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Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers PDF

The document discusses key aspects in the design of shell and tube heat exchangers based on TEMA standards. It covers topics like TEMA nomenclature, selection considerations for stationary heads and rear ends, tube sizing methods, arrangements of tubes and shell passes, types of baffles and their thickness, tie rods and spacers, tubesheet design, and general design considerations for tube-side and shell-side fluids and operating conditions.

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315 views

Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers PDF

The document discusses key aspects in the design of shell and tube heat exchangers based on TEMA standards. It covers topics like TEMA nomenclature, selection considerations for stationary heads and rear ends, tube sizing methods, arrangements of tubes and shell passes, types of baffles and their thickness, tie rods and spacers, tubesheet design, and general design considerations for tube-side and shell-side fluids and operating conditions.

Uploaded by

mahsa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫دا ه ﻨﺪ ﯽ ﻣ ﮑﺎ ﯿﮏ‬

‫ﻞ دوم‪ :‬ﺒﺪ ﮫﺎی ارﯽ ﻮ ﻪ ﻮ ای ‪Shell &Tube Heat Exchangers‬‬


U-Tube Heat Exchanger
Straight-Tube ( 1-Pass )
Straight-Tube ( 2-Pass )
TEMA Heat Exchanger

Tubular Exchanger Manufacture’s Association(TEMA) is the most


widely used ‘standard’ or ‘stipulated’ heat exchanger ‘design
code’.This is a US code and is used together with ASME Section
VIII(for the design of unfired pressure vessels).The TEMA code
specifies the mechanical design procedure, tolerances allowed and
the dimensions of the various parts of an exchanger.
TEMA Standard:
TEMA terminology

Rear end
Front end Shell head
stationary head type
type
 Letters given for the front end, shell and rear end
types
 Exchanger given three letter designation
 Above is AEL
 Above letters are followed by the size of exchanger in
the form of “D-L” where D is the shell diameter and
L is the length of tubes
Heat exchanger
nomenclatures

8
Table 2: Selection Consideration for Shell Design

Type Description Selection Consideration


E Single Pass The most common shell design.
F Two Pass Two pass affords slightly better heat transfer
than single pass because two passes on the shell
side more closely approximates counter-current
flow. In order to avoid an excessively thick
longitudinal baffle, two pass should not be used
with a shellside pressure drop greater than
approximately 70 kPa (10 psi). Shellside
temperature range should be limited to 175 °C
(350°F) to avoid both excessive heat leakage
through the baffle and thermal stress in the
baffle, the shell, and the tubesheet.
G Split Flow Typically used in condensing and boiling services
H Double Split Flow to
J Divided Flow reduce pressure drop and to enhance heat
Shell transfer duty.
X Cross Flow
K Kettle-Type Typically used for boiling/vaporizing services.
Reboiler The large shell promotes heat transfer and vapor
disengagement.
Table 1:Selection Consideration for Stationary Head
Type Description Selection Consideration
A Channel and The most common type of head that is used in
Removable Cover shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Used with fixed
tubesheet, U-tube, and floating head
exchangers. In most cases, the bundle is
removable for mechanical cleaning.
B Bonnet or Removable Normally used only for low-fouling tubeside
Channel with Integral services. Used with fixed tubesheet, U-tube, and
Cover floating head exchangers. Less expensive than
Type A head.
C Channel Integral with Used with some types of fixed tubesheet
Tubesheet and exchangers and reboilers.
Removable Cover
N Channel Integral with Shellside fluid must be relatively low-fouling so
Tubesheet, Shell, and that chemical cleaning can be used. Not
Removable Cover recommended for use with U-tube or floating
head exchangers because of maintenance
difficulties.
D Special High Pressure Special high pressure head that is used when
Closure the tubeside design pressure exceeds
approximately 10340 kPa (1500 psi).
Table 3: Selection Consideration for Rear Ends

Type Selection Consideration

L Used with fixed tubesheet exchangers when the tubes must be cleaned mechanically.
M and N Used, if necessary, with fixed tubesheet exchangers when the tubes can be chemically
cleaned.
P Not recommended because of the tendency of packed joints to leak. Type P heads should
never be used with shellside hydrocarbons or toxic fluids.
S and T Removable bundle designs. The floating head in an S-type exchanger has a split backing ring
that reduces shell diameter requirements and that maintains high thermal efficiency. For
maintenance reasons, generally Type T head is preferred, which allows the bundle to be
more easily removed.
U Used with U-tube bundle where tubeside does not need mechanical cleaning. Typically, a
formed head is used on the shell, although a bonnet-type head can be used also.
W Uses a packed joint to separate the tubeside and shellside fluids. Not recommended because
of tendency of packed joints to leak.
The standard nomenclature for shell and tube heat exchanger
1. Stationary Head-Channel 20. Slip-on Backing Flange 30. Longitudinal Baffle
2. Stationary Head-Bonnet 21. Floating Head Cover-External 31. Pass Partition
3. Stationary Head Flange-Channel or 22. Floating Tube sheet Skirt 32. Vent Connection
Bonnet 23. Packing Box 33. Drain Connection
4. Channel Cover 24. Packing 34. Instrument Connection
5. Stationary Head Nozzle 25. Packing Gland 35. Support Saddle
6. Stationary Tube sheet 26. Lantern Ring 36. Lifting Lug
7. Tubes 27. Tie-rods and Spacers 37. Support Bracket
8. Shell 28. Support Plates 38. Weir
9. Shell Cover 29. Impingement Plate 39. Liquid Level Connection
10. Shell Flange-Stationary Head End 40. Floating Head Support
11. Shell Flange-Rear Head End
12. Shell Node
13. Shell Cover Flange
14. Expansion Joint
15. Floating Tube sheet
16. Floating Head Cover
17. Floating Head Cover Flange
18. Floating Head Backing Device
19. Split Shear Ring
14
Removable cover, one pass, and floating head heat exchanger

Removable cover, one pass, and outside packed floating head heat exchanger
15
Channel integral removable cover, one pass, and outside packed
floating head heat exchanger

17
Removable kettle type reboiler with pull through floating head

18
Tube sizing: Birmingham Wire Gage

21
Tube-side design

Arrangement of tubes inside the heat exchanger


22
Tube-side design

Arrangement of tubes inside the heat exchanger


23
Shell-side design

(a)one-pass shell for E-type,


(b)split flow of G-type, types of shell passes
(c)divided flow of J-type,
(d)two-pass shell with longitudinal baffle of F-type
(e)double split flow of H-type. 28
Shell-side design
1- Shell thickness is calculated based on ASME code Section VIII Div. 1 or 2
2-Minimum shell thickness for different diameters and material of constructions
Was given in TEMA standard.

29
Baffle types:
1) Segmental Baffles

30
Baffle types:
2) Rod Baffles
Baffle types:
3) Longitudinal vs. segmental Baffles

32
Baffle thickness
Baffle thickness (cont.)
Pass Partition Plate
Baffle clearances
Baffle Spacing
Tie rods and spacers
Tie rods and spacers (Cont.)
Tie rods and spacers (sizes)
Gaskets:
Tubesheet

Actual Tubesheet thickness should be calculated using


ASME code Section VIII and/or TEMA calculation
procedures (Paragraph A.13)
Tubesheet (cont.)
Tubesheet (cont.): Tube hole tolerances
Tubesheet (cont.): Tube hole ligament
Tubesheet (cont.): tube to tubesheet joint
Tubesheet (cont.): tube to tubesheet joint
Tubesheet (cont.): tube to tubesheet joint
Tubesheet (cont.): tube to tubesheet joint
Flexible joint (expansion joint)
General design
consideration
Factor Tube-side Shell-side

Corrosion More corrosive fluid Less corrosive fluids

Fouling Fluids with high fouling Low fouling and scaling


and scaling

Fluid temperature High temperature Low temperature

Operating pressure Fluids with high pressure Fluids with low pressure

Viscosity Less viscous fluid More viscous fluid

Stream flow rate High flow rate Low flow rate

54
‫ﺑﺎ ﺸ‬
‫ﺳﻮال؟‬

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