Scribd
Upload
561 views

General Notion of Inference January

The document discusses different types of inference including immediate and mediate inference. It defines inference as deriving new propositions based on existing knowledge. Immediate inference directly links one proposition to another based on subject and predicate terms. Mediate inference involves multiple steps. The document also outlines rules for converting, obverting, and contraposing categorical propositions, including changing qualities and quantities as needed and examples of each.

Uploaded by

Edelainne Joyce Montibon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
561 views

General Notion of Inference January

The document discusses different types of inference including immediate and mediate inference. It defines inference as deriving new propositions based on existing knowledge. Immediate inference directly links one proposition to another based on subject and predicate terms. Mediate inference involves multiple steps. The document also outlines rules for converting, obverting, and contraposing categorical propositions, including changing qualities and quantities as needed and examples of each.

Uploaded by

Edelainne Joyce Montibon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

General Notion

of
Inference
*INFERENCE
*refers to any process through which the mind
proceeds from one or more propositions to other
propositions whose meanings are already implied
in the former.
*it signifies the operation by which the mind get
new knowledge by drawing out the implications of
what it already knows.
*are steps in reasoning, moving
from premises to logical consequences
*the word infer means to "carry forward“ or
“observe thru senses”.
*Example:
You look into sky & the clouds
look dark so your infer “looks like
it’s going to rain” but really it
isn’t unless it will.

*Inference
*Notion of Inference
*The process in which from a sequence of
propositions, we arrive at a conclusion.
The minds proceeds from one proposition
to other propositions.
*Mental process of comparing 2 concepts
with a common third term in order to
establish agreement or disagreement with
each other.
*The word INFERENCE is applied to a series
of propositions so arranged that one,
called the consequent flows with logical
necessity from one or more others, called
the antecedent.
*Antecedent- (antecedo) that which goes
before
*Consequent- (consequor) that which
follows after or that which is inferred by
the antecedent.
*The truth of the Antecedent entails the truth of
the consequent.
*The falsity of the consequent entails the falsity of
the antecedent.
In other words:
*If the antecedent is true, the consequent is true.
*If the consequent is false, the antecedent is false.

*If the antecedent is false, the consequent is


doubtful.
*If the consequent is true, the antecedent is
doubtful.
*Consequence/Sequence- the connection by
virtue of which the consequent flows with
logical necessity from the antecedent. It is
known to be “the heart of the Inference”.

*Consequence/Sequence-is usually signified


by the terms:
“therefore”, “consequently”, “accordingly”,
“hence”, “thus”, “so”, “for the reason”,
and so on.
Example:
Juan is a man.
Juan is mortal.
Therefore, All men are mortal.
Juan is a man. (Antecedent)
Juan is mortal. (Antecedent)
Therefore (Consequence/Sequence)
All men are mortal. (Consequent)
Antecedent- True
Consequent- True
Example:
She blushes; therefore, she is guilty.

She blushes. (Antecedent)


Therefore (Consequence/Sequence)
She is guilty. (Consequent)

Antecedent- Doubtful
Consequent- True
Example:
Potato is vegetable, dogs bark, and cows
give milk.

Not Inference
*Kinds of Inference

1. Immediate
2. Mediate
*Immediate inference
*is a process of reasoning through
which the mind passes directly from
one proposition to a new proposition
which is nothing else but a
reformulation (partial or complete) of
the very exact meaning of truth as
expressed in the original proposition.
*a

*In the example, only the subject term and the predicate
term are the basis of reasoning.
* Rules of Conversion:
a. Interchange the subject and the predicate
terms.
b. Retain the quality of the convertend in the
converse.
c. Do not extend any term (subject or predicate)
of the convertend in the converse in Simple
Conversion, i.e., from particular to universal.
Thus in Simple Conversion the quantity of the
terms in the convertend should be maintained in
the converse. So only the following types of
Categorical Propositions qualify for
Simple Conversion: E to E
I to I
*Rules of Conversion:
d. Reduce the quantity (but just the same,
retain tha quality) of the convertend in
the converse in Partial Conversion. Only
the following types of Categorical
Propositions qualify for
Partial Conversion: A to I
E to O
*Rules of Obversion:
a. Retain the position of the subject term
and the predicate term.
b. Retain the quantity of the obvertend in
the obverse.
c. Change the quality of the obvertend in
the obverse.
d. The predicate term of the obvertend
should be changed to its contradictory in
the obverse.
*Rules of Obversion:
Diagram for Obversion

A to E
E to A
I to O
O to I
*Rules of Contraposition:
a. Simple/Partial Contraposition
a.1. the subject term of the contraposit is
the contradictory of the predicate term in
the contraponend.
a.2. The quality of the contraponend is
changed in the contraposit.
a.3. The predicate term of the
contraposit is the subject term in the
contraponend.
*Rules of Contraposition:
Diagram for Contraposition

A to E
E to I
O to I
*Rules of Contraposition:
b. Complete Contraposition
b.1. The subject term of the contraposit
is the contradictory of the predicate term
in the contraponend.
b.2. The quality of the contraponend is
not changed in the contraposit.
b.3. The predicate term of the
contraposit is the contradictory of the
subject term in the contraponend.
*Rules of Contraposition:
Diagram for Contraposition

A to A
E to O
O to O
*To be continue…
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

*PERFORMANCE TASK
GIVE 5 EXAMPLES OF CONVERSION,
OBVERSION, CONTRAPOSITON AND
INVERSION.

You might also like