Nama : Kezia Helena Patricia N.
Kelas : XI MIPA 6
Advantages of Parallel Circuits also allows a current of 1 A to flow in the
circuit, L is the effective resistor and its
1. Most of the household electrical appliances resistance is the effective resistance or
are connected in parallel combined resistance of M and N.
2. There are two advantages of a parallel circuit
over a series circuit
a. If one of the electrical appliances does
not function, the other appliances can
still be used.
b. Additional appliances can be connected
in parallel with the existing appliance
without the need for more voltage.
3. If there are two lamps in a room, the failure
of one lamp will have no effect on the other
lamp
4. Similarly, the addition of another lamp to the
room will not affect the brightness of the
existing individual lamps.
► Effective Resistance (Combined Resistance) Figure 2.35 Concept of effective resistance
1. In Figure 2.35 (a), the resistors M and N 2. An effective resistor is a single resistor
allow a current of 1 A to low in the circuit. that replaces 2 or more resistors in series
If the resistors M and N are replaced by a or parallel and yet has the same effect on
single resistor, L [Figure 2.35 (b)] which the circuit by allowing the same amount
of current to flow in the circuit.
Contextu
A circuit breaker is an automatic switch which trips when the current flowing exceeds a specific safe value. An electric
Will the circuit breaker trip w
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► Derivation of a Formula for Effective Resistance
Resistors in series Resistors in parallel
In the series circuits shown above, In the series circuits shown above,
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑏𝑐 𝐼 = 𝐼 1 + 𝐼2
𝑉𝑃𝑄 𝑉𝑃𝑄
= 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = +
= 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
= 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2) … (1) = 𝑉𝑃𝑄 ( + ) … (1)
𝑅1 𝑅2
When the two resistors are replaced by a single When the two resistors are replaced by a single
equivalent resistor of resistance, R as shown in equivalent resistor of resistance, R as shown in
diagram (iii), it allows the same current I, to flow diagram (iii), it allows the same current I, to flow in
in the circuit under the same applied potential the circuit under the same applied potential
difference, Vac. difference, VPQ.
𝑉𝑃𝑄
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝐼 𝑅 … (2) ∴𝐼=
𝑅
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 1, 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝐼 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2) 𝐼
𝐼 = 𝑉𝑃𝑄 ( ) … (2)
𝑅
as V and I are the same for 1 and 2, 𝐼 𝐼
𝐼 = 𝑉𝑃𝑄 ( + )
∴ 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
As V and I are the same for 1 and 2,
Conclusion 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
With three or more resistors in the circuit: Effective ∴ = ( + )
resistance, R is given by 𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ Conclusion
With three or more resistors in the circuit Effective
The value of the effective resistance, R in a series resistance, R is given by
circuit is larger than each of the individual resistors.
The combination of two resistors in series effectively 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
forms a longer resistor with a higher resistance. = ( + + +⋯)
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
The effective resistance, R in a parallel circuit is
smaller than each of the individual resistors. The
combination of two resistors in parallel effectively
forms a resistor with a larger cross-sectional area
and thus its combined resistance is lower.
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