of known

solutions to mitigate the problem of flooding, these include dredging rivers,

esteros, and Manila Bay and de-clogging of existing drainage system.

These activities must continue in order to lessen the negative impacts of

flooding in Metro Manila. He also adds that even the public and private

sectors should cooperate with the government through obedience to

ordinances and laws that protect our natural resources and promotes clean

and green environment.

66
 CONCLUSION

For people in flood prone areas (at risk for flooding), flood prevention

and mitigation strategies need to be seriously thought through and acted

upon, as these people are exposed to greater health problems such as

psychological issues and communicable diseases such as leptospirosis,

diarrhea and dengue. Despite of the various government flood mitigation

measures to prevent flooding, floods in Manila are getting worse, due to the

topographical and geographical location of Manila, aside from the rapid

population growth of the city and effects of climate change. With the

increased population in flood prone areas, it may be expected that the

effects of climate change will further aggravate this. As discussed under

various sectors, it is clear from the study that floods have adverse impact

on the livelihoods for people in Sampaloc Manila. It is also evident that

there are varying underlying causes of people’s vulnerability in flood and

this poses a challenge for reducing or minimizing vulnerability. Proximity to

67
the flood prone area, residing in flood prone area and poverty are identified

as being the main underlying causes of vulnerability for the Sampaloc

District community.

The study has further demonstrated that effects of floods in one

sector can affect other sectors of society. Under the health section, the

outbreak of different diseases such (leptospirosis, dengue, diarrhoea and

coughing) was attributed to the impact of floods on water sources and

sanitation facilities. The issue of water contamination of the river at the pick

of floods and the handling of water from the borehole increase the health

risk. In addition, school attendance was disrupted due to impassable roads

as discussed under the education section. From the study, it was clear that

households cope differently when affected by floods. The communities

should be encouraged to build houses using durable materials and away

from the flood prone area as a way of coping with the floods. The

government must strictly implemented the Storm Water Harvesting System

Act for every barangay so that it can contribute to mitigate the effects of

flooding. Clearly, there is need to develop better and appropriate measures

to prepare and mitigate the effects of the floods. Above all, the aim must be

to involve all the stakeholders to enhance communities’ resilience to floods.

68
 At present, there are no sufficient and 100% effective measures

globally to limit the growing chance and consequence of flooding. The

evidence is that flood risk is increasing, and continuing alertness is needed

to ensure that existing systems are maintained, and improvements are

introduced. It is imperative that human society adopts a risk management

approach (or risk reduction measures) if there is to be harmonious

coexistence with floods. In practical terms, the chance of flooding can

never be eliminated entirely. However, the consequences of flooding can

be mitigated by appropriate behaviors and actions. Successful flood risk

management is dependent upon the active support of all on whom the

effects of flooding may impact.

69
 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The Government must enforce the Law on Rain Water Collection in

every barangay or the Republic Act 6716, also known as the Rainwater

Collector and Springs Development Act of 1989, which requires the

construction of rainwater collectors in every barangay to prevent flooding

and ensure the continuous provision of clean water during dry seasons.

2. The Government should encourage communities to increase

cultivation and tree plantation on the upland in order to enhance food

security and household level.

3. Construction of dams, detention basin and rainwater harvesting

system in every business establishment should be considered.

70
 4. Government and key Stakeholders should engage the

communities and local authorities in making them aware of the flood risk in

view of the climate variability.

5. Community initiated mitigation measures should be promoted to

build community resilience. In the long term, community-based floods early

warning system for flood should be developed.

6. Multi-sectorial approach to flood mitigation as opposed to single

sector should be promoted and should be link it to the impacts of flood on

various aspects of society.

7. Consideration for further research – a.) There is clearly a need for

more research into the human adjustment to the flood hazard, particularly

in terms of the perception and behavioral responses to floods. b.) The

aspect of early warning and how the information is utilized (what action is

taken by the community when the warning is issued) should be

investigated. c.) There is need for further investigation (environmental

impact assessment) on the DPWH proposal to construct a detention basin

in the flood affected area especially where flood is a natural phenomenon.

d.) Comprehensive study on the Storm Water Collector System as another

71
flood control method. e.) A Research study on Sponge City as a form of a

sustainable drainage system.

Appendix- 01
Data Collection Questioner
Research title: A Research Study of the Impacts of Flooding in España
Boulevard, Sampaloc District, City of Manila
Respondent Name:
Date of Interview:

72
73
 Appendix- 01
3. Flood Impact

3.1. Housing

3.1.1. Please briefly explain what types of damage happened to your house

3.1.2. What types of assets in your house most commonly affected, please

explain in brief

3.1.3. Maintain cost/ labour needed to get recovery from this flood affected

house, detail explanation.

3.2. Business/ Shop Keeping/ Economics

3.2.1 What types of damage happened during flood?

3.2.2. Total cost of damage in your business that you experienced during

the flood.

3.2.3. In your shop, what types of damage or loss happened during the

flood?

3.2.4. Approximately how much loss was happened for the flood and during

the recovery period the cost you need, after the flood?

74
 Appendix- 01
3.3. Education

3.3.1 An overview of the education sector in your area.

3.3.2. Explain in briefly what types of damage was occurred in educational

institute during flood.

3.3.3. What types of disruption (e.g. exam, class attendance) occurred for

school going children in your household experience due to the floods?

3.3.4. Are the educational institute were closed for the flood; please provide

detail information about it?

3.4. Health and Sanitation

3.4.1. What types of health service existing in your area?

3.4.2. What types of damage/trouble happened during the flood in your

area?

3.4.3. Which of the following diseases were experienced by the household

members who got sick? Diarrhea__; Cough___; Malaria/Fever____;

Measles_____; Others_____ Specify_________.

75
 3.4.4. In your household, total cost for recovery from health related
problems for the flood.

Appendix- 01
3.5. Food and Water

3.5.1. How much damage or affected in the area of water and food supply

in your household during the flood?

3.5.2. What types of problems is your family face during the flood in case of

food and water supply?

3.6 Transportation

3.6.1 As a commuter, what are the direct effects of flooding that you have

experienced?

3.6.2 Did you experienced to be stranded in traffic during the floods?

3.7 Human Lives

3.7.1 Have any of your family members ever had psychological problems,

e.g. stress, nervous, anxious, sleeplessness, etc.’?

76
3.7.2 If the answer is yes, Is the psychological problem occurred before the

heavy rains or after and, if it occurred before the heavy rains, then whether

the condition got worse after the heavy rains/flood?

3.7.3 Have any of your family members had died or injured because of

floods?

Appendix 02

Consent form

Research title: A Research Study of the Impacts of Flooding in España

Boulevard, Sampaloc District, City of Manila

I am a participant of this study, name______________________________,

are totally known about the aim and procedure of this study. I also know

about my benefits and problems of this study. I have right to refuse or

withdraw own self from the study at any time, for this reason I am not

bounded to any person about explain my causes of withdraw. Confidentially

will be maintained and also all the records should be kept in security. Only

researcher can use my information in his study purpose. During publish the

study, researcher not use any types of name identification indicator. No

77
identity will be published without my permission. I read all the information

and willingly participate in this study.

Signature:

Sign/Finger print of the participant Sign of the researcher

78