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First Order Differential Equations

1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

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708 views5 pages

First Order Differential Equations

1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

Uploaded by

Juvilee Rico
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MODULE 2a
EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE

SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A solution to a differential equation is an equation, free of derivatives,


that satisfies the given differential equation.
Example: Show that y=x 2 +cx is a solution of the differential
equation x y ' =x 2 + y
Solution:
y=x 2 +cx y ' =2 x+ c
If this is the solution, then it must satisfy the given differential
equation. Substituting into the given differential equation, we
have
x ( 2 x +c )=x 2+(x 2 +cx )
2 x2 + cx=2 x 2 +cx
Therefore the equation is satisfied.

Kinds of Solutions to Differential Equations

1. General solution – a solution which contains a number of


independent arbitrary constants equal to the order of the
differential equation.
2. Particular solution – a solution which can be obtained from the
general solution by giving specific values to one or more of
the constants.

First Order Equations


dy
Explicit form: dx = F ( x , y )
Implicit form: M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy=o
I. Equations that are VARIABLE SEPARABLE

A first-order differential equation that is either of the


explicit or implicit form, is variable separable if, by algebraic
manipulation, it can be transformed into the form
A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy=0
The solution can then be obtained by integrating each term
of the above equation.

Illustrative Examples:
1. Solve the equation sin x sin ydx +cos x cos ydy=0.
Solution:
Divide both sides of the equation by sin y cos x .
sin x cos y
dx + dy ¿ 0
cos x sin y
Integrating each term of the equation, we get
−lncos x + lnsin y =ln c
ln sin y=ln c+ ln cos x
ln sin y=ln c cos x
sin y=c cos x Ans.
2

2. Solve the equation xy 3 dx+ e x dy =0.


Solution:
2

Divide both sides of the equation by y3 ex ,


x dy
x dx +¿ ¿0
2

e y3
2

x e−x dx + y −3 dy =0
−1 − x y−2 c
2

2 e +¿ −2 −2
=
2

e− x + y −2=c Ans.

3. Solve the equation


( xy + x ) dx=( x 2 y 2 + x 2+ y 2+1 ) dy
Solution:
x ( y +1 ) dx=¿
x ( y +1 ) dx=¿

x ( y +1 ) dx=( x 2 +1 ) ( y 2 +1 ) dy

Divide both sides of the equation by


2
( y +1 ) ( x +1 ). Hence, we get
x y 2+1
2 dx = dy
x +1 y +1
Integrating each term of the above equation,
∫ x x+1 dx=∫( y−1+ y+2 1 ) dy
2

1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln ( y +1 )+ 2 ln c
2 2
1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ¿
2 2
1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln c ( y +1 )
2 2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= y 2−2 y + 4 ln c ( y +1 ) Ans.

4. αdβ + βdα +αβ ( 3 dα + dβ ) =0

Solution:
First we distribute the terms.
αdβ + βdα +3 αβ dα + αβdβ=0
β (1+3 α ) dα +α (1+ β ) dβ=0

Dividing both sides by αβ , we get


1+ 3 α 1+ β
dα +¿ dβ=0
α β

∫ 1α +3 dα +∫ 1β + 1 dβ=0
( ) ( )
ln α +3 α + ln β + β +ln c=0

ln cαβ=−3 α −β or cαβ =e−3 α −β Ans.

5. ( 2 a2−r 2 ) dr=r 3 sin θdθ, when θ=0 , r=a .


Solution:
3
Dividing both sides by r , we get
2 a2−r 2
dr =sin θdθ
r3
dr
2 a2∫ r−3 dr−∫ =∫ sin θdθ
r
−2
r
2 a2 −ln r =−cos θ−c
−2
a2
r2
+ lnr =cos θ+ c general solution
When θ=0 , r=a,
a2
+ ln a=cos 0+c
a2
1+ln a=1+c c=ln a
a2
+ lnr =cos θ+ ln a
r2
a2
+ lnr −ln a=cos θ
r2
a2 r
r 2
+ ln =cos θ
a Ans.
2

6. y ' =x e y− x ,
when x=0 , y=0
Solution:
dy
=
2

dx x e y e−x
2

dy =x e y e−x dx

Dividing both sides by e , y

dy
=
2

x e−x dx
ey
2

∫ e− y dy =∫ x e− x dx
−1 − x 1 2

−e− y =¿ e − c
2 2
2

2 e− y =e− x + c general solution


When x=0 , y=0
2 e−0=e−0 +c
2=1+ c c=1
2

2 e− y =e− x +1 Ans.

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