Welcome to the REN21 GSR 2020 Data Pack!

The Data Pack created by REN21 is a collection of all the figures, data, and tables that appear in the
Renewables Global Status Reports (GSR). This is to facilitate easier access and deeper research into
the numbers and infographics that form and support the narrative in REN21's flagship publication.

Please note:
1) The figures and data listed in the Data Pack appear in the same order as in the GSR full report, on
separate tabs.
2) You can directly jump to any specific figure or data from the Table of Contents and back to the
Contents by clicking on the top-left most cell of any particular sheet.
3) The Reference Tables appear toward the end of each chapter.
4) Source information found on each data sheet corresponds to the endnotes referenced for each
respective figure in the GSR full report (accessible via: www.ren21.net/gsr-2020/).
5) Occasional discrepanies in data may appear due to rounding.
6) In cases where a figure and/or data is missing, it is because of limited sharing rights.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us at [email protected]

Figure 1. Estimated Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, 2018
Figure 2. Estimated Global Growth in Renewable Energy Compared to Total Final Energy Consumption, 2013-2018
Figure 3. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, by Final Energy Use, 2017
Figure 4. Renewable Share of Total Energy Consumption in buildings, 2017
Figure 5. Estimated Renewable Share of Heating and Cooling in Buildings, 2018
Figure 6. Renewable Share of Total Final Enenrgy Consumption in Industry and Agriculture, 2017
Figure 7. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Transport, 2017
Figure 8. Annual Additions of Renewable Power Capacity, by Technology and Total, 2013-2019
Figure 9. Renewable and Non-renewable Shares of Net Annual Additions in Power Generating Capacity, 2009-2019
Figure 10. Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Gloal Electricity Production, End-2019
Figure 11. Employment Estimates Related to Distributed Renewables for Energy Access in India, Kenya and Nigeria, 2017/18
Table 1. Renewable Energy Indicators 2019
Table 2. Top Five Countries 2019
Table R1. Global Renewable Electricity Capacity, Heat Demand and Biofuel Production, 2019
Table R2. Renewable Power Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, 2019
Figure 12. Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Policies, 2004-2019
Figure 13. National Sector-Specific Targets for Share of Renewable Energy by a Specific Year, in Place at End-2019
Figure 14. National Targets for Share of Renewable Energy in Final Energy, by a Specific Year, in Place at End-2019
Figure 15. Countries with Selected Climate Change Policies, Early 2020
Figure 16. Countries with Policies for Renewable Heating and Cooling, 2009-2019
Figure 17. National and Sub-National Renewable Transport Mandates, as of End-2019
Figure 18. Targets for Renewable Power and Electric Vehicles, as of End-2019
Figure 19. Cumulative Number of Countries with Feed-in or Tendering Policies, 2009-2019
Table 3. Renewable Energy Targets and Policies, 2019
Table R3. Renewable Energy Shares of Primary and Final Energy, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2018
Table R4. Renewable Heating and Cooling, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2017
Table R5. Renewable Transport, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2017
Table R6. Renewable Share of Electricity Generation, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2018
Table R7. Renewable Power, Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generation as of End-2019
Table R8. Renewable Power, Targets for Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generation as of End-2019
Table R9. Renewable Heating and Cooling Policies, as of End-2019
Table R10. Renewable Transport Mandates at the National/State/Provincial Levels, as of End-2019
Table R11. Feed-in Electricity Policies, Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces and 2019 Revisions
Table R12. Renewable Power Tenders Held at the National/State/Provincial Levels, 2019
Figure 20. Estimated Shares of Bioenergy in Total Final Energy Consumption, Overall and by End-Use Sector, 2018
Figure 21. Global Bioenergy Use for Heating, by End-Use, 2010-2018
Figure 22. Global Production of Ethanol, Biodiesel and HVO/HEFA Fuel, by Energy Content, 2010-2019
Figure 23. Global Bioelectricity Generation, by Region, 2009-2019
Figure 24. Geothermal Power Capacity Global Additions, Share by Country, 2019
Figure 25. Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added and Rest of World, 2019
Figure 26. Hydropower Global Capacity, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2019
Figure 27. Hydropower Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2019
Figure 28. Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019
Figure 29. Solar PV Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 2009-2019
Figure 30. Solar PV Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2019
Figure 31. Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2019
Figure 32. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 2009-2019
Figure 33. CSP Thermal Energy Storage Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019
Figure 34. Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, 2009-2019
Figure 35. Solar Water Heating Collector Additions,Top 20 Countries for Capacity Added, 2019
Figure 36. Solar District Heating Systems, Global Annual Additions and Total Area in Operation, 2009-2019
Figure 37. Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019
Figure 38. Wind Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries, 2019
Figure 39. Wind Power Offshore Global Capacity by Region, 2009-2019
Figure 40. Global Levelised Cost of Electricity from Newly Commissioned, Utility-scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2019
Table R13. Biofuels Global Production, Top 15 Countries and EU-28, 2019
Table R14. Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019
Table R15. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019
Table R16. Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019
Table R17. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Global Capacity and Additions, 2019
Table R18. Solar Water Heating Collectors and Total Capacity End-2018 and Newly Installed Capacity 2019, Top 20 Countries
Table R19. Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019
Figure 41. Top 6 Countries with Highest Electricity Access Rate from Off-grid Solar Solutions (Tier 1+), 2017
Figure 42 Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking by Region, 2010 and 2018
Figure 43. Global Sales Volumes of Off-Grid Solar Systems, 2015-2019
Figure 44. Sales Volumes of Affiliated Off-Grid Solar Systems in Top 5 Countries, 2018 and 2019
Figure 45. Installed Capacity of Solar PV Mini-Grids, Selected Regions and World, 2014 and 2018
Figure 46. Production of Biogas for Cooking in Selected Countries, 2014 and 2018
Figure 47. Global Investment in Off-Grid Electricity Access Activities, 2014-2019
Figure 48. Share of Investment in Off-Grid Solar PV Companies, by Type of Investor, 2018 and 2019
Table 4. Distributed Renewables Policies for Electricity Access, Selected Countries, 2019
Table 5. Distributed Renewables Policies for Clean Cooking Access, Selected Countries, 2019
Table R20. Electricity Access by Region and Country, Status in 2018 and Targets
Table R21. Clean Cooking Access by Region and Country, Status in 2018 and Targets
Figure 49. Global Investment in Renewable Power and Fuel Capacity in Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries, 2009-2019
Figure 50. Global Investment in Renewable Power and Fuels, by Country and Region, 2009-2019
Figure 51. Global Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology, 2019
Figure 52. Global Investment in New Power Capacity by Type (Renewables, Coal, Gas and Nuclear Power), 2019
Table R22. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2009–2019
Figure 53. Share of Electricity Generation from Variable Renewable Electricity, Top Countries, 2019
Figure 54. Electric Car Global Stock, Top Countries and Rest of World, 2015-2019
Figure 55. Electric Bus Global Stock, China and Selected Regions, 2019
Figure 56. Battery Storage Annual Additions, Selected Countries, 2013-2019
Figure 57. Global Primary Energy Intensity and Total Primary Energy Supply, 2013-2018
Figure 58. Estimated Impact of Increased Renewable Electricity Production on Global Primary Energy Intensity, 2012-2017
Figure 59. Total Final Energy Consumption and Share of Modern Renewables in OECD and non-OECD Countries, 2007-2017
Figure 60 Avoid-Shift-Improve Framework in the Transport Sector
Table of Contents Figure 1. Estimated Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, 2018

2018
Total final energy consumption 100.00%
Fossil fuels 79.9%
Nuclear energy 2.2%
Traditional biomass 6.9%
Hydropower 3.6%
Biomass/solar/geothermal heat 4.2%
Biofuels for transport 1.0%
Wind/solar/biomass/geothermal/ocean power 2.1%
Modern renewables 11.0%

Note: Data should not be compared with previous years because of revisions due to improved or adjusted d
Source: Based on IEA data
umption, 2018

due to improved or adjusted data or methodology. Totals may not add up due to rounding.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 3. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, by Final Energy Use, 2017
Share of
TFEC, 2017
Thermal 51%
Transport 32%
Electricity 17%

Thermal Shares, 2017

Renewable energy 10.1% Of which:

Non-renewable electricity 5.3%

Transport Shares, 2017

Renewable energy 3.3% Of which:

Non-renewable electricity 0.8%

Electricity Shares, 2017

Renewable energy 26.4%

Note: Data should not be compared with previous years because of revisions due to improved or adjusted m
Source: Based on IEA.
nergy Consumption, by Final Energy Use, 2017

Modern bioenergy 7.2%

Solar thermal and geothermal heat 1.0%

Renewable electricity 1.9%

Biofuels 3.0%

Renewable electricity 0.3%

years because of revisions due to improved or adjusted methodology.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 4. Renewable Share of Total Energy Consumption in buildings, 2017

RE share of TFEC, 2017 Share of TFEC RE share Modern bio-heat

Buildings 33% 13.6% 3.8%

Note: Modern bio-heat includes heat supplied by district energy networks. Totals may not add up due to rou
Source: Based on IEA data
n in buildings, 2017

Renewable electricity Solar and geothermal heat

8.3% 1.4%

tworks. Totals may not add up due to rounding

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 5. Estimated Renewable Share of Heating and Cooling in Buildings, 2018

Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Heating and Cooling in Buildings, 2018

Fossil fuels
Non-renewable electricity for heat
Traditional biomass
Modern bioenergy
Renewable electricity for heat
Solar heat
Geothermal heat
Modern renewables

Note: Includes space heating, space cooling, water heating and cooking. Modern bioenergy includes heat s
Source: Based on IEA data.
n Buildings, 2018

2018
100.0%
53.9%
8.0%
28.0%
4.6%
3.0%
1.5%
0.5%
10.1%

Modern bioenergy includes heat supplied by district energy networks.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 6. Renewable Share of Total Final Enenrgy Consumption in Industry and Agriculture

RE share of TFEC, 2017 Share of TFEC RE share Modern bio-heat

Buildings 35% 14.5% 7.2%

Note: Modern bio-heat includes heat supplied by district energy networks. Totals may not add up due to rou
Source: Based on IEA data
dustry and Agriculture, 2017

Renewable electricity Solar and geothermal heat

7.1% 0.1%

may not add up due to rounding

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 7. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Transport, 2017

RE share of TFEC, 2017 Share of TFEC RE share

Buildings 32% 3.3%

Source: Based on IEA data

nsumption in Transport, 2017

Renewable
Biofuels electricity
3.0% 0.3%
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 8. Annual Additions of Renewable Power Capacity, by Technology and Total, 2013-2

2013 2014 2015

Total Renewable Power 112.98 137.62 151.38
Hydropower 33.85 38.25 29.29
Wind power 35.80 51.20 62.80
Solar PV 37.70 39.80 50.70
Other renewable power 5.63 8.37 8.59

Note: Solar PV capacity data are provided in direct current (DC). Data are not comparable against technolo

Source: Hydropower data from: https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_hyd

http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-01/18/c_137754977.htm, https://www.erneuerbare-
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html. Wind
wind-report-2019; https://library.wwindea.org/global-statistics, https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/file
Statistics-2019.pdf. Solar PV data https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2020, https://www.solarp
2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019, https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2018/dec-energ
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html, https:/
trends-section-6-renewables,; https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements. Geothermal power dat
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf. CSP data from: http://tracker.newenergyupd
https://solarpaces.nrel.gov, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pd
Reference Table R17. Ocean power data from: http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=4
Data for other countries based on forecast 2019 capacity figures from IEA, op. cit. this note, datafiles.
nology and Total, 2013-2019

2016 2017 2018 2019

169.44 184.17 187.64 200.37
29.13 20.94 22.60 15.80
55.30 52.00 51.30 60.40
78.30 103.00 103.00 114.90
6.71 8.23 10.74 9.28

comparable against technology contributions to electricity generation.

/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf,
e-
eihen/zeitreihen.html. Wind power data from: https://gwec.net/global-
pe.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-
hot-2020, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2019-
/staff-reports/2018/dec-energy-infrastructure.pdf; https://www.erneuerbare-
eihen/zeitreihen.html, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-
ents. Geothermal power data from
: http://tracker.newenergyupdate.com/tracker/projects,
/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. For more information on CSP data see
gateway/dashboard/?topic=4&subTopic=54, https://www.irena.org/costs.
p. cit. this note, datafiles.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 9. Renewable and Non-renewable Shares of Net Annual Additions in Power Gene

Share of net added capacity 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Non-renewable energy 59% 60% 56% 48% 48%
Renewable energy 41% 40% 44% 52% 52%

Source: Share of added renewable power capacity to non-renewable power capacity was 75%. Renewa
https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_
01/18/c_137754977.htm, https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_
power data from: https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019; https://library.wwindea.org/global-statistics, h
wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2019.pdf. Solar PV data https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-repo
https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2019-2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/renew
reports/2018/dec-energy-infrastructure.pdf; https://www.erneuerbare-
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html, htt
section-6-renewables,; https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements. Geothermal power data fro
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf. CSP data from: http://tracker.newenergy
https://solarpaces.nrel.gov, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en
Table R17. Ocean power data from: http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=4&subTop
countries based on forecast 2019 capacity figures from IEA, op. cit. this note, datafiles. Non-renewable
personal communication with REN21, 8 May 2020.
tions in Power Generating Capacity, 2009-2019

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

50% 41% 41% 34% 34% 25%
50% 59% 59% 66% 66% 75%

acity was 75%. Renewable power capacity from: Hydropower data from:
wer_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-
DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html. Wind
ea.org/global-statistics, https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-
-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2020,
w.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019, https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-

ihen/zeitreihen.html, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-
othermal power data from
http://tracker.newenergyupdate.com/tracker/projects,
gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. For more information on CSP data see Reference
hboard/?topic=4&subTopic=54, https://www.irena.org/costs. Data for other
atafiles. Non-renewable power capacity provided by A. Whiteman, IRENA,
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 10. Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Gloal Electricity Production, End-2019

2019
Total 100%
Non-renewable electricity 72.7%
Hydropower 15.9%
Wind power 5.9%
Solar PV 2.8%
Bio-power 2.2%
Geothermal, CSP and ocean power 0.4%

Renewable electricity 27.3%

Note: Data should not be compared with previous versions of this figure due to revisions in data and me
Source: Share of generation based on the following: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat; https://minenergo.gov
http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html, http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202002/t20200
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2510001501, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resul
operacao/geracao_energia.aspx. Hydropower generation in 2019 from https://www.hydropower.org/site
docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf. CSP from http://tracker.newenergyupdate.
https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. For more information o
Masson and A. Detollenaere, Becquerel Institute and IEA PVPS, personal communication with REN21,
based on average yield and installed solar PV capacity as of 31 December 2019.
Wind power from https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-An
https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports/market-reports/2019-u-s-wind-industry-market
IEA, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf. Bio-power based on national data
difference between net and gross electricity generation; https://newenergy.in-en.com/html/newenergy-23
countries and regions from GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2019: Status as End of 2019” (Brussels: M
available) from F. Zhao, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 14 May 2019; Brazil from ONS, B
2020), p. 20, http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim_Geracao_Eolica_20
power-installations-and-production-by-province; Europe from https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads
2019.pdf; United States from US DOE, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf;
https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/wtmr_final_for_posting_8-9-19.pdf; https://gwec.net/global-wind-rep
and regions from A. Whiteman, IRENA, personal communication with REN21, 8 May 2020.
 oduction, End-2019

evisions in data and methodology.

t; https://minenergo.gov.ru/en/activity/statistic,
Release/202002/t20200228_1728917.html,
ns.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-
www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-
cker.newenergyupdate.com/tracker/projects, https://solarpaces.nrel.gov,
. For more information on CSP data see Reference Table R17. Solar PV from G.
munication with REN21, 12 April 2020 and IEA PVPS are theoretical calculations
.
atistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2019.pdf;
-s-wind-industry-market-reports/4q2019_marketreport. Geothermal power from
based on national data from https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.php, corrected for
com/html/newenergy-2375278.shtml (using Google Translate). Remaining
d of 2019” (Brussels: March 2020); Asia and China offshore for 2018 (latest data
019; Brazil from ONS, Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Março 2020 (Brasilia:
tim_Geracao_Eolica_202003.pdf; https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2019-wind-
.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-
ctricity_generation.pdf;
wec.net/global-wind-report-2019; https://www.irena.org/costs. Remaining countries
May 2020.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 11. Employment Estimates Related to Distributed Renewables for Energy Access

India Kenya Nigeria

Direct, formal jobs 95,000 10,000 4,000

Direct, informal jobs 210,000 15,000 9,000
Productive uses jobs 470,000 65,000 15,000

Source: Power for All.

enewables for Energy Access in India, Kenya and Nigeria, 2017/18
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table 1. Renewable Energy Indicators 2019

INVESTMENT
New investment (annual) in renewable power and fuels1 billion USD
POWER
Renewable power capacity (including hydropower) GW
Renewable power capacity (not including hydropower) GW
Hydropower capacity2 GW
Wind power capacity GW
Solar PV capacity3 GW
Bio-power capacity GW
Geothermal power capacity GW
Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) capacity GW
Ocean power capacity GW
HEAT
Modern bio-heat demand (estimated)4 EJ
Solar hot water demand (estimated)5 EJ
Geothermal direct-use heat demand (estimated)6 PJ
TRANSPORT
Ethanol production (annual) billion litres
FAME biodiesel production (annual) billion litres
HVO biodiesel production (annual) billion litres
POLICIES7
Countries with renewable energy targets #
Countries with renewable energy policies #
Countries with 100% renewable energy in primary or final energy targets #
Countries with 100% renewable heating and cooling targets #
Countries with 100% renewable transport targets #
Countries with 100% renewable electricity targets #
Countries with heat regulatory policies #
Countries with biofuel mandates8 #
Countries with feed-in policies (existing) #
Countries with feed-in policies (cumulative)9 #
Countries with tendering (held in 2019) #
Countries with tendering (cumulative)9 #

1
Data are from BloombergNEF and include investment in new capacity of all biomass, geothermal and wind power projects of
more than 1 MW; all hydropower projects of between 1 and 50 MW; all solar power projects, with those less than 1 MW estimat
separately; all ocean power projects; and all biofuel projects with an annual production capacity of 1 million litres or more. Total
investment values include estimates for undisclosed deals as well as company investment (venture capital, corporate and
government research and development, private equity and public market new equity).

2
The GSR strives to exclude pure pumped storage capacity from hydropower capacity data.
3
Solar PV data are provided in direct current (DC). See Methodological Notes for more information.

4
Includes bio-heat supplied by district energy networks and excludes the traditional use of biomass. See Reference Table R1 a
related endnote for more information.
5
Includes glazed (flat-plate and vacuum tube) and unglazed collectors only. The number for 2019 is a preliminary estimate.
6
The estimate of annual growth in output is based on a survey report published in early 2020. The annual growth estimate for 2
is based the annualised growth rate in the five-year period since 2014. See endnote 64 in Geothermal section of Market and
Industry chapter.

7
A country is counted a single time if it has at least one national or state/provincial target or policy. See Table 3 and Reference
Tables R3-R12
8
Biofuel policies include policies listed both under the biofuel obligation/mandate column in Table 3 and in Reference Table R1
9
Data reflect all countries where the policy has been used at any time up through the year of focus at the national or
state/provincial level. See Reference Tables R11 and R12.

Note: All values are rounded to whole numbers except for numbers <15, biofuels and investment, which are rounded to one
decimal point. FAME = fatty acid methyl esters; HVO = hydrotreated vegetable oil.
 2018 2019

296 301.7

2,387 2,588
1,252 1,437
1,135 1,150
591 651
512 627
131 139
13.2 13.9
5.6 6.2
0.5 0.5

13.9 14.1
1.4 1.4
384 421

111 114
41 47
6 6.5

169 172
158 161
1 1
1 1
1 1
57 61
23 23
70 70
84 83
113 113
29 41
98 109

and wind power projects of

hose less than 1 MW estimated
1 million litres or more. Total
e capital, corporate and

s. See Reference Table R1 and

s a preliminary estimate.
annual growth estimate for 2019
mal section of Market and

See Table 3 and Reference

3 and in Reference Table R10.

at the national or

which are rounded to one

Table of Contents Table 2. Renewable Power Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, 2019

Annual Investment / Net Capacity Additions / Production in 2019

Technologies ordered based on total capacity additions during 2019.
1 2 3
Solar PV capacity China United States India
United
Wind power capacity China United States Kingdom
Hydropower capacity Brazil China Lao PDR
Geothermal power capacity Turkey Indonesia Kenya
Concentrating solar thermal
power (CSP) capacity Israel China South Africa
Solar water heating capacity China Turkey India
Ethanol production United States Brazil Indonesia
Biodiesel production Indonesia United States Brazil
Investment in renewable power
and fuels capacity (not
including hydropower over 50
MW) China United States Japan

Total Capacity or Generation as of End-2019

Countries in bold indicate change from 2018.

1 2 3
POWER
Renewable power capacity
(including hydropower) China United States Brazil
Renewable power capacity (not
including hydropower) China United States Germany

Renewable power capacity per

capita (not including hydropower)1 Iceland Denmark Sweden
Bio-power capacity China United States Brazil
Geothermal power capacity United States Indonesia Philippines

Hydropower capacity2 China Brazil Canada

Hydropower generation2 China Brazil Canada

Solar PV capacity China United States Japan
Concentrating solar thermal power
(CSP) capacity Spain United States Morocco
Wind power capacity China United States Germany
HEAT
Solar water heating collector
capacity3 China United States Turkey
Solar water heating collector
capacity per capita Barbados Austria Cyprus
Geothermal heat output4 China Turkey Iceland

1 Per capita renewable power capacity (not including hydropower) ranking based on data gathered from var
for more than 70 countries and on 2018 population data from the World Bank.
2 Country rankings for hydropower capacity and generation can differ because some countries rely on hydro
baseload supply whereas others use it more to follow the electric load to match peaks in demand.
3 Solar water heating collector rankings for total capacity and per capita are for year-end 2018 and are base
of water (glazed and unglazed) collectors only. Data from International Energy Agency Solar Heating and C
Programme. Total capacity rankings are estimated to remain unchanged for year-end 2019.

4 Not including heat pumps. Data are from 2015.

Note: Most rankings are based on absolute amounts of investment, power generation capacity or output, or
production; if done on a basis of per capita, national GDP or other, the rankings would be different for many
seen with per capita rankings for renewable power not including hydropower and solar water heating collect
untries, 2019

4 5
Japan Vietnam

India Spain
Bhutan Tajikistan
Costa Rica Japan

Kuwait France
Brazil United States
China Germany
Germany France

India Chinese Taipei

4 5

India Germany

India Japan

Germany Australia
India Germany
Turkey New Zealand
Russian
United States Federation
Russian
United States Federation
Germany India

South Africa China

India Spain

Germany Brazil

Israel Greece
Japan New Zealand

ased on data gathered from various sources

k.
se some countries rely on hydropower for
tch peaks in demand.
for year-end 2018 and are based on capacity
gy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling
year-end 2019.

eneration capacity or output, or biofuels

ngs would be different for many categories (as
and solar water heating collector capacity).
Table of Contents Table R1. Global Renewable Electricity Capacity, Heat Demand and Biofuel Production,

Change in 2019
Power Capacity (GW)
Bio-power 8.3
Geothermal power 0.7
Hydropower 15.6
Ocean power ~0
Solar PV1 115
Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) 0.6
Wind power 60
Heat Demand (EJ)
Modern bio-heat 0.2
Geothermal direct use2 <0.1
Solar hot water3 ~0
Transport Fuel Production (billion litres per year)
Ethanol 3
Biodiesel (FAME) 1.4
Biodiesel (HVO) 0.5

1 Solar PV data are provided in direct current (DC).

2 Data do not include heat pumps.
3 Data do not include air, PV-thermal or concentrating collectors.

Note: Annual capacity additions are net. Values are rounded to the nearest full number, with the excepti
transport fuels; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Rounding is to account for
of <50 MW (including pilot projects) and heat consumption <0.01 EJ are designated by “~0.” FAME = fa
precise data, see Reference Tables R13-R19, Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes.

Source: Bio-power based on the following: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Office of Ener
(Washington, DC: 2019), https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2018/dec-energy-infrastructure.pdf; Fe
Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland, 1990-2019”, Table 5, https://www.erneuerbare-
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html, up
Strategy (BEIS), “Energy Trends: Renewables”, Table 6.1, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ene
of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) for 2018 a
23 February 2020; data for other countries based on forecast 2019 capacity figures from International E
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019, datafiles. Geothermal power from sources in endnote 1 o
specific sources noted elsewhere in that section. Hydropower from sources in endnotes 1 and 2 of Hyd
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2020 (Abu Dhabi: Mar
Capacity-Statistics-2020. Solar PV from sources in endnote 16 of this section. CSP from sources in end
section. Modern bio-heat consumption based on the following: Estimate for modern bio-heat in 2018 of
annual growth rate of 1.8% and 4.0% respectively from IEA, op. cit. this note, making it 14.1 EJ total in 2
survey report published in early 2020. The annual growth estimate for 2019 is based the annualised gro
Geothermal section of Market and Industry chapter. Solar collectors for water heating from sources in
Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, March 2020, Table 10.3, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/
Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP), “Dados estatísticos”, http://www.anp.gov.br/dados-esta
Table 10.4, from ANP, op. cit. this note and from Argentine Ministry of Energy and Mines, “Energy Mark
http://datos.minem.gob.ar/dataset/estadisticas-de-biodiesel-y-bioetanol. Other ethanol and biodiesel dat
https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2020. HVO production is estimated based on a review of the production o
mand and Biofuel Production, 2019

Existing at End-2019

139
13.9
1150
0.5
627
6.2
651
Consumption in 2019
14.1
0.4
1.4
Production in 2019
114
47
6.5

nearest full number, with the exceptions of numbers <15, which are rounded to first decimal point, and
ounding. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data. Capacity amounts
are designated by “~0.” FAME = fatty acid methyl esters; HVO = hydrotreated vegetable oil. For more
chapter and related endnotes.

ulatory Commission, “Office of Energy Projects Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2019”
18/dec-energy-infrastructure.pdf; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), “Zeitreihen zur
”, Table 5, https://www.erneuerbare-
ahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html, updated March 2020; UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial
ww.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables, updated 26 March 2020; Government
progress (achievements) for 2018 and 2019”, https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements, viewed
capacity figures from International Energy Agency (IEA), Renewables 2019 (Paris: 2019),
l power from sources in endnote 1 of Geothermal section in Market and Industry chapter, and from country-
sources in endnotes 1 and 2 of Hydropower section in Market and Industry chapter. Ocean power from
city Statistics 2020 (Abu Dhabi: March 2020), https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Mar/Renewable-
his section. CSP from sources in endnote 17 of this section. Wind power from sources in endnote 19 of this
mate for modern bio-heat in 2018 of 13.2 EJ direct heat and 0.7 EJ from district heating and an anticipated
this note, making it 14.1 EJ total in 2018. Geothermal heat from estimates of annual growth is based on a
or 2019 is based the annualised growth rate in the five-year period since 2014. See endnote 64 in
s for water heating from sources in endnote 18 of this section. Ethanol from US Energy Information
0.3, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable, and from Brazil Agencia Nacional do
”, http://www.anp.gov.br/dados-estatisticos, viewed 24 February 2019. Biodiesel from EIA, op. cit. this note,
of Energy and Mines, “Energy Market Statistics”, resumen biodiesel,
nol. Other ethanol and biodiesel data based on biofuels data in IEA, Oil 2020 (Paris: 2020),
ased on a review of the production of the major producers.
Table of Contents Table R2. Renewable Power Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, 20191

Technology World Total BRICS2

Bio-power 139 48
Geothermal power 13.9 0.1
Hydropower 1,150 530
Ocean power 0.5 0
Solar PV3 627 256
Concentrating solar thermal power
(CSP) 6.2 1.1
Wind power 651 292
Total renewable power capacity
(including hydropower) 2,588 1,127
Total renewable power capacity (not
including hydropower) 1,438 597

Per capita capacity (kilowatts per

inhabitant, not including hydropower) 0.2 0.2

1
Table shows the top six countries by total renewable power capacity not including hydropower; if hydro
2
The five BRICS countries are Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa.
3
Solar PV data are in direct current (DC). See Solar PV section in Market and Industry chapter and Me

Note: Global total reflects additional countries not shown. Numbers are based on the best data available
rounded to the nearest 1 GW, with the exception of the following: capacity totals below 20 GW and per c
rounding. Capacity amounts of <50 MW (including pilot projects) are designated by “~0.” For more preci
should not be compared with prior versions of this table to obtain year-by-year increases, as some adjus
therefore the total world renewable capacity (and totals for some countries), reflect an effort to omit pure
Notes.

Source: For all global data, see endnote 1 for this section and other relevant reference tables. For more
sources for BRICS, EU and individual countries, see endnote 5 in Global Overview chapter. Per capita d
World Bank, “Population, total”, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.P
ons/Countries, 2019 1

EU-28 China United States India Germany

44 21.4 16 10.8 8.9

0.9 ~0 2.5 0 ~0
131 326 80 45 5.6
0.2 0 0 0 0
132 205 76 43 49

2.3 0.4 1.7 0.2 0

192 236 106 38 61

502 789 282 137 125

371 463 202 92 119

0.7 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.4

not including hydropower; if hydropower were included, countries and rankings would differ (the top six would be China, the United Sta
China and South Africa.
rket and Industry chapter and Methodological Notes for more information

e based on the best data available at the time of production. To account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data, number
acity totals below 20 GW and per capita totals are rounded to the nearest decimal point. Where totals do not add up, the difference is du
esignated by “~0.” For more precise capacity data, see Year in Review and Market and Industry chapters and related endnotes. Numbe
-by-year increases, as some adjustments are due to improved or adjusted data rather than to actual capacity changes. Hydropower tota
tries), reflect an effort to omit pure pumped storage capacity. For more information on hydropower and pumped storage, see Methodolo

elevant reference tables. For more-specific data and sources, see Global Overview and Market and Industry chapters and related endno
bal Overview chapter. Per capita data are based on capacity data provided in Reference Table R2 and on 2018 country population data
data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 19 May 2020.
 United
Japan Kingdom

4.3 7.9
0.6 0
22 1.9
0 ~0
63 13.4

0 0
3.9 24

94 47

72 45

0.6 0.7

six would be China, the United States, Brazil, India, Germany and Canada).

sistencies in available data, numbers are

s do not add up, the difference is due to
apters and related endnotes. Numbers
capacity changes. Hydropower totals, and
and pumped storage, see Methodological

Industry chapters and related endnotes. For

and on 2018 country population data from
Table of Contents Figure 12. Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Policies, 2004-2019

Renewable Energy Policies, Power regulatory

2004-2019 incentives/mandates
2004 41
2005 44
2006 48
2007 51
2008 57
2009 69
2010 81
2011 92
2012 100
2013 102
2014 117
2015 118
2016 126
2017 128
2018 135
2019 143

Note: Figure does not show all policy types in use. In many cases countries have enacted additional fisc
renewable energy. A country is considered to have a policy (and is counted a single time) when it has a
place. Power policies include feed-in tariffs (FITs) / feed-in premiums, tendering, net metering and renew
include solar heat obligations, technology-neutral renewable heat obligations and renewable heat FITs.
obligations/mandates, ethanol obligations/mandates and non-blend mandates.

Source: REN21 Policy Database

The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity a
policies are those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet
regulations. It is difficult to capture every policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted
policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean Develo
provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still importan
report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overa
variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Data
Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and country-specif
Table 3 and Figures 12 through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
gy Policies, 2004-2019

Transport regulatory Heating and cooling

incentives/mandates regulatory incentives/mandates
9 2
10 3
20 4
20 5
23 8
27 8
41 12
49 16
56 20
63 21
64 21
66 21
68 22
70 24
70 23
70 23

es countries have enacted additional fiscal incentives or public finance mechanisms to support
d is counted a single time) when it has at least one national or state/provincial level policy in
miums, tendering, net metering and renewable portfolio standards. Heating and cooling policies
at obligations and renewable heat FITs. Transport policies include biodiesel
lend mandates.

f the overall landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed
. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing
e policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover
uilding, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to
c policies – all of which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this
n or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide
able Energy Policies and Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for
rom REN21 regional- and country-specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data.
urces cited throughout the chapter.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 13. National Sector-Specific Targets for Share of Renewable Energy by a Specific

Note: Targets shown here are only the targets which were updataed in 2019. For a full list of countries ta

HEAT
Country GSR2020 Target % GSR2020 Target year
Greece 30 2030
Malaysia 10 2020
Portugal 72 2050

TRANSPORT
Country GSR2020 Target % GSR2020 Target year
India 20 2030
Lithuania 15 2030
Portugal 20 2050

POWER
Country GSR2020 Target % GSR2020 Target year
Algeria 40 2030
Bahrain 10 2035
Brazil2 87 2026
Chile 70 2030
Egypt 70 2030
Germany 80 2050
Greece 63.54 2030
Indonesia 70 2030
Jordan 30 2030
Kuwait 30 2030
Lithuania 100 2050
Mauritania 60 2020
Oman 10 2020
Peru 70 2030
Russian Federation8 20 2024
Saudi Arabia 30 2030
Syria 30 2030
Turkey 65 2023
United Arab Emirates 44 2050

Note: Each dot can represent more than one country and is based on the highest target that a country h
only countries with targets in these sectors that are for a specific share from renewable
sources by a specific year, and does not include countries with other types of targets in these sectors. T
target for renewable energy (not specific to shares by a certain year) is 49 in heating and cooling, 46 in
Source: REN21 Policy Database.
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity a
that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, o
capture every policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This r
transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it atte
strategic policies – all of which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this r
formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sour
Policies and Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DS
country-specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. Table 3 and Figures 12 through 19
wable Energy by a Specific Year, in Place at End-2019

19. For a full list of countries targets see Reference tables R3-R8.

GSR2019 Target % GSR2019 Target year

20 2020

30.6 2020

GSR2019 Target % GSR2019 Target year

10 2020
10 2020

GSR2019 Target % GSR2019 Target year

27 2030
5 2020
23 2030
20 2025
20 2022
100 2050
40 2020
26 2025
15 2015
10
21 2020

60 2025
4.5 2020

30 2023

highest target that a country has set at the national level. Figure includes
om renewable
s of targets in these sectors. The total number of countries with any type of
9 in heating and cooling, 46 in transport and 166 in power.

all landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those
may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is difficult to
tted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology
anism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and
gress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion or
mes from a wide variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy
r Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and
3 and Figures 12 through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 14. National Targets for Share of Renewable Energy in Final Energy, by a Specific Ye

Note: For more details (including target year), see Reference Table R3.

Country Final energy target share

Afghanistan 10%
Albania 38%
Austria 45%
Bangladesh 10%
Belarus 32%
Belgium 13%
Benin 25%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 40%
Brazil 81%
Brunei Darussalam 10%
Bulgaria 27%
Burundi 2%
Croatia 36%
Cyprus 13%
Czech Republic 14%
Denmark 100%
Egypt 25%
Estonia 25%
Fiji 23%
Finland 40%
France 33%
Gabon 80%
Germany 65%
Greece2 20%
Greece 35%
Guinea 30%
Guyana 20%
Hungary 15%
Iceland 64%
India 40%
Ireland 16%
Israel 17%
Italy 17%
Jamaica 20%
Jordan 15%
Kosovo4 25%
Lao PDR 30%
Lebanon 15%
Liberia 10%
Lithuania 45%
Luxembourg 11%
Macedonia, North 28%
Madagascar 54%
Malta 10%
Moldova 17%
Montenegro 33%
Netherlands 14%
Norway 68%
Palestine, State of 25%
Poland 15%
Portugal 47%
Quatar 25%
Romania 24%
Serbia 27%
Slovakia 14%
Slovenia 25%
Spain 20%
Sweden 49%
Tajikistan 50%
Thailand 40%
Ukraine 25%
United Arab Emirites 44%
United Kingdom 15%
Vanatu 65%

Note: Map shading is based on the highest target that a country has at
the national level, although time frames (and qualifying technologies) to
reach these targets vary significantly, from 2020 to 2050. Some targets
shown may be non-binding.
Source: REN21 Policy Database
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and
definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some
listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is difficult to
every policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does n
policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean Developm
Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic
– all of which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not c
policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on polici
from a wide variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measu
Database, the US Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submi
from REN21 regional- and country-specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. Table 3 and
12 through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
Final Energy, by a Specific Year, in Place at End-2019
 ll landscape of policy activity and is not a
acted by legislative bodies. Some of the
menting regulations. It is difficult to capture
ncorrectly listed. This report does not cover
bon finance and Clean Development
f broader framework and strategic policies
st part, this report also does not cover
verall trends. Information on policies comes
wable Energy Policies and Measures
ncy (DSIRE), press reports, submissions
of unpublished data. Table 3 and Figures
er.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 15. Countries with Selected Climate Change Policies, Early 2020

Net zero emissions target Carbon pricing policy type Status

Both carbon tax and ETS Implemented
In policy document Both carbon tax and ETS Implemented
Both carbon tax and ETS Implemented
Both carbon tax and ETS Implemented

Both carbon tax and ETS Implemented

Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
In law Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
In policy document Carbon tax Implemented
In law Carbon tax Implemented
In policy document Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
In policy document Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
In policy document Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax
Carbon tax Implemented
In law Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax Implemented
In law Carbon tax Implemented
Carbon tax
Carbon tax
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
In law ETS Implemented

ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented

ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
ETS Implemented
 ETS Implemented
Achieved
Achieved
In policy document
In policy document
In policy document
In policy document

Note: Figure does not show all climate policies but only carbon pricing policy use and net zero emission
systems and carbon taxes. Net zero emissions targets shown are binding and include those that are in l
achieved.

Source: Based on World Bank and Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit. World Bank, Carbon Pricing D
viewed 23 April 2020, and from Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, Net Zero Tracker, https://eciu.net/
Early 2020

Jurisdiction Jurisdiction level Region

Canada Country North America
Switzerland Country Europe and Central Asia
Alberta State/province North America
British Columbia State/province North America
Newfoundland and
Labrador State/province North America
Argentina Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Chile Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Colombia Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Denmark Country Europe and Central Asia
Estonia Country Europe and Central Asia
Finland Country Europe and Central Asia
France Country Europe and Central Asia
Iceland Country Europe and Central Asia
Ireland Country Europe and Central Asia
Japan Country East Asia & Pacific
Latvia Country Europe and Central Asia
Liechtenstein Country Europe and Central Asia
Mexico Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Norway Country Europe and Central Asia
Poland Country Europe and Central Asia
Portugal Country Europe and Central Asia
Singapore Country East Asia & Pacific
Slovenia Country Europe and Central Asia
South Africa Country Africa
Spain Country Europe and Central Asia
Sweden Country Europe and Central Asia
Ukraine Country Europe and Central Asia
United Kingdom Country Europe and Central Asia
Northwest Territories State/province North America
Prince Edward Island State/province North America
Beijing City East Asia & Pacific
Chongqing City East Asia & Pacific
Saitama City East Asia & Pacific
Shanghai City East Asia & Pacific
Shenzhen City East Asia & Pacific
Tianjin City East Asia & Pacific
Tokyo City East Asia & Pacific
Australia Country East Asia & Pacific
Kazakhstan Country Europe and Central Asia
Korea, Rep. Country East Asia & Pacific
New Zealand Country East Asia & Pacific
EU-28-plus (EU,
Norway, Iceland,
Liechtenstein) Region Europe and Central Asia
California State/province North America
Fujian State/province East Asia & Pacific
Guangdong (except
Shenzhen) State/province East Asia & Pacific
Hubei State/province East Asia & Pacific
Nova Scotia State/province North America
Quebec State/province North America
RGGI State/province North America
Saskatchewan State/province North America
 Washington State/province North America
Suriname Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Bhutan Country South Asia
Uruguay Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Germany Country Europe and Central Asia
Costa Rica Country Latin America and the Caribbean
Marshall Islands Country East Asia & Pacific

olicy use and net zero emissions targets. Carbon pricing policies include emissions trading
g and include those that are in law or policy documents, as well as those that have already been

. World Bank, Carbon Pricing Dashboard, https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org,

et Zero Tracker, https://eciu.net/netzerotracker, viewed 23 April 2020.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 16. Countries with Policies for Renewable Heating and Cooling, 2009-2019

Fnancial and regulatory policies for renewable heating and cooling

2019 2018 2017
Albania F
Argentina F F F
Armenia F F F
Austria F F F
Australia F+R F+R F+R
Belgium F F F
Brazil F F F
Bulgaria F F F
Canada F F F
Chile F F F
China F+R F+R F+R
Costa Rica F F F
Croatia F F F
Cyprus F F F
Czech Republic F F F
Denmark F+R F+R F+R
Egypt F F F
Estonia F F F
Finland F F F
France F+R F+R F+R
Georgia F F F
Germany F+R F+R F+R
Greece F+R F+R F+R
Hungary F F F
India F F F
Ireland F+R F+R F+R
Israel R R R
Italy F F F
Japan F F F
Jordan F+R F+R F+R
Kenya R
Korea F+R F+R F+R
Latvia F F F
Lebanon F F F
Lithuania F+R F+R F+R
Luxembourg F F F
Macedonia, North F F F
Malawi R R R
Malta F F
Mexico F F F
Morocco F F F
Namibia R R R
Netherlands F+R F+R F+R
New Zealand F F F
Norway F+R F+R F+R
Philippines F F F
Poland F F F
Portugal F+R F+R F+R
Romania F F F
Slovakia F F F
Slovenia F F F
South Africa F+R F+R F+R
Spain F+R F+R F+R
Sweden F F F
Switzerland F F F
Thailand F F F
Tunisia F F F
Turkey F+R F+R F+R
Ukraine F F F
UAE R R R
United Kingdom F+R F+R F+R
United States F+R F+R F+R
Uruguay F+R F+R F+R
Total countries with financial and regulatory policies 61 61 62
Countries with only financial policies 38 38 38
Countries with only regulatory policies 4 4 5
Countries with both regulatory and financial policies 19 19 19

Note: Regulatory policies include solar heat obligations, technology-neutral renewable heat obligations, rene
state/provincial level. Financial policies include investment subsidies, grants, rebates, tax credits, tax deduc
Source: REN21 Policy Database.
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and
been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting
change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover pol
finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a comprehensive list of
renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under dis
policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy Poli
Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and country-specific c
through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
ooling, 2009-2019

2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
F F F F
F F
F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F
F F F F F F F F F F

F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F

F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F

F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R
R R R R R R R R R R
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F F F
R R R R R
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F

F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F

F F F F F F F F F F
F F
R R R R R R R R R R
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R R R R R
F F F F F F F
 F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R R R R R R R
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
R R R R R
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F F F
F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R F+R
58 58 55 53 52 50 49 45 42 37
36 37 34 32 32 34 37 37 35 32
4 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4
18 17 17 17 15 13 8 4 3 1

renewable heat obligations, renewable heat FITs, and fossil fuel bans for heating and cooling at the national or
s, rebates, tax credits, tax deductions and exemptions, and loans.

landscape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that have
be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is difficult to capture every policy
d. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon
o provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still important to
ver policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on
A Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for
regional- and country-specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. Table 3 and Figures 12
 2006 2005 2004

F F F
F+R F+R F
F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F

F F F
F F F

F F F
F F F

F F F
F F F

R R R
F F
F F F
F F

F F F

F F F

F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F

R
F F
F F F
R R R
F F F

F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F

F
F F F

33 31 28
29 28 26
3 2 2
1 1 0
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 17. National and Sub-National Renewable Transport Mandates, as of End-2019

Note: The list shows countries with advanced biofuel mandates by a future year. See Reference Table R10

Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Israel
Italy
Lithuania
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Slovenia
Spain
Thailand
United Kingdom

Note: Shading in the figure shows countries and states/provinces with mandates for either biodiesel,
ethanol or both. At the regional level, the EU has an advanced biofuels target.

Source: REN21 Policy Database. See the REN21 GSR 2020 data pack online at www.ren21.net/GSR.
ndates, as of End-2019

e year. See Reference Table R10 and figure legend for details.

ndates for either biodiesel,

rget.

nline at www.ren21.net/GSR.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 18. Targets for Renewable Power and Electric Vehicles, as of End-2019

Note: See Reference Table R10 for targeted year.

Country Targeted RE share ICE ban/EV target

EU 57% x
Canada No national target ban
British Columbia 93% ban
Cabo Verde 100% ban
Chile 70% x
China 35% x
Hainan Province 80% ban
Chinese Taipei 20% ban
Colombia 70% x
Costa Rica 100% x
Denmark4 50% ban
Finland 33% x
France 40% ban
Germany 45% x
Iceland 100% ban
India 10% ban
Indonesia 23% x
Ireland 43% ban
Israel 10% x
Italy 26% x
Japan 24% ban
Korea, Republic of 6% x
Malaysia 9% x
Mexico 30% ban
Nepal 100% x
Netherlands 37% ban
New Zealand 90% x
Norway 100% ban
Poland 19% x
Portugal 60% ban
Slovenia 39% ban
Spain 39% ban
Balearic Islands 100% ban
Sri Lanka 20% ban
Sweden 100% ban
Thailand 20% x
United Kingdom No national target ban
California 60% x

Note: Renewable power targets include only targets for a specific share of
electricity generation by a future year. Where a jurisdiction has multiple
targets, the highest target is shown. Electric vehicle targets vary.
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and
is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that have been enacted by legislative
bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing
regulations. It is difficult to capture every policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or
incorrectly listed. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity
building, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a
comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still important to
renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under
discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide
variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures
Database, the US Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports,
submissions from REN21 regional- and country-specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished
data. Table 3 and Figures 12 through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
as of End-2019
 ll landscape of policy activity and
been enacted by legislative
waiting detailed implementing
may be unintentionally omitted or
to technology transfer, capacity
r does it attempt to provide a
ch are still important to
over policies that are still under
n policies comes from a wide
y Policies and Measures
ncy (DSIRE), press reports,
a wide range of unpublished
cited throughout the chapter.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 19. Cumulative Number of Countries with Feed-in or Tendering Policies, 2009-201

Feed-in tariff / premium

Year Tendering
payment
2009 81 21
2010 88 29
2011 96 36
2012 102 46
2013 104 55
2014 108 60
2015 108 64
2016 109 73
2017 112 83
2018 113 98
2019 113 109

Note: A country is considered to have a policy (and is counted a

single time) when it has at least one national or state/provincial-level
policy. Some countries have used both policies.
Source: REN21 policy database
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity
and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that have been enacted by
legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed
implementing regulations. It is difficult to capture every policy change, so some policies may be
unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover policies and activities related to
technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects,
nor does it attempt to provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of
which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not
cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends.
Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA Global
Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, the US Database of State Incentives for
Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submissions from REN21 regional- and country-
specific contributors and a wide range of unpublished data. Table 3 and Figures 12 through 19 are
based on numerous sources cited throughout the chapter.
r Tendering Policies, 2009-2019

overall landscape of policy activity

hat have been enacted by
ented, or are awaiting detailed
, so some policies may be
r policies and activities related to
elopment Mechanism projects,
work and strategic policies – all of
part, this report also does not
highlight overall trends.
ng the IEA and IRENA Global
se of State Incentives for
REN21 regional- and country-
nd Figures 12 through 19 are
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table 3. Renewable Energy Targets and Policies, 2019

X – EXISTING NATIONAL (could also include sub-national) Targets

X* – EXISTING SUB-NATIONAL (but no national)
E – Energy (final or primary)
N – NEW (one or more policies of this type) P – Power
R – REVISED (one or more policies of this type) HC – Heating or cooling
O – REMOVED T – Transport
R* – REVISED SUB-NATIONAL (R) - Revised
H – TENDERS HELD IN 2017, AS IN PAST YEARS (N) - New
H* – SUB-NATIONAL TENDERS HELD IN 2017

COUNTRY Renewable energy

targets
(P = ANY POWER
SECTOR TARGET)

P HC

Andorra 0 0
Antigua and Barbuda P 1 0
Argentina P 1 0
Australia E(R), E*(N), P* 1 0
Austria E, P, HC, T 1 1
Bahamas, The P 1 0
Bahrain P(R), E(R) 1 0
Barbados1 P 1 0
Belgium E(N), P, HC, T 1 1
Bermuda 0 0
Brunei Darussalam E, P 1 0
Canada P* 1 0
Chile E(R), P(R) 1 0
Croatia E(R), P, HC, T 1 1
Cyprus E, P, HC, T 1 1
Czech Republic E, P, HC, T 1 1
Denmark E(R), P, HC, T 1 1
Estonia E(R), P, HC, T 1 1
Finland E, P, HC(R), T(R) 1 1
France E(R), P(N), HC, T 1 1
Germany E(R), P(R), HC, T 1 1
Greece E(R), HC(R), P(R), T 1 1
Hungary E, P, HC, T 1 1
Iceland E, T 0 0
Ireland E(R), P(R), HC, T 1 1
Israel E, P, T 1 0
Italy E, P, HC, T 1 1
Japan E, P 1 0
Korea, Republic of E(R), P(N) 1 0
Kuwait E(R), P 1 0
Latvia E, P, HC, T 1 1
Liechtenstein 0 0
Lithuania E(R), P, HC(R), T(R) 1 1
Luxembourg E, P, HC, T 1 1
Malta E, P, HC, T 1 1
Monaco 0 0
Netherlands E, P, HC, T 1 1
New Zealand P 1 0
Norway E, P, T 1 0
Oman E(R), P(N) 1 0
Palau E, P 1 0
Panama E 0 0
Poland E, P, HC(R), T 1 1
Portugal2 E(R), P(R), HC(R), T(R) 1 1
Qatar E(R), P(R), T 1 0
San Marino 0 0
Saudi Arabia E(R), P(R) 1 0
Seychelles P 1 0
Singapore P 1 0
Slovak Republic E, P, HC, T 1 1
Slovenia E, P, HC, T 1 1
Spain3 E, P(R), HC, T 1 1
St. Kitts and Nevis 0 0
Sweden E, P, HC, T 1 1
Switzerland E, P 1 0
Trinidad and Tobago P 1 0
United Arab Emirates E, E*(N), P 1 0
United Kingdom E, E*(N), P, T, HC 1 1
United States4 E*, P*, T, P(R) 1 0
Uruguay HC(N) 0 1
0 0
Albania E, T, P 1 0
Algeria E, P(R) 1 0
Armenia P 1 0
Azerbaijan P 1 0
Belarus E, P 1 0
Belize P 1 0
Bosnia and Herzegovina E, P 1 0
Botswana 0 0
Brazil E(R), P 1 0
Bulgaria E(N), P, HC, T 1 1
China E, P(R), HC, T 1 1
Colombia E(R), P(R) 1 0
Costa Rica P 1 0
Cuba P 1 0
Dominica P 1 0
Dominican Republic E(R), P(R) 1 0
Ecuador 0 0
Equatorial Guinea 0 0
Fiji E, P 1 0
Gabon E, P 1 0
Grenada E, P 1 0
Guatemala E, P 1 0
Guyana E, P 1 0
Iran P 1 0
Iraq P(R) 1 0
Jamaica E, P 1 0
Jordan E(R), P(R), HC 1 1
Kazakhstan P 1 0
Lebanon E(R), P, HC 1 1
Libya E(R), P(R), HC 1 1
Macedonia, North E, P, HC, T 1 1
Malaysia P, HC(N) 1 1
Maldives P 1 0
Marshall Islands P 1 0
Mauritius P 1 0
Mexico E(R), P, HC 1 1
Montenegro E, P, HC, T 1 1
Namibia P 1 0
Nauru 0 0
Paraguay P 1 0
Peru E(R), P(R) 1 0
Romania E, P, HC, T 1 1
Russian Federation E(R), P 1 0
Samoa E, P 1 0
Serbia E, P, HC, T 1 1
South Africa P 1 0
St. Lucia E, P 1 0
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines1 P 1 0
Suriname 0 0
Taiwan E(R), P(R) 1 0
Thailand E, P, HC, T 1 1
Tonga P 1 0
Turkey E(R), P 1 0
Turkmenistan 0 0
Tuvalu P 1 0
Venezuela P 1 0
Angola E 0 0
Bangladesh E, P 1 0
Bhutan P, HC 1 1
Bolivia P 1 0
Cabo Verde P 1 0
Cambodia P 1 0
Cameroon P 1 0
Congo, Republic of P 1 0
Côte d’Ivoire E, P 1 0
Djibouti E (N), P(R) 1 0
Egypt E(R), P(R) 1 0
El Salvador 0 0
Eswatini 0 0
Georgia 0 0
Ghana E, P 1 0
Honduras E(R), P(R) 1 0
India E(R), P, P*(R), HC, T(R) 1 1
Indonesia E(R), P 1 0
Kenya P, HC 1 1
Kiribati P 1 0
Kosovo E, P, HC 1 1
Kyrgyzstan 0 0
Lao PDR E 0 0
Lesotho P 1 0
Mauritania E(R), P 1 0
Micronesia, Federated
States of P 1 0
Moldova E, P, HC, T 1 1
Mongolia E, P 1 0
Morocco E(R), P(R), HC 1 1
Myanmar P 1 0
Nicaragua P 1 0
Nigeria P 1 0
Pakistan 0 0
Palestine, State of5 E, P 1 0
Papua New Guinea P 1 0
Philippines P 1 0
São Tomé and Príncipe P 1 0
Solomon Islands P 1 0
Sri Lanka P, T 1 0
Sudan E(R), P(R) 1 0
Timor-Leste P 1 0
Tunisia E(R), P 1 0
Ukraine E, P, HC, T 1 1
Uzbekistan E, P 1 0
Vanuatu E, P 1 0
Vietnam E(R), P, T 1 0
Zambia 0 0
0 0
Afghanistan E, P 1 0
Benin E, P 1 0
Burkina Faso P 1 0
Burundi E, P 1 0
Central African Republic 0 0
Chad 0 0
Comoros P 1 0
Congo, Democratic
Republic of P 1 0
Eritrea P 1 0
Ethiopia P 1 0
Gambia P 1 0
Guinea E, P 1 0
Guinea-Bissau P 1 0
Haiti E(R), P(R) 1 0
Korea, Democratic People's
Republic 0 0
Liberia E, P, T 1 0
Madagascar E, P 1 0
Malawi E, P, HC 1 1
Mali E, P 1 0
Mozambique P, HC 1 1
Nepal E, P, T 1 0
Niger E, P 1 0
Rwanda 0 0
Senegal P 1 0
Sierra Leone P, HC 1 1
Somalia 0 0
South Sudan P 1 0
Syria E(R), P(R) 1 0
Tajikistan E, P 1 0
Tanzania E, P 1 0
Togo E, P 1 0
Uganda 0 0
Yemen E(R), P(R) 1 0
Zimbabwe 0 0

New 11
Revised 48
Removed 0
Total New & Revised/Held 59
Totals 172

1 Certain Caribbean countries have adopted hybrid net metering and feed-in policies whereby residential co
to feed 100% of the power generated into the grid. These policies are defined as net metering for the purpo
2 FIT support removed for large-scale power plants.

3 Spain removed FIT support for new projects in 2012. Support remains for certain installations linked to thi

4 State-level targets in the United States include RPS policies.

5 The area of the State of Palestine is included in the World Bank country classification as “West Bank and

6 Includes renewable heating and/or cooling technologies.

7 Aviation, maritime, or rail transport
8 Heat FIT
9 Fossil Fuel Heating ban

Note: Countries are organised according to annual gross national income (GNI) per capita levels as follows:
12,055, “lower-middle” is USD 996 to USD 3,895 and “low” is USD 955 or less. Per capita income levels and
Groups”, http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups, viewed May 2019. Only enacted polic
implementing regulations may not yet be developed or effective, leading to lack of implementation or impact
removed or expired. Many feed-in policies are limited in scope of technology.
The Policy Lanscape chapter is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of policy activity and
have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are aw
policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cov
building, carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a comp
which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover po
overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the IEA and IRENA G
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE), press reports, submissions from REN21
unpublished data. Table 3 and Figures 12 through 19 are based on numerous sources cited throughout the
 Targets

rgy (final or primary)

wer
eating or cooling
nsport
vised
w

Renewable Feed-in tariff/ premium

T E SUM >1 sector Source energy in INDC Source payment for renewable
or NDC power

https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Home
https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Lates
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 2 3 1 X R*
1 2 5 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
1 2 5 1
0 0 0 0 R*
0 2 3 1
0 0 1 0 X X*
0 2 3 1 X X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X X
1 2 5 1 R*, X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 3 1 X
1 2 5 1 X X
1 2 4 1 X X
1 2 5 1 X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X(R)
1 2 5 1 X
0 0 0 0 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 R
1 2 5 1 X
0 0 0 0
1 2 5 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
1 2 4 1 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 2 1 X X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 4 1 X
0 0 0 0 X (R) X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1
0 0 0 0
1 2 5 1 O
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X(R)
0 2 3 1 X
1 2 5 1 O
1 2 4 1 X*
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 0
1 2 4 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 0 0
0 2 3 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
1 2 5 1 X R
0 2 3 1
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 O
0 0 0 0 X (R) X
0 0 0 0 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 4 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 2 4 1 X (R)
0 2 4 1
1 2 5 1 N X
0 0 2 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X (R)
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 4 1
1 2 5 1 X R
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X X
1 2 5 1
0 2 3 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
1 2 5 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X

0 0 1 0 X
0 0 0 0 X (R)
0 2 3 1 R
1 2 5 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X (R)
0 2 2 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 2 1 X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 0 0
0 2 3 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X X
1 2 5 1 X X, X*
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 2 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 4 1 X
0 0 0 0
0 2 2 1 X
0 0 1 0 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X

0 0 1 0 X
1 2 5 1 X (R) X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 2 4 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X (R) X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 0 0 X X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
1 0 2 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
1 2 5 1 X R
0 2 3 1 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X X
1 2 4 1 X X
0 0 0 0 X X
0 0 0
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 3 1 X (R)
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X(R)
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0 X

0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X(R)
0 0 1 0 X
0 0 1 0 X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 1 0 X (R)
 0 2 3 1 X

0 0 0 0 X
1 2 4 1 X (R)
0 2 3 1 X
0 2 4 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 2 1 X (R) X
1 2 4 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 0 0 X X
0 0 1 0 X X
0 0 2 1 X
0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0
0 2 3 1 X (R) X
0 2 3 1 X X
0 2 3 1 X (R) X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 0 0 X X
0 2 3 1 X
0 0 0 0 X

0
8
3
8
87

ies whereby residential consumers can offset power while commercial consumers are obligated
net metering for the purposes of the GSR.

n installations linked to this previous scheme.

cation as “West Bank and Gaza”.

er capita levels as follows: “high” is USD 12,056 or more, “upper-middle” is USD 3,896 to USD
er capita income levels and group classifications from World Bank, “Country and Lending
y 2019. Only enacted policies are included in the table; however, for some policies shown,
implementation or impacts. Policies known to be discontinued have been omitted or marked as
cape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that
be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is difficult to capture every
d. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity
attempt to provide a comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of
ort also does not cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight
ding the IEA and IRENA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, the US
submissions from REN21 regional- and country-specific contributors and a wide range of
urces cited throughout the chapter.
 REGULATORY POLICIES

Electric utility Net Biofuel blend,

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obligation/RPS billing obligation/mandate

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POLICIES

Renewable heat
Tradable
obligation/mandate, Source Source Tendering Source Source
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FITs, fossil fuel bans

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 FISCAL INCENTIVES AND PUBLIC FINANCING

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Investment or
energy, CO2, VAT or Source Source Source production Source
production tax credits
other taxes payment

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102
Table of Contents Table R3. Renewable Energy Shares of Primary and Final Energy, Targets as of End-2019

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2018, brackets '[ ]' indicate previous target where new targets were enact

Country Primary Energy

Share Source Target
13.3% (2018)
EU-28

Afghanistan
Albania 34.4% (2018) 18% by 2020
Angola 7.5% by 2025
12.4% (2018) 21% by 2020
Armenia
26% by 2025
Austria2 30.1% (2018)
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh 24.8% (2018)
Belarus 5.5% (2018)
Belgium 6.7% (2018) 9.7% by 2020
Wallonia
Benin 59.6% (2018)
24.9% (2018)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
40.3% (2018)
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burundi
Canada 17.4% (2016) https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.c
15% by 2020
China3
8.4% (2018) 20% by 2030
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
3% (2018) 15% by 2020
Côte d’Ivoire
20% by 2030
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus 7.3% (2018)
Czech Republic 10.5% (2018)
Denmark
Djibouti 17% by 2035
Dominican Republic
Egypt 3.8% (2018) 14% by 2020
Equador
Estonia 17.6% (2018)
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon 76.7% (2018)
Germany
Ghana 42.5% (2018)
Greece2 12.1% (2018)
Greece
Grenada 20% by 2020
Guatemala 63% (2018)
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary 11.5% (2018)
Iceland 89.5% (2018)
India
13% (2018) 23% by 2025
Indonesia
31% by 2050
Ireland 7.9% (2018)
Israel
Italy 17.4% (2018)
Jamaica 18.6% (2018)
Jordan 16% (2018) 10% by 2020
https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/%E2
1.7% (2018) 6.1% by 2020
Korea, Republic of
11% by 2030
Kosovo 4

Lao PDR 80% (2018)

Latvia 39.1% (2018)
Lebanon
Liberia 5% (2018) 30% by 2030
Libya 10% by 2020
Lithuania 19.6% (2018) 20% by 2025
Luxembourg 5.6% (2018)
Macedonia, North 15.7% (2018)
Madagascar
Malawi 7% by 2020
Mali 15% by 2020
Malta 3.2% (2018)
Mauritania 20% by 2020
Moldova 10.3% (2018) 20% by 2020
Mongolia 3.2% (2018) 20–25% by 2020
Montenegro 30.6% (2018)
Nepal 84.1% (2018) 10% by 20301
Netherlands 4.9% (2018)
Niger 74.7% (2018) 10% by 20201
Norway 49.2% (2018)
Oman
Palau 20% by 2020
Palestine, State of
Panama 21.1% (2018) 30% by 2050
Peru
Philippines 30% (2018)
Poland 8.5% (2018) 12% by 2020
Portugal
Quatar
Romania 18.7% (2018)
Rwanda
Samoa 20% by 2030
Saudi Arabia
Serbia 13.1% (2018)
Slovakia 9.7% (2018)
Slovenia 16.8% (2018)
Spain 14.6% (2018)
Sudan 20% by 2020
Syria
Sweden
Tajikistan 37% (2018)
Tanzania 22.3% (2018) 24% by 2020
Thailand

Togo
78.9% (2018)
Tonga
Tunisia 78.9% (2018)
Ukraine
United Arab Emirites
United Kingdom 8.2% (2018)
United States
Vanatu
0.276 (2018) 5% by 2020
Vietnam 8% by 2025
11% by 2050

1 Targets may exclude large-scale hydropower and/or traditional biomass. “Large-scale hydropower” is d
definition varies by country.
2 Final energy targets by 2020 for all EU-28 countries are set under EU Directive 2009/28/EC. The gove
Hungary, Spain and Sweden have set higher targets, which are shown here. The government of the Net
in the EU Directive.

3 The Chinese target is for share of “non-fossil” energy. All targets include nuclear power.
4 Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations.

Note: Traditional biomass has been removed from share of final energy.Actual percentages are rounded
where associated targets are expressed differently. Historical targets have been added as they are ident
their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum sha
have other types of targets (seeTables R4-R8). Some targets shown may be non-binding.
argets as of End-2019 and Status in 2018

ere new targets were enacted and text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Final Energy
Share Source Target
18.9% (2018) 20% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics
32% by 2030
8.8% (2018) 10% (no date given)
34.9% (2018) 38% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
4.4% (2018)
6.4% (2018)

33.4% (2018) 45% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-

0.2% (2018) 10% by 20201

6.8% (2018) 32% by 2020
9.4% (2018) 13% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
20% by 2020
8.8% (2018) 25% by 20251
8.9% (2018) 40% by 2020
43.3% (2018) https://renewablesnow.com/news/renewables-account-for-453-of-brazils-energy-in-2018-655600/
45% by 2030
81% by 2029
0.1% (2018) 10% by 2035
27% by 2030
2.6% (2018) 2.1% by 20201
17.4% (2016) https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/renewable-ene

7.8% (2018)
21%(2018) 20% by 2024 (excluding large hydro)
https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/chile/

7.6% (2018)

36.4% by 2030
19.3% (2018)
13.9% (2018) 13% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
15.1% (2018) 13.5% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
100% by 2050

4% (2018) 25% by 2020

30% (2018) 25% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
30.1% (2018) 23% by 2030
40% by 20251
33% by 2030
60.1% (2018) 80% by 2020
65% by 2030
13.5% (2018) Increase by 10%by 2030 (base year 2010)
18% (2018) 20% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
35% by 2030
0.7% (2018)

2.4% (2018) 30% by 2030

7.8% (2018)
20.8% (2018) 20% by 2025

12.5% (2018) 14.65% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
77% (2018) 64% by 2020
9.9% (2018) 40% by 2030
6.2% 2018)

11.1% (2018) 16% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
17% by 2030
17.8% (2018) 17% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
7.5% (2018) 20% by 2030
2.8% (2018) 15% by 2025
2.7% (2018)

24.9% (2018) 25% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
23.4% (2018) 30% by 20251
40.3% (2018) 40% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
15% by 2030
73.8% (2018) 10% by 2030

24.4% (2018) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-

45% by 2030
9.1% (2018) 11% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
18.1% (2018) 28% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
38.6% (2018) 54% by 20201
47.3% (2018)
4.3% (2018)
8% (2018) 10% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
1.1% (2018)
14.3% (2018) 17% by 2020
1.4% (2018)
38.8% (2018) 33% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
6.4% (2018)
7.4% (2018) 14% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-

72.8% (2018) 67.5% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-

4.4% (2018) 25% by 2020

16.4% (2018)

11.3% (2018) 15% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
47% by 2030
25% by 2030
23.9% (2018) 24% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
8.2% (2018)
4.8% (2018)
 20.3% (2018) 27% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
11.9% (2018) 14% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
21.1% (2018) 25% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
17.4% (2018) 20% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
24.7% (2018)

54.6% (2018) 49% by 2020

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-
44.6% (2018) 50% by 2020
19.8% (2018)
40% by 2035

12.7% (2018) 4% (no date given)1

0.8% (2018)
1.3% (2018)
25% by 2035
44% by 2050
11% (2018) 15% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335438/8-23012020-AP-EN.pdf/292cf2e5-8870-

11% (2018) 65% by 2020

http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-renewable-energy-factsheet
13.3% (2018)

e-scale hydropower” is defined as more than 10 MW of installed capacity, but the

e 2009/28/EC. The governments of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece,

e government of the Netherlands has reduced its more ambitious target to the level set

ar power.

percentages are rounded to the nearest whole decimal for numbers over 10% except
added as they are identified by REN21. A number of nations have already exceeded
setting the minimum share of renewable energy for the country. Some countries shown
n-binding.
Table of Contents Table R4. Renewable Heating and Cooling, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2017

Note: Text in boldindicates

new/revised in 2019.

Country Progress 2017

European Union
20%
Albania 25%
Austria 32%
Belgium 8%
Bhutan
Bulgaria 30%
China 462.9 million
m2(2016)
Croatia 37%
Cyprus 25%
Czech Republic 20%
Denmark 47%

Estonia 52%
Finland 55%

France 21%
Germany 13%
Greece 27%

Hungary 20%
India
6.7 GWth(2016)
Ireland 7%
Italy 20%

6,320 ktoe

207 ktoe (2016)

231.3 ktoe (2016)
Jordan
882 MWth(2015)

Kenya

Kosovo1 51%
Latvia 55%
Lebanon

Libya

Lithuania
47%

Luxembourg
8%
Macedonia, FYR 36%
Malawi

Malaysia

Malta 20%
Mexico
3.4 million m2
Moldova
Montenegro 68%
Morocco
316 MWth(2015)
Mozambique
1 MWth(2015)
Netherlands 6%

Poland
15%

Portugal
34%
Romania 27%
Serbia 24%
Sierra Leone

Slovak Republic 10%

Slovenia 33%
Spain 18%
Sweden 69%
Thailand
6,573 ktoe for heating
495 ktoe for heating
88 ktoe for heating
 11.3 ktoe (2016)
Ukraine
United Kingdom 8%

Uruguay

1 Kosovo is not a member of

the United Nations.

2 It is not always possible to

determine whether municipal
solid wase (MSW) data
include non-organic waste
(plastics, metal, etc.) or only
the organic biomass share.

Note: Targets refer to share of renewable heating and cooling in total energy supply unless otherw
REN21. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of th
heat for the country. As calculation of heating and cooling shares is not standardised across count
comparison.
ing, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2017

Target
1.3% annual increase in the proportion of renewable heat
through 2030

33% by 2020
11.9% by 2020
Solar thermal: 3 MW equivalent by 2025
24% renewables in total heating and cooling by 2020

Solar thermal: 800 million m2by 2020

19.6% by 2020
23.5% by 2020
14.1% by 2020
39.8% by 2020
100% by 2050
38% by 2020
47% by 2020

10% of heating for construction machines and fitted

motors to be sourced from bio-based light fuel oil starting
from 2021
38% by 2030
14% by 2020
20% by 2020
30% by 2030 (and 60% domestic hot water from solar
thermal systems)
18.9% by 2020
Solar water heating: achieve 14 GWth(20 million m²) by
2022
15% by 2020
17.1% by 2020

Bioenergy: 5,670 ktoe for heating and cooling by 2020

Geothermal: 300 ktoe for heating and cooling by 2020

Solar water and space heating: 1,586 ktoe by 2020
Solar water heating: systems for 30% of households by
2020
Solar water heating: 60% of annual demand for buildings
that use more than 100 litres of hot water per day
(voluntary/no date)
45.65% by 2020
53.4% by 2020
15% renewables in gross final consumption in power and
heating by 2030
Solar water heating: 80 MWth by 2015; 250 MWth by
2020

90% of renewable district heating and cooling by 2030

80% of household-based heating and cooling by 2030

8.5% renewables in gross final consumption in heating
and cooling by 2020
11% by 2020
Solar water heating: produce 2,000 solar water heaters;
increase total installed to 20,000 by 2030

B10 in industrial sector by 2020

6.2% by 2020
Solar water heating: install 18.2 million m2of collectors by
2027
27% by 2020
38.2% by 2020

Solar water heating: 1.2 GWth(1.7 million m2) by 2020

Solar water and space heating: 100,000 systems installed
in rural areas (no date)
8.7% by 2020
17% by 2020; emission standards for heating appliances
in single family homes banning use of coal and wood in
11 of 16 regions, 2022-2027
34% by 2020
38% by 2030
69-72% by 2050
22% by 2020
30% by 2020
Solar water heating: 2% penetration in hotels, guest
houses and restaurants by 2020; 5% by 2030
Solar water heating: 1% penetration in the residential
sector by 2030
14.6% by 2020
30.8% by 2020
17.3% by 2020
62.1% by 2020

Bioenergy: 8,200 ktoe by 2022

Biogas: 1,000 ktoe by 2022
Organic MSW2: 35 ktoe by 2022
 Solar water heating: 300,000 systems in operation and
100 ktoe by 2022
12.4% by 2020
12% by 2020

50% of water heating energy from solar thermal energy in

certain types of non residential buildings/refurbishments
after 2014

heating and cooling in total energy supply unless otherwise noted. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by
y exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renew
ing and cooling shares is not standardised across countries, the table presents a variety of targets for the purpose of general
 Source

https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/whats-
new/news/2019/finland-sets-new-law-to-increase-biofuel-use-
in-road-traffic/

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_cou
rtesy_translation_el_necp.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/necp_f
actsheet_lt_final.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/necp_f
actsheet_lt_final.pdf

https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-
news/2019/02/12/malaysia-seeks-to-implement-b20-for-
transport-sector-in-2020

https://foresightdk.com/polish-coal-boiler-phase-out-an-
inspiration-for-clean-heat/

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_cou
rtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
 https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication
/2015/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies/IRENA_RE_Latin_
America_Policies_2015_Country_Uruguay.pdf?
la=en&hash=A76CA561F1B9FE54B25756097F5A55D20ED8
EB33

e noted. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by

e cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable
s, the table presents a variety of targets for the purpose of general
Table of Contents Table R5. Renewable Transport, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in 2017

Note: Text in boldindicates new/revised in 2018 and text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provi

Country Progress 2017

EU-28
8.3% (2018)

Albania

13%
Austria 10%
Belgium 7%
Wallonia
Bulgaria 7%
Croatia 1%
Cyprus 3%
Czech Republic 7%
7%
Denmark
Estonia 0%

Finland
19%
France 9%
Germany 7%

Greece
14%
Hungary 7%
Iceland 7%

India

Ireland 7%
Italy 7%
Latvia 3%
Liberia
4%
Lithuania

Luxembourg 6%
Macedonia, FYR 0%
Malta 7%
Moldova
Montenegro 1%
Netherlands 6%
Norway 20%
Poland 4%

Portugal
8%
Qatar
Romania 7%
Serbia 1%
Slovak Republic 7%
Slovenia 3%
Spain 6%
Sri Lanka
Sweden
39%

Thailand

Ukraine
United Kingdom 5%
Vietnam

Note: Targets refer to share of renewable transport in total energy supply unless otherwise noted. Historical
already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting th
of End-2019 and Status in 2017

text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Source Target
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- 10% of EU-wide transport final energy
explained/index.php/Renewable_energy demand by 2020 (7% cap on the
_statistics contribution from conventional food and
feed-based biofuels)
14% minimum share of renewable fuels
for transport energy by 2030
https://www.energy- 10% by 2020
community.org/dam/jcr:948f53f7-cb9d-
47de-a8fc-
acf0f89a0985/AL_RE_progress_2016.p
df
11.4% by 2020
10% by 2020
10.14% by 2020
11% by 2020
10% by 2020
10% by 2020
10.8% by 2020
10% by 2020
100% by 2050
10% by 2020
40% by 2030

15% by 2020
10% by 2020
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/fil 10.1% by 2020
es/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_
el_necp.pdf
10% by 2020
10% by 2020
20% by 2030

10% by 2020
10.1% (2,899 ktoe) by 2020
10% by 2020
5% palm oil blends in transport fuel by
2030
10% by 2020
15% by 2030

10% by 2020
2% by 2020
10.7% by 2020
20% by 2020
 10.2% by 2020
10% by 2020
20% by 2020
20% by 2020
8% by 2020
13% by 2030
20% by 2050 (excluding aviation and
shipping)
10% by 2020
10% by 2020
10% by 2020
10% by 2020
10.5% by 2020
10% by 2020
20% from biofuels by 2020
Vehicle fleet independent from fossil
fuels by 2030
9 million litres per day ethanol
consumption by 2022
6 million litres per day biodiesel
consumption by 2022
25 million litres per day advanced
biofuels production by 2022
10% by 2020
10.3% by 2020
5% of transport petroleum energy
demand by 2025

n total energy supply unless otherwise noted. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by REN21. A number of countries ha
many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable energy for the country.
Source

https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/whats-
new/news/2019/finland-sets-new-law-to-
increase-biofuel-use-in-road-traffic/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-
biz/productline/power-generation/national-
policy-on-biofuels-2018-here-are-key-things-
you-should-know/articleshow/71922729.cms?
from=mdr

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/docu
ments/necp_factsheet_lt_final.pdf
 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/docu
ments/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf

s they are identified by REN21. A number of countries have

able energy for the country.
Table of Contents Table R6. Renewable Share of Electricity Generation, Targets as of End-2019 and Status in

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2018, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets w

Country Progress Source

EU 32.3% generation (2018) https://www.agora-en
Afghanistan1 86.1% (2018)
Albania
2% installed capacity https://www.rcreee.org/
Algeria

Antigua and Barbuda

2% generation (2018) https://www.worldbank.
Argentina

Armenia 12% (2018)

Aruba
Australia 19% generation (2018) https://www.energy.gov
Tasmania 90% generation http://www.dpac.tas.g
Australian Capital Territory
Northern Territory
Queensland

Victoria

Austria 77% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene

Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The

Bahrain

Bangladesh1

Barbados1
Belgium 22% generation (2018)
Belize 91% (2018)
Benin
Bhutan1
Bolivia
Brazil2 83.3% generation (2018) https://www.statista.co
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria 17% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene

Burkina Faso1

Cambodia

Cameroon
Canada3 65.19% generation (2018) https://climateactiontra
 Alberta
British Columbia
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Saskatchewan
Cabo Verde 25% (2018)
Chile 22.8% generation https://renewablesnow
China 26.7% generation (2018) https://www.renewable
4.5% (2018)
Chinese Taipei

Colombia1

Comoros1

Congo. Democratic
Republic of1
Congo, Republic of
Costa Rica 99.62% generation https://cleantechnica.c
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia 71% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Cuba 4% (2018)
Cyprus 8% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Czech Republic 13.7% (2018)
76% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Denmark4
Djibouti
Dominica

Dominican Republic1
12% (2018)

Egypt

Eritrea
Estonia 14% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Ethiopia1
Fiji
Finland 44% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
France 20% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Gabon

Gambia1
35% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Germany

Ghana1
32% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Greece
Grenada1
Guatemala1
59% (2018)
Guyana

Haiti1

60% generation (2017) https://www.irena.or

Honduras1

Hungary
India 9.2% generation https://ieefa.org/india
12% generation (2018) https://www.nortonros
Indonesia
Iraq
29% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Ireland
2% (2018)
Israel
Italy 39% genetation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Jamaica
Japan 17.4% generation (2018) https://www.isep.or.jp/
Jordan
2.3% generation https://www.neweurope
Kazakhstan
Kenya1
Kiribati1
6% generation (2017) https://ieefa.org/sout
Korea, Republic of

Kuwait
Latvia 50% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene

Lebanon1

Lesotho
Liberia

Libya

83% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene

Lithuania
Luxembourg 58% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Macedonia, North
Madagascar1
Malawi1
2% (2018)
Malaysia
Maldives1
Mali6
Malta 16% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene

Marshall Islands1
Mauritania
Mauritius 22% generation https://www.japantimes
6% generation https://www.ft.com/c

Mexico

Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

Moldova

Mongolia1

Montenegro

Morocco

Namibia
Nepal1 100% generation (2017) https://www.iea.org/d
Netherlands 15% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
New Zealand 83.21% generation (2018) https://www.iea.org/da
Cook Islands
Niue
Tokelau
Nicaragua 50% (2018)
Niger1
Nigeria7
Oman
Palau1

Palestine, State of1

Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru 59.44% generation (2017) https://www.iea.org/d
24.56% generation (2017) https://www.iea.org/d
Philippines1
Poland 14% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
51% generation https://www.theportug
Portugal

Qatar
Romania 41% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Russian Federation8
16.3% (2017) https://www.iea.org/d
Altai Republic
Rwanda1
Samoa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal1
Serbia 28.7% (2018)
Seychelles

Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia 23% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Slovenia 32% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Solomon Islands
South Africa 3.11% generation (2017) https://www.iea.org/d
South Sudan1
38% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Spain

Sri Lanka1

St. Lucia1

St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

Sudan1
Sweden 55% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania1
Thailand9

Timor-Leste1
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia1
Turkey 64% generation https://balkangreenen
Tuvalu
5.68% generation (2017) https://climateaction
Ukraine

United Arab Emirates 0.59% generation (2017) https://climateaction

Abu Dhabi
Dubai
United Kingdom 34% generation (2018) https://www.agora-ene
Scotland
Wales
United States10 18.2% generation (2018) https://renewablesnow
 Arizona

California

Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware

Hawaii

Illinois
Maryland

Massachusetts
Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey

New Mexico12
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island

Vermont

Washington DC

District of Columbia

Puerto Rico

U.S. Virgin Islands

Uzbekistan 12.6% (2018)
Vanuatu

Vietnam1

Yemen1
1. 100% by 2050 target was established by the Climate Vulnerable Forum.
2. Brazil’s target excludes all hydropower.
3. Canada’s share excludes all hydropower.
4. In March 2012, Denmark set a target of 50% electricity consumption supplied by wind power by 2020.
5. India does not classify hydropower installations larger than 25 MW as renewable energy sources, so hyd
De facto sub-national targets have been set through existing RPS policies.
6. Mali's target excludes large-scale hydropower.
7. Nigeria’s target excludes hydropower plants >30MW.
8. The Russian Federation’s targets exclude hydropower plants >25MW.
9. Thailand does not classify hydropower installations larger than 6 MW as renewable energy sources, so h
and targets.

10. The United States does not have a national renewable electricity target. De facto state-level targets hav
11. RPS mandate for Investor-owned utilities (IOUs) which are utilities operating under private control rathe

12. RPS mandate for co-operative utilities.

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all targets and corresponding shares represent all renewables, including hyd
local jurisdictions have additional targets not listed here. Historical targets have been added as they are ide
new/revised in 2018. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many o
setting the minimum share of renewable electricity for the country. Some countries shown have other types
Landscape chapter for more information about sub-national targets. Existing shares are indicative and may
statistics are published. Sources for reported data often do not specify the accounting method used; therefo
mixture of different accounting methods and thus are not directly comparable or consistent across countries
differed from those provided to REN21 by country contributors, the former was given preference.
ets as of End-2019 and Status in 2018

e previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Target Source
57% generation by 2030 https://www.agora-energiewende.de/f
100% by 2050

6% generation by 2020 https://www.rcreee.org/content/algeria

40% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/content/algeria
10% by 2020
15% by 2030
12% generation by 2019
16% generation by 2021
18% generation by 2023
20% generation by 2025
40% by 2025
100% by 2020
23% by 2020

100% by 2025

50% by 2030
50% by 2030
25% generation by 2020 https://reneweconomy.com.au/victoria-l
40% generation by 2025 https://reneweconomy.com.au/victoria-l
50% generation by 2030 https://reneweconomy.com.au/victoria-l
70.6% by 2020 https://energia.fi/en/advocacy/energy_
20% by 2020
15% by 2020
30% by 2030
5% generation by 2025 https://estore.enerdata.net/bahrain-ene
10% generation by 2035 https://estore.enerdata.net/bahrain-ene
10% by 2020
100% by 2050
65% by 2030
100% by 2050
21% by 2020 https://www.iea.org/policies/5408-na
85% by 2030
50% by 2025 (off-grid and rural)
100% by 2050
79% by 2030
87% generation by 2026 https://www.eversheds-sutherland.com/
10% by 2035 https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Dec/IRENA_Market_Ana
16.7% by 2020 https://energia.fi/en/advocacy/energy_policy/renewable_energy
50% by 2025
100% by 2050
100% by 2025
[100% by 2035]
[50% by 2020]
25% by 2035
No national target
30% by 2030
93% (no date given)
40% by 2020
40% by 2020
50% by 2030
100% by 2025
70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c
35% by 2030
9% by 2020
20% by 2025
70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c
100% by 2050
43% by 2030
100% by 2050
100% by 2050

85% by 2025
100% by 2030
42% by 2020
39% by 2020
24% by 2030
16% by 2020 http://www.buildup.eu/sites/default/files/content/national_renewable_energy_action_plan_cze
14.3% by 2020 https://energia.fi/en/advocacy/energy_policy/renewable_energy
50% by 2020
100% by 2050
100% generation by 2020 https://www.rcreee.org/content/djibouti
100% (no date)
25% by 2025

70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c

100% by 2050
20% generation by 2022 https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/
37-42% by 2035 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
[50% (no date)]
70% by 2030
17.6% by 2020
100% by 2050
100% by 2030
33% by 2020 https://energia.fi/en/advocacy/energy_
40% generation by 2030 https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/
70% by 2020
80% by 2025
35% by 2020
100% by 2050
40-45% generation by 2025 https://www.bgbl.de/?&action=de
55-60% generation by 2030 https://www.bgbl.de/?&action=de
80% generation by 2050 https://www.bgbl.de/?&action=de
10% by 2020
100% by 2050
34.3% generation % by 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener
63.54% generation by 2030 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener
100% by 2050
80% by 2030
100% by 2050
90% (no date)
70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c

100% by 2050
60% by 2022
70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c
80% by 2038
100% by 2050
10.9% by 2020

23% by 2020 https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/e

26% by 2025
10% by 2030
42.5% by 2020
70% by 2030 https://renewablesnow.com/news/irelan
10% by 2020
17% by 2030
26% by 2020
50% by 2030
24% by 2030
20% by 2020 https://assets.publishing.service.g
30% by 2030 https://www.jordantimes.com/news/loca
3% by 2020
50% by 2030
100% by 2050
3% by 2020
100% by 2050
6% by 2019
7% by 2020
20% by 2030
35% generation by 2040 https://ieefa.org/south-korea-adopts-e
15% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
60% by 2020
12% by 2020
30% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
100% by 2050
35% by 2020 (off-grid and rural)
30% by 2021
7% by 2020
10% generation by 2025 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
22% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
45% generation by 2030 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/
100% generation by 2050 https://en.delfi.lt/archive/lithuania-a
11.8% by 2020
24.7% by 2020
85% by 2030
100% by 2050
100% by 2050
9% by 2020
20% by 2030
100% by 2050
25% by 2033
3.8% by 2020
20% by 2020
100% by 2050
60% generation by 2020 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
35% by 2025
30% generation by 2021 https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attac
35% generation by 2024 https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attac
38% generation by 2030 https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attac
40% generation by 2035 https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attac
50% generation by 2050 https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attac
10% in urban centres and 50% in
rural areas by 2020
10% by 2020
20% by 2020
30% by 2030
100% by 2050
51.4% by 2020
42% generation by 2020 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
52% by 2030
100% by 2050
70% by 2030
100% by 2050
37% by 2020
90% by 2025
100% by 2020
100% by 2020
100% (no date)
90% by 2027
100% by 2050
10% by 2020
10% generation by 2020 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
100% by 2050
10% by 2020
100% by 2050
100% by 2030
60% increase from 2014 to 2030

70% generation by 2030 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-c

40% by 2020
100% by 2050
19.3% by 2020
59.6% generation by 2020 https://rea.apambiente.pt/content/ren
100% by 2050
2% by 2020
20% by 2030
43% by 2020
20% generation by 2024
(including large hydro) https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files
80% by 2020
100% by 2050
100% by 2030
47% (no date)
30% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
100% by 2050
37% by 2020
5% by 2020
15% by 2030
33% by 2020
36% by 2030
8% (no date)
24% by 2020
39.3% by 2020
100% by 2030
9% by 2030
100% by 2050
39% by 2020
70% by 2030
100% by 2050
20% by 2020
100% by 2050
35% by 2020
100% by 2050
60% by 2020

20% by 2030
100% by 2050
100% by 2040
30% generation by 2030 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/f
20% generation by 2025 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/ne
10% (no date)
100% by 2050
20% by 2036
50% by 2020
100% by 2050
15% by 2020
50% by 2020
5% of peak demand (or 60 MW)
by 2020
30% by 2030
100% by 2050
65% generation by 2023 https://steelguru.com/power/enerjisa-
100% by 2020
11% by 2020
20% by 2030
25% by 2035
44% generation by 2050 https://gulfnews.com/business/energy/
7% generation by 2020 http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?
25% generation by 2030 https://www.emirates247.com/news/em
No national target
100% generation by 2020 https://assets.publishing.service.gov
https://gov.wales/topics/environmentcountryside/energy/renewable/local-renewable-energy-g
70% generation by 2030
No national target
15% by 2025
33% by 2020
60% by 2030

30% by 202011
27% by 2020
40% by 2030
25% by 2026
25% by 2020
40% by 2030
100% generation by 2045 https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/wp
25% by 2026
25% generation by 2020
50% generation by 2030 https://www.greentechmedia.com/article
40% by 2030
100% by 2090 https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2018/08/0
15% by 2021
26.5% by 2025 (IOUs)1131.5%
by 2020 (Xcel)
[25% by 2025 (other utilities)]
15% by 202111
25% by 2025 27% by 2020
24.8% by 2025
20.38% by 2020
50% by 2030
50% generation by 2030
80% generation by 2040 https://solarindustrymag.com/new-mexic
12.5% by 2021
12.5% by 2026
50% by 2040
[25%by
18% by2021
2025 (utilities with 3%
or more of state’s load); 10% by
38.5% by 2035with 1.5-3% of
2025 (utilities
Increasing
state’s load);by 5%
4%byevery
2025three
years until reaching 75%
(utilities with less than by 2032
1.5% of
state’s load)]
15% by 2020
100% generation mandate by
2032 https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/wp
100% by 2032
20% by 2035
100% generation mandate by
2050 https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/wp
30% by 2025
19.7% by 2025
65% by 2020
100% by 2030
7% generation by 2020 https://policy.asiapacificenergy.or
10% generation by 2030 https://policy.asiapacificenergy.or
100% by 2050
15% by 2025
100% by 2050
Forum.

on supplied by wind power by 2020.

W as renewable energy sources, so hydro >25 MW is excluded from national targets.
olicies.

MW.
MW as renewable energy sources, so hydro >6 MW is excluded fom national shares

target. De facto state-level targets have been set through RPS policies.
es operating under private control rather than government or co-operative operation.

represent all renewables, including hydropower. A number of state/provincial and

rgets have been added as they are identified by REN21. Only bolded targets are
eir renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor
ome countries shown have other types of targets (see Tables R12-R22). See Policy
Existing shares are indicative and may need adjusting if more accurate national
fy the accounting method used; therefore, shares of electricity are likely to include a
mparable or consistent across countries. Where shares sourced from EUROSTAT
ormer was given preference.
provincial level.
Table of Contents Table R7. Renewable Power, Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generatio

Note: Text in boldindicates new/revised in 2018, brackets '[ ]' indicate previous target where new targets we

Country Technology
Denmark Wind power
Egypt Wind power
Eritrea Wind power

Egypt Wind power

Germany Solar power

Guinea Solar power
Wind power
Haiti Bio-power
Hydropower
Solar power
Wind power
India1
Bihar Solar power

Himachal Pradesh Solar power

Kerala Solar power
Japan Bio-power
Geothermal power
Hydropower
Solar PV
Wind power
Myanmar2 Renewable power
United Kingdom Wind power

1. India has established state-specific solar power purchase obligations.

2. Myanmar’s target is based on total installed power generation capacity, not generation.

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all targets and corresponding shares represent all renewables, including hyd
have additional targets not listed here. Some countries shown have other types of targets (Tables R3-R6 an
information about sub-national and municipal-level targets, and see Tables R21 and R23 for information on
adjusting if more accurate national statistical data are published.
argets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generation as of End-2019

sed in 2018, brackets '[ ]' indicate previous target where new targets were enacted and text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/p

Target
50% by 2020
12% by 2020
50% (no date)

2.4% by 2020

17% by 2030
6% of generation by 2025
2% of generation by 2025
5.6% by 2030
24.5% by 2030
7.55% by 2030
9.4% by 2030

1.75% by 2018-19; 2% by 2019-20; 2.5% by 2020-21; 3% by 2012-

22
0.75% by 2018-19; 1% by 2019-20; 2% by 2020-21; 3% by 2021-22
0.25% through 2021-22
3.7-4.6% by 2030
1-1.1% by 2030
8.8-9.2% by 2030
7% by 2030
1.7% by 2030
27% of total installed power capacity by 2030
One third of electricity from offshore wind by 2030

ic solar power purchase obligations.

al installed power generation capacity, not generation.

rgets and corresponding shares represent all renewables, including hydropower. A number of states/provinces and local jurisdications
re. Some countries shown have other types of targets (Tables R3-R6 and R8). See Policy Landscape chapter and Table R13 for more
municipal-level targets, and see Tables R21 and R23 for information on electricity access. Existing shares are indicative and may need
statistical data are published.
tion as of End-2019

were enacted and text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Source

https://www.iea.org/policies/4859-new-national-
renewable-energy-strategy?
country=Egypt&jurisdiction=National&qs=EGY&sector
=Buildings%2CResidential%2CGeneration
%2CIndustry%2CMulti-sector%2CUtilities&type=Fiscal
%2Ffinancial%20incentives%2CEconomic
%20instruments%2CGrants%2Fsubsidy%2CMarket-
based%20instruments%2CDirect%20investment
http://taiyangnews.info/markets/new-german-solar-
target-98-gw-by-2030/

ydropower. A number of states/provinces and local jurisdications

and R8). See Policy Landscape chapter and Table R13 for more
on electricity access. Existing shares are indicative and may need
Table of Contents Table R8. Renewable Power, Targets for Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generatio

Note: Text in boldindicates new/revised in 2018, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets we

Country Technology
Electricity
Bio-power from waste-to-energy
Geothermal power
Algeria
Solar PV
CSP
Wind power
Antigua and Barbuda Electricity
Hydropower (small-scale)
Geothermal power
Armenia
Solar PV
Wind power
Bio-power from solid biomass and biogas
Hydropower
Austria
Solar PV
Wind power
Australia Electricity
Azerbaijan Electricity
Electricity
Wind power
Bahrain
Solar (PV and CSP)
Biomass power
Hydropower
Biomass power
Biogas power
Bangladesh
Waste-to-energy
Solar power
Wind power
Belarus Electricity generation
Belgium
Flanders Solar PV
Wallonia Electricity
Electricity
Bio-power from solid biomass
Bhutan
Solar PV
Wind power
Bolivia Electricity

Hydropower
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Solar PV
Wind power
Bio-power from solid biomass
Hydropower
Burundi
Solar PV
Wind power
Canada
 Electricity
Ontario Hydropower
Solar PV
Wind power
Prince Edward Island Wind power

Electricity
Hydropower
Biomass power
China
Solar power

Wind power
Electricity
Geothermal power
Chinese Taipei Solar PV
Wind power (onshore)
Wind power (offshore)
Croatia Hydropower
Cuba Electricity
Electricity
Wind
Djibouti
Solar (PV and CSP)
Geothermal power
Hydropower
Solar PV
Egypt
CSP
Wind power
Bio-power from bagasse
Geothermal power
Ethiopia
Hydropower
Wind power
Bio-power
Finland Hydropower
Wind power
Ocean power
Hydropower

Solar
France

Wind power (offshore)

Wind power (onshore)
Biomass
Solar PV
Germany
Wind power (onshore)
Wind power (offshore)
Wind capacity
Greece Solar PV
Geothermal power
Grenada Solar power
Wind power
Electricity
Bio-power
Hydropower (small-scale)1
India
Solar PV
Solar PV and CSP
Wind power
Andhra Pradesh Electricity

Solar PV
Delhi
Solar PV
Hybrid (solar PV and wind)
Wind
Rajasthan
Solar8

Jharkhand Solar PV
Geothermal power
Hydropower
Indonesia Pumped storage2
Solar power
Wind power
Iraq Solar PV
Iran Solar power and wind power
Bio-power

Geothermal power

Hydropower
Italy
Solar PV
Wind power (onshore)

Wind power (offshore)

Japan Ocean power (wave and tidal)
Electricity
Solar PV
Jordan
Wind power
Bio power
Bio-power

Hydropower
Kazakhstan
Solar power
Kazakhstan

Wind power
Kenya Geothermal power

Electricity

Bio-power from solid biomass

Bio-power from biogas
Bio-power from landfill gas
Korea, Republic of Geothermal power
Hydropower (large-scale)
Hydropower (small-scale)
Ocean power
Solar PV
CSP
Wind power
Wind power (offshore)
Kosovo3 Hydropower
Solar PV
Kuwait CSP
Wind power
Lebanon Wind power
Lesotho Electricity
Solar PV
Libya
CSP
Wind power
Bio-power from solid biomass
Bio-power from biogas
Macedonia, FYR Hydropower (small-scale)
Solar PV
Wind power

Electricity
Malaysia

Solar power
Mauritania Electricity
Hydropower
Morocco Solar PV and CSP
Wind power
Bio-digesters for biogas
Hydropower, solar PV, wind power
Mozambique Solar PV
Wind turbines for water pumping
Renewable energy-based productive systems
Electricity
Morocco Wind
Solar
Myanmar Renewable power
Bio-power
Hydropower (small-scale)4
Nigeria Solar PV (large-scale, >1 MW)
CSP
Wind power
Norway Electricity
Bio-power
Solar PV
Palestine, State of
CSP
Wind power
Electricity
Bio-power
Geothermal power
Philippines Hydropower
Ocean power
Solar PV
Wind power
Poland Wind power (offshore)
Electricity
Hydropower
Portugal Wind power
Solar
Other (biopower, geothermal and wave)
Electricity
Biopower
Qatar
Solar power
Wind power
Electricity
Hydropower (small-scale)
Russian Federation5
Solar PV
Wind power
Altai Republic Solar PV
Electricity
Geothermal, bio-power (waste-to-energy)6, wind power
Saudi Arabia Solar PV
CSP
Wind
Serbia Wind power
Sierra Leone Electricity
Singapore Solar PV
Geothermal power
Solomon Islands Hydropower
Solar power
South Africa Electricity
Spain Solar
Electricity
Bio-power from solid biomass
Bio-power from biogas
Sudan Hydropower
Sudan
Solar PV
CSP
Wind power
Electricity
Sweden
Electricity

Electricity
Switzerland
Hydropower
Bio-power

Solar PV
Syria
CSP
Wind power
Tajikistan Hydropower (small-scale)
Bio-power from solid biomass
Bio-power from biogas
Bio-power from organic MSW6
Geothermal power
Thailand
Hydropower
Ocean power (wave and tidal)
Solar PV
Wind power
Trinidad and Tobago Wind power
Electricity
Bio-power from solid biomass
Tunisia
Solar power
Wind power
Bio-power from solid biomass
Geothermal power
Turkey Hydropower
Solar PV
Wind power
United Kingdom Wind power (offshore)
United States
Iowa Electricity

Wind power (offshore)

Massachusetts Wind (total)
Solar

New York Energy Storage

Texas Electricity
Solar PV
Uzbekistan
Wind power

Electricity
Venezuela
Venezuela
Wind power

Hydropower

Vietnam Solar power

Wind power
Electricity
Bio-power
Geothermal power
Yemen
Solar PV
CSP
Wind power

1. India does not classify hydropower installations larger than 25 MW as renewable energy sources. Therefo
2. Pumped storage plants are not energy sources but a means of energy storage. As such, they involve con
here because it can play an important role as balancing power, in particular for variable renewable resource
3. Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations.
4. Nigeria’s target excludes hydropower plants >30 MW.
5. The Russian Federation’s targets exclude hydropower plants >25 MW.
6. It is not always possible to determine whether municipal solid waste (MSW) data include non-organic was

7. Investor-owned utilities (IOUs) are those operating under private control rather than government or co-op
Note: All capacity targets are for cumulative capacity unless otherwise noted. Targets are rounded to the ne
presents a variety of targets for the purpose of general comparison. Countries on this list may also have prim
lled Capacity or Generation as of End-2019

s targets where new targets were enacted, and text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Target
4.5 GW by 2020, 22 GW by 2030
360 MW by 2020, 1 GW by 2030
5 MW by 2020, 15 MW by 2030
3 GW by 2020, 13.5 GW by 2030
2 GW by 2030
1 GW by 2020, 5 GW by 2030
5 MW by 2030
377 MW by 2020; 397 MW by 2025
50 MW by 2020; 100 MW by 2025
40 MW by 2020; 80 MW by 2025
50 MW by 2020; 100 MW by 2025
200 MW added 2010-2020
1 GW added 2010-2020
1.2 GW added 2010-2020
2 GW added 2010-2020
33,000 GWh by 2020
1 GW by 2020
255 MW by 2020, 710 MW by 2030
50MW by 2025, 300 MW by 2035
200 MW by 2025, 400 MW by 2035
5 MW by 2025, 10 MW by 2035
4 MW by 2021
7 MW by 2021
7 MW by 2021
40 MW by 2021
1,676 MW by 2021
1,370 MW by 2021
2.6 billion kWh renewable production
through 2035
No national target
Increase production 30% by 2020
8 TWh per year by 2020
20 MW by 2025
5 MW by 2025
5 MW by 2025
5 MW by 2025
160 MW renewable energy capacity added
2015-2025

120 MW by 2030
4 MW by 2030
175 MW by 2030
4 MW (no date)
212 MW (no date)
40 MW (no date)
10 MW (no date)
No national target
20 GW by 2025 supplied by a mix of
renewable technologies, including:
9.3 GW by 2025
40 MW by 2025
5 GW by 2025

30 MW increase by 2030 (base year 2011)

680 GW non-fossil fuel generation capacity
by 2020
340 GW by 2020
15 GW by 2020
110 GW by 2020, 5 GW solar thermal
power by 2020
210 GW by 2020 (including 5 GW grid-
connected offshore wind)
10.9 GW by 2020; 27.4 GW by 2025
150 MW by 2020; 200 MW by 2025
6.5 GW by 2020; 20 GW by 2025
814 MW by 2020; 1.2 GW by 2025
520 MW by 2020; 3-5.5 GW by 2025
1655 MW by 2020
2.1 GW biomass, wind, solar and
hydropower capacity by 2030
1 Gw by 2035
300 Mw by 2035
200 Mw by 2035
500 Mw by 2035
2.8 GW by 2020
17.3 Gw by 2035
1.1 GW by 2020; 11GW by 2035
7.2 GW by 2022, 21 GW by 2035
103.5 MW (no date)

22 GW by 2030
7 GW by 2030
13.2 GW by 2020
14.6 GW by 2020
884 MW by 2020
380 MW by 2020
0.1 - 2 GW by 2023
18.2-20.2 GW by 2023
[8 GW by 2020]
45 GW by 2030
1GW per year, 2.4 GW by 2023 and 4.7-
5.2GW by 2028
21.8 - 26 GW by 2023
100 MW added per year

2.5 GW added per year, 98 GW By 2030

Tendering of 2.8 GW per year through
2019, 2.9 GW per year after 2019
6.5 GW added by 2020
67 GW to 71 GW by 2030
2.2 GW by 2030
15 MW (no date)
10 MW (no date)
2 MW (no date)
175GW by 2022, 450GW by 2030
10 GW by 2022
5 GW by 2022
20 million solar lighting systems added
2010-2022
100 GW by 2022
60 GW by 2022
18 GW renewable capacity added by 2020-
21

5,000 MW added between 2015 and 2020

1 GW by 2020, 2 GW by 2025
3.5 GW by 2024-2025
2 GW by 2024-2025
25 GW by 2020
30 GW by 2024-2025
2,650 MW installed by 2019-2020
12.6 GW by 2025
2 GW by 2025, including 0.43 GW micro-
hydropower
3 GW by 2025
5 GW by 2020 [156.8 MW solar PV by
2025]
100 MW by 2025
2.24 Gw by 2020
5 GW by 2020
19,780 GWh per year generation from 2.8
GW capacity by 2020
6,759 GWh per year generation from 920
MW capacity by 2020
42,000 GWh per year generation from 17.8
GW capacity by 2020
50 GW by 2030
18,000 GWh per year generation and 12
GW capacity by 2020
2,000 GWh per year generation and 680
MW capacity by 2020
1.5 GW by 2030
1.8 GW by 2020, 3.22 Gw by 2025
1 GW by 2020, 2.5 GW by 2025
1.2 GW by 2020
50 MW by 2025
15.05 MW at three bioelectric stations by
2020
539 MW at 41 hydroelectric power stations
by 2020
713.5 MW at 28 solar electric plants by
2020
1,787 MW at 34 wind power stations by
2020
5 GW by 2030
13,016 GWh per year; 21,977 GWh per
year (4.7%) by 2020; 39,517 GWh per year
(7.7%) by 2030 supplied by a mix of
renewable technologies, including:
2,628 GWh per year by 2030
161 GWh per year by 2030
1,340 GWh per year by 2030
2,046 GWh per year by 2030
3,860 GWh per year by 2030
1,926 GWh per year by 2030
6,159 GWh per year by 2030
2,046 GWh per year by 2030
1,971 GWh per year by 2030
16,619 GWh per year by 2030
2.5 GW by 2019
140 MW by 2020
3.5 GW by 2030
1.1 GW by 2030
3.1 GW by 2030
400-500 MW by 2020
260 MW by 2030
300 MW by 2020; 800 MW by 2025, 3.35
GW by 2030
150 MW by 2020; 400 MW by 2025, 400
MW by 2030
600 MW by 2020; 1 GW by 2025
50 GWh by 2020
20 GWh by 2020
216 GWh by 2020
14 GWh by 2020
300 GWh by 2020

2.1 GW (excluding large-scale

hydropower), 11.2 TWh per year, or 10% of
national supply (no date given)
11% by 2020; 14% by 2030; 36% by 2050
1 GW capacity added by 2020
60 MW by 2020
2 GW by 2020
2 GW by 2020
2 GW by 2020
1,000 systems installed (no date)
2 GW each (no date)
82,000 solar home systems installed (no
date)
3,000 stations installed (no date)
5,000 installed (no date)
6GW by 2020, 11 GW by 2030
2GW by 2020, 4.2GW by 2030
2 GW BY 2020, 4.56 GW by 2030
27% of total installed power capacity by
2030
400 MW by 2025
2 GW by 2025
500 MW by 2025
5 MW by 2025
40 MW by 2025
26.4 TWh common electricity certificate
market with Sweden by 2020
21 MW by 2020
45 MW by 2020
20 MW by 2020
44 MW by 2020
Triple the 2010 capacity by 2030
277 MW added 2010-2030
1.5 GW added 2010-2030
5,398 MW added 2010-2030
75 MW added 2010-2030
284 MW added 2010-2030
2.3 GW added 2010-2030
10 GW by 2040
14.7 GW by 2020, 28.6 GW by 2030
7 GW by 2020, 9 GW byy 2030
5.4 GW by 2020, 9.2 GW by 2030
1.9 GW by 2020, 9.9 GW by 2030
0.5 GW by 2020, 0.6 GW by 2030
500 MW by 2030
50 MW by 2030
400 MW by 2030
50 MW by 2030
5.5 GW by 2024
425.4 MW by 2024
1.8 GW by 2024
3.4 GW by 2024
150 MW by 2021
27.3 GW by 2023; 58.7 GW by 2030
13 GW combined by 2040
20 GW by 2023, 40 GW by 2030
300 Mw by 2023, 2.7 Mw by 2030
7GW by 2023, 16 GW by 2030
1.4 GW (no date)
1 GW (no date)
350 MW by 2020
20-40 MW (no date)
3.77 MW (no date)
3.2 MW (no date)
17.8 GW by 2030; 42% of new generation
capacity installed 2010-2030
77GW by 2030
16GW by 2031
54 MW by 2031
68 MW by 2031
54 MW by 2031
750 MW by 2031
50 MW by 2031
680 MW by 2031
25 TWh more renewable electricity
annually by 2020 (base year 2002)
26.4 TWh common electricity certificate
market with Norway by 2020
12 TWh per year by 2035; 24.2 TWh per
year by 2050
43 TWh per year by 2035
140 MW by 2020; 260 MW by 2025; 400
MW by 2030
380 MW by 2020; 1.1 GW by 2025; 1.8 GW
by 2030
50 MW by 2025, 1.3 GW by 2030
1 GW by 2020; 1.5 GW by 2025; 2 GW by
2030
100 MW by 2020
4.8 GW by 2021
600 MW by 2021
400 MW by 2021
1 MW by 2021
6.1 GW by 2021
2 MW by 2021
3 GW by 2021; 6 GW by 2036
1.8 GW by 2021
100 MW (no date given)
4.7 GW by 2030
300 MW by 2030
10 GW by 2030
16 GW by 2030
1 GW by 2023
1 GW by 2023
34 GW by 2023
5 GW by 2023
20 GW by 2023
39 GW by 2030, one third of electricity by
2030
No national target
105 MW generating capacity for IOUs7
1.6 GW by 2027, additional 1.6 GW by
2035
2,000 MW by 2020
1600 MW by 2020
1.5 GW of energy storage by 2025
3 GW of energy storage by 2030
5,880 MW
157.7 MW installed by 2019; 382.5 by
2020; 601.9 by 2021; 1.24 GW by 2025
102 MW installed by 2021; 302 MW
installed by 2025
613 MW new capacity installed 2013-2019,
including:
 500 MW new capacity installed 2013-2019
21.6 GW by 2020; 24.6 GW by 2025; 27.8
GW by 2030
850 MW by 2020; 4 GW by 2025; 12 GW
by 2030
800 MW by 2020; 2 GW by 2025; 6 GW by
2030
714.25 MW by 2025
6 MW by 2025
200 MW by 2025
8.25MW by 2025
100 MW by 2025
400 MW by 2025

wable energy sources. Therefore, national targets and data for India do not include hydropower facilities >25 MW.
age. As such, they involve conversion losses and are powered by renewable or non-renewable electricity. Pumped storage is included
or variable renewable resources.

) data include non-organic waste (plastics, metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share. Uganda utilises predominantly organic waste.

ther than government or co-operative operation.

Targets are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal. Renewable energy targets are not standardised across countries; therefore, the table
s on this list may also have primary/final energy, electricity, heating/cooling or transport targets (see Tables R3-R7).
nd text initalicsindicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Source
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/government/renewable-energy-target-scheme

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/trending/evHq-mM-ls1cW4LuW9WGMg2 and https://www.ecolo

http://taiyangnews.info/markets/new-german-solar-target-98-gw-by-2030/

http://taiyangnews.info/markets/germany-approves-climate-protection-act-2030/
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/power-generation/india-to-have-450-gw-renewable-energy-by-2030

https://mercomindia.com/rajasthan-solar-2025-policy/
https://mercomindia.com/rajasthan-solar-2025-policy/
https://mercomindia.com/rajasthan-solar-policy-target-achieving-25gw-capacity/
https://mercomindia.com/rajasthan-solar-2025-policy/

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_pt_necp.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Projekte/2018/EU-Jahresauswertung_2019/Agora-Energiewende_European-Po
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/08/09/tunisia-announces-grid-connection-of-its-first-solar-park/

https://www.mass.gov/info-details/renewable-energy-snapshot#installed-combined-heat-and-power-(chp)-in-massachusetts-(20
 https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf
https://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/arabfutureenergyindexrenewableenergy_2019.pdf

argets and data for India do not include hydropower facilities >25 MW.
s and are powered by renewable or non-renewable electricity. Pumped storage is included

metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share. Uganda utilises predominantly organic waste.

ion.
cimal. Renewable energy targets are not standardised across countries; therefore, the table
rgy, electricity, heating/cooling or transport targets (see Tables R3-R7).
W9WGMg2 and https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/0-PPE%20English%20Version%20With%20Annex_0.pdf
50-gw-renewable-energy-by-2030-president/articleshow/73804463.cms?from=mdr
gora-Energiewende_European-Power-Sector-2018_WEB.pdf
power-(chp)-in-massachusetts-(2018)-
%20Annex_0.pdf
Table of Contents Table R9. Renewable Heating and Cooling Policies, as of End-2019

R - Residential
I - Industrial
C - Commercial
P - Public facilities

Investment
Country Source Rebates
subsidy/grants

Argentina
Armenia1 I/C http://r2e2
Australia R/C https://www

Austria C

Brazil
Belgium
Bulgaria R/I/P http://www.r
Canada I/C https://ww
Chile R https://www.
China I https://ww
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus R/C http://www
Czech Republic R/C http://www.r

Denmark

Egypt
Estonia R http://www.r
Finland I/C http://www.
France R/I/C/P
Georgia1
Germany R/C/P
Greece R/I http://www.
Hungary R/C/P http://www.
India R/I/C/P I
Ireland R/C/P/I https://www
Israel
Italy R http://www.r R/C/P
Japan I https://ww
Jordan R https://www
Korea, Republic of R
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania R http://www.
Luxembourg R/C/P http://www.
Macedonia, North R
Malawi
Malta R
Mexico R https://www
Morocco I https://www
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand I https://www
Norway C/P
R
Philippines I https://ass
Poland R http://www.
Portugal R/C/I http://www.r
Romania R/P/I/C2 https://www
Slovak Republic I http://www.
Slovenia R http://www.r
South Africa R/C/I https://ww
Spain I/C https://ass
Sweden
Switzerland R https://ww
Thailand C/I https://ww
Tunisia R/C
Turkey I https://ww
Ukraine
United Arab Emirites
United Kingdom C/I/P/R
https://ec.
United States R/I/C/P
Uruguay R

1. Incentives provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Develo

2. Agricultural renewable heat installation subsidies are financed by the Euro
 Tax deductions and
Source Tax credits Source Source Loans Source
exemptions

I/C https://www I/C https://ww I/C https://www

R/C

I R

http://area

C http://www.

C https://www C https://www
C https://www.

I https://ww

I http://www.r

http://www.
I https://ww

R R/C http://www. R https://www

R/C
I/C http://www.
R/C/I http://www.

C http://www.

R/C/I

C http://www.r
R/I/C https://ww
 I http://www. R https://www.

C/I

R/C/P http://www.r

I http://area R/C
R/C http://www.

R https://pro

for Reconstruction and Development under the Caucusus Energy Efficiency Program II.
bsidies are financed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)
 Targeted fossil fuel bans in
Feed-in tariff Year enacted Source
buildings/industry

Ban on diesel heating in new buildings in

Lower Austria and Vienna, and diesel
heating systems in Vienna are also
prohibited. On a national level, diesel oil
heaters will be banned throughout Austria
from 2020.

Since 2013, no oil or gas heating has been

allowed in newly buildings. Since 2016, the
installation of new heating oil units has
I 2016?
been prohibited in existing buildings in
areas supplied by district heating or natural
http://www. gas.

I 2017 https://ww

I/C/P 2018 https://ww

 I 2017 http://www.

R/I/C/P 2012

Mineral oil ban for heating buildings from

2020 (adopted 2017)

I 2011 https://ww

Targeted ban on fossil fuel systems in new

R/C/P 2011
builds by 2025
 Renewable Energy
Year enacted Source Source
Mandates

city level

2020

https://oek
city level

2013

https://www

X
X

city level
X
X
city level

X
X
 X

&ust=1583754877574000&usg=AFQjCNF5eAEnl6qxMdld3wcauI
2020 X
https://www. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iea.org/policies/5506-r

X
X

city level

X
2025
https://www
X https://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/california-between-pv-m
X
Table of Contents Table R10. Renewable Transport Mandates at the National/State/Provincial Levels, as of

Note: Text in boldindicates new/revised in 2019, brackets ‘[]’ indicate previous mandates where new ma

Country Existing Biodiesel Blend Source

Mandate (% Biodiesel)

EU
Angola
Argentina 10%
Australia

New South Wales 2%

Queensland 1%

Austria 6.3%6

Belgium 6% [4%]

Brazil 11% [10%] https://biofuels-news.com/new

Bulgaria 6%

Cabo Verde

Canada 2%

Alberta 2%

British Columbia 4%
Manitoba 2%
Ontario 4%

Saskatchewan 2%

Quebec
Chile

China1

Hainan Province
Chinese Taipei 1%

Colombia 10%

Costa Rica 20%

Croatia 5.75%6

Czech Republic 6%

Denmark
Ecuador 5%

Estonia 3.10% https://publications.jrc.ec.euro

Ethiopia

Finland

France

Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Hungary 4.90%

Iceland

India 20%

Delhi

30% [20%] https://www.reuters.com/articl

Indonesia
Ireland 10%

Israel

Italy
Jamaica
Japan

Korea, Republic of 3%

Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malawi
Malaysia 10%
Malta

Mexico2
Mozambique

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand 7%

Norway 4%
Pakistan

Panama
Paraguay 1%
Peru 2%
Philippines 2%
Poland

Portugal
Romania 6.50%

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa 5%

Spain
 Balearic Islands

Sri lanka
Sudan

Sweden

Thailand 7%

Turkey
Ukraine

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Scotland

United States

California
California, Colorado, Connecticut,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode
Island and Vermont
Hawaii, Missouri and Montana
Louisiana 2%
Massachusetts 5%
Minnesota 10%
New Mexico 5%
Oregon 5%

Pennsylvania
 Washington 2%
Uruguay 5%
Vietnam
Zimbabwe

1. E10 mandate extended to cover 15 regions.

2. Mexico’s E10 maximum blend was subsequently halted in response to a several court cases challeng
3. Original target(s) set in gallons and converted to litres for consistency.
4. Not yet enforced
e/Provincial Levels, as of End-2019

ous mandates where new mandates were enacted, and text initalicsindicates mandates adopted at the state/provincial level.

Existing Ethanol Blend Source Unspecified / Overall Source

Mandate (% Ethanol) Blend Mandate

10%
12%

7%
3%

3.4%6 5.75%

8.5% [4%]

27%

8%

5%

5%

5%
9%
5%

8%

10%
10%[8%]

7%

0.97%6 6.92%

4.10%

5.75%
10%

10%

15%

7.9% biofuels in motor

7.50% fuel https://renewablesnow.com/news/france-raises-b

7%
5%
4.90%

10%

3%
 7.00%
10%

10%
10%

10% [5.8%]
15%

16.4% [8.5%] https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insigh

Maximum methanol blend
of 3%

10%
25%
8%
10%
7.50%

9%
8%

5.80%

7.50%

2%

6%
 5%

5%

2%
7%

7.25% https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insigh

10%
2%

20% [10%]

10%
 2%
5%
5%
20% [15%]

several court cases challenging the increase.

dopted at the state/provincial level.

Biofuel Mandate by Future Year Source

8.75% by 2020

15% biodiesel by 2022, and 30% by 2030; 10%

biokerosene in aviation fuel by 2030 https://informaconnect.com/what-to-expect-from-brazils-renovabio-p

10% ethanol in gasoline by 2020 https://www.naviusresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Biofu

10% ethanol and 2% biodiesel by 2021; 15%

ethanol and 4% biodiesel by 2025 https://biofuels-news.com/news/government-proposes-increased-us
10% biofuels by 2020 http://www.res-legal.eu/search-by-country/estonia/summary/c/eston

30% biofuel in aviation by 2030 https://aviationbenefits.org/newswire/2019/06/finland-to-join-nordic-f

8.2% biofuels in motor fuel by 2020 https://renewablesnow.com/news/france-raises-biofuel-blending-ma

30% biodiesel beginning in 2025 https://chainreactionresearch.com/report/palm-oil-biofuels-market-m

20% ethanol beginning in 2025 https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfil
5% biofuel in aviation fuel by 2025 https://www.icao.int/Meetings/altfuels17/Documents/4%20-Indonesi

Increase the portion of diesel blended with crude

palm oil (CPO) from the current 20% (B20) to 30%
(B30) starting January next year and to 50% (B50)
by the end of 2020.4
 11% biofuel mandate beginning in 2020 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2018/12/24/ireland-biofuel-m
10% biofuel in petrol and 12% in diesel by 2030 https://renewablesnow.com/news/ireland-commits-to-70-renewables

20% from 2020 https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2019/02/12/ma

20% ethanol mandate from 2021

16.4% biofuels from 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

20% ethanol mandate by 2020 http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516476/norway-to-impl

8.5% by 2020

10% by 2020

100% of heavy duty trucks to run on biodiesel by 2030

4.1 billion litres of ethanol and 5.1 billion litres of
biodiesel by 2036

9.75% from 2020 https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/agric

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA

2007) mandatory target: 30 billion gallons by 2020, 33
billion by 2021, 36 billion by 2022
 Advanced Mandate by Future Year Source

0.2% advanced biofuels by 2022, 1% by 2025; and

3.5% by 2030

0.5% total transport energy from advanced biofuels

beginning in 2020
https://publicatio

0.1% total transport energy from advanced biofuels

beginning in 2020 https://publicatio

1% (by volume) of transport fuel must come from

advanced biodiesels.
 0.1% for second generation biofuels, which may
increase in 2019 depending on available supplies.

0.5% of transport energy from advanced biofuels in

2020. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830
0.9% of transport energy from advanced biofuels
beginning in 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

diesel fuel must have at least 0.5% advanced biofuel

beginning in 2019 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.5% advanced biofuels in transport by 2020. 10%

advanced biofuels by 2030.
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830
https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/whats-new/news/2019/finland-set
2.3% diesel fuel and 3.4% gasoline fuel from advanced
biofuels by 2023
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830
Minimum share of 0.05% advanced biofuels on the
market from 2020 onwards for companies that supplied
more than 20 PJ of fuel in the previous
year. This increases to 0.5% by 2025.
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

ps://www.icao.int/Meetings/altfuels17/Documents/4%20-Indonesia%20Initiative_Ministries.pdf
 0.25% of transport energy in 2020.

https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

6.7% cap on conventional biofuels by 2022

0.9% advanced biofuels by 2020, 1.85% by 2022 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.5% from advanced biofuels by 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.5% from advanced biofuels in 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

1% advanced biofuels by 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.5% advanced biofuels fuels in aviation by 2020, 30%

by 2030 http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516476/norway-to-imp

0.1% advanced biofules by 2020

https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.1% from advanced biofuels. Future targets are set for

2020-2024 (0.5%) and 2025-2030 (0.75%)
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.5% from advanced biofuels in 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

0.1% from advanced biofuels from 2020 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

Advanced biofuel production at 25 million litres per day
by 2022 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

3.1% advanced biofuels by 2032 https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC11830

18.6 billion litres in 2019; 19.3 billion litres by 20203

Other Renewable Transport Mandates Source Other transport mandates by future year (not
necessarily linked to renewables)

13 million zero- or low-emission vehicles by 2025

35% EVs by 2025, 70% by 2030, 100% by 2035

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2040

10% ZEV sales by 2025, 30% by 2030; 825,000

ZEV by 2025, 2.7m by 2030, 14m by 2040

Ban on most gasoline and diesel cars after 2040

40% EVs in vehicle stock by 2050

Hybrid and electric vehicles to account for 20% of

total car sales by 2025
2 million EV sales per year by 2020

ICE ban (sales) by 2030

 Ban on sales of ICE vehicles by 2040; zero-
emission two-wheelers by 2035
10% ZEV by 2025, 600,000 EVs by 2030; 600,000
EVs by 2030
25% of vehicles, 70% of buses and taxis to be
zero emission by 2035; 100% of vehicle sales,
60% of vehicles and 100% of buses to be zero
emission by 2050

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by

2030

250,000 BEV/PHEVs by 2030

Sales of all diesel and petrol cars and vans

banned by 2040

100,000 public EV charging stations by 2020; 7-10

million BEV+FCEV by 2030

No new registrations of diesel and gasoline cars by

2030
Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2030
EVs to be 15% of all sales by 2025 and 30% by
2030

20% of all vehicle parking in residential and

commercial parking complexes required to be
EV ready. All leased or hired cars used for the
commute of government officers will be
transitioned to electric within a year.
2200 EVs by 2025
Expanded B20 blending mandate from the
road transport sector to cover fuel use for
railroads and power plants
ative_Ministries.pdf
 Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2030
950,000 EVs by 2030

100% EV or natural gas vehicles (sales) by 2030;

177,000 EVs by 2025, 1.4m by 2030

6 million EVs by 2030 (including 1.6 million BEV)

Ban on sales of ICE vehicles by 2050

30% of all new car sales in the country will be
electric by 2020

1000 hydrogen buses by 2022 (from natural gas)

100,000 EVs by 2030

5% ZEV sales by 2030, 50% by 2040, 100% by

2050

Increase the share of EVs to 20% from 2010 levels

by 2020

100% sales of hydrogen and electric cars by 2030

64,000 EVs by 2021

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2025
30% EV sales by 2030

30% of new vehicle purchases for public

fleets to be flex-fuel (no date)

1 million EVs by 2025

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by

2040

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by

2030; 12% of vans and trucks to be electric by
2030

Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by

2040
 Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2035
Ban on sale of new petrol or diesel vehicles by
2040

Ban on the sale of cars with gasoline or diesel

engines after 2030

Replacement of all buses and government

vehicles with electric models by 2030

1.2 million EVs by 2036

50% to 70% of new car sales and 40% of van

sales to be ultra-low emission by 2030, and 25%
of the government fleet to be ultra-low emission by
2022.

Ban on sales of new petrol, diesel, or hybrid

cars by 2035 [2040]
Sales of all diesel and petrol cars and vans
banned by 2032; USD 1.7 million to promote e-
bikes

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) 2019

standards: 19.92 billion gallons total
renewable fuels, including 418 million
gallons cellulosic biofuel, 2.43 billion
gallons biomass-based diesel, and a cap
of 15 billion gallons for conventional
biofuels https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37712

5 million zero-emission vehicles on the road by

2030; 250,000 vehicle charging stations by 2025,
200 hydrogen refuelling stations by 2025;
transition to all-electric buses by 2040
The California Air Resources Board (CARB)
manages the “ZEV program” with a target of 3.3m
ZEV (PHEV, BEV, FCEV) by 2025, also adopted
by ten other states

E10 one year after 1.3 billion litres

produced; B5 one year after 379 million
litres produced, B10 one year after 757
million litres produced, and B20 one year
after 1.5 billion litres produced3
B5 180 days after in-state feedstock and
oil-seed crushing capacity can meet 3%
requirement
 Source

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790

GEVO 2020

https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1123366_british-columbia-bans-most-gasoline-and-diesel-cars-after-2040

GEVO 2020

https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/asian-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars/

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-autos/auto-industry-cautious-as-china-starts-2020-with-forecast-of-a-2-sales-declin
https://interestingengineering.com/these-9-countries-want-to-ban-diesel-cars-very-soon
https://www.electrive.com/2018/01/08/taiwan-outlaw-fuel-powered-bikes-cars/

GEVO 2020

https://presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2019/02/sintesis-plan-nacional-de-descarbonizacion-2018-2050/

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/asian-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars/

https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/asian-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars/

https://mercomi

GEVO 2020
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790
https://renewablesnow.com/news/ireland-commits-to-70-renewables-with-new-action-plan-658394/

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/asian-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars/

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2019/10/26/electric-vehicles-are-the-future-of-mobility-but-is-nepal-ready

GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790
GEVO 2020

GEVO 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790
https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/balearic-islands-aim-for-100-renewables-inspiring-26-eu-islands/

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790

https://cleantechnica.com/2019/01/23/sweden-will-ban-sale-of-gasoline-diesel-cars-after-2030-germany-lags-behind/

https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/features/asian-countries-banning-fossil-fuel-cars/

GEVO 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49578790

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51366123?utm_source=Urban+Mobility+Weekly&utm_campaign=711cb5d

https://www.eurodriveuk.com/scotland-to-ban-petrol-and-diesel-car-sales-by-2032/

http://www.climateaction.org/news/california-announces-transition-to-all-electric-buses-by-2040; https://www.ca.gov/archive

GEVO 2020
Table of Contents Table R11. Feed-in Electricity Policies, Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces a

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2019, text with astrikethroughindicates discontinuation and text i

Year Cumulative #1
1978 1
1988 2
1990 3
1991 4
1992 5
1993 7
1994 10
1997 11
1998 12
1999 14
2000 14
2001 17
2002 23
2003 29
2004 34
2005 41
2006 46

2007 55

2008 70

2009 81
2010 87
2011 95
2012 101
2013 103
2014 107
2015 107
2016 108
2017 111
2018 113
2019 113

Unknown Year 126

Total removed 13
Total existing4 113

2019 FIT Policy Adjustments

Country and
region Type of policy adjustment
Luxembourg,
Europe increased feed-in tariffs for PV power generators

Montenegro, Europe abolishment of FIT surcharge

China, Asia new solar FIT policy
 Queensland regional solar feed-in-tariffs cut as
Australia, Oceania renewables push prices down
The FiT for new wind and solar projects
commissioned after 2020 will be reduced. The
FiT for biomass and biogas will remain at the
Ukraine, Europe current level until 2030.
UK replaced feed-in tariffs for solar energy with
United Kingdom, new Small Export Guarantee (comes into force 1
Europe January 2020)
Taiwan, Asia Reduction for offshore wind projects
Germany, Europe removal of cap on solar FIT program

Bermuda, LAC increased feed-in tariffs for PV power generators

1. “Cumulative number” refers to number of jurisdictions that had enacted feed-in policies as of the given ye
2. The US PURPA policy (1978) is an early version of the FIT, which has since evolved.
3. Feed-in tariffs for PV ended in 2013 in Italy https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/08/23/can-italy
4. FIT for CSP ended in 2016 https://www.iea.org/policies/6278-feed-in-tariff-for-csp?q=feed-in&status=End
5. Kenya plans to abolish its current feed-in-tariff system and replace it with an energy auction tariff https://w
6. Nova Scotia's community feed-in tariff (COMFIT) was removed in 2015, the same year the province's Dev
7. Policy has not yet been enacted
8. The feed-in tariff is in use, but is not formally approved by the Ministry and Malawi Energy Regulatory Au
9. Although the decree is available, injection of power into the grid cannot happen yet as some regulation is
e Number of Countries/States/Provinces and 2019 Revisions

astrikethroughindicates discontinuation and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Countries/States/Provinces added that year

United States2
Portugal
Germany
Switzerland
Italy3
Denmark; India
Luxembourg; Spain; Greece
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Norway; Slovenia
[None identified]
Armenia; France; Latvia
Algeria; Austria; Brazil; Czech Republic; Indonesia; Lithuania
Cyprus; Estonia; Hungary; Slovak Republic; Republic of Korea; Maharashtra (India)
Israel; Nicaragua; Prince Edward Island (Canada); Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (India)
China4; Ecuador; Ireland; Turkey; Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand (India)
Argentina; Pakistan; Thailand; Ontario (Canada); Kerala (India)

Albania; Bulgaria; Croatia; Dominican Republic; Finland; North Macedonia; Moldova; Mongolia; South Australia (Australia)
Iran; Kenya5; Liechtenstein; Philippines; San Marino; Tanzania; Queensland (Australia); Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (India); California (United States)
Japan; Serbia; South Africa; Ukraine; Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria (Australia); Taipei
(China); Hawaii, Oregon and Vermont (United States)
Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Malaysia; Malta; Mauritius; United Kingdom
Ghana; Montenegro; Netherlands; Syria; Vietnam; Nova Scotia (Canada)6; Rhode Island (United States); Angola7
Jordan; Nigeria; State of Palestine; Rwanda; Uganda; Malawi8
Kazakhstan; Pakistan
Egypt; Vanuatu; Virgin Islands (United States); Mozambique9
[none identified]
Czech Republic (reinstated), Chile
Zambia, Vietnam, Massachusetts (United States)
Senegal, Bermuda (UK)
[none identified]
Andorra, Honduras, Maldives, Panama, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Jharkhand and Odisha (India)

Source

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/05/13/luxembourg-raises-solar-fits/

https://balkangreenenergynews.com/montenegro-scraps-feed-in-tariff-surcharge/
https://cleantechnica.com/2019/05/01/china-installs-5-2-gigawatts-solar-as-government-unveils-2019-feed-in-tariffs/
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/china-to-support-nearly-23gw-of-solar-with-new-feed-in-tariff
 https://onestepoffthegrid.com.au/queensland-regional-solar-feed-in-tariffs-cut-as-renewables-push-prices-down/

https://www.iea.org/policies/6529-ukraine-law-on-renewable-energy-auctions-law-no-2712-viii?sector=Electricity

https://www.smart-energy.com/industry-sectors/business-finance-regulation/uk-unveils-new-feed-in-tariffs-for-renewable
https://www.wfw.com/articles/taiwan-feed-in-tariff-2019-is-it-enough/
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/09/23/germany-lifts-cap-on-solar-fit-program-in-climate-change-act/

http://bernews.com/2019/10/ra-new-renewable-energy-feed-in-tariff-rate/

at had enacted feed-in policies as of the given year.

FIT, which has since evolved.
enewableenergyworld.com/2019/08/23/can-italy-strike-twice/#gref
6278-feed-in-tariff-for-csp?q=feed-in&status=Ended
nd replace it with an energy auction tariff https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/kenya-considering-auction-system-to-replace-feed-in-tariffs.
moved in 2015, the same year the province's Developmental Tidal Feed-in Tariff Program was introduced.

y the Ministry and Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority http://global-climatescope.org/policies/4135

he grid cannot happen yet as some regulation is still to be approved http://global-climatescope.org/policies/4631
Source

https://www.mondaq.com/Article/664622/Portugal-And-The-Renewables39-Reliance-On-Solar

https://www.pv-tech.org/news/spain-ordered-to-pay-290m-plus-over-subsidy-u-turn

http://global-climatescope.org/policies/1850

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257742384_The_Evolution_of_feed-in_tariff_policy_in_Taiwan
https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_RAGAs/Botswana-Rapid-assessment-Gap-Analysis
https://www.iea.org/policies/5844-the-national-energy-security-strategy-and-policy?country=Angola&q=FEED
http://global-climatescope.org/policies/4135

https://www.getfit-uganda.org/for-developers/
https://www.solarplaza.com/channels/asset-management/11579/pmgd-model-paves-way-sub-9-mw-plants-chile/
https://www.pv-tech.org/guest-blog/chile-land-of-opportunity-for-renewable-energy

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/senegal-launches-breakthrough-policy-solar-pv-toby-d-couture/?trk=related_artice_Senegal%20
Table of Contents Table R12. Renewable Power Tenders Held at the National/State/Provincial Levels, 2019

Technology (solar PV, on/off shore wind,

hybrid, biomass, technology neutral,
Country technology neutral for renewables)
Australia Solar PV, energy storage
Belgium Wind power (offshore)
Mix of technologies (including bio-power,
hydropower, solar PV, wind power)
Brazil Mix of technologies (including bio-power,
hydropower (large- and small-scale), hydro
generating plants, solar PV, wind power)
Burkina Faso Solar PV
Solar PV
Cabo Verde
Wind power
Cambodia Solar PV
China Solar PV
Colombia Solar power and wind power
Solar PV
Denmark
Solar power and wind power (hybrid)
Solar PV
Solar PV
Ethiopia
Solar PV

Wind power (offshore)

France Solar PV (ground-mounted)
Solar PV (ground-mounted)
Ghana Solar PV
Solar PV
Germany Solar PV
Wind power (onshore)
Solar power and wind power (joint auction)
Solar PV
Greece Solar power
Wind power
Wind power

Guinea Bissau Solar PV

Solar PV
Transmission line supply and reactor
India package installation
Solar PV (floating)
Wind power (offshore)
Iraq Solar PV
Technology-neutral
Ireland
Energy storage
Italy Solar power, wind power
Japan Solar power
Lithuania Technology-neutral
 Solar PV + storage
Mali
Solar PV-diesel hybrid
Malaysia Solar power
Mauritius Energy storage

Mexico Geothermal power

Wind power
Morocco
Solar PV
CSP + solar PV + storage
Netherlands Wind power
Nigeria Solar PV + storage
Poland Wind power (onshore)
Solar power
Portugal Energy storage
Solar PV (floating)
Russian Federation Wind power
Solar PV (floating)
Seychelles
Solar PV

Tonga Solar PV
Tunisia Solar power
Turkey Wind power
United Arab
Solar power
Emirates
Wind power (offshore)
United Kingdom
Wind power (onshore)
Vietnam Solar PV (floating)
Hydropower (small-scale)
Zambia Solar PV
Solar PV

State/Provincial Renewable Energy Auctions Held in 2019

Country State

Rajasthan

Maharashtra
India
Chhattisgarh

Kerala

Kerala

Andhra Pradesh

Note: This table provides an overview of identified renewable energy tenders in 2019 and likely does no
he National/State/Provincial Levels, 2019

Description (How much

announced/offered/awarded)
250 MW solar PV and 20 MW / 40 MWh
battery energy storage system announced
At least 1.7 GW after 2020 announced
401.6 MW awarded

2,979 MW awarded

30 MW announced
5 MW announced
10 MW announced
60 MW awarded
22.78 GW of ground-mounted and distributed
generation awarded
1,374 MW awarded
83 MW awarded
93 MW solar-wind hybrid facilities awarded
(including 34.1 MW solar PV capacity)
250 MW awarded
750 MW announced
Design, supply and commissioning of solar
mini-grid projects in 25 rural towns and
villages announced
600 MW awarded
855 MW awarded
858 MW awarded
12 MWp announced
153 MW awarded
501 MW awarded
500 MW awarded
437.78 MW awarded
143 MW awarded
105.09 MW awarded
179.5 MW awarded
224 MW awarded
22 MWp ground-mounted solar power
plant and 30 kV transmission line announced
30 GW announced
Installation of reactor packages and supply of
transmission lines in Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana announced
70 MW announced
Undisclosed capacity announced
755 MW offered
13,500 GWh announced
110 MW awarded
4.8 GW announced (650 MW combined solar
and wind, 600 MW rooftop PV)
195.8 MW awarded
300 GWh allocated
 1.3 MW with 1.5 MW / 2 MWh storage
announced
Four 80 kWp mini-grids announced
491 MW large-scale solar projects awarded
14 MW for a pre-existing solar plant
announced
Additional drilling at the Los Azufres
geothermal field announced
Plant repowering from 50 MW to 120 MW
announced
200 MWp solar PV plants announced
Hybrid project awarded
760 MW awarded
15 MW ground-mounted solar with 5 MW
battery system offered
2.5 GW awarded
1.15 GW awarded
50-100 MW announced
50 MW offered
78 MW awarded
4 MW awarded
Development, operation and maintenance of
solar PV mini grids in 317 localities
announced
6 MW awarded
500 MW offered
1 GW awarded
900 MW awarded
5.47 GW awarded
330 MW awarded
400 MW announced in pilot auctions
100 MW announced
120 MW awarded
100 MW announced

Technology

Grid connected solar PV for charging stations

Bagasse based power generation

Solar irrigation pumps and solar trees

Solar boats

Electric buses

Electric buses

wable energy tenders in 2019 and likely does not constitute a comprehensive picture of all capacity offered through tenders during the y
Source

https://www.pv-tech.org/news/act-ends-reverse-auction-programme-with-20mw-battery-250mw-renewables-t
https://www.allenovery.com/en-gb/global/news-and-insights/publications/belgium-adopts-legal-framework-on-ten

https://renewablesnow.com/news/brazil-okays-401-mw-of-renewable-supply-from-june-28-auction-671190/

http://taiyangnews.info/markets/brazil-allocates-530-mw-to-solar-under-a-6-auction/ https://www.pv-tech.org
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/burkina-faso-sonabel-extends-solar-pv-bid-deadline
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/cape-verde-eois-solar-wind-projects
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/cambodia-solar-auction-draws-record-low-bid
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/12/china-auction-allocates-subsidies-for-22-7-gw-of-solar-with-lowest

https://www.usaid.gov/energy/auction-design-support-colombia/renewable-energy-auctions-redesigned
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/12/06/danish-renewables-auction-too-successful-at-driving-down-public-c
https://www.powerengineeringint.com/2019/10/28/acwa-power-wins-bid-for-250-mw-solar-pv-plants-in-ethiopi

https://www.africa-energy.com/article/ethiopia-scaling-solar-ii-expanded-750mw
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/ethiopia-bids-sought-solar-pv-mini-grids
https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/dunkirk-auction-result-boosts-the-case-for-ambitious-offsho

https://www.pv-tech.org/news/frances-fifth-ground-mounted-pv-auction-ends-with-118-winners
https://seatitan.eu/the-latest-photovoltaic-auction-will-increase-frances-solar-capacity-by-10/
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/%EF%BB%BFghana-prequalification-bids-invited-rooftop-solar-pv
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/calls-mount-for-larger-german-solar-tenders-after-latest-bidding-rush
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/calls-mount-for-larger-german-solar-tenders-after-latest-bidding-rush
https://www.eurobserv-er.org/wind-energy-barometer-2020/
http://taiyangnews.info/markets/greece-awards-over-437-mw-in-600-mw-re-auction/
https://renewablesnow.com/news/greece-awards-143-mw-of-pv-1795-mw-of-wind-in-dedicated-tenders-6604
https://energypress.eu/res-auction-prices-for-solar-energy-prices-drop-as-low-as-e53-8-mwh/
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/guinea-bissau-solar-tender
https://mercomindia.com/solar-projects-tendered-june/
https://mercomindia.com/pgcil-bids-transmission-reactor-package-solar-wind/
https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-speak/floating-solar-power-plants-an-idea-whose-time

https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/05/03/iraq-kicks-off-huge-755-mw-solar-tender/

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/12/02/ireland-launches-auction-scheme-for-renewables/?utm_source=B
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/10/04/ireland-allocates-110-mw-in-large-scale-storage-auction/
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/06/14/eu-approves-italys-auction-scheme-for-renewables-incentives/
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/09/03/japans-fourth-solar-auction-concludes-with-lowest-bid-of-0-098-kw
https://www.vert.lt/Puslapiai/bendra/aukcionai-2019.aspx
https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/mali-launches-tender-solar-plus-storage

https://www.africa-energy.com/article/mali-tender-four-rural-solar-plants
https://renewablesnow.com/news/malaysia-shortlists-491-mw-of-projects-in-3rd-solar-tender-682716/
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/mauritius-tender-14mw-battery-storage-solar-plant
 Federal Electricity commission (LCFE), “Convocatoria: Concurso Abierto No. CFE-0036-CACON-0003-2019”,
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/morocco-koudia-al-baida-repowering
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/morocco-bids-sought-noor-atlas-solar-pv-project

Masdar, “Bid success for Noor Midelt Phase 1 hybrid solar power plant in Morocco”, 23 May 2019, https://n

GWEC, Global Wind Report 2019 (Brussels: March 2020), p. 38.

https://mercomindia.com/nigeria-university-of-benin-solar-tender-5mw/
https://www.reuters.com/article/poland-energy-wind-idUSL8N2862W5
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/portugal-claims-spot-in-solar-history-with-record-low-auction-prices
https://www.pv-tech.org/news/exclusive-portugal-to-hold-50-100mw-energy-storage-auction-in-2020
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/11/27/tender-for-50-mw-of-floating-solar-launched-in-portugal/
https://www.terrenusenergy.com/tender-for-50-mw-of-floating-solar-launched-in-portugal/
https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/enel-takes-lions-share-in-latest-russian-onshore-wind-tender/2-1-61947
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/06/14/seychelles-firms-up-4-mw-floating-pv-project/

https://archive.crossborderinformation.com/Article/Gambia+Feasibility+study+sought+for+150MW+solar+p

https://archive.crossborderinformation.com/Article/Togo+Bids+sought+for+solar+mini-grids.aspx?date=2019
http://taiyangnews.info/markets/sunergise-wins-6-mw-tonga-solar-tender/

https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/23/lowest-bid-in-tunisias-500-mw-solar-tender-comes-in-at-0-0244/
https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2019/05/31/enerjisa-enercon-secure-1000-mw-wind-farm-bidding
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/10/10/dubais-900-mw-solar-tender-sees-lowest-bid-of-0-0169-kwh/
http://newenergyupdate.com/csp-today/dubai-csp-technology-inventions-accelerate-industry-cost-reductions.

https://www.ey.com/en_uk/power-utilities/key-country-developments-in-renewable-energy-investment-attract
https://www.ey.com/en_uk/power-utilities/key-country-developments-in-renewable-energy-investment-attract
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/01/06/vietnam-to-hold-auctions-for-400-mw-of-floating-solar/
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/zambia-get-fit-small-hydro-tender
https://www.getfit-zambia.org/solar
https://www.getfit-zambia.org/hydro
https://www.africa-energy.com/article/zimbabwe-caledonia-floats-20mw-solar-tender-blanket-mine

Description

Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited (REIL), issued a notice inviting tender (NIT) for 750 kW grid-
connected solar PV projects for electric vehicle charging stations in selected highways or cities
The Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) has invited request for selection
(RfS) for the procurement of 50 MW of power generated from bagasse-based co-generation power projects
in the state.
The Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency (CREDA) has issued two tenders for the
supply and installation of 5,000 small solar irrigation pumps and 700 solar trees in the state.
The State Water Transport Department (SWTD), Government of Kerala, has floated a tender for the
construction and supply of three solar boats.
The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has floated a tender to procure 250 non-AC electric
buses
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) issued a tender to procure 350 air-
conditioned electric buses

ot constitute a comprehensive picture of all capacity offered through tenders during the year.
Source

https://mercomindia.com/reil-tender-solar-ev-charging-stations/

https://mercomindia.com/maharashtra-floats-tender-50-mw-bagasse-based-power/

https://mercomindia.com/chhattisgarh-floats-tenders-5000-solar-pumps-700-solar-trees/

https://mercomindia.com/kerala-floats-tender-procurement-solar-boats/

https://mercomindia.com/tender-electric-buses-thiruvananthapuram-kozhikode-ernakulam/

https://mercomindia.com/andhra-pradesh-tender-electric-buses/
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 22. Global Production of Ethanol, Biodiesel and HVO/HEFA Fuel, by Energy Cont

Energy Content (EJ) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Ethanol 1.55 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.87
Biodiesel (FAME) 0.59 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.88
HVO/HEFA 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.11
2.14

Note: HVO = hydrotreated vegetable oil; HEFA = hydrotreated esters and fatty acids; FAME = fatty acid

Source: Based on biofuels data in IEA, Oil 2020 (Paris: 2020), https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2020 and
elsewhere., supplemented by national data as referenced elsewhere; for previous years, see earlier edit
of fuel converted to energy content using conversion factors from US Department of Energy, “Alternative
https://www.afdc.energy.gov, viewed 4 April 2018. Lower caloric value for ethanol is 76,330 Btu/US gallo
Btu/US gallon (3.32 MJ/litre). Caloric value for HVO is 34.4 MJ/litre. See Neste, Neste Renewable Diese
https://www.neste.com/sites/default/files/attachments/neste_renewable_diesel_handbook.pdf.
HEFA Fuel, by Energy Content, 2010-2019

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2.01 2.14 2.15 2.19 2.37 2.42
1.01 1.00 1.02 1.12 1.20 1.37
0.14 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22
4.02

nd fatty acids; FAME = fatty acid methyl esters

ww.iea.org/reports/oil-2020 and supplemented by national data as referenced

r previous years, see earlier editions of the GSR and related endnotes. Volumes
epartment of Energy, “Alternative Fuels Data Centre”,
or ethanol is 76,330 Btu/US gallon (21.27 MJ/litre) and for biodiesel is 119,550
Neste, Neste Renewable Diesel Handbook (Espoo, Finland: 2016), p. 15,
_diesel_handbook.pdf.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 23. Global Bioelectricity Generation, by Region, 2009-2019

Twh
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
EU-28 107.7 123.9 132.8 148.7 157.3
Rest of Asia 36.9 54.4 58.7 62.4 69.2
China 20.7 24.8 31.5 33.7 38.3
South America 33.2 43.7 46.3 50.3 56.6
North America 69.7 73.5 74.1 72.3 73.5
Rest of World 7.1 7.6 7.1 7.7 14.0

Source: Based on analysis conducted using historical data from REN21 for years to 2015, and the resul
national data. Overall bioelectricity capacity based on the following national data: US Federal Energy Re
Infrastructure Update for December 2019” (Washington, DC: 2019), https://www.ferc.gov/legal/ staff-rep
Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), “Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutsc
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/
Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html, updated March 2020; UK Departm
“Energy Trends: Renewables”, Table 6.1, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trendssectio
India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) for 2018 and
viewed 23 February 2020. Data for other countries based on forecast 2019 capacity figures from IEA, R
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019, datafiles. Bioelectricity generation data based on national
Monthly (Washington, DC: March 2020), Table 1.1a, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.php, corrected
BMWi, op. cit. note 30, Table 3; UK BEIS, other countries based on forecast 2017 capacity figures from
installed capacity of biomass power generation in 2019 increased by 26.6% year-on-year”, 12 March 20
2375278.shtml (using Google Translate).
 Twh
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
161.2 171.6 176.7 184.1 190.6 200.1
77.0 93.4 89.9 100.4 101.5 114.2
41.7 52.7 64.8 79.5 90.7 111.1
55.6 68.1 72.6 71.2 74.2 75.8
77.6 74.8 79.6 84.6 77.4 75.9
16.2 15.4 17.0 12.2 11.8 14.1

s to 2015, and the results of analysis carried out for this report based on the
: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Office of Energy Projects Energy
.ferc.gov/legal/ staff-reports/2018/dec-energy-infrastructure.pdf; Federal Ministry for
aren Energien in Deutschland, 1990-2019”, Table 4, https://www.erneuerbare-

arch 2020; UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS),
ics/energy-trendssection-6-renewables, updated 26 March 2020; Government of
evements) for 2018 and 2019”, https://mnre.gov.in/ the-ministry/physical-progress,
city figures from IEA, Renewables 2019 (Paris: 2019),
data based on national data from the following sources: US EIA, Electric Power
ity/data.php, corrected for difference between net and gross electricity generation;
7 capacity figures from IEA, op. cit. note 3, datafiles. New Energy Network, “The
r-on-year”, 12 March 2020, https://newenergy.in-en.com/html/newenergy-
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 24. Geothermal Power Capacity Global Additions, Share by Country, 2019

Additions
Turkey 232 32%
Indonesia 182 25%
Kenya 160 22%
Costa Rica 55 8%
Japan 54 7%
Mexico 27 4%
United States 15 2%
Germany 3 0%

Source: Based on end-2018 capacity data and capacity additions in 2019 from: International Energy
Agency (IEA) Geothermal, 2019 Country Reports (Taupo, New Zealand: February 2020), http://iea-
gia.org/publications-2/annual-reports; power capacity data for Indonesia, the Philippines, Turkey
and the United States from sources noted elsewhere in this section; capacity data for other
countries from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Capacity Statistics
2020 (Abu Dhabi: 2020),
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Stat
istics_2020.pdf; additional capacity data by country from Renewable Energy Network for the 21st
Century (REN21), Renewables 2019 Global Status Report (Paris: 2019),
http://www.ren21.net/gsr_2019_full_report_en; estimated electricity generation in 2019 of 95 TWh
from G. W. Huttrer, “Geothermal power generation in the world 2015-2020 update report”,
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020, forthcoming, https://www.geothermal-
energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/01017.pdf; and 93.6 TWh from Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) and IEA, Market Report Series – Renewables 2019,
Databook (Paris: 2019). Heat capacity and output from J. W. Lund and A. N. Toth, “Direct utilization
of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review”, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020,
forthcoming, https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/01018.pdf. and
sources noted elsewhere in this section. For the purpose of this figure, end-2018 capacity is
assumed to be equal to end-2019 capacity less new capacity installed (or capacity expansion)
during 2019.
y Country, 2019

m: International Energy
uary 2020), http://iea-
Philippines, Turkey
data for other
Capacity Statistics

NA_RE_Capacity_Stat
Network for the 21st

n in 2019 of 95 TWh
date report”,
othermal-
nisation for Economic
newables 2019,
Toth, “Direct utilization
al Congress 2020,
/01018.pdf. and
018 capacity is
pacity expansion)
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 25. Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added

2018 total (MW) Added in 2019 (MW)

United States 2444.3 14.8
Indonesia 1948.6 182
Philippines 1918.2
Turkey 1282.5 232.2
New Zealand 1034
Mexico 909 27
Kenya 663 160
Italy 800
Iceland 753.2
Japan 500.3 53.7
Rest of World 948.3 58.2
13201.4 727.9

Source: Based on end-2018 capacity data and capacity additions in 2019 from: International
Energy Agency (IEA) Geothermal, 2019 Country Reports (Taupo, New Zealand: February
2020), http://iea-gia.org/publications-2/annual-reports; power capacity data for Indonesia, the
Philippines, Turkey and the United States from sources noted elsewhere in this section;
capacity data for other countries from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
Renewable Capacity Statistics 2020 (Abu Dhabi: 2020),
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacit
y_Statistics_2020.pdf; additional capacity data by country from Renewable Energy Network
for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2019 Global Status Report (Paris: 2019),
http://www.ren21.net/gsr_2019_full_report_en; estimated electricity generation in 2019 of 95
TWh from G. W. Huttrer, “Geothermal power generation in the world 2015-2020 update
report”, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020, forthcoming,
https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/01017.pdf; and 93.6 TWh
from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and IEA, Market
Report Series – Renewables 2019, Databook (Paris: 2019). Heat capacity and output from J.
W. Lund and A. N. Toth, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review”,
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020, forthcoming, https://www.geothermal-
energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/01018.pdf. and sources noted elsewhere in this
section. For the purpose of this figure, end-2018 capacity is assumed to be equal to end-2019
capacity less new capacity installed (or capacity expansion) during 2019.
s for Capacity Added and Rest of World, 2019
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 26. Hydropower Global Capacity, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World,

Country 2019
1 China 326.1
2 Brazil 109.0
3 Canada 81.2
4 United States 79.9
5 Russian Federation 48.5
6 India 45.3
7 Norway 31.2
8 Turkey 28.5
9 Japan 22.3
10 France 19.7
Rest of World 358.7
1150.4

Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding.

Source: Global total from IHA.
Country data from IHA, https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_hydropow
and on IHA, personal communications with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (RE
installed capacity was 1,308 GW, less 158 GW of pumped storage. See IHA, 2020 Hydropower Status R
https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_
sources: China: http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-01/20/c_138720881.htm, http://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayuto
21/197077.html; http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202002/t20200228_1728917.html. Brazi
to-da-expansao-da-oferta-de-geracao-de-energia-eletrica, http://www.aneel.gov.br/informacoes-
gerenciais, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/geracao_ener
States: http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly; Canada:http://www.so-
ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/disclosure/2020/ups_rep2019.pdf. India: http://www.cea.nic.in/mo
 https://www.ssb.no/statbank/list/elektrisitet, https://www.nve.no/energiforsyning/kraftmarkedsdata-og-an
es and Rest of World, 2019

ons-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf,
k for the 21st Century (REN21), April 2020. At end-2019, total
2020 Hydropower Status Report (London: 2020),
ower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf. and from the following
www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/tongjxinxi/niandushuju/2020-01-
0228_1728917.html. Brazil: http://www.aneel.gov.br/acompanhamen
ov.br/informacoes-
a-operacao/geracao_energia.aspx. United

a: http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html. Norway,
ng/kraftmarkedsdata-og-analyser/ny-kraftproduksjon/?ref=mainmenu.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 27. Hydropower Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 20

Unit: Gigawatts 2018 total (GW) Added in 2019 (GW)

1 Brazil 104.1091758 4.919
2 China 322.24 3.87
3 Lao PDR 5.308 1.892
4 Bhutan 1.606 0.72
5 Tajikistan 5.795 0.6
6 Russian Federation 48.011 0.463
7 Angola 3.101 0.334
8 Uganda 0.78 0.26
9 Ethiopia 3.82 0.254
10 Turkey 28.284 0.219

Source: Country data from IHA, https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_h

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), April 2020. At end-2019, total installed
Report (London: 2020), https://www.hydropower.org/sites/default/files/publications-docs/2020_hydropow
sources: China: http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-01/20/c_138720881.htm, http://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayuto
21/197077.html; http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202002/t20200228_1728917.html. Brazi
eletrica, http://www.aneel.gov.br/informacoes-gerenciais, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-o
States: http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly; Canada:http://www.so-ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/rep
 https://www.ssb.no/statbank/list/elektrisitet, https://www.nve.no/energiforsyning/kraftmarkedsdata-og-an
following: , http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat; https://minenergo.gov.ru/en/activity/statistic; http://www.cea.nic
http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202002/t20200228_1728917.html; https://www150.statca
operacao/historico-da-operacao/geracao_energia.aspx; , https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/file
https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports/market-reports/2019-u-s-wind-industry-market
http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim_Geracao_Eolica_202003.pdf; ht
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.php; https://newenergy.in-en.com/html/newenergy-2375278.shtml
ries for Capacity Added, 2019

t/files/publications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf, and on IHA, personal communications with

020. At end-2019, total installed capacity was 1,308 GW, less 158 GW of pumped storage. See IHA, 2020 Hydropower Status
ublications-docs/2020_hydropower_status_report_-_28_may_2020.pdf. and from the following
ttp://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/tongjxinxi/niandushuju/2020-01-
20200228_1728917.html. Brazil: http://www.aneel.gov.br/acompanhamento-da-expansao-da-oferta-de-geracao-de-energia-
.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/geracao_energia.aspx. United
s.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/disclosure/2020/ups_rep2019.pdf. India: http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html. Norway,
rsyning/kraftmarkedsdata-og-analyser/ny-kraftproduksjon/?ref=mainmenu. Share of estimated global generation based on the
vity/statistic; http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html;
917.html; https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2510001501; http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-
ope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2019.pdf;
s/2019-u-s-wind-industry-market-reports/4q2019_marketreport;
Geracao_Eolica_202003.pdf; https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2019-wind-power-installations-and-production-by-province;
ml/newenergy-2375278.shtml
_2020.pdf, and on IHA, personal communications with
W of pumped storage. See IHA, 2020 Hydropower Status
df. and from the following

amento-da-expansao-da-oferta-de-geracao-de-energia-
ao_energia.aspx. United
f. India: http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html. Norway,
menu. Share of estimated global generation based on the

001501; http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-
Annual-Statistics-2019.pdf;

wind-power-installations-and-production-by-province;
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 28. Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019

Year Annual additions Total capacity

Gigawatts
2009 8 23
2010 17 40
2011 31 71
2012 30 101
2013 37 138
2014 40 178
2015 50 228
2016 77 306
2017 104 409
2018 103 512
2019 115 627

Note: Data are provided in direct current (DC). Totals may not add up due to rounding.
Source: Becquerel Institute and IEA PVPS.

Based on data from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020,

 https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2019-2023; https://iea-
pvps.org/trends_reports/2019-edition/; https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-
2020/, https://www.eurobserv-er.org/category/all-photovoltaic-barometers. https://eta-
publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/lbnl_utility_scale_solar_2019_edition_final.pdf.
https://emp.lbl.gov/utility-scale-solar; https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?
id=35372.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 29. Solar PV Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 2009-2019
Gigawatts
Year China United States Japan Germany India
2009 0.3 1.2 2.6 10.6 0.1
2010 0.8 2 3.6 18 0.2
2011 3.5 3.9 4.9 25.9 0.5
2012 7.1 7.1 6.6 34.1 1.2
2013 17.7 12.1 13.6 36.7 2.2
2014 28.4 18.3 23.3 37.9 3.2
2015 43.5 25.8 34.2 39.2 5.1
2016 78.1 41 42 40.7 9.1
2017 131.1 51.8 49.5 42.5 22.1
2018 175.4 62.7 56 45.2 32.9
2019 204.7 76 63 49 42.8

Note: Data are provided in direct current (DC).

Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until
2015 (Brussels: 2011), p. 10,
http://www.cogen.com.br/content/upload/1/documentos/Solar/Solar_COGEN/EPIA_Global_Market_Photov
oltaics_2015.pdf; data for 2010 and 2011 from EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2016
(Brussels: May 2012), p. 14, https://www.helapco.gr/pdf/Global_Market_Outlook_2015_-2019_lr_v23.pdf;
data for 2012 from IEA PVPS, PVPS Report, A Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2012 (Paris: 2013),
https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PVPS_report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-
2012_-_FINAL_4.pdf; data for 2013 from IEA-PVPS, PVPS Report – Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2013:
Preliminary Trends Information from the IEA PVPS Programme (Paris: March 2014), https://iea-
pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PVPS_report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2013_-
_final_3.pdf; data for 2014 from Bridge to India, May 2015, provided by S. Orlandi, Becquerel Institute,
Brussels, personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2015; data for 2015 from IEA PVPS, Trends in
Photovoltaic Applications, 2016 : Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2015 (Paris:
2016), https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Trends_2016_-_mr.pdf; data for 2016 from
Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress
(achievements)”, data as on 31 December 2016, http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-
2/achievements, viewed 19 January 2017; data for 2017 and 2018 from Becquerel Institute and IEA
PVPS, personal communication with REN21, 3 June 2019 and 4 May 2020.
Region, 2009-2019
s
Rest of World World
8 22.7
15.1 39.8
32.1 70.9
44.8 100.8
55.8 138.2
67 178.2
80.5 228.3
94.6 305.5
112 409.1
140.097 512.3
191.5 627

lobal Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until

Solar_COGEN/EPIA_Global_Market_Photov
arket Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2016
_Market_Outlook_2015_-2019_lr_v23.pdf;
obal PV 1992-2012 (Paris: 2013),
_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-
port – Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2013:
e (Paris: March 2014), https://iea-
shot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2013_-
vided by S. Orlandi, Becquerel Institute,
data for 2015 from IEA PVPS, Trends in
A Countries Between 1992 and 2015 (Paris:
_2016_-_mr.pdf; data for 2016 from
MNRE), “Physical progress
nre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-
018 from Becquerel Institute and IEA
4 May 2020.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 30. Solar PV Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2019

Gigawatts
Country 2018 Total Added in 2019
China 175 30.1
United States 63 13.3
India 33 9.9
Japan 56 7
Vietnam 0 4.8
Spain 6 4.7
Germany 45 3.8
Australia 11 3.7
Ukraine 1 3.5
Republic of Korea 8 3.1
Rest of World 114 31.1

Note: Data are provided in direct current (DC).

Source: Second consecutive year based on data from IEA PVPS, Trends in Photovoltaic
Applications 2019, op. cit. note 1, and from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op.
cit. note 1, p. 6; down in almost every region (excluding Guizhou), from F. Haugwitz, Asia Europe
Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd. (AECEA), personal communication with REN21, 6 April
2020, and from NEA, op. cit. note 2; 12 provinces based on grid-connected capacity data from
China National Renewable Energy Center, cited in China NEA, “2019 PV installations utility and
distributed by province”, 28 February 2020, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-02/28/c_138827923.htm
(using Google Translate) (data do not include Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR or Chinese Taipei);
and more than double the size of the next largest market based on data and sources throughout
this section. Figure 30 based on IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, both references, and on national data
and references for top 10 countries provided throughout this section (or See endnote for Reference
Table R16).
10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2019

Gigawatts
End-2019 Total
204.7
76
42.8
63
4.9
10.3
49
14.7
4.8
11.2
145.6

A PVPS, Trends in Photovoltaic

napshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op.
Guizhou), from F. Haugwitz, Asia Europe
al communication with REN21, 6 April
on grid-connected capacity data from
NEA, “2019 PV installations utility and
ea.gov.cn/2020-02/28/c_138827923.htm
g SAR, Macao SAR or Chinese Taipei);
based on data and sources throughout
1, both references, and on national data
this section (or See endnote for Reference
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 31. Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of W

COUNTRY Capacity Added in 2019 (Gigawatts) Share

China 30.1 26%
United States 13.3 12%
India 9.9 9%
Japan 7 6%
Vietnam 4.8 4%
Spain 4.7 4%
Germany 3.8 3%
Australia 3.7 3%
Ukraine 3.5 3%
Republic of Korea 3.1 3%
Rest of World 31.1 27%

Source: America’s share based on data from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV
Markets 2020, op. cit. note 1, and from Becquerel Institute, op. cit. note 1. Figure
31 based on IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. note 1, on
Becquerel Institute, op. cit. note 1, and on country-specific data and sources
provided throughout this section (or See endnote for Reference Table R16).
op 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2019
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 32. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country and Region, 200

CSP TOTALS IN

United States Spain

Added Total Added Total
2000 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2001 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2002 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2003 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2004 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2005 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2006 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00
2007 0.07 0.43 0.01 0.01
2008 0.00 0.43 0.05 0.06
2009 0.00 0.43 0.32 0.38
2010 0.08 0.50 0.25 0.63
2011 0.00 0.50 0.47 1.10
2012 0.00 0.50 0.85 1.95
2013 0.38 0.88 0.35 2.30
2014 0.75 1.63 0.00 2.30
2015 0.11 1.74 0.00 2.30
2016 0.00 1.74 0.00 2.30
2017 0.00 1.74 0.00 2.30
2018 0.00 1.74 0.00 2.30
2019 0.00 1.74 0.00 2.30

Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding

Source: Data are compiled from the following sources: New Energy Update, “CSP Today global tracker”, htt
leading up to 27 April 2020; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), “Concentrating solar powe
numerous dates leading up to 27 April 2020 (some subpages are referenced individually throughout this sec
Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2019 Global Status Report (Paris: 2019), pp. 107-09, h
some cases, information from the above sources was verified against additional country-specific sources, a
commercial facilities only; demonstration and pilot facilities as well as facilities of 5 MW or less are excluded
as “demonstration” plants by government but are nonetheless large- (utility-) scale, grid-connected plants th
and other reference sources are due primarily to differences in categorisation and thresholds for inclusion o
apacity, by Country and Region, 2009-2019

CSP TOTALS IN GW
Total Added Global Total Spain % of
Rest of World GW GW global US % of global
Added Total
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.08 0.44 0.03 0.97
0.00 0.00 0.05 0.49 0.13 0.87
0.02 0.02 0.34 0.82 0.46 0.52
0.02 0.04 0.35 1.17 0.54 0.43
0.04 0.08 0.51 1.68 0.66 0.30
0.00 0.08 0.85 2.53 0.77 0.20
0.16 0.24 0.89 3.42 0.67 0.26
0.18 0.41 0.93 4.34 0.53 0.37
0.25 0.66 0.36 4.70 0.49 0.37
0.11 0.77 0.11 4.81 0.48 0.36
0.10 0.87 0.10 4.91 0.47 0.35
0.70 1.57 0.70 5.61 0.41 0.31
0.60 2.17 0.60 6.21 0.37 0.28

y Update, “CSP Today global tracker”, http://tracker.newenergyupdate.com/tracker/projects, viewed on numerous dates

ratory (NREL), “Concentrating solar power projects”, https://solarpaces.nrel.gov, with the page and its subpages viewed on
referenced individually throughout this section) and references cited in the CSP section of Renewable Energy Policy
Status Report (Paris: 2019), pp. 107-09, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. In
nst additional country-specific sources, as cited in the rest of the endnotes for this section. Global CSP data are based on
as facilities of 5 MW or less are excluded from capacity data, with the exception of certain plants in China that are described
e- (utility-) scale, grid-connected plants that are operating or will operate commercially. Data discrepancies between REN21
egorisation and thresholds for inclusion of specific CSP facilities in overall global totals.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 33. CSP Thermal Energy Storage Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019

GWh
Added Total Total - Added
2000 0.00 0.00 0.00
2001 0.00 0.00 0.00
2002 0.00 0.00 0.00
2003 0.00 0.00 0.00
2004 0.00 0.00 0.00
2005 0.00 0.00 0.00
2006 0.00 0.00 0.00
2007 0.04 0.04 0.00
2008 0.38 0.42 0.04
2009 0.40 0.81 0.42
2010 1.17 1.98 0.81
2011 2.55 4.53 1.98
2012 1.97 6.49 4.53
2013 3.31 9.80 6.49
2014 0.00 9.80 9.80
2015 1.79 11.59 9.80
2016 0.72 12.31 11.59
2017 0.50 12.81 12.31
2018 4.93 17.73 12.81
2019 3.43 21.16 17.73

Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding

Source: D. Enescu et al., “Thermal energy storage for grid applications: Current status and emerging
trends”, Energies, vol. 13, no. 2 (2020), p. 340, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020340; B. Bungane, “CSP
with energy storage to ensure stable power supply”, ESI Africa, 7 May 2019, https://www.esi-
africa.com/industry-sectors/renewable-energy/csp-with-energy-storage-to-ensure-stable-power-supply;
Power Technology, “Energy storage is key for the future of the concentrated solar power market”, 24 April
2019, https://www.power-technology.com/comment/csp-energy-storage.
Annual Additions, 2009-2019

Annual Increase

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.72
0.94
1.43
1.29
0.43
0.51
0.00
0.18
0.06
0.04
0.38
0.19

Current status and emerging

n13020340; B. Bungane, “CSP
019, https://www.esi-
o-ensure-stable-power-supply;
ated solar power market”, 24 April
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 34. Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, 2009-2019

Gigawatts-thermal

Glazed Collectors Total Unglazed Collectors Total

2009 182.68 20.45
2010 220.44 21.48
2011 262.28 22.42
2012 306.19 23.61
2013 349.07 24.84
2014 382.64 25.96
2015 408.09 27.05
2016 428.34 27.94
2017 443.70 28.78
2018 452.23 29.73
2019 448.37 30.35
additions in China were based on produced collector area, and included export volumes in the national s
earlier years.
Source: IEA SHC
Global solar thermal capacity is based on the latest market data from Australia, Austria, Brazil, China,
Germany, India, Israel, Mexico, Turkey and the United States, which represented 86% of cumulative
installed capacity in operation in 2018. The other countries were projected according to their trend over
the past two years, from M. Spörk-Dür, AEE-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC),
Austria, personal communication with REN21, April 2020; W. Weiss and M. Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat
Worldwide. Global Market Development and Trends in 2019, Detailed Market Figures 2018 (Gleisdorf,
Austria: International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Programme,
2020), https://www.iea-shc.org/solar-heat-worldwide
city, 2009-2019

mal

Water Collectors Total

203.13
241.91
284.69
329.81
373.91
408.60
435.14
456.28
472.48
481.96
478.72
cluded export volumes in the national statistics for 2019 and

rom Australia, Austria, Brazil, China,

hich represented 86% of cumulative
projected according to their trend over
able Technologies (AEE INTEC),
iss and M. Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat
ailed Market Figures 2018 (Gleisdorf,
oling Programme,
Table of Contents

Source See endnote 53 for this chapter

Figure 34 from IRENA, Innovation Outlook: Renewable Mini-grids (Abu Dhabi: 2016), p. 18, http
bu Dhabi: 2016), p. 18, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Innovation_Outlook_Minigrids_2016.pdf.53
ds_2016.pdf.53
Table of Contents Figure 35. Solar Water Heating Collector Additions,Top 20 Countries for Capacity Added

Glazed - flat Glazed - evacuated Unglazed

plate collectors tube collectors MW collectors MW
Rank Country MW 2019 2019 2019
1 China 5005.00 17745.00 0.00
2 Turkey 665.00 654.50 0.00
3 India 190.51 1079.51 0.00
4 Brazil 439.44 21.53 463.72
5 United States 107.84 4.48 487.49
6 Australia 109.69 12.18 266.00
7 Germany 308.70 49.00 0.00
8 Mexico 102.48 100.45 82.81
9 Greece 252.70 0.35 0.00
10 Israel 252.00 0.00 0.00
11 Poland 180.67 3.43 0.00
12 Spain 137.66 5.32 2.03
13 Denmark 137.41 0.00 0.00
14 South Africa 19.71 50.23 42.23
15 Italy 92.40 13.72 0.00
16 Austria 63.03 0.22 0.32
17 Cyprus 48.96 0.00 0.00
18 Tunisia 43.97 0.00 0.00
19 Palestine, State of 31.90 0.00 0.00
20 Switzerland 25.90 2.45 3.15

Note: Additions represent gross capacity added. New additions in China were based on produced collec
and included export volumes in the national statistics for 2019 and earlier years

Source: Based on the latest market data available for glazed and unglazed water collectors (without con
collectors) at the time of publication for countries that together represent 94% of the world total. Data fro
country sources include gross national additions and were provided to REN21 as follows: David Ferrari,
Sustainability Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Werner Weiss, AEE INTEC, Vienna, Austria; Danielle Joha
Brazilian Solar Thermal Energy Association (ABRASOL), São Paulo, Brazil; Hongzhi Cheng, Shandong
Management Consulting, Dezhou, China; Panayiotis Kastanias, Cyprus Union of Solar Thermal Industri
(EBHEK), Nicosia, Cyprus; Daniel Trier and Jan Erik Nielson, PlanEnergi, Skørping, Denmark; Andrea L
BSW Solar, Berlin, Germany; Costas Travasaros, Greek Solar Industry Association (EBHE), Piraeus, G
Jaideep Malaviya, Solar Thermal Federation of India (STFI), Pune, India; Eli Shilton, Elsol, Kohar-yair, I
Federico Musazzi, ANIMA, the Federation of Italian Associations in the Mechanical and Engineering Ind
Milan, Italy; Daniel Garcia, Solar Thermal Manufacturers Organisation (FAMERAC), Mexico City, Mexico
Staroscik, Association of Manufacturers and Importers of Heating Appliances (SPIUG), Warsaw, Poland
Kritzinger, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbo
Africa; Pascual Polo, Spanish Solar Thermal Association (ASIT), Madrid, Spain; Abdullah Azzam, Pales
Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramallah, State of Palestine; David Stickelberger, Swissolar, Zurich, Switze
Abdelkader Baccouche, ANME, Tunis, Tunisia; Kutay Ülke, Bural Heating, Kayseri, Turkey; Les Nelson,
Heating & Cooling Programs at the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPM
Ontario, California, United States, all personal communications with REN21, February-April 2020. Data
and World Total assume that systems have a 10-year operational lifetime in China; national data for all o
countries reflect a 25-year lifetime, with the exceptions of Turkey (14 years prior to 2018 and 15 years s
2018) and Germany (20 years).
es for Capacity Added, 2019

Growth 2018/2019

-0.08
0.00
0.02
0.06
-0.04
-0.05
-0.11
0.01
0.10
-0.13
-0.15
0.01
1.70
0.20
-0.15
-0.08
0.24
0.07
0.02
-0.30

based on produced collector area,

s

er collectors (without concentrating

of the world total. Data from original
as follows: David Ferrari,
na, Austria; Danielle Johann,
ongzhi Cheng, Shandong SunVision
of Solar Thermal Industrialists
ping, Denmark; Andrea Liesen,
ation (EBHE), Piraeus, Greece;
hilton, Elsol, Kohar-yair, Israel;
nical and Engineering Industries,
RAC), Mexico City, Mexico; Janusz
SPIUG), Warsaw, Poland; Karin
f Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South
n; Abdullah Azzam, Palestinian
Swissolar, Zurich, Switzerland;
seri, Turkey; Les Nelson, Solar
Mechanical Officials (IAPMO),
ebruary-April 2020. Data for China
hina; national data for all other
r to 2018 and 15 years starting with
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 36. Solar District Heating Systems, Global Annual Additions and Total Area in Opera

Cumulative collector area in Cumulative collector area in

operation within Europe [m²] operation outside Europe [m²]
2009 261612 18637
2010 318150 26201
2011 371621 65559
2012 480415 70559
2013 607774 90481
2014 783662 91753
2015 1037163 91753
2016 1551522 184753
2017 1589361 204473
2018 1667611 258970
2019 1894617 576004
World Total = 417 Systems

Note: Includes large-scale solar thermal installations for residential, commercial and public buildings. Data a
Source: IEA SHC.
Based on Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 2, and on Weiss and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 2. Year-end total installation
technologies (linear Fresnel, parabolic trough and dish) were reported by aperture area and converted into s
internationally accepted convention for stationary collectors, 1 million m2 = 0.7 GWth.
ditions and Total Area in Operation, 2009-2019

Number of systems Number of systems

added within Europe added outside Europe
12 2
13 3
13 4
15 1
18 4
18 2
18 0
38 1
12 9
17 14
18 56

mercial and public buildings. Data are for solar water collectors and concentrating collectors.

it. note 2. Year-end total installations of concentrating collector

y aperture area and converted into solar thermal capacity using the
2 = 0.7 GWth.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 37. Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019

Gigawatts (GW) GW
Year Annual Additions Year-end Total
2009 38.475 159.1
2010 39.062 198
2011 40.635 238.1
2012 45.03 282.9
2013 36.023 318.7
2014 51.7 369.9
2015 63.8 432.7
2016 54.9 488
2017 53.5 540
2018 50.7 591
2019 60.4 651

Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding

Source: GWEC
Increase of 10% and year-end total based on end-2018 capacity of 591
GW and end-2019 capacity of 651 GW, from GWEC, Global Wind Report
2019, op. cit. note 1, p. 43, and on 650,758 MW at end-2019 and 591,091
MW at end-2018, from WWEA, op. cit. note 1. Year-end capacity was
622,704 MW, including 594,396 MW onshore and 28,308 MW offshore,
from IRENA, op. cit. note 1. China accounts for most of the difference
between data from GWEC and IRENA. See endnote 24. Figure 37 based
on historical data from GWEC, Global Wind Report 2019, op. cit. note 1,
pp. 41-42, and from GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2019”, op. cit. note 1.
Note that annual additions reported in this section may be gross additions
for some countries, but net additions (reflecting decommissioning) are
provided where available.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 38. Wind Power Capacity and Additions,Top 10 Countries, 2019

Gigawatts (GW)
Country Total as of 2018 Added in 2019 2019 Total
China 210.2 26.2 236.4
United States 96.5 9.1 105.6
United Kingdom 21.1 2.4 23.5
India 35.1 2.4 37.5
Spain 23.5 2.3 25.8
Germany 59.3 2.1 61.4
Sweden 7.4 1.6 9
France 15.3 1.3 16.6
Mexico 4.9 1.3 6.2
Argentina 0.7 0.9 1.6
Rest of World 117 10.8 127.4

Note: Additions are net of decommissioning.

Source: Based on data from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global
Wind Report 2019 (Brussels: March 2020), pp. 13, 42,
https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019, and from GWEC, “Global Wind
Statistics 2019: Status as End of 2019” (Brussels: March 2020) and from
WindEurope, op. cit. note 13, p. 10. Figure 38 based on country-specific data
and sources provided throughout this section (see also endnote for
Reference Table R19).
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 39. Wind Power Offshore Global Capacity by Region, 2009-2019

Megawatts (MW)
Totals above
Year Asia Europe North America columns (GW)
2009 74 2083 0 1.8
2010 176 3014 0 2.9
2011 288 3830 0 3.9
2012 418 5002 0 5.2
2013 506 6608 0 6.8
2014 726 8060 0 8.5
2015 1089 11073 0 11.9
2016 1821 12632 30 14.2
2017 2998 15630 30 18.7
2018 4833 18278 30 23
2019 7203 22072 30 29

Source: Europe home to 75% and Asia nearly all the rest, based on data from GWEC, op. cit. note 131; 79%
2017 and 88% in 2016, based on data from GWEC, op. cit. note 7. Figure 39 based on data from the follow
Report – Annual Market Update 2015 (Brussels: April 2016), pp. 50-51, http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/upl
2015-Report_April-2016_19_04.pdf; GWEC, Global Wind Report – Annual Market Update 2016 (Brussels: A
http://www.gwec.net/strong-outlook-for-wind-power; GWEC, op. cit. note 18, p. 55; GWEC, op. cit. note 7, p
Wind Statistics 2019, op. cit. note 1; S. Pengfei, CWEA, personal communication with REN21, April 2010 an
Consulting, Global Wind Market Update – Demand & Supply 2016, Part Two – Demand Side Analysis (Lond
WindEurope, The European Offshore Wind Industry – Key Trends and Statistics 2016 (Brussels: January 20
https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Offshore-Statistic
Offshore Wind in Europe – Key Trends and Statistics 2017 (Brussels: February 2018), p. 6, https://windeuro
content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Offshore-Statistics-2017.pdf; WindEurope, o
https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Offshore-Statistic
offshore wind farm unlocks vast new ocean energy resource”, press release (Block Island, RI: 12 Decembe
https://www.awea.org/resources/news/2016/first-us-offshore-wind-farm-unlocks-vast-new-ocean.
rom GWEC, op. cit. note 131; 79% in 2018, down from 84% in
39 based on data from the following: GWEC, Global Wind
p://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-Global-Wind-
Market Update 2016 (Brussels: April 2017), p. 58,
8, p. 55; GWEC, op. cit. note 7, pp. 29, 33; GWEC, "Global
ication with REN21, April 2010 and March 2017; FTI
wo – Demand Side Analysis (London: March 2017), p. 60;
tistics 2016 (Brussels: January 2017), p. 17,
Europe-Annual-Offshore-Statistics-2016.pdf; WindEurope,
ruary 2018), p. 6, https://windeurope.org/wp-
tatistics-2017.pdf; WindEurope, op. cit. note 136, p. 11,
Europe-Annual-Offshore-Statistics-2019.pdf; AWEA, “First US
se (Block Island, RI: 12 December 2016),
locks-vast-new-ocean.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 40. Global Levelised Cost of Electricity from Newly Commissioned, Utility-scale Renewable P

LCOE (USD2019/MWh)
Renewable Energy Technology 2010
Bio-power 76
Geothermal power 49
Hydropower 37
Solar PV 378
Concentrating solar thermal power 346
Offsore wind power 161
Onshore wind power 86

Note: These data are for the year of commissioning. The diameter of the circle represents the size of the pro
for the cost of each project on the y-axis. The thick lines are the global weighted average LCOE value for pl
The single band represents the fossil fuel-fired power generation cost range, while the bands for each techn
and 95th percentile bands for renewable projects.

Source: IRENA, https://irena.org/costs.

oned, Utility-scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2019

LCOE (USD2019/MWh)
2019
66
73
47
68
182
115
53

circle represents the size of the project, with its centre being the value
eighted average LCOE value for plants commissioned in each year.
ge, while the bands for each technology and year represent the 5th
hnologies, 2010-2019

ng the value
each year.
ent the 5th
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table R13. Biofuels Global Production, Top 15 Countries and EU-28, 2019

Ethanol Biodiesel (FAME) Biodiesel HVO

Country Billion litres
United States 59.70 4.03 2.50
Brazil 35.30 5.92 0.00
Indonesia 0.00 7.89 0.00
China 4.00 0.64 0.00
Germany 0.75 3.83 0.00
France 0.87 2.82 0.20
Argentina 1.10 2.50 0.00
Thailand 1.57 1.74 0.00
Spain 0.52 2.03 0.00
Netherlands 0.41 1.05 1.10
Canada 1.97 0.35 0.00
India 2.09 0.17 0.00
Malaysia 0.00 1.57 0.00
Poland 0.23 1.04 0.00
Italy 0.00 0.84 0.20

EU-28 4.70 12.36 2.90

World Total 113.69 40.88 6.50

Note: Production levels are rounded to the nearest 0.1 billion litres. Rounding is to account for uncertain
data. Countries are ranked according to total biofuel production in 2019. FAME = fatty acid methyl ester
hydrotreated vegetable oil

Source: Ethanol from US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, March 2020
https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/ data/monthly/#renewable, and from Brazil Agencia Nacional
do Petroleo, Gas Natural e Biocombustiveis (ANP), “Dados estatísticos”, http://www.anp.gov.br/dados-e
viewed 24 February 2019. Biodiesel from EIA, op. cit. this note, Table 10.4, from ANP, op. cit. this note
Argentine Ministry of Energy and Mines, “Energy Market Statistics”, resumen biodiesel,
http://datos.minem.gob.ar/dataset/estadisticas-de-biodiesely-bioetanol. Other ethanol and biodiesel data
biofuels data in IEA, Oil 2020 (Paris: 2020), https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2020. HVO production is esti
review of the production of the major producers.
 Change relative to 2018

-1.69
2.87
3.89
0.70
0.00
-0.35
-0.23
0.29
0.12
0.06
0.29
0.46
0.70
0.06
0.17

-0.12

7.79

s to account for uncertainties in available

= fatty acid methyl esters; HVO =

ergy Review, March 2020, Table 10.3,

ncia Nacional
www.anp.gov.br/dados-estatisticos,
m ANP, op. cit. this note and from
odiesel,
thanol and biodiesel data based on
0. HVO production is estimated based on a
Table of Contents Table R14. Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019

Added 2019 Total End-2019

MW GW
Top Countries by
Additions
Turkey 232 1.5
Indonesia 182 2.1
Kenya 160 0.8
Costa Rica 55 0.3
Japan 54 0.6
Mexico 27 0.9
United States 15 2.5
Germany 3 0.04
– – –
– – –
Top Countries by Total
Capacity
United States 15 2.5
Indonesia 182 2.1
Philippines – 1.9
Turkey 232 1.5
New Zealand – 1
Mexico 27 0.9
Italy – 0.8
Iceland – 0.8
Kenya 160 0.8
Japan 54 0.6
World Total  728 13.9

Note: Capacity additions are rounded to the nearest 1 MW, and totals are
rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW, with the exception of Germany, which is
rounded to the nearest 0.01 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and
inconsistencies in available data. Table reflects known new capacity and
capacity increases at existing facilities but does not indicate known capacity
decommissioning or derating of existing facilities, although those may be
reflected (at least partially) in total capacity values. For more information and
statistics, see Geothermal section in Market and Industry chapter and related
endnotes.

Source: Geothermal power from sources in endnote 1 of Geothermal section in

Market and Industry chapter, and from country-specific sources noted
elsewhere in that section.
0 Countries, 2019
Table of Contents Table R15. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019

Added 2019 Total End-2019

GW
Top Countries by
Additions
Brazil 4.9 109
China 3.9 329
Lao PDR 1.9 7.2
Bhutan 0.7 2.3
Tajikistan 0.6 6.4
Russian Federation 0.5 48
Angola 0.3 3.4
Uganda 0.3 1
Ethiopia 0.3 4.1
Turkey 0.2 29

Top Countries by
Total Capacity
China 3.9 326
Brazil 4.9 109
Canada – 81
United States ~0 80
Russian Federation 0.5 48
India 0.2 45
Norway 0.1 31
Turkey 0.2 29
Japan – 22
France ~0 20
World Total  16 1,150

Note: Capacity additions are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW, and
totals are rounded to the nearest 1 GW except when totals are
less than 10 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and
inconsistencies in available data. Capacity amounts of less than
50 MW are designated by “~0”. For more information and
statistics, see Hydropower section in Market and Industry chapter
and related endnotes.

Source: Hydropower from sources in endnotes 1 and 2

of Hydropower section in Market and Industry chapter.
untries, 2019
Table of Contents Table R16. Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019

Total End-2018 Added 2019 Total End-2019

GW
Top Countries by
Additions
China 175.4 30.1 204.7
United States 62.7 13.3 76
India 32.9 9.9 42.8
Japan 56 7 63
Vietnam 0.1 4.8 4.9
Spain 5.7 4.7 10.3
Germany 45.2 3.8 49
Australia 11 3.7 14.7
Ukraine 1.3 3.5 4.8
Republic of Korea 8.1 3.1 11.2

Top Countries by
Total Capacity
China 175.4 30.1 204
United States 62.7 13.3 76
Japan 56 7 63
Germany 45.2 3.8 49
India 32.9 9.9 42.8
Italy 20.1 0.7 20.8
Australia 11 3.7 14.7
United Kingdom 13.1 0.3 13.4
Republic of Korea 8.1 3.1 11.2
Spain 5.7 4.7 10.3

World Total 512 115 627

Note: Country data are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW, and world totals are rounded to
the nearest 1 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in
available data; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Data are
provided in direct current (DC); data for India, Japan, Spain and the United States were
converted from official data reported in alternating current (AC) into DC by sources listed
for this table. Data are from a variety of sources, some of which differ significantly
because of variations in accounting or methodology. For more information, see Solar PV
section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes.
Source: from the following sources: Unless noted otherwise, data for end-2018 from the following: IEA P
1992 and 2018 (Paris: 2019), pp. 96, 97, http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/5
Europe, EU Market Outlook for Solar Power, 2019-2023 (Brussels: December 2019), https://www.solarp
uploads/2019/12/SolarPower-Europe_EU-Market-Outlook-for- Solar-Power-2019-2023_.pdf; SolarPowe
2019-2023. Data for 2019 from the following: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020 (Paris: A
Europe, EU Market Outlook for Solar Power, 2019-2023, op. cit. this note; and sources provided below.
(DC) units. Note that some countries (for example, Canada, Chile, India, Japan, Malaysia, Sweden and
relevant sources listed. Additional country sources are as follows: China: Total end-2018 from the follow
January 2019, https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1623876437525496663&wfr=spider&for=pc (using Goo
statistics for 2018,” 19 March 2019, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-03/19/c_137907428.htm (using Google
https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2018-electricity-other-energy-statistics. Additions and total in 2018 from
and from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note, p. 10. United States: Solar
March 2020), p. 5, https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-marke
https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/archive/february2020.pdf. India: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global P
http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 30 January 2019; MNRE, “Physical progr
Markets 2020, op. cit. this note; RTS Corp, cited in T. Ohigashi and I. Kaizuka, “The beginnings of a pos
on grid-connected capacity of utilities, provided by H. Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policie
Becquerel Institute, provided by A. Detollenaere, Becquerel Institute, personal communication with REN
UNEF numbers are based on data from the Spanish system operator RED Eléctrica de España, which a
“Potencia instalada nacional (MW) – nacional”, data as of April 2020, https://www.ree.es/es/datos/public
Energien-Statistik (AGEEStat), Time Series for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germ
February 2020), p. 7, https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_En
Photovoltaic Institute, personal communication with REN21, 12 May 2020; IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Glob
76, https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-
Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note, pp. 6, 12, Becquerel Institute, provided by Detol
Korea: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note; Becquerel Institute, provided
provided by Detollenaere, op. cit. this note; Italian renewables association Anie Rinnovabili and grid ope
com/2020/04/21/italy-deployed-737-mw-of-solar-in-2019. United Kingdom: UK BEIS, “Solar photovoltaic
section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes for additional statistics and details.
8 from the following: IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), Trends 2019 in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey Report of
m/public/report/statistics/5319_iea-pvps_report_2019_08_lr.pdf; Becquerel Institute, Brussels, personal communication with REN21, Fe
2019), https://www.solarpowereurope.org/wp-content/
19-2023_.pdf; SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power, 2019-2023 (Brussels: 2019), p. 22, https://www.solarpowere
PV Markets 2020 (Paris: April 2020), https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2020.pdf; Becquerel Institu
sources provided below. This report aims to provide all solar PV data in direct current
n, Malaysia, Sweden and the United States) report data officially in alternating current (AC); for consistency across countries, AC data w
end-2018 from the following: Becquerel Institute, op. cit. this note; China’s National Energy Administration (NEA), “2018 added solar P
spider&for=pc (using Google Translate); NEA, “Photovoltaic power generation
907428.htm (using Google Translate); China Electricity Council (CEC), cited in China Energy Portal, “2018 electricity & other energy sta
ons and total in 2018 from NEA, “PV grid-connected operation in 2019”, 28 February 2020, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-02/28/c_13882
. 10. United States: Solar Energy Industries Association and Wood Mackenzie, U.S. Solar Market Insight, 2019 Year in Review – Execu
enewables/us-solar-marketinsight; US EIA, Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2019 (Washington, DC: February 2020), Tab
VPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note, p. 10; Government of India, MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements)”,
9; MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements)”, https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress, viewed 9 January 2020. Japan: IEA P
, “The beginnings of a post FIT-market”, pv magazine, 25 February 2020, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/02/25/the-beginnings-of-a
Sustainable Energy Policies, Tokyo, personal communication with REN21, 14 April 2020. Vietnam: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV M
communication with REN21, 10 April 2020. Spain: Carlos De Sande, Unión Española Fotovoltaica (UNEF), Madrid, personal communi
éctrica de España, which are in DC and for utility-scale plants only, plus UNEF’s estimates of solar PV capacity for self-consumption. Se
ww.ree.es/es/datos/publicaciones/series-estadisticas-nacionales. Germany: German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
e Energy Sources in Germany, Based on Statistical Data from the Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics (AGEE-Stat)(Status:
/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html. Australia: IEA PVPS, Trends 2019 in Photovoltaic Applications, o
A PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note; Clean Energy Council, Clean Energy Australia Report 2020 (Melbourne
an-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2020.pdf. Ukraine: IEA PVPS,
nstitute, provided by Detollenaere, op. cit. this note; Ukrainian Wind Energy Association, Wind Power Sector of Ukraine 2019 (Kyiv: Feb
cquerel Institute, provided by Detollenaere, op. cit. this note. Italy: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2020, op. cit. this note, pp
e Rinnovabili and grid operator Terna, cited in E. Bellini, “Italy deployed 737 MW of solar in 2019”, pv magazine, 21 April 2020, https://w
BEIS, “Solar photovoltaics deployment in the UK”, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/solar-photovoltaicsdeployment, updated 27
istics and details.
Table of Contents Table R17. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Global Capacity and Additions, 2019

Country Total End-2018 Added 2019 Total End-2019

MW
Spain 2,304 – 2,304
United States 1,738 – 1,738
Morocco 516 – 516
South Africa 400 100 500
China 220 200 420
Israel – 240 240
India 225 – 225

United Arab Emirates 100 – 100

Saudi Arabia 50 – 50
Kuwait – 50 50
Algeria 20 – 20
Egypt 20 – 20
Iran 17 – 17
France – 9 9
World Total 5,610 600 6,210

Note: Table includes all countries with operating commercial CSP capacity at end-2019. Pilot and demonstr
facilities with capacities of 5 MW or less are excluded from the table. Additional countries that had small (5 M
demonstration plants in operation by year’s end include Australia (4.1 MW), Denmark (4 MW), Canada (1.1
MW), Germany (1.5 MW), Italy (6 MW), Oman (7 MW), Thailand (5 MW) and Turkey (5 MW). National data
nearest MW, and world totals are rounded to the nearest 5 MW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties an
available data; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Capacity data reflect net capac
possible to verify if reported capacity reflects net or gross capacity, capacity is assumed to be net. For more
CSP section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes.

Source: from the following sources: New Energy Update, “CSP Today global tracker”, http://tracker.newene
tracker/projects, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 27 April 2020; US National Renewable Energy La
“Concentrating solar power projects”, https://solarpaces.nrel.gov, with the page and its subpages viewed on
leading up to 27 April 2020 (some subpages are referenced individually throughout the CSP section) and re
CSP section of Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2019 Global
(Paris: 2019), pp.107-09, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. I
information from the above sources was verified against additional country specific sources, as cited in the e
CSP section. Global CSP data are based on commercial facilities only; demonstration and pilot facilities are
exception of certain plants in China that are described as “demonstration” plants by the government but are
(utility-) scale, gridconnected plants that are operating or will operate commercially. Data discrepancies betw
other reference sources are due primarily to differences in categorisation and thresholds
for inclusion of specific CSP facilities in overall global totals.
 l Capacity and Additions, 2019

city at end-2019. Pilot and demonstration facilities and

dditional countries that had small (5 MW or less) pilot or
MW), Denmark (4 MW), Canada (1.1 MW), France (0.25
W) and Turkey (5 MW). National data are rounded to the
ing is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in
nding. Capacity data reflect net capacity; where it is not
acity is assumed to be net. For more information, see

global tracker”, http://tracker.newenergyupdate.com/

0; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
he page and its subpages viewed on numerous dates
y throughout the CSP section) and references cited in the
(REN21), Renewables 2019 Global Status Report
19/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf. In some cases,
ntry specific sources, as cited in the endnotes for the
demonstration and pilot facilities are excluded, with the
on” plants by the government but are nonetheless large-
ommercially. Data discrepancies between REN21 and
on and thresholds
Table of Contents Table R18. Solar Water Heating Collectors and Total Capacity End-2018 and Newly Installed

Total End-2018 Gross Additions 20

GWth MWth
Country Glazed Unglazed Total Glazed
China 337.6 – 337.6 22,750
Turkey 17.6 – 17.6 1,320
India 9.5 – 9.5 1,270
Brazil 7.1 4.2 11.3 461
United States 2.2 15.7 17.9 112
Australia 2.6 3.9 6.5 122
Germany 13.5 0.4 13.9 358
Mexico 2 1 3 203
Greece 3.3 – 3.3 253
Israel 3.3 – 3.4 252
Poland 1.8 – 1.8 184
Spain 2.9 0.1 3 143
Denmark 1.2 – 1.2 137
South Africa 0.7 0.9 1.5 70
Italy 3.3 – 3.3 106
Austria 3.3 0.2 3.6 63
Cyprus 0.6 1.5 2.1 49
Tunisia 0.7 – 0.7 44
Palestine, State of 1.3 – 1.3 32
Switzerland 1.1 0.1 1.2 28
Total 20 Top Countries 415.4 28.1 443.5 27,957
World Total 452 30 482 29,840

Note: Countries are ranked according to newly installed glazed collector capacity in 2019. Data are for glaze
collectors excluding air collectors, which added at least 1.1 GWth to the year-end world total for 2018, and e
collectors, which achieved 364 MWth at the end of 2018. End-2018 data for individual countries, Total 20 To
Total are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GWth; additions for individual countries, Total 20 Top Countries and W
the nearest 1 MWth. Where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. By accepted convention
0.7 GWth. The year 2018 is the most recent one for which firm global data on total capacity in operation are
GWth of solar thermal capacity (water and non-concentrating collectors only) was estimated to be in operati
For details and source information on 2019 additions, see Solar Thermal section in Market and Industry cha
Source: from the following sources: cumulative solar thermal capacity in operation nationally and globally at
M. Spörk-Dür, AEE-Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEEINTEC), Gleisdorf, Austria, personal commu
REN21, March-May 2020; W. Weiss and M. Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat Worldwide. Global Market Development
2019, Detailed Market Figures 2018 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2020),
shc.org/solar-heat-worldwide. Gross additions on a national level from the following associations and expert
Sustainability Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Werner Weiss, AEEINTEC, Vienna, Austria; Danielle Johann, B
Energy Association (ABRASOL), São Paulo, Brazil; Hongzhi Cheng, Shandong SunVision Management Co
Panayiotis Kastanias, Cyprus Union of Solar Thermal Industrialists (EBHEK), Nicosia, Cyprus; Daniel Trier a
PlanEnergi, Skørping, Denmark; Andrea Liesen, BSW Solar, Berlin, Germany; Costas Travasaros, Greek S
(EBHE), Piraeus, Greece; Jaideep Malaviya, Solar Thermal Federation of India (STFI), Pune, India; Eli Shilt
Federico Musazzi, ANIMA, the Federation of Italian Associations in the Mechanical and Engineering Industr
Garcia, Solar Thermal Manufacturers Organisation (FAMERAC), Mexico City, Mexico; Janusz Staroscik, As
and Importers of Heating Appliances (SPIUG), Warsaw, Poland; Karin Kritzinger, Centre for Renewable and
Studies, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Pascual Polo, Spanish Solar Thermal Asso
Spain; Abdullah Azzam, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramallah, State of Palestine; David Sticke
Switzerland; Abdelkader Baccouche, ANME, Tunis, Tunisia; Kutay Ülke, Bural Heating, Kayseri, Turkey; Le
Cooling Programs at the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), Ontario, C
personal communications with REN21, February-April 2020. Data for China and World Total assume that sy
year operational lifetime; national data for all other countries reflect a 25-year lifetime, with the exceptions o
2018, and 15 years starting with 2018) and Germany (20 years). Total gross additions worldwide for 2018 a
Spörk-Dür, op. cit. this note.
 2018 and Newly Installed Capacity 2019, Top 20 Countries

Gross Additions 2019

MWth
Unglazed Total
– 22,750
– 1,320
– 1,270
464 925
487 600
266 388
– 358
83 286
– 253
– 252
– 184
2 145
– 137
42 112
– 106
– 64
– 49
– 44
– 32
3 32
1,348 29,305
1,455 31,295

ity in 2019. Data are for glazed and unglazed water

nd world total for 2018, and excluding concentrating
dividual countries, Total 20 Top Countries and World
otal 20 Top Countries and World Total are rounded to
ding. By accepted convention, 1 million square metres =
otal capacity in operation are available. However, 479
was estimated to be in operation worldwide by end-2019.
on in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes.
 ion nationally and globally at end-2018 from
orf, Austria, personal communications with
Global Market Development and Trends in
Cooling Programme, 2020), https://www.iea-
wing associations and experts: David Ferrari,
a, Austria; Danielle Johann, Brazilian Solar Thermal
g SunVision Management Consulting, Dezhou, China;
Nicosia, Cyprus; Daniel Trier and Jan Erik Nielson,
Costas Travasaros, Greek Solar Industry Association
a (STFI), Pune, India; Eli Shilton, Elsol, Kohar-yair, Israel;
nical and Engineering Industries, Milan, Italy; Daniel
Mexico; Janusz Staroscik, Association of Manufacturers
er, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Spanish Solar Thermal Association (ASIT), Madrid,
ate of Palestine; David Stickelberger, Swissolar, Zurich,
Heating, Kayseri, Turkey; Les Nelson, Solar Heating &
Officials (IAPMO), Ontario, California, United States, all
d World Total assume that systems in China have a 10-
fetime, with the exceptions of Turkey (14 years prior to
dditions worldwide for 2018 are based on estimates from
Table of Contents Table R19. Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2019

Total End-2018 Added 2019 Total End-2019

GW
Top Countries by
Additions
China1 184.2/210.2 25.7/26.2 210/236.4
United States 96.5 9.1 105.6
United Kingdom 21.1 2.4 23.5
India 35.1 2.4 37.5
Spain 23.5 2.3 25.8
Germany 59.3 2.1 61.4
Sweden 7.4 1.6 9
France 15.3 1.3 16.6
Mexico 4.9 1.3 6.2
Argentina 0.7 0.9 1.6

Top Countries by Total

Capacity
China1 184.2/210.2 25.7/26.2 210/236.4
United States 96.5 9.1 105.6
Germany 59.3 2.1 61.4
India 35.1 2.4 37.5
Spain 23.5 2.3 25.8
United Kingdom 21.1 2.4 23.5
France 15.3 1.3 16.6
Brazil 14.7 0.7 15.5
Canada 12.8 0.6 13.4
Italy 10.1 0.5 10.5
World Total 591 60 651

1. For China, data to the left of the “/” are the amounts officially classified as connected to the grid and oper
substations by year’s end. The world totals include the higher numbers for China. (See Wind Power section

Note: Country data are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW; world data are rounded to the nearest GW. Roundin
or to repowering/removal of existing projects. Several countries repowered or decommissioned existing cap
significantly because of variations in accounting or methodology. For more information, see Wind Power sec
Source: from the following sources: Unless noted otherwise, data are from the following: Global Wind Energ
GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2019: Status as End of 2019” (Brussels: March 2020); WindEurope, Wind E
content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2019.pdf; World Wind Energy Ass
for end-2018 from NEA, “2018 wind power grid operation”, 28 January
2019, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-01/28/c_137780779.htm (using Google Translate), and from NEA and C
https://chinaenergyportal.org/ en/2018-wind-power-installations-and-production-by-province, viewed 30 Apri
February 2020, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-02/28/c_138827910.htm (using Google Translate), and from N
https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2019-wind-power-installationsand-production-by-province. Unofficial data fr
Statistics 2019”, op. cit. this note; unofficial data for 2019 additions and total from GWEC, idem. United Stat
January 2020), p. 3, https://www.awea.org/resources/publications-and-reports/market-reports/2019-u-s-wind
April 2020), https://www.awea.org/resources/news/2020/wind-is-now-america%E2%80%99slargest-renewa
29 April 2020. India: Government of India, MNRE, cited in Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority (CE
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-01.pdf; Government of India
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2018/installed_capacity-12.pdf; GWEC, Global
Wind Report 2019, op. cit. this note. Spain: WindEurope, op. cit. this note, pp. 8, 10; Red Eléctrica de Espa
nacionales. Germany: WindEurope, op. cit. this note, pp. 10, 16; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and A
Germany: 2020), p. 3, https://www.windguard.com/year-2019.html; Deutsche Windguard, Status of Offshore
Sweden: WindEurope, op. cit. this note, pp. 10, 11, 13. France: WindEurope, idem, p. 10. Also based on da
files/bilan-electrique-2019_1.pdf. Mexico: GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2019”, op. cit. this note; Mexican A
Pais, 26 February 2020, https://elpais.com/economia/2020/02/26/actualidad/1582694040_481642.html (usi
from Associação Brasileira de Energia Eólica (ABEEólica), Infowind Brazil, no. 14 (13 December 2019), http
de energia – composição”, for period 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/
January 2018 to 31 December 2018, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-op
https://canwea.ca/windenergy/installed-capacity, viewed 11 March 2019; additions and total in 2019 from Ca
WindEurope, op. cit. this note, p. 10. Also based on data from D. A. Garcia, Italian Wind Energy Association
https://wwindea.org/blog/2020/04/08/webinar-wind-power-markets-around-the-world. See Wind Power secti
Countries, 2019

s connected to the grid and operational (receiving FIT premium) by year’s end; data to the right are total installed capacity, most, if not all, o
China. (See Wind Power section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes for more details.)

nded to the nearest GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data; where totals do not add up, the diffe
or decommissioned existing capacity during the year, which is reflected in the table to the extent possible. Data are from a variety of source
information, see Wind Power section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes.
 the following: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind Report 2019 (Brussels: March 2020), pp. 13, 42, 43, https://gwec.net/glob
arch 2020); WindEurope, Wind Energy in Europe in 2019: Trends and Statistics (Brussels: 2020), pp. 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, https://windeurope.o
019.pdf; World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), “Global wind installations”, https://library.wwindea.org/global-statistics, viewed 16 April 20

Translate), and from NEA and CEC, cited in China Energy Portal, “2018 wind power installations and production by province”, 28 January 2
tion-by-province, viewed 30 April 2020; official data for 2019 additions and total from NEA, cited in National Energy Board, “2019 wind pow
g Google Translate), and from NEA and CEC, cited in China Energy Portal, “2019 wind power installations and production by province”, 28
on-by-province. Unofficial data from H. Yu, Chinese Wind Energy Association, personal communication with REN21, 18 May 2020, and from
al from GWEC, idem. United States: American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), U.S. Wind Industry Quarterly Market Report, Fourth Quar
orts/market-reports/2019-u-s-wind-industry-market-reports/4q2019_marketreport; AWEA, “Wind Powers America Annual Report”, press rele
ca%E2%80%99slargest-renewable-energy-pro. United Kingdom: WindEurope, op. cit. this note, pp. 8, 16. Also based on data from UK BE
r, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), “All India installed capacity (in MW) of power stations (as on 31.01.2019) (utilities)”, p. 1,
city-01.pdf; Government of India, MNRE, cited in Ministry of Power, CEA, “All India installed capacity (in MW) of power stations (as on 31.0
city-12.pdf; GWEC, Global
pp. 8, 10; Red Eléctrica de España, “Potencia instalada nacional (MW)”, as of 31 December 2019, https://www.ree.es/es/ datos/publicacion
inistry for Economic Affairs and AGEE-Stat, op. cit. note 16, p. 7; Deutsche Windguard, Status of Offshore Wind Energy Development in Ge
he Windguard, Status of Offshore Wind Energy Development in Germany, Year 2019 (Varel, Germany: 2020), p. 3, https://www.windguard.
e, idem, p. 10. Also based on data from Réseau de transport d’électricité (RTE), Bilan Électrique 2019 (Paris: 2020), p. 27, https://www.rte-
019”, op. cit. this note; Mexican Association of Wind Energy, cited in “Las energías renovables baten su récord en México pese a las tensio
d/1582694040_481642.html (using Google Translate). Argentina: GWEC, “Global Wind Statistics 2019”, op. cit. this note. Brazil: GWEC, ide
no. 14 (13 December 2019), http://abeeolica.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Infovento-14_ENG.pdf; Operador Nacional do Sistema Elé
9, http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-peracao/geracao_energia.aspx; ONS, “Geração de energia – compos
dos-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/geracao_energia.aspx. Canada: End-2018 from CanWEA, “Installed capacity”, December 2018,
dditions and total in 2019 from CanWEA, “Installed capacity”, December 2019, https://canwea.ca/wind-energy/installed-capacity, viewed 5 M
Italian Wind Energy Association, presentation for WWEA, “Webinar: Wind power markets around the world”, 8 April 2020,
he-world. See Wind Power section in Market and Industry chapter and related endnotes for additional statistics and details.
Table of Contents Figure 41. Top 6 Countries with Highest Electricity Access Rate from Off-grid Solar Solution

Nepal 11%
Mongolia 8%
Bangladesh 8%
Rwanda 6%
Fiji 5%
Uganda 3%

Note: Data in figure include solar home systems and mini-grids but
exclude solar lights. Tier 1+ access technologies include small solar
home systems (11-50 W), large solar home systems (>50 W) and mini-
grids.

Source: World Bank.

IEA et al., “Chapter 1: Access to electricity”, in Tracking SDG 7: The
Energy Progress Report 2019 (Washington, DC: 2019), p.
24, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-
tracking_sdg7-complete-rev030320.pdf; International Finance
Corporation (IFC), Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report
2020 (Washington, DC: Lighting Global Program, March 2020), p.
182, https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/14005VIV_OFF-GRID-SOLAR-REPORT-V13-
Exec-Sum-AW4vis.pdf.
ff-grid Solar Solutions (Tier 1+), 2017
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 42 Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking by Region, 2010 and 2018

Access to Electricity
2010 2018
All Developing and Emerging Countries 74% 86%
All Africa 43% 54%
Sub-Saharan Africa 33% 45%
All Developing and Emerging Asian Countries 79% 94%
India 68% 95%
Central and South America 94% 97%

Source: IEA, “Sustainable Development Goal 7: Access to clean cooking”, November 2019, https://www
42 from IEA, “SDG7: Data and projections – access to electricity,” https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data
electricity, viewed 8 January 2020; IEA, “SDG7: Data and projections – access to clean cooking,” https:
data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking, viewed 8 January 2020.
n, 2010 and 2018

Access to Clean Cooking

2010 2018
45% 56%
26% 29%
13% 17%
43% 57%
34% 49%
85% 89%

g”, November 2019, https://www.iea.org/sdg/cooking. Figure

://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-
access to clean cooking,” https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 43. Global Sales Volumes of Off-Grid Solar Systems, 2015-2019

Sales of affiliated pico-solar Sales of affiliated solar

systems (0-10 W) home systems (≥ 11 W)
Million units Million units
2015 2.36 3.33 6.8 0.2
2016 2.92 4.09 7.7 0.4
2017 4.3 3.38 7.1 0.5
2018 3.5 4.15 6.7 0.9
2019 3.66 3.9 7 1.5

Note: Affiliated products are those sold by companies that are connected to any of the partner organisation
semi-annual GOGLA sales data reporting process, including GOGLA members and companies
selling products that meet Lighting Global Quality Standards.

Source: IFC and GOGLA

Estimated annual global sales for 2015-2016 from Dahlberg Advisors and Lighting Global, Off-Grid Solar M
Report 2018 (Washington, DC: January 2018), p. 77,
https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/2018_mtr_full_report_low-res_2018.01.15_final.pdf
sales for 2017-2019 from IFC, op. cit. note 2, p. 42; annual sales of affiliated off-grid solar products for 201
Dahlberg Advisors and Lighting Global, op. cit. this note, p. 57; sales for 2017-2018 from IFC, op. cit. note
2019 from GOGLA in partnership with Lighting Global and Efficiency for Access Coalition, Global Off-Grid S
Report Database 2020 (Washington, DC: March 2020), https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2
%20OCA_2020_Off_Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_Full_High.pdf. Estimated global sales of off-grid s
from 2015 to 2019 are based on data from IFC, op. cit. note 2. Total estimated global sales of off-grid solar
2019 were extrapolated from sales of affiliated products sold by companies that are connected to any of the
organisations involved in the semi-annual GOGLA sales data reporting process, including GOGLA membe
selling products that meet Lighting Global Quality Standards, and appliance companies that participated in
LEAP Awards or are engaging with the Low Energy Inclusive Appliances programme. Non-affiliated produc
around 72%, on average, of the total sales volumes of off-grid solar products. Note that not all products pro
affiliate companies meet Lighting Global Quality Standards, but stakeholders assume that all products of af
companies are of reasonably good quality.
 Estimated global sales of
all off-grid solar systems
Million units
26.7
30.1
29
31
35

of the partner organisations involved in the

nd companies

g Global, Off-Grid Solar Market Trends

res_2018.01.15_final.pdf; estimated
rid solar products for 2015-2016 from
18 from IFC, op. cit. note 2, p. 42, and for
Coalition, Global Off-Grid Solar Market
.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/VIVID
d global sales of off-grid solar systems
obal sales of off-grid solar products for
re connected to any of the partner
ncluding GOGLA members, companies
panies that participated in the Global
mme. Non-affiliated products account for
e that not all products produced by
ume that all products of affiliate
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 44. Sales Volumes of Affiliated Off-Grid Solar Systems in Top 5 Countries, 2018 and

2019 (Million units) 2018 (Million units) % Change 2019

Kenya 1.97 1.27 55%
India 1.73 2.51 -31%
Ethiopia 1.01 0.49 106%
Uganda 0.399 0.367 9%
Nigeria 0.302 0.287 5%

Note: Figures includes only countries that provided data for more than three companies.
Affliated products are those sold by companies that are connected to any of the partner
organisations involved in the semiannual GOGLA sales data reporting process, including
GOGLA members and companies selling products that meet Lighting Global Quality
Standards.

Source: GOGLA and Lighting Global, Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual
Sales and Impact Data, January-June 2019, op. cit. note 47, p. 20; GOGLA and Lighting
Global, Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data, July-
December, op. cit. note 47, p. 20.
5 Countries, 2018 and 2019
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 45. Installed Capacity of Solar PV Mini-Grids, Selected Regions and World, 2014 a

2014 (MW) 2018 (MW)

Africa 9.6 273.3
Asia 38.2 59.7
Latin America 2.2 17.394
World 50.2 354.7

Note: World total may not add up due to rounding

Source: IRENA, Off-grid Renewable Energy Statistics 2019 (Abu Dhabi:

2019), https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Dec/Off-grid-renewable-
energy-statistics-2019; A. Whiteman and N. Elhassan, IRENA, Abu Dhabi,
personal communication with Renewable Energy Policy Network for the
21st Century (REN21) for the IRENA-REN21 Distributed Renewable Energy
Review 2020, 22 February 2020.
egions and World, 2014 and 2018
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 46. Production of Biogas for Cooking in Selected Countries, 2014 and 2018

2014 2018
Million cubic metres Million cubic metres
China 13962.94 13103.93
India 1915 1632.67055
Vietnam 298.64 339.76
Nepal 166.69 200.02
Bangladesh 68.01 70
Cuba 2.85 15.3
Ethiopia 6.18 9.98
Kenya 8.39 9.87

Source:IRENA, Off-grid Renewable Energy Statistics 2019 (Abu Dhabi: 2019),

https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Dec/Off-grid-renewable-energy-statistics-2019; A.
Whiteman and N. Elhassan, IRENA, Abu Dhabi, personal communication with Renewable
Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) for the IRENA-REN21 Distributed
Renewable Energy Review 2020, 22 February 2020.
4 and 2018
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 47. Global Investment in Off-Grid Electricity Access Activities, 2014-2019

Wood Mackenzie Power and Renewables

Corporate-level investment in
(USD million) off-grid electricity access activities
2014 107.3
2015 244.7
2016 305
2017 417.9
2018 511.6
2019 468.3

Note: Corporate-level investment encompasses off-grid and off-grid-related energy access activities by stra
producers, and global original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), as well as by market leaders from the tech
includes direct investment (debt and equity), mergers and acquisitions, commercial partnerships and joint ve
and investment through funds and financial intermediaries. Investment in energy access start-ups refers to i
access through off-grid systems. Mini-grids refer to systems of more than 100 kW for energy access activitie
least one renewable energy source.

Source: Wood Mackenzie Power and Renewables, “Foresight 20/20: Off-grid Renewables – Decentralisatio
expertise/focus/Power--Renewables/off-grid-renewables-2020s and Climatescope, “4Q 2019 Off-grid and M
https://medium.com/@Climatescope/4q-2019-off-grid-and-mini-grid-market-outlook-ed6349889d1; S. Akoda
grids”, Togo First, 15 October 2019, https://www.togofirst.com/en/energy/1510-4152-togo-a-total-of-317-com
 Access Activities, 2014-2019

BNEF/Climatescope 2019

Investment in off-grid electricity Investment in off-grid Investment in mini-grid

access start-ups solar PV start-ups start-ups
60 59 1
180 165 15
280 212 68
381 319 62
395 339 56
311 198 113

off-grid-related energy access activities by strategic investors such as oil and gas majors, utilities and independent power
EMs), as well as by market leaders from the technology, telecommunications and fast-moving consumer goods sectors. This
cquisitions, commercial partnerships and joint ventures,
nvestment in energy access start-ups refers to investment through debt and equity mainly in start-ups providing electricity
of more than 100 kW for energy access activities only. These systems may have more than one source of energy, with at

ht 20/20: Off-grid Renewables – Decentralisation Takes Center Stage”, March 2019, p. 4, https://www.woodmac.com/our-
20s and Climatescope, “4Q 2019 Off-grid and Mini-grid Market Outlook”, 7 January 2020,
ini-grid-market-outlook-ed6349889d1; S. Akoda, “Togo: A total of 317 communities will have access to light using solar mini-
m/en/energy/1510-4152-togo-a-total-of-317-communities-will-have-access-to-light-using-solar-mini-grids.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table of Contents Figure 48. Share of Investment in Off-Grid Solar PV Comp

Early-stage investors
Crowdfunding
Specialised debt-providers
DFIs and governments
Later-stage investors
Strategic corporates
Commercial banks
Undisclosed investment
TOTAL

Note: Early-stage investors include impact investors, individuals suc

equity and asset management funds; DFI = development finance ins

Source: (IFC), Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2020 (Washingt

content/uploads/2020/02/14005VIV_OFF-GRID-SOLAR-REPORT-V
 Investment in Off-Grid Solar PV Companies, by Type of Investor, 2018 and 2019

2018 2018 2019

USD million % USD million
39 11% 1
28 8% 22
25 7% 29
141 40% 35
81 23% 40
2 1% 98
15 4% 0.16
21 6% 33.84
352 1 259

estors include impact investors, individuals such as business angels, and venture capital funds; later-stage investors include private
agement funds; DFI = development finance institution.

d Solar Market Trends Report 2020 (Washington, DC: Lighting Global Program, March 2020), p. 182, https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-
02/14005VIV_OFF-GRID-SOLAR-REPORT-V13-Exec-Sum-AW4vis.pdf.
 2019
%
0%
8%
11%
14%
15%
38%
0%
13%
1

; later-stage investors include private

p. 182, https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table 4. Distributed Renewables Policies for Electricity Access, Selected Countries, 2019

Legend: policies/measures in bold are new in 2019; in italic have been revised in 2019;

Countries DREA Targets Ref

Africa
Angola Angola Energia 2025: http://www.angolaenergia2025.com/en/con
- 100 MW of installed solar capacity by
2025
- Solar or renewable villages in 500 sites
by 2025, with more than 10 MW of solar
energy and 50 systems based on micro or
pico hydro
- private domestic market of 1MW/year in
individual solar systems by 2025
- distribution of 500,000 solar flashlights in
the most remote rural areas with little
buying power by 2025
Angolan Minister of Energy and Water
announced in September 2019 that the
Angolan government plans to install
30,000 solar off-grid systems that will
be able to produce up to 600 MW. This
is not only an ambition, but an effective
project with a fixed target date of 2022.

Benin 5% of rural population served with DREA https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uplo

systems by 2030
Botswana

Burkina Faso Share of rural population served by off- https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uplo

grid systems (mini-grids and
autonomous systems) of electrical
services based on renewable energy -
12.8% by 2020 and 26.9% by 2030

Renewable and hybrid mini-grids

(installed capacity in MW)
- 1.8MW by 2020

PV, Pico-Hydro and small wind systems

(capacity
installed in MW)
-1.8MW by 2020

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cameroon
Central African
Republic
Chad

Comoros
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the

Congo, Republic of
Cote d'Ivoire - 100% of rural population served by a https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uplo
power system by 2020
- 2% of rural population served by DREA
systems

Djibouti

Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea

Eswatini

Ethiopia National Electrification Program 2.0: Aims https://www.u

for 100% electrification through on- and said.gov/sites/
off-grid solutions by 2025. 35% of the default/files/d
electrification from stand-alone solar and ocuments/186
mini-grid solutions. 0/PAOP-
The Growth and Transformation Plan Ethiopia-
(2015-2020) suggests that the Ethiopian MarketAssess
Government plans to produce 3,600,000 ment-
solar lanterns, 400,000 household solar Final_508.pdf
PVs, 3600 institutional solar PVs, 500 #page=35
solar thermals and 3,600 solar cookers and
are also integral part of the targets to be https://minigri
achieved by 2019/20. The GTP also ds.org/wp-
suggests that the Government will content/uploa
distribute 300 wind powered water pumps, ds/2019/04/Et
develop 135 mini hydropower stations and hiopia-2.0.pdf
conduct 33 Research and Development https://www.gr
works on alternative energy development. eengrowthkno
wledge.org/sit
es/default/file
s/downloads/
policy-
database/ET
HIOPIA
%29%20Gro
wth%20and
%20Transfor
mation
%20Plan
%20II%2C
%20Vol%20I.
%20%20%28
2015%2C16-
2019%2C20
%29.pdf

Gabon
Gambia one-third of the rural population connected http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gam
through off-grid solutions by 2030

Ghana Renewable Energy Master Plan (1)

(REMP)aims to achieve the following by http://energyc
2030: om.gov.gh/ret
- Increase the proportion of renewable t/documents-
energy in the national energy generation downloads/ca
mix from 42.5 MW in 2015 to 1363.63 MW tegory/29-re-
(with off-grid connected systems totalling master-plan
20% of this).
- Provide renewable energy-based
decentralised electrification options in
1,000 off-grid communities.
- 200 MW distributed PV
- 20 MW standalone PV
- 25 MW street/community lighting
- 60% solar traffic signals
- 1,000,000 solar lanterns
- 45,150 ha solar irrigation systems

Guinea
Guinea-Bissau (1) Target to have 4% of the population (1)
served by off grid systems by 2020 and https://www.s
9% by 2030 e4all-
Tagret to have 50% RE in off-grid systems africa.org/filea
(mini grids and solar home systems) by dmin/uploads/
2020 and 80% by 2030 se4all/Docum
ents/Country_
(2) Goal to have 5MW mini and micro PANER/Guni
network (solar and ea_Bissau_Pl
wind) by 2030 ano_de_Ac
%CC%A7a
%CC
%83o_Nacion
al_no_Sector
_das_Energia
s_Renova
%CC
%81veis.pdf

(2)
https://www.s
e4all-
africa.org/filea
dmin/uploads/
se4all/Docum
ents/Country_
RAGAs/Guine
a_Bissau_RA
GA_FR_Rele
ased.pdf

Kenya 2 million new connections by 2022 through https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/do

SHS and mini-grid

Lesotho
Liberia • Electrify at least 2 000 settlements with http://gestoenergy.com/wp-content/upload
grid infra-structure (national, decentralized
or mini grids)
connecting at least 50% of those
settlement’s population by 2030;
• All County capitals will be already
electrified before 2025. Electrification of
County Capitals either through
the National Grid, Decentralized Grids or
Transitional Mini-Grids will be a priority of
the Government.

Libya
Madagascar As per the New Energy Policy he provision https://www.get-invest.eu/market-informati
of access to modern energy for 70% of
households (equivalent of 7,900 GWh) via
70% grid extension, 20% mini off-grid, 5%
SHS (Solar Home System) and 5% solar
lamps; 85% of the country’s energy mix to
come from renewables by 2030 (75%
hydro, 5% wind, 5% solar), and; the
implementation of energy efficiency
measures by 60% for businesses and
industries.
Malawi (1) By 2025 it is hoped that at least 50 (1)https://ww
clean energy mini-grids will be operational,
w.meramalaw
including the first i.mw/index.ph
fully commercial schemes p/resource-
center/other-
(2) 2030 targets include a plan to regulatory-
- Increase SWH from 2,000 to 20,000 by tools/send/20-
2030 other-
- Increase Solar PV from 20,000 to 50,000 regulatory-
by 2030 tools/61-
malawi-
renewable-
energy-
strategy

(2)https://ww
w4.unfccc.int/
sites/ndcstagi
ng/Published
Documents/M
alawi
%20First/MAL
AWI%20INDC
%20SUBMIT
TED%20TO
%20UNFCCC
%20REV.pdf

Mali Share of rural population served by non- https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uplo

system
service network (mini-networks and
autonomous systems)
electricity from renewable energy - 36.9%
by 2020, 66.64% by 2030

share of population connected to energy-

based mini-grids,
renewable or hybrid - 33.56% by 2020,
38.48% by 2030

share of population served by an

autonomous and renewable energy-based
system - 7.09% by 2020, 30.76% by 2030
Mauritania

Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique The Energy Strategy 2015-2025 set a (1)
target of 200MW of small and https://europa
mini-hydro by 2025 .eu/capacity4
dev/file/30322
/download?
token=MhUes
7yt

Namibia The Harambee Prosperity Plan sets 2020 http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/0

energy access goals, and mentions solar-
powered mini-grids and standalone
systems as the main vehicles for
achieving these goals

Niger The targets for the rural population served https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uplo

by off-grid renewable energy systems is to
reach 15% in 2020 then 30% in 2030.
Nigeria The targets of the Nigeria Vision 30:30:30 1.)
policy approved in July 2016 are set as https://rea.gov
the average annual delivered capacity .ng/download/
(MWh/h=MW) and include: rural-
Mini-grids: 180MW (by 2020), 5,414MW electrification-
(by 2030) strategy-
Solar PV (home + streets): 360MW (by implementatio
2020), 2,786MW (by 2030) n-plan-resip/
All Energy (incl. off-grid): 17,527MW (by
2020), 45,100MW (by 2030) 2.)
http://global-
climatescope.
org/policies/4
093

Rwanda 48% householdss electrified through https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/fileadmin/user

mini-grid and off grid solutions.

Sao Tome and

Principe

Senegal 26% rural access met through mini-grid http://www.se4all.ecreee.org/content/sene

and off-grid renewable energy systems by
2030

Seychelles
Sierra Leone 1.) SE4ALL targets: 1.)
- Target to have 14% of the rural https://www.s
population served from off-grid renewable e4all-
energy electricity services by 2020 (11% africa.org/filea
mini-grid and 3% standalone systems), dmin/uploads/
and 37% by 2030 (27% mini grid and 10% se4all/Docum
stand alone systems) ents/Country_
AAs/Sierra_L
eone_Sustain
able_Energy_
For_All_Actio
n_Agenda.pdf
AND
https://www.s
e4all-
africa.org/filea
dmin/uploads/
se4all/Docum
ents/Country_
PANER/Sierr
a_Leone_Nati
onal_Renewa
ble_Energy_A
ction_Plans.p
df

Somalia

South Africa
South Sudan According to the South Sudan https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afd
Infrastructure Action Plan,
by 2024, 1,350,000 improved cooking
stoves;
74,300 biogas digesters; 202,500 solar
home electricity;
6,800 institutional solar electricity; 6,800
small thermal
water heaters; 68,000 solar cookers; and
6,800 solar
irrigation pumps (each irrigating a quarter
of hectare)
will be disseminated in the rural areas.

Sudan Aim to install 1.1 million Solar Home https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/P

Systems (SHSs) by 2030
Tanzania

Togo National Electrification Strategy: Targets https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/u

universal access by 2030, i.e. providing
access to an additional 1.3
million households (53% through grid,
43% SHS, 4% mini-grids)

Tunisia
Uganda 26% rural electrification penetration rate http://www.rea.or.ug/resources/strategy%2
by 2022 including
through 138,500 off-grid connections

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Asia
Bangladesh

Brunei
Cambodia

China
DPR Korea
India The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar https://www.iea.org/policies/4916-jawaharl
Mission (JNNSM), or the National Solar
Mission target for off-grid solar PV
applications (as share of cumulative): 2
000 MW by 2022

Indonesia
Laos 1.) plans to install 32,000 household level 1.)
solar home systems by https://www.u
2020 ndp.org/conte
nt/dam/undp/li
2.) plan to increase the share of small brary/Environ
scale renewable energy to 30% of total ment%20and
energy consumption by 2030 %20Energy/M
DG
%20Carbon
%20Facility/N
AMA%20Final
%20Lao
%20PDR2.pdf

2.)
https://www4.
unfccc.int/site
s/ndcstaging/
PublishedDoc
uments/Lao
%20People
%27s
%20Democrat
ic
%20Republic
%20First/Lao
%20PDR
%20First
%20NDC.pdf

Malaysia
Mongolia 250,000 electricity connections using “pre- https://energypedia.info/images/3/37/Myan
electrification” solutions such as temporary
mini grids or off grid solar home systems
will be viable for households who can
expect to be connected to the grid by
2030
Myanmar 1/) by 2030, 6 million 1.)
people in rural areas will have access to https://www4.
electricity generated by a variety of unfccc.int/site
sources, at least 30 s/ndcstaging/
% of which will be sourced from PublishedDoc
renewables such as of mini-hydro, uments/Myan
biomass, solar, wind and solar mar
mini-grid technologies. %20First/Mya
nmar%27s
2.) approximately %20INDC.pdf
250,000 connections using “pre-
electrification” solutions such as temporary 2.)
mini grids or off https://energy
grid solar home systems will be viable for pedia.info/ima
households who can expect to be ges/3/37/Mya
connected to nmar_NEP_R
the grid at the very end of the roll-out oadmap_and
program (2030). _Prospectus_
Draft_Final_1
4_08_28.pdf

Nepal 600,000 solar home systems https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/P

and 1500 solar power systems
(solar PV and solar
pumping systems) by 2030
Pakistan
Philippines

Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Viet Nam
Central and South
America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic

Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala

Haiti
Honduras

Jamaica
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru

Trinidad and Tobago

Uruguay
Venezuela
Middle East
Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Qatar
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen Off-grid electrification (electrification of https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/
individual rural Households-HH):
- 110.000 rural HH (45 percent of
identified market potential) to be
electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025
(installed capacity around 5.5
MWp))

Note: The list includes only countries that have an electrification rate below 95% according to the IEA World
countries with the highest absolute gaps in access to electricity and/or clean fuels and technologies for cook
Angola, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, the Dem
INDC and NDC refers to countries' (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions to reducing greenhouse

Source: Table 4 is intended to be only indicative of the overall landscape of DREA policy activity and is not
awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is difficult to capture every policy change, so some policies ma
Development Mechanism projects, nor does it attempt to provide a comprehensive list of broader framework
formulation. Information on electricity access policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the W
from ministries, rural electrification agencies and energy regulators, and submissions from REN21 regional-
ccess, Selected Countries, 2019

italic have been revised in 2019; strikethrough if they have been removed;

National Plans and Targets

DREA in NDC Plans Ref
Target of renewable electricity to 100% https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Cabo%20Verde%2
by2025 through deployment of Renewable
micro-grids; Individual energy systems
(solar home
systems); Deployment of solar-water-
heaters and Promoting distributed
energy solutions (e.g. solar pumps) for
water pumping, distribution and irrigation;

One of the main sectoral objectives includes https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Cameroon%20First

25% renewable energy in the electricity
mix
by 2035.

Under energy/waste, increasing the use of

renewable energies in electricity production,
especially in areas difficult to connect to
electrical network is mentioned
NDC mentions a goal to "Implement small https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Eswatini%20First/E
scale, decentralized renewable energy
technologies to improve energy
access in rural areas."
- Attain utility scale solar electricity installed https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Ghana%20First/GH
capacity up to 150-250MW
- Establish solar 55 mini-grids with an
average capacity of 100kW which translates
to 10MW
- Scale up the 200,000 solar home systems
for lighting in urban and selected
nonelectrified rural households
- Increase solar lantern replacement in rural
non-electrified households to 2 million.
NDC mentions a 2030 goal for solar https://www4.unf
powered isolated water pumping systems. ccc.int/sites/ndcs
taging/Published
Documents/Maur
etania
%20First/INDC
%20MAURITANI
A.pdf
https://www.rcree
e.org/sites/defaul
t/files/irena_pan-
arab_strategy_ju
ne_2014.pdf

Mentions promoting solar photovoltaic for https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Niger%20First/Nige

pumping and electrification.
An off-grid solar PV target of 13 GW by https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Nigeria%20First/Ap
2030

NDC states that by 2030, Rwanda will https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Rwanda%20First/IN

establish up to 100 solar PV mini-grids in
rural communities, with total capacity of up
to 9.4 MWp

NDC aims to have 1MW renewable energy https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Sao%20Tome%20a

from an Isolated Mini Power plant and 12
MW from photovoltaic solar panels by 2030

1.) NDC lists an unconditional target of http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/PDF_Library/sn.pdf

building 392
solar or hybrid mini-grids for rural
electrification by 2030, and a conditional
target of building an additional 5,000 solar
fuelled mini-grids.

2.) Conditional upon foreign financing, the

country's goal is that 5,000 villages will be
electrified using solar energy with 49,000
household bio-digestors by 2030.
NDC mentions how solar resources https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Somalia%20First/S
have been utilized for off-grid generation in
the country, as well as for water heating for
municipal buildings.
NDC mentions how the integration of RE in https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Sudan%20First/28O
the power system will be partially achieved
by solar rural electrification, mainly through
the
installation of 1.1 million Solar Home
Systems (SHSs) by 2030
NDC mentions expanding the use of off-grid https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Uganda%20First/IN
solar system to support value addition and
irrigation in agriculture and support water
supply

NDC mentions Solar powered off-grids as a https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Zimbabwe%20First

key mitigation option
offgrid solar targets in NDC https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Bangladesh%20Fir
Mentions off-grid electricity such as solar https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Cambodia%20First
home systems,
hydro (pico, mini and micro) as a mitigation
action
NDC discusses how the Government of Lao https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Lao%20People%27
PDR has also laid the foundations for the
implementation a renewable
energy strategy that aims to increase the
share of small scale renewable energy to
30% of total
energy consumption by 2030
By 2030, 6 million https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Myanmar%20First/
people in rural areas will have access to
electricity generated by a variety of sources,
at least 30
% of which will be sourced from renewables
such as of mini-hydro, biomass, solar, wind
and solar
mini-grid technologies.

NDC targets 600,000 solar home systems https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Nepal%20First/Nep

and 1500 solar power systems
(solar PV and solar
pumping systems) by 2030
lists distributed solar as a mitigation option https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Pakistan%20First/P
 Off-grid electrification (electrification of https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Yemen
individual rural Households-HH):
110.000 rural HH (45 percent of identified
market potential) to be
electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025
(installed capacity around 5.5
MWp))

- Rural electrification based on renewable

energy (photovoltaic (PV)
systems, solar home systems (SHS), wind
energy converters, where
feasible, and biomass, both in stand-alone
and hybrid schemes)

e below 95% according to the IEA World Economic Outlook 2019 Electricity Access Database. For more on the electrification rates of these
or clean fuels and technologies for cooking, measured by population as identified in the IEA and World Bank’s Global Tracking Framework
Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, th
d Contributions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; VAT = value-a

cape of DREA policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Generally, listed policies are those that have been enacted by legislative bodi
very policy change, so some policies may be unintentionally omitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover policies and activities re
comprehensive list of broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still important to DREA progress. For the most part, this rep
wide variety of sources, including the World Bank Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), IRENA, the Global Renewable Ener
and submissions from REN21 regional- and country-specific contributors.
nd Targets
Integration of DREA in Electrification Plan/Strategy Ref

Electrification Plan as part of Angola Energia 2025 including: https://rise.esmap.org/data/files/library/angola/Energy%

a) Electrification through isolated systems - mini-grids (mini-hydro, solar
PV, solar hybrid)
b) Electrification through individual systems - solar villages
Share of rural population served by off-grid systems (mini-grids and https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/D
autonomous systems) of electrical services based on renewable
energy - 12.8% by 2020 and 26.9% by 2030

Development of the energy production at from sources renewable: https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDoc

-Carry out an exhaustive assessment of the potential of renewable
energies
- Adopt a development plan for renewable energies bringing to 25% of
the share of renewable energies into the electricity mix by 2035;
- Establish an incentive framework for the development of renewable
energies (call buyout prices, etc.) and remove barriers to investment
- Accelerate the implementation of the rural electrification master plan
developed by the AER;
The 2014 Electricity Law of the country integrated the use of mini-grids https://greenminigrid.afdb.org/sites/default/files/Mini-gri

DREA systems mentioned in the "Plan Directeur https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/D

d’Electrification Rurale (PDER)" 2016-2020

As per the Republic of Djibouti’s Vision 2035 , Off-grid rural https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Pub

electrification objectives in rural
areas include the following:
• solar water pumping
• PV and small wind for community services
(health and education)
• household PV (30% of rural electrification from
solar PV planned by 2017)
 “Enhancing energy access and energy security in Eritrea” document of https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/30316/download?to
the country identify standalone renewable generation systems as a
rural electrification generation systems.

National Electrification Program :35% of the electrification from stand- https://www.usaid

alone solar and mini-grid solutions.(7.7 million households) .gov/sites/default/
files/documents/1
860/PAOP-
Ethiopia-
MarketAssessme
nt-
Final_508.pdf#pa
ge=35 and
https://minigrids.o
rg/wp-
content/uploads/2
019/04/Ethiopia-
2.0.pdf
one-third of the rural population connected through off-grid solutions by http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambias-off-grid
2030

The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), which sets https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/186

deployment targets for stand-alone solar systems, lanterns, and mini-
grids
2 million new connections by 2022 through SHS and mini-grid as per https://www.usaid
the KENYA NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION STRATEGY .gov/sites/default/
files/documents/1
860/PAOP-
Kenya-
MarketAssessme
nt-Final_508.pdf
Rural Energy Action plan as per Liberia Rural Energy Strategy and http://gestoenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/LI
Master Plan :

DG: Decentralized Grids Program: Building large decentralized grids

supported by renewable generation,
cross border inter-connections and Medium Voltage grids (Voinjama,
Pleebo/Fishtown, Zwedru and
Greenville); guaranteeing the electrification of the 10 largest
settlements in each County, if not under GTG
program, than through the development of transitional solar/diesel low
voltage mini-grids. Represents
a total investment of USD 292M and the electrification of 96 800
homes.

•BTG: Beyond the Grid Program: Electrifying community services,

households and public buildings where
the grid is not expected before 2025 through 100% solar based off-grid
solutions, prioritizing health,
education (secondary schools) and security (police stations,
checkpoints, courthouses and public lighting);
electrifying 75 future off-grid settlements in an equitable way across
counties mainly through Solar Home
Systems (SHS) while promoting the sale and rental of solar portable
lamps or smaller Solar Home Systems

According to the Stratégie Nationale d’Electrification, the following https://www.lightingafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020

targets are proposed:
1. 70% of will be served by extension of the grid;
2. 20% will be served through the development of mini-grids (with an
energy mix of 50% from
hydropower, 25% from diesel, 20% solar and 5% biogas from rice
bales);
3. 10% will be served via individual solutions (5% decentralized solar
systems or solar kits, and 5% solar
lamps).
the Mozambique Energy For All (ProEnergia) Programme aims to http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/594061554
increase access to electricity services for about 272,000 new
customers in
targeted areas of Mozambique (250,000 through grid densification,
4,000 through mini-grids and 18,000 SHSs by
incentivizing the SHS market).

The Niger State Rural Renewable Energy Electrification Plan aims for https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/Presentations
100% electrification through a mixture of national gird extention and
densification, mini-grids, and stand alone systems
 Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan (RESIP) https://rea.gov.ng/download/rural-electrification-strateg
that promotes off-grid renewable energy such as mini grids and stand
alone systems

In its Rural Electrification Strategy (RES), Rwanda’s universal access https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Date

target includes offgrid
solutions and plans to have 52 percent of households connected to the
grid and 48 percent
with at least a Tier 1 off-grid connection (either SHS or mini-grid).

The Additional Plan for Universal Access action is structured along 6 https://gestoenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/G
key Axis: 1. Decentralized Grids - where 100% solar and hybrid mini-
grids are given priority together with the rehabilitation of existing ones.
National Electrification Program Prospectus (2013 – 2022) - https://www.ied-sa.fr/en/documents-and-links/publicatio
electrification by connection to the main grid and by off-grid
technologies where isolated mini-grids are supplied by renewable
energy sources or hybrid systems.

According to Togo's electrification strategy, Togo aims to achieve https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018

universal electricity access by 2030 using a combination of grid
extension and off-grid technologies (mini-grids and solar kits)
DREA integrated in the rural electrification strategy and plan for 2013- http://www.rea.or.ug/resources/strategy%20and%20pla
2022

Integration of Mini-Grids in national electrification policy

Power System Master Plan 2016 https://powerdivision.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/file
- indicates that the electrification rate improvement has two paths: one
is on-grid
connection, the other is off-grid connection (e.g. SHS).
The Saubhagya Scheme (or Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar https://www.recindia.nic.in/saubhagya
Yojana) is an Indian government project to provide electricity to the
households. Under Saubhagya free electricity connections to all
households (both APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor
families in urban areas will be provided. The scope of the scheme
includes providing Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) based standalone system
for un-electrified households located in remote and inaccessible
villages/habitations, where grid extension is not feasible or cost-
effective.

Indonesia’s electricity access efforts are concentrated https://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewabl

in the provinces that are home to the country’s
2 500 un-electrified villages, mainly in East and
Central Java, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. The
government’s plans are tailored to each province’s
population density, geography and available supply,
combining grid extension and distributed solutions
(such as renewable, diesel and hybrid mini-grids)
The Myanmar National Electrification Program (NEP) Roadmap and https://energypedia.info/images/3/37/Myanmar_NEP_R
Investment Prospectus mentions how the electrifcation programme's
roadmap to 100% electrification by 2030 envisages the least cost roll-
out of the grid, alongside the
development of mini-grid and off-grid solar home solutions.
Expanded Household Electrification Program & Expanded Sitio https://www.nea.gov.ph/ao39/phocadownload/Annual_
Electrification Program both had DREA components
New electrification policy provides to extend electricity access to https://www.pv-magazine-latam.com/2019/01/16/guate
1.5 million people in the country through alternative sources
including off-grid and mini-grid systems
The National Rural Electrification https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Pub
Plan (PNER) 2016-2025 sets a goal of achieving 99%
electrification by 2025 with substantial investments
envisaged in small-hydropower plants and standalone solar PV
systems
 Rural electrification based on renewable energy (photovoltaic (PV) https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Publis
systems, solar home systems (SHS), wind energy converters, where
feasible, and biomass, both in stand-alone and hybrid schemes)

9 Electricity Access Database. For more on the electrification rates of these countries, see Reference Table RXX. High-impact countries are
lation as identified in the IEA and World Bank’s Global Tracking Framework 2015 report. For electricity access, the countries are: Afghanist
ic of Korea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, the Philippines, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Yemen.
e United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; VAT = value-added tax.

enerally, listed policies are those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the listed policies may not yet be implemented, or
mitted or incorrectly listed. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance a
– all of which are still important to DREA progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion o
dicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE), IRENA, the Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, press reports and announ
ntributors.
 Regulato
Grid Arrival Plan/ Strategy Ref
Local cooperatives are provided a long term https://greenminigrid.afdb.org/file/178/download
distribution concession, which is not impacted
by the connection to
the main grid. Upon arrival, the mini-grid
operator connects the system to the grid, and
can fulfl extra demand by buying
power from SONABEL at a fxed wholesale
price
The Renewable Energy Startegy of the country https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PAN
make provisions for regions that has been
connected to DREA systems be gradually
connected to the national electricity network as
from 2020
The latest policy on minigrids guarantees that https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Oct/IRENA
operators holding a permit will
be compensated once the main grid arrives.
They may
either convert their operation into an
interconnected
mini-grid or sell their assets at the depreciated
price
plus 12 months of revenue

In the case of grid arrival, licensees have three https://sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/PAOP-Rwanda

options: (i) relocate assets, (ii) sell assets to the
main grid
(REG), or (iii) become a small power producer
and/or a distributor of electricity purchased
from the main
grid.
If a licensee takes the second option, the main
grid may buy generation assets without buying
distribution
assets. In the case of a dispute about the
purchase price, RURA will act as the arbitrator
and make the final
determination.
For a basic licence holder, the arrival of the https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Oct/IRENA
main grid or full mini-grid licenced project would
require it to decommission and remove its
assets within two months without being entitled
to any
refund or compensation.

For a full licence holder, on arrival of the main

grid, the licence can be converted into an
interconnected mini-grid contract or the
developer can remove all its assets. If it
chooses to
remove its assets, the developer will get
financial compensation equivalent to the
remaining depreciated value of the privately
financed assets. In addition, it will also be able
to receive
development and construction costs, as
defined during the tariff determination by the
commission
plus one audited annual revenue generated
from the mini-grid.
According to the 2014 SPP https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Oct/IRENA
framework, upon arrival of the main grid, a
formerly
isolated mini-grid could interconnect and
operate
as an SPP (selling wholesale electricity to
TANESCO)
or a small power distributor (purchasing
wholesale
electricity from TANESCO), or both. In the
2017
revision, a further compensation to mini-grid
operators
was introduced, for their distribution assets, if
they
chose not to interconnect and complied with
necessary
standards. Compensation is limited to those
cases in
which the main grid arrives within two to fifteen
years
of the mini grid’s commercial date of operation.
The
compensation amount is limited to the
replacement
cost of based on the REA’s average capital
cost for
installing distribution in rural areas measured
on a cost
per kilometre basis, minus depreciation
measured from
the date when the mini grid’s assets when
installed.
The Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC) http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/258101549324138093/pdf/134326-
created a process by which isolated mini grids
could become SPDs that can purchase
electricity at the wholesale price from EdC or
neighboring countries at lower prices than the
cost of diesel generation. Going beyond a
typical regulatory role, the EAC provided
ground-level engineering assistance to many
licensees in the
form of advice on how to build and operate the
mini grid’s distribution system so that it could
integrate
with the main grid at some time in the future.
Currently, more than 250 formerly isolated
private mini grids in Cambodia have connected
to the
national grid as SPDs, serving more than 1
million customers.

The EAC is responsible for

regulating mini-grids and their integration with
the main
grid. A Rural Electrification Fund provide grants
and lowinterest loans to enable expansion and
upgrades to meet
regulatory requirements. Each mini-grid has a
license for
one exclusive service area. In 2017, most of
Cambodia’s
territory was covered by such licenses
Indian Electricity Grid code 2010 & Regulations http://global-climatescope.org/policies/5309https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/
at individual State level

In case the main grid

arrives, the operator has the option to: (1)
continue
to supply its entire generation to consumers as
per a
designed standard of performance (with no
change
in the tariff-setting requirements); (2) generate
and
supply electricity as per the standard of
performance
to consumers (with no change in the tariff-
setting
requirements) and sell the excess generation
to the
distribution licensee (or distribution companies)
at
the applicable FiT; or (3) generate and supply
the
entire generation to the distribution licensee at
the
applicable FiT. The FiT is determined by the
Uttar
Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission
through
the Regulations for Captive and Renewable
Energy
Generating Plants.

In May 2017, the government changed the http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/258101549324138093/pdf/134326-

regulations for grid connection, issuing a
decree that explicitly allows the grid connection
of government-funded microhydropower
projects.
Reference Table RXX. High-impact countries are the 20
or electricity access, the countries are: Afghanistan,
Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Yemen.

e listed policies may not yet be implemented, or are

ology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance and Clean
not cover policies that are still under discussion or
d Measures Database, press reports and announcements
 Regulatory Policies
Administrative & Legal Provisions (Connection codes, tariff, licensing etc) Ref

Provisions made under the The Network Access Regulation and Regulation for the https://gettingthedealthrough.com/area/1
Licensing and Security of Electric Facilities

Framework fof Off-grid Electrification established https://www.benin-energie.org/bilan-ene

Mini-grids with a generation capacity above 25kW https://greenminigrid.afdb.org/file/178/do
require a concession; above 10kW require an authorisation; below 10kW they require
only a declaration. An authorisation
is also required for any PV-based system servicing more than ten clients, which is
likely to apply to the majority of projects
(Decree No. 2014-636).

Law Decree nº30/2006 provides for Licensing procedures https://pubs.naruc.org/pub.cfm?id=537C

for IPPs and Auto‐ Producers;

Law Decree nº1/2011 provides for an Incentive regime for

Renewable Energy Promotion;
a) General Regime (IPP and Auto‐Producer) - Need to be licensed
b) Regime for micro‐producer (up to 100 kW) - Registration
c) Simplified Regime for rural electrification projects in remote
areas.
(1) Minigrids are legally allowed to operate in the country, can be owned and operated https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/u
by private operators, and operators are legally allowed to charge a different tariff from
the national tariff.

(2) The stand-alone and remote electricity systems establishments are governed by
the traditional and grid connected regulations which are not appropriate for off-grid
systems. License granting is centralized
at the level of the ministry. There is no simplified licensing framework for new utilities,
stand-alone or remote electricity systems.

The Electricity Law adopted in 2019 provides for a regulatory framework thatset https://africadroit.com/2019/09/13/produ
standards for electricityservices, determine appropriate tariffs and open up the
generation sector to IPPs
Electricity Operations Regulation No. 49/1999: sets standards for licensing,standards, https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/
and tariffs including for DREA systems.

Energy Proclamation 810/2013: establishes Energy Efficiency and Conservation

Fund; establishes powers of EEA; establishes requirements and competencies for
electricity generation, transmission, and distribution
The Electricity Act provides opportunities for private https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/u
sector participation in power generation. The Renewable Energy Act provides for
private
sector production and sale of electricity to NAWEC. It supports the establishment of
off-grid
renewable/hybrid facilities run by IPPs.

Uniform national tariff that applies equally to the national grid and http://energycom.gov.gh/rett/documents
mini-grids established by the Public Utility Regulatory Commission
Mini-Grid Regulations as part of the Energy Law 2019 to be enacted https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/
(1) Energy policy is under the mandate of the Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons (1)
(MEH) and its respective Directorate implements policies related to renewable energy https://www.get-
development and rural electrification. invest.eu/market-
The Agency for Rural Electrification Development, ADER, was established for rural information/mada
electrification in 2005. is a public administrative institution responsible for rural gascar/governme
electrification through grid-extension and off-grid mini-grid systems. ADER implements ntal-framework/
rural electrification policies, provides technical advice to private operators, and
oversees the realization and financing of rural electrification and renewable energy (2) http://global-
projects. climatescope.org
The electricity sub-sector is regulated by an independent entity, ORE, which was /policies/5751
established in 2002. It is composed of two bodies: the Council of Electricity (CE), a
decision-making board, and the Executive Secretariat (SE), with administrative and 3.)
technical boards. https://www.get-
invest.eu/market-
(2)The 2017 Electricity Code lays down the legal framework for the Malagasy energy information/mada
sector. An example of such is the definition of the modalities for authorizations, gascar/governme
concessions or self-generation. As regards self-generation, excess power can be sold ntal-framework/
as long as 60% is consumed on site, with the volume of retail not exceeding 40% of
annual generation. Further noteworthy features are that, in cases of grid congestion,
renewable energy receives priority access to the grid. The policy allows for tenders in
the generation, transmission and distribution sectors.

3.) (1) the Board of Electricity Regulation (ORE) regulates the electricity sub-sector
and is responsible for electricity tariffs as well as the monitoring the application of
standards, quality and continuity of service, as well as fundamental principles of
competition.
Decree 58/2014 was approved creating Mozambique’s feed-in tariff for renewable https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2019
energy. Further regulation is still pending to implement the price premium. Decree
58/2014 creates Mozambique’s feed-in tariff, which applies to biomass, wind, small
hydro and solar projects from 10 kW to 10 MW.

National Renewable Energy Policy 2017 provides the reguatory framework for the http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publication
renewable energy sector, which is managed by the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The
policy aims to ensure a regulatory regime for large-and small-scale Renewable
Energy generation projects for off-grid and on-grid systems in urban and rural areas
as technology and market develops

Law No. 2003-004 of January 31, 2003, relating to the Electricity Code and its https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/u
implementing decree No. 2004-266 / PRN / MME
of September 14, 2004 govern all activities in production, transport, distribution,
import and export of electrical energy, as well as rural electrification without distinction
of sources and
types of energy. However, these provisions are being revised to clarify the specifics
relating to
renewable energies.
When the cumulative power of the installations is less than 10 kilowatts, the
declaration is addressed to the Minister
in charge of Energy which issues a receipt and informs the Multisectoral Regulatory
Authority.
Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) Minigrid Regulation http://rea.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/20

Rwanda's Utility Regulation Authority (RURA) introduced a simplified licensing regime http://global-climatescope.org/policies/50
for off-grid renewables which provides a supportive and stable legal framework to the
sector. Developers can apply for licenses to develop mini-grid of up 1 MW and small
generation projects of up to 5 MW. The licenses for full mini-grid awards exclusive
rights on transport and retail of energy for 5 to 25 years in a geographically
determined area, while generation remains open to competition if it is proven that the
system is not meeting demand. to retail can be awarded, as well as isolated
distribution grid only licenses with cover distribution and retail for periods ranging from
5 to 25 years. The tariff can be set by the developer at a level allowing cost recovery
and a 'reasonable rate of return'.

Stand-alone systems and Mini-grid development in Senegal is defined by the ERIL https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/
framework
Cost reflective average tariffs and tariff structures were approved for all three mini-grid http://iati.dfid.gov.uk/iati_documents/517
operators by the EWRC (the regulator), the first time truly cost-reflective tariffs have
been formally approved in Sierra Leone for any energy provider, or for any other
projects in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Mini-Grid Regulations (2017) provide further guidance on

licensing for mini-grids. One key feature of the draft regulations includes the
segregation of licensing arrangements, whereby mini-grids below 100 kW are allowed
a simplified process:
• A basic mini-grid licence that allows isolated
systems of up to 100 kW to generate and sell
electricity in otherwise unserved areas.
or
• A full mini-grid licence that gives a developer
authorisation to generate, distribute and sell
electricity in a designated unserved area.
The 2018 version of the SPP regulations require mini grids and gridconnected https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IREN
generators under 100 kW to register for a license.

The SPP framework allows small mini-grid

(below 100 kW) developers to negotiate tariffs
directly with future customers, subject to possible
regulatory review in case of significant customer
complaints. A further revision to the framework in 2015 allowed bulk
electricity sales to the utility, and introduced a FiT
for hydro and biomass generation. The rules defined
a competitive process for solar and wind projects
between 1 MW and 10 MW.

In 2018 and 2019, Togo approved new rules on licensing of renewable energy https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-conten
systems used for captive power and for local distribution
Licence Exemption for small mini-grids with generation less than 2 Mw https://atainsights.com/wp-content/uploa

1.) the Rural Electrification Fund Act 2002 provides for decentralised electrication 1.)
using renewable energy, and allowed for the establishment of the Rural Electrification https://www.iea.o
Fund Board responsible for holding and distribution of Rural Electrification Funds for rg/policies/5237-
all rural electrification projects countrywide rural-
electrification-
2.) The Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Agency (ZERA) board issues and withdraws fund-act?
licences from all players in the Electricity, Petroleum and Renewable Energy Sectors. country=Zimbab
It is also responsible for creating a legal framework for fair competition of both private we&qs=zimbab
and public players
2.)
https://www.iea.o
rg/policies/5236-
energy-
regulatory-act?
country=Zimbab
we&qs=zimbab
Legal provisions for licencing as per the Renewable Energy Policy (2006) 1.)
http://www.sreda.
gov.bd/d3pbs_up
loads/files/policy
_1_rep_english.p
df
1.) The EAC (electricity authority of Cambodia) may grant various types of electricity 1.)
license, including licenses for generation, transmission, distribution, retail, or a https://opendevel
combined license, as provided for in the Electricity Law of 2001 opmentcambodia
.net/topics/energ
2.) Once connected to the main-grid (required by law), y-policy-and-
the mini-grid operator charges the cost-recovery administration/#r
tariff calculated by the EAC, with profits equal to ef-74481-2
this tariff minus all operating costs. Until 2016, the
EAC calculated the cost-recovery tariff on a caseby-case basis for each operator. In 2.)
March, 2016, EAC https://www.irena
adopted a more rigorous method that benchmarks .org/-/media/Files
operators by grouping them according to market /IRENA/Agency/
size and customer density in groups of about 15. Publication/2018/
Oct/IRENA_mini-
The EAC uses incentives and penalties to ensure that grid_policies_201
mini-grids comply with their license requirements: 8.pdf
operators who demonstrate compliance, including
compliance of assets with the EAC’s standards, are 3.)
granted longer-term licenses and higher mini-grid https://openknow
tariffs ledge.worldbank.
org/bitstream/han
3. the Electricity Authority of Cambodia dle/10986/31926/
(EAC) played an important role throughout the lifecycle of the mini grid sector. It Mini-Grids-for-
provided very light regulation Half-a-Billion-
at the initial phase through the requirement for developers to register with the EAC, People-Market-
and became much more Outlook-and-
prescriptive when the sector was well established through, for example, the Handbook-for-
introduction of a universal tariff. Decision-Makers-
The EAC ensured that this lower tariff regime was balanced with sufficient Executive-
compensation through the Rural Summary.pdf?
Electrification Fund. sequence=1&isAl
lowed=y
1.) The Ministry of Power, which is in charge of electricity. Under Ministry of Power, 1.)
comes the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), which is responsible for the technical https://energyped
coordination and supervision of programmes. A public centre enterprise that falls ia.info/wiki/India_
under the purview of the ministry is Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Ltd. It's Energy_Situation
main objective is to finance and promote rural electrification projects all over the
country. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the main institution 2.)
resposible for RE development, including off-grid projects., but there are also many https://www.frien
regional bodies such as the Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development dsofeurope.org/i
Agencies, which are responsible for project implementation. nsights/the-
journey-towards-
2.) Under the government's household electrification scheme, the task for providing a universal-
continuous supply of electricity primarily falls on the state-run DISCOMs. They not electrification-in-
only have to ensure that they produce/buy and supply electricity, but also that they do india/
so in the most sustainable and efficient manner possible, while recovering revenues.
Until such time, DRE systems, such as solar home systems and micro-grids being 3.) http://global-
implemented in many areas, will not find favour. climatescope.org
/policies/5036
3.) The Uttar Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission issued a policy for
developing off-grid power systems with the aim of meeting basic power requirements 4.)
of villages that are yet to be electrified. The policy came into force on 6 April 2016 and https://www.irena
is valid for 10 years. .org/-/media/Files
The maximum capacity of the plants under the policy is 500kW. /IRENA/Agency/
The plants are to be developed on a Build-Own-Operate basis, including mandatory Publication/2018/
10 years of operation and maintenance. Oct/IRENA_mini-
Developers are eligible for 30% capital subsidy if the project is in a village earmarked grid_policies_201
by the government. 8.pdf
Residential users have to be supplied with a minimum three hours of power in the
morning and five hours in evening. Commercial units are to be supplied with six hours
of power daily.
If the grid network becomes accessible to the village post the commissioning of the
off-grid system, the power can be sold to the state distribution company at a tariff that
is agreed mutually by the developers and the company.

4.) For mini-grid projects developed through the

capital subsidy route, tariffs are restricted to a flat
monthly fee of Indian rupees (INR) 60 (~USD 0.8) for a
load of 50 watts (W) and a monthly flat fee of INR 120
In 2016, Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and 1.)
Mineral Resources updated regulations on Small Distributed Power Generation Using https://www.irena
Renewable Energy (Ministerial Regulation No. 1122 K/30/MEM/2002) that enable .org/publications/
the private sector to serve off-grid communities 2018/Jan/Renew
through business “concession areas,” where private able-Energy-
companies can act as integrated utilities that Market-Analysis-
generate (often renewable) power and transmit or Southeast-Asia
distribute that power to households.
2.)
In general, electricity tariffs for mini-grid customers https://www.irena
in rural villages are unregulated. Users discuss the .org/-/media/Files
tariff and collectively agree to pay a monthly flat rate /IRENA/Agency/
that is commonly seen to range between Indonesian Publication/2018/
rupiah (IDR) 5 000 (USD 0.35) and IDR 70 000 Oct/IRENA_mini-
(USD 4.6). The tariff is set according to consumers’ grid_policies_201
ability to pay. In some cases, the local government 8.pdf
may play a role in determining the tariff to be paid by
mini-grid customers
1.) The Law on Electricity, 2011 has made Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) 1.)
responsible for framing policies and strategies for the energy sector https://www.unes
cap.org/sites/def
ault/files/Lao
%20PDR
%20National
%20Sustainable
%20Energy
%20Strategy
%20Report.PDF

1.) Mongolia's Renewable Energy Law (2007) is the primary legislation that enables
renewable energy projects.
 MYANMAR ELECTRICITY LAW OF 2014 http://global-climatescope.org/policies/46
Permits foreign investment in power projects of any size in the country, with a
maximum ownership of 80%. Previously, the governing law stated that power projects
under 10MW may be owned only by citizens.
For small (< 10MW) and medium-sized projects (10-30MW), approvals are required
by the regional or state governments if they are not connected to the grid.

The Electricity Act, 1992 provisions that no license will be required for hydropower http://documents.worldbank.org/curated
projects of less
than 1000 kW capacity until they are registered
with the District Water Resources Committee and the
registration information is sent to the Department of
Electricity Development (DoED)
There are a limited number of off-grid https://www.seforall.org/sites/default/file
solar companies operating in the Philippines due to the government’s strict regulatory
controls on electrification. Companies need to obtain accreditation as a Qualified Third
Partiy (QTP) or New Power Producer (NPP) in order to benefit from the government's
subsidy fund. The majority of electrification through
stand-alone solar systems is currently being driven
by distribution utilities in a fee-for-service business model.
The Supervisory Agency for Investment in Energy https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IREN
and Mining (OSINERGMIN) sets the tariffs and prices
for electricity, and oversees legal, technical and
contractual compliance. Consumer tariffs vary across
urban and (off-grid) rural areas and are set every four
years based on the (1) nature of the investor (public or
private), (2) size of the power plant and (3) location. All users with a monthly
consumption lower than
100 kWh get a tariff discount. Those consuming
up to 30 kWh are given a discount ranging from
25% to 62.5%, depending on the nature of the
connection (Table CS 8.2), while consumers using
between 30 and 100 kWh see a net reduction of their
monthly bills ranging between7.5 and 18.75 kWh
 Tendering/Call for Proposals/Competitive Process Ref

Provision for Tendering process for the deployment of solar/hydro http://www.angolaenergia2025.com/en/conteudo/new-re

mini-grids in Angola Energia 2025

Call for proposals launched under the off-grod Clean Energy Facility https://www.agenceecofin.com/solaire/1212-62608-beni
Tenders were launched in May 2017 for the development of small http://global-climatescope.org/policies/5327
scale hybrid projects on isolated villages. These tenders are part of
Botswana Power Corporation's (BPC) wider electrical power system
development strategy.
Tender launched in Jan 2020 for the installation of 100 mini-solar PV https://www.africa-energy.com/article/burkina-faso-bids-
systems equipped with energy storage systems and 100,000 domestic
solar systems
Provisions are made for competitive tendering process for DREA https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/D
deployment
Tender for the design, supply, installation, commissioning, https://www.africa-energy.com/article/ethiopia-bids-
operation and maintenance of photovoltaic mini-grid projects in
25 rural towns/villages
The Renewable Electrification Unit under the Ministry of Energy https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/186
tenders for its off-grid projects through an engineering, procurement,
and construction (EPC) model
Tenders for off-grid solar systems and mini-grids are implemented by https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/mini-grid-solar-pv
the national utility KPLC or County governments or projects supported
by development partners.
The Agency for Rural Electrification Development (ADER) has a call *1)
for tenders section on their website, which includes tenders for PV https://ader.m
installations g/appel-offre/
1) 1.3 MW solar PV with 1.5 MW/2 MWh storage system solar and 1.)https://afric
storage tender announced in 2019. Aim is to provide electricity to 70 a-energy-
communities by installing isolated solar PV minigrid systems, with a portal.org/new
total capacity of 4.83 MW. The initiative will bring power to around s/mali-
31,000 rural households. launches-
tender-solar-
2.) The European Commission’s ACP-EU Partnership is financing the plus-storage
development of four 80kWp solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel mini-grids in
Mali. Under the programme, tendering is now under way for the 2.)
supply, delivery and commissioning of four plants in Beleko Soba, https://www.af
Fakola, Dogoni and Diena. Bidding will be in two lots – Beleko Soba rica-
and Fakola in lot 1 and Dogoni and Diena in lot 2 – and is being run energy.com/a
by the Netherlands’ Foundation Rural Energy Services (FRES). rticle/mali-
tender-four-
rural-solar-
plants
Provisions for tender procedure for mini-grids by the REA https://rea.gov.ng/mini-grid-tender/

Tender procedures for mini-grid development https://www.epdrwanda.com/edcl-tender-request-for-exp

Tender for mini-grids under the DFID-funded, UNOPS managed http://iati.dfid.gov.uk/iati_documents/51719400.odt
programme have been issued. 50 solar mini-grids have been
deployed, which are maintained and operated by three international
companies (PowerGen, PowerLeone, WINCH)
In 2019, the Togolese Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy https://www.africa-energy.com/article/togo-bids-sought-s
Agency (AT2ER) invited prequalification bids by 28 November for
the development, co-financing, construction, operation and
maintenance of solar PV-based mini-grids and distribution in 317
localities across the country, as well as the distribution and
marketing of electricity to customers.
Tenders are announced on the AT2ER website
Launched tenders for solar PV mini-grid connected lighting systems in https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/tenders/ban0582-
February 2019
in 2019 The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural https://mercomindia.com/anert-tender-off-grid-solar-kera
Technology (ANERT) has issued a tender for 10 MW of off-grid solar
power projects at public institutions across 14 districts in the state of
Kerala.
The Department of Rural Development issues tenders for mini-grids https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/24/myanmar-iss
and solar home systems under the National Electrification Project
In July 2019, Myanmar issued a tender for the supply, installation and
maintenance of 31 solar systems for households and public facilities
across several of its regions. The successful projects will be jointly
financed by the World Bank and the government of Myanmar.

Recent tenders launched by the Alternate Energy Promotion Centre https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/18/nepal-wants-

(AEPC) Nepal for hydro and solar/wind mini-grids and other solar
DREA systems, such as solar driers, cookers and irrigation systems
Auction procedure to supply and operate solar photovoltaic systems in https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/spotlight-perus-o
off-grid rural and isolated areas, as part of the country’s energy policy
to expand coverage, in particular for low income residents.
 Non-Regulatory
Quality Assurance frameworks/Standards Ref

Technical standards for off-grid electrification installations https://www.benin-energie.org/bilan-energetique.html

in Benin (minigrids and solar) established in the Framework
for Off-grid Electrification
CES 140:2015 Off-grid solar PV lighting kits standards set https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/PAOP-Et
up by the The Ethiopian Standards Agency mandatory for
systems of up to 15Wp; currently the standard is voluntary
up to 350Wp
pico-Pv standards fully harmonised with IEC/Lighting
Global quality standards
The Government of Ethiopia, with support from
Lighting Global, lifted local quality inspections on
September 27, 2018 and established a Pre-Export
Verification of Conformity (PVoC) procedure for all
pico-solar imports into Ethiopia.
Mandatory standards in place for pico-pv solar systems in https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/kenya_coun
line with IEC/Lighting Global quality standards
Kenya has a programme for Pre-Export Verification of
Conformity which covers solar products. In 2019, an
Enriched Certificate of Conformity was introduced.
Voluntary Standards introduced in 2018 https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/madagasca
Mandatory standards in place for pico-pv solar systems in https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/rwanda_cou
line with IEC/Lighting Global quality standards

Guidelines on Minimum Standard Requirements for Solar

Home Systems
Tanzania Bureau Standards adopted the Lighting Global https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/PAOP-Ta
Standard for smatandardsll renewable energy and hybrid
systems for rural electrification. The basic standards (TZS
1951- 9-5 and TZS 1952) involve all
solar power and related products manufactured inside the
countryor imported.
In late 2018, Tanzania updated its Pre-Export
Verification of Conformity programme

Adoption of IEC standards for solar products, including IEC https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-O

TS 62257-9-5, which is the Technical Specification used by
Lighting Global
Uganda has introduced a Pre-Export Verification of https://www.unbs.go.ug/content.php?src=pvoc-key-documents&con
Conformity programme for all solar equipment. In 2019,
Uganda introduced a procedure for certifying
consolidated cargo shipments

The Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS) is the national https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zambia/governmental

standards body for Zambia, responsible for standards
formulation, quality control, quality assurance, import and
export quality inspections, certification, and removal of
technical barriers to trade. As of 2017, importers of solar
equipment must present ZABS with a certification of
product quality.
Quality assurance framework applied by IDCOL which https://www.lightingglobal.org/resource/quality-assurance-for-off-gr
combines testing of SHS components and financing for
approved packages with field inspections of selected
installed systems and strong and enforceable warranty
requirements.
The EAC https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/201
grants exclusive licenses to mini-grids that require them to
comply to EAC safety, voltage regulation and performance
standards.

Since mini
grids and distribution franchises are small scale (e.g.,
<100 kW), they are not required to conduct
environmental impact studies under the Law on
Environmental Protection and Natural Resource
Management (ILO, 1996); however, technical
standards are applied
1.) Standards: 1.) https://mnre.gov.in/solar/standard-specs-cost2.) https://www.iren

Testing Procedure for Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping

System

Specification

Specification of 12 W LED Solar Street Lights

Technical specifications for Solar Photovoltaic Lighting

Systems & Power Packs

Universal Solar Pump Controller (USPC) USPC

Specifications for Stand-alone applications

Specification of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping

Systems

2.) The Mini-Grid Renewable Energy

Generation and Supply Regulations, 2016 define
different technical standards and certification for
mini-grids, depending on capacity. Mini-grids with
a capacity above 50 kW either have to comply with
the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited’s
guidelines or the security measure defined in the
Central Electricity Authority (Technical Standards for
Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources)
Regulations, 2013. Also, the CEA regulations or Central
Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and
Electric Supply) Regulations, 2010 set rules to be
respected in the mini-grids design under the mini-grid
regulation.
For systems with a capacity under 50 kW, simplified
standards have been defined. The Uttar Pradesh
Power Corporation Limited’s distribution network
code and guidelines for the design and construction
The Ministerial Regulation No. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/201
36/2018 includes technical specifications for mini-grid
systems, regarding installation capacity, type of inverter,
type of battery and daily energy allocation for end
users. The regulation applies only to mini-grids funded
by the government. For privately funded mini-grids,
specifications may vary depending on the purpose
Alternate Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) has https://www.aepc.gov.np/documents/technical-standards-solar
established Technical Standards for solar, micro-hydro,
biomass, biogas, etc
Pakistan has introduced rules requiring pre-shipment http://www.aedb.org/process-flow-for-import-of-solar-pv-equipment
inspection (PSI) of solar panels and related equipment
consignments imported into the country.
 Non-Regulatory Policies
Financial incentives (loans, grants, subsidies, guarantees) Ref
FDE subsidies have historically been available to local cooperative off-grid https://greenminigrid.afdb.org/file/178/download
projects. FDE has been providing
extensive fnancing to cooperatives developing off-grid projects, including 100%
of system costs; 100% of the costs of
the transmission lines; and 60% of the costs of the distribution lines. The
remaining 40% of the distribution line costs are
provided as a loan.

Subsidies provided to commercial banks to reduce lending rates on distributed http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/537

PV generation systems in view to support approximately 3 MW of additional
distributed solar generation
The Rural Electrification Fund (REF) subsidize up to 95 % of the cost of rural https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/In
electrification projects powered through renewable energy

Development Bank of Ethiopia offer loan for the financing of quality verified off-
grid solar products through a dedicated credit line
Results based financing is available under several projects funded by https://kosap-fm.org/facilities
development partners and implemented by SNV, Hivos, GIZ, and others.
CAPEX subsidies provided for mini-grid projects https://www.seforall.org/sites/default/files/2019-
(1) Investment subsidies of up to 80% of total capital expenditures may be (1) http://global-
granted through the rural electrification fund (REF) for off-grid project climatescope.org
developers. The fund is managed by the rural electrification agency, AMADER, /policies/5659
which is responsible for awarding both grants and authorizations to mini-grid
operators. (2)https://www.se
4all-
(2) There are specific small-scale financial incentives for decentralized and africa.org/fileadm
off-grid installations (such as PVS or pico-hydro) including mainly AMADER in/uploads/se4all/
subsidies for operators as part of the rural electrification fund (FER). Documents/Coun
try_PANER/Mali_
Plan_d_Actions_
National_pour_le
s_Energies_Ren
ouvelables_.pdf
The current Government-funded Solar Revolving Fund offers its customers 5- (1)
year https://www.iea.o
loans at a 5% fixed interest rate. There is also a plan to introduce a revolving rg/policies/5894-
fund for the OGEMP, which would offer off-grid customers 6-month, 1-year and solar-revolving-
5-year loans at the prime interest rate (currently 12.25%). A minimum fund-srf?
purchase amount would be set for all three loan durations. The 6-month and 1- q=namibia
year loans would focus on making basic energy technologies and energy
baskets affordable to the lowest income households (2)https://www.ie
a.org/policies/58
96-national-
energy-fund-nef?
q=namibia
Subsidies provided for mini-grids https://rea.gov.ng/mini-grid-tender/

The Renewable Energy Fund (REF) is implemented by the Rwanda https://atainsights.com/wp-content/uploads/201

Development Bank (BRD) and provides local-currency financing through 4
active windows:
-Lending through SACCOs
-Lending through banks
-Lending to off-grid mini grids
-Lending to Off-grid solar companies (OSC)

Targeted subsidies (30-90%) for Solar Home Systems (SHS).

The government established a top-down priority investment program called http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/710

PPER (Programmes Prioritaires d’Electrification Rurale) to boost rural
electrification. The PPER concessionaires receive a subsidy from ASER (the
Agency for Rural Electrification) for a portion of their initial
investment cost
The Rural Energy Agency (REA) manages the Rural Energy Fund, which https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Age
provides grants to mini-grids and solar home systems as well as
extensions of distribution lines.
REA subsidizes isolated grid and household connections https://atainsights.com/wp-content/uploads/201
1.) Bangladesh's Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) has 1.) http://global-
implemented the world's largest solar home system (SHS) rollout programme climatescope.org
since 2003 which offered soft finance to approved partner organisations, who /policies/4215
sell SHS in rural areas. They pass the IDCOL soft financing through to end
consumers by offering three-year micro-credit, allowing the rural poor to afford 2.)
SHS through monthly payments. http://documents.
worldbank.org/cu
IDCOL also runs two other solar programmes, though these have been at a rated/en/218251
much smaller scale: 551754892999/B
- Solar irrigation pumps: project sponsors can offer grants of up to 40% of the angladesh-
cost, as well as soft loans; Scaling-Up-
- Solar mini-grids: sponsors put up only 20% equity, with 50% grant and 30% Renewable-
soft loans from IDCOL; they can then charge a tariff of $0.38 per kWh, along Energy-Project
with a one-time connection cost of $38-64 and monthly line rent of $1-2.57 per
customer.
DREA programmes covered by the Rural Electrification Fund include the http://ref.gov.kh/page/admin/public/filedownload
Program for Solar Home System (SHS)
.
Electricité du Cambodge (EDC) through Rural Electrification Fund (REF) will
provide a subsidy of USD 100 per SHS to rural households
1.) A capital subsidy of INR 500 per lamp will be provided for CFL and LED 1.) http://global-
based Solar Lanterns in Andhra Pradesh. Under a scheme promoted by the climatescope.org
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh /policies/3927
(NREDCAP), individuals can avail an INR 500 subsidy on CFL or LED based
solar lanterns. 2.) http://global-
climatescope.org
2.) Under the Solar Pumping Program farmers are provided with a subsidy of /policies/3945
86% on solar PV pumping systems. The policy was introduced in the fiscal
year ended March 2011. Around 7000 pumps had been deployed by January 3.) http://global-
2014. climatescope.org
Implemented by the Horticulture Department of the Government of Rajasthan, /policies/3919
the programme allows farmers using a drip irrigation system and having a
water storage facility to avail a subsidy of 86% on SPV pumping systems. 4.) http://global-
climatescope.org
3.) INDIA - TAMIL NADU SOLAR MANUFACTURING SUBSIDY POLICY /policies/3923
Overview
A special capital subsidy covering 15% of plant and machinery cost is available 5.)
for solar energy equipment manufacturers in Tamil Nadu. The subsidy, which https://www.frien
came into effect on 7 May 2008, has a cap of INR 3m. dsofeurope.org/i
The Micro, Small and Medium Industries Policy 2008 outlines the subsidy nsights/the-
policy. journey-towards-
universal-
Qualified equipment under the scheme includes: electrification-in-
1. Flat -plate solar collectors india/
2. Concentrating and pipe type solar collectors
3. Solar water heaters and systems
4. Solar crop dryers and systems
5. Solar stills and desalination systems
6. Solar pumps based on solar thermal and solar photo-voltaic conversion
7. Solar power generating systems
8. Solar photo-voltaic modules and panels for water pumping and other
applications
9. Solar cookers
10. Solar refrigerators, solar cold storage air conditioning systems

4.) A capital subsidy of INR 20,000/kW per applicant will be provided for
rooftop solar systems under the Chief Minister's Solar Rooftop Capital
DRD (the department of rural development) in Myanmar offers capital http://drdmyanmar.org/index.php?page=bmV3Z
subsidies for mini-grid projects under the National Electrification Project:

Nepal offers subsidies for renewable energy projects of up to 1MW, with the 1.) http://global-climatescope.org/policies/3959a
level of support dependent on the technology and remoteness of installation. In
May 2016, the renewable energy subsidy policy was updated, introducing
generation-based support rather than capital-only subsidies.

2.) In 2012, the Alternate Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) launched a

subsidy program to promote mini-grids for rural electrification. Initially, AEPC
provided subsidies for community- and cooperative-owned hydropowered mini-
grids; as of 2017, privately owned projects are eligible. AEPC provided
subsidies for community- and cooperative-owned mini-grids supported by small
hydro projects ranging from less than 10 kW to 1 MW, including some larger
projects connected to the national grid. Eligible projects receive a subsidy that
covers 50 percent of capital costs
1.) Missionary Electrification Subsidy (ME Subsidy) will be granted to the 1.)
selected new power producers to allow recovery of the cost of generation. https://www.iea.o
rg/policies/6245-
2.) Accelerating Household Electrification through Regulated Solar Home resolution-for-
Systems: SHS can be installed by distribution utilities (DU), and are funded by electricity-
fees collected from consumers and by government subsidies. This circular generation-rates-
regulates the tariff collection process and the associated government and-subsidies-
subsidies. for-off-grid-
areas?
3.) Subsidies have played an important role in the Philippines rural renewable country=Philippin
energy market, thanks to the establishment of the es&jurisdiction=N
UCME Fund, which provides subsidies in areas not ational&qs=PHIL
interconnected to the main grids. Aside from NPC, SPUG, NPPs and QTPs &status=In
(which can be conventional or %20Force
renewable energy developers) are eligible to tap the
UCME. 2.)
https://www.iea.o
rg/policies/6149-
accelerating-
household-
electrification-
through-
regulated-solar-
home-systems?
country=Philippin
es&jurisdiction=N
ational&qs=PHIL
&status=In
%20Force

3.)
https://www.sefor
all.org/sites/defa
ult/files/2019-
11/EF-2019-TP-
SEforALL-w.pdf
The state offers capital cost subsidies for https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Age
projects targeting rural electrification of between 200
to 5 000 connections as well as partial coverage of
operating and maintenance costs. Rural electrification is also supported by the
The National Fund for Rural
Electrification (FONER)
 Fiscal Incentives (Import Duty, VAT , etc) Ref

No VAT on Solar PV https://www.pv-magazine.fr/2020/01/28/le-benin-exonere-les-importatio

Reduction on import tax and VAT for the importation https://www.lightingafrica.org/country/burkina-faso/
and sale of solar energy products

No VAT and Import duty on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

No Import Duty on Renewable Energy equipment https://pubs.naruc.org/pub.cfm?id=537C27FC-2354-D714-519F-2938B

100% tax reduction on investment for first 5 years
followed by a 50% tax reduction for the next 5 years
VAT Exemption on Renewable Energy Equipment https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/meeting-docu

No Import duty and VAT on (1)

electricity generation equipment https://www.usai
d.gov/powerafric
Under the 2002 Investment Code foreign, investors a/beyondthegrid/
are eligible under certain conditions to a 100% off-grid-solar-
exemption of income and revenue taxes, land assessment/cote
concession taxes and duties related to the creation of -divoire
enterprises. Renewable energy projects are eligible for
these incentives (2) http://global-
climatescope.org
/policies/4121

Reduced VAT from 18% to 9% on Solar Energy https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/PAOP-CIV-Ma

equipment
No Import duty on off-grid solar sytems that are https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/PAOP-Ethiopi
Lighting Africa-certified
No Import Duty on Solar PV http://global-
climatescope.org
/policies/4303

No VAT and Import Duty on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

No VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su
No Importy duty and reduced VAT on solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

Sales tax and Import Duty waiver on solar products https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/madagascar_co

No Import duty and reduced VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

No Import duty and reduced VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

Reduced VAT and Import Duty on Solar PV https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2019/01/Final-Energy-report-Mozam

No Importy Duty and Sales Tax on Solar PV https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/niger_country_b

Import duty and VaT exemptions on Solar PV https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/resource_docs/rwanda_country

Renewable energy projects developed within the http://global-climatescope.org/policies/3881

frame of Senegal's rural electrification plan are exempt
from import duty and VAT.
Exemption from VAT and import duties for solar and http://global-climatescope.org/policies/5313
energy efficiency products.

No Import duty and reduced VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

No Import duty and reduced VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

Exemptions and reductions of import duties (0%), http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

company tax,
minimum flat tax, professional tax, property tax and
VAT (0%) for approved off-grid
solar companies
Tax exemption on all Solar Pv equipment https://atainsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/13.-Henry-Semagn

No Import Duty and VAT on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

No Import Duty on Solar PV http://global-climatescope.org/assets/data/docs/updates/2020-02-06-su

Tthe following incentives are available for renewable http://global-climatescope.org/policies/3973
energy project developers:

- 10-year corporate income tax exemption;

- 5% VAT exemption for renewable energy equipment
and raw materials;
- import duty exemptions for solar, wind and efficient
lighting components;
- spare parts up to 10% of the total plant cost are also
import duty and VAT exempt for 12 years;
- repatriation of foreign companies' profit and equity is
allowed.
No customs duty on imported solar cells and modules https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-customs

1.) Value Added Tax (VAT) exemptions apply to 1.) http://global-

taxable goods imported to develop renewable energy climatescope.org
projects, as long as no substitutes are manufactured in /policies/4003
Indonesia. Exemptions are valid for 2 years with
optional exenstion depending on applicability and 2.) http://global-
feasibility. As of 2016, the exemption is still applicable. climatescope.org
/policies/4019
The VAT exemption applies to machinerey (both
constructed and dismantled); while tax may still be
rasied on spare parts that companies need to use
renewable energy for end-product manufacturing.

2.)Accelerated depreciation and amortisation of capital

and fixed assets for several sectors and industries in
Indonesia, particularly useful in developing renewable
energy projects such as infrastructure and power
contribution.
Incentives offered by the law, which are potentially https://www.iea.org/policies/6295-law-on-investment-promotion?country
applicable to renewable energy investments, include:

Duty free import of production machinery, equipment

and raw materials;

Waivers or reduced rates on import duty for materials,

equipment and supplies.
The national tax law enacted in January 2016 exempts 1.) http://global-
from commercial taxation solar panels, solar charger climatescope.org
controllers and solar inverters." /policies/5305

Nepal's national budgets grant exemptions and http://global-climatescope.org/policies/3963

reductions on corporate tax, VAT and custom duties
for energy project developers and operators.

Import duty reductions and exemptions are available

under the country's 2015-2016 (and previous) customs
tariffs. These include only 1% customs duty for a
range of solar, biogas and wind energy equipment,
and full exemption for components of electric vehicles.
Enforced in 2003, the law establishes tax incentives http://global-climatescope.org/policies/1842
for the development of new renewable generation
projects.
Decree 52-2003, outlines the following tax incentives
for the development of renewable energy generation
capacity:

Fiscal incentives:
- Import tax breaks (exemption from Derechos
Arancelarios de Importación (DAI)) for machines,
equipment, materials and inputs for investment and
construction. This incentive shall not exceed 10 years.

- Value-added tax break (exemption from the

‘Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA)) for machines,
equipment, materials and inputs for investment and
construction. This incentive shall not exceed ten years.

- Income tax breaks (exemption from ‘Impuesto sobre

la Renta' (IR)) - this incentive is exclusive for a period
of 10 years from the date the plant starts operating.

- Industrial tax breaks (exemption from 'Impuesto a las

Empresas Mercantiles y Agropecuarias - IEMA-') - this
incentive is exclusive for a period of 10 years from the
date the plant starts operating.
1.) Decree 138 -2013 establishes sales tax exemption 1.) http://global-
for all equipment, material and services related to climatescope.org
renewable energy generation. /policies/1944
The exemption is from a 12% sales tax is charged on
goods, services and imports. 2.) http://global-
climatescope.org
On 01 August 2013, Decree 138 amended Decree 70- /policies/1948
2007, and states that if the developer has already paid
sales taxes prior to the construction start date, there 3.) http://global-
will be a tax credit once the construction starts. climatescope.org
/policies/1946
2.) Decree 138 -2013 establishes import tax exemption
on equipment, machinery and material for renewable
energy projects.
The exemption also applies to temporarily rented
imported equipment and machinery for construction
and maintenance of renewable energy projects.

On 01 August 2013, Decree 138 amended Decree 70-

2007, and it is now applicable to any project of
electricity generation from renewable resources,
independently of size, capacity or power.

3.) Decree 138 -2013 establishes income tax

exemption for renewable energy projects for a period
of ten years.
Developers may be exempt from income tax and other
Honduras taxes (Impuesto Sobre la Renta, Aportación
Solidária Temporal and Impuesto al Activo Neto). This
applies to renewable energy projects and payment of
services contracted by developers (eg, feasibility
studies, installation, construction and monitoring of
renewable energy projects).

The exemption is applicable to any project of electricity

generation from renewable resources, independently
of its size, capacity or power. The tax exemption
Table of Contents Table 5. Distributed Renewables Policies for Clean Cooking Access, Selected Countries, 20

Legend: X – Existing national policy or tender framework (could include sub-national)

National Plans and Targets

Clean cooking Clean cooking in INDC or

Countries targets NDC
Africa
Ethiopia X X
Ghana
Kenya X
Rwanda X X
Uganda X X
Asia
Bangladesh X X
China X X
India X X
Nepal X X
Central and South
America
Guatemala X
High-impact countries are the 20 countries with the highest absolute gaps in access to electricity and/or clea
INDC and NDC refers to countries' (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions to reducing greenhouse
Source: Based on Clean Cooking Alliance Policy Database and A. Towfiq, Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA), W
 ing Access, Selected Countries, 2019

mework (could include sub-national)

ns and Targets Regulatory Policies

Integration of clean cooking
in energy access Administrative and Tendering, call for proposals
plan/strategy legal provisions or competitive process

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
e gaps in access to electricity and/or clean fuels and technologies for cooking, measured by population as identified in the IEA and World B
ed Contributions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; VAT = value-
Towfiq, Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA), Washington, DC, personal communication with REN21, 24 April 2020.
 Non-Regulatory Policies

Quality/Technical Public financing (loans, Fiscal incentives

frameworks and standards grants, subsidies, etc.) (import duty, VAT, etc.)

X
X
X X
X X
X

X X

X
X X X

population as identified in the IEA and World Bank’s Global Tracking Framework 2015 report. For clean cooking access, the countries are:
k Convention on Climate Change; VAT = value-added tax.
21, 24 April 2020.
access, the countries are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, the D
Indonesia, Kenya, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippin
ia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam.
Table of Contents Table R20. Electricity Access by Region and Country, Status in 2018 and Targets

Population with Electricity

World/Region/Country
Access in 2018
Share of population

Worlda 89%
All Developing Countries 86%
Africa 54%
North Africa >99%
Sub-Saharan Africa 45%
Developing Asia 94%
Central and South America 97%
Middle East 93%
Africa
Angola 45%
Benin 35%

Botswana 59%
Burkina Faso 20%
Burundi 11%
Cameroon 70%
Central African Republic <5%
Chad 9%
Congo 69%
Côte d'Ivoire 63%
Democratic Republic of the Congo 9%
Djibouti 42%
Egypt >95%
Equatorial Guinea 83%
Eritrea 49%
Eswatini 87%

Ethiopia 45%
Gabon 92%
Gambia 47%
Ghana 84%
Guinea 17%
Guinea-Bissau 10%
Kenya 75%
Lesotho 36%
Liberia 11%
Madagascar 25%
Malawi 15%
Mali 40%
Mauritania 30%
Morocco >95%
Mozambique 29%
Namibia 56%
Niger 12%
Nigeria 60%

Rwanda 49%
Senegal 69%
Sierra Leone 25%
Somalia 18%
South Africa 95%
South Sudan <5%
Sudan 47%
Tanzania 37%
Togo 43%
Uganda 23%
Zambia 37%
Zimbabwe 34%

Developing Asia
Bangladesh 85%
Brunei >95%
Cambodia 72%
India 95%
Indonesia 98%
Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic 27%
Lao PDR 95%
Mongolia 91%
Myanmar 43%
Nepal 94%
Pakistan 77%
Philippines >95%
Vietnam >95%
Central and South America
Argentina >95%
Bolivia 92%
Brazil >95%
Colombia >95%
Costa Rica >95%
Cuba >95%
Dominican Republic >95%
Ecuador >95%

El Salvador >95%
Guatemala 93%
Haiti 39%
Honduras 79%
Jamaica >95%
Nicaragua >95%
Panama 93%
Paraguay >95%
Peru >95%
Trinidad and Tobago >95%
Uruguay >95%
Venezuela >95%
Middle East
Bahrain >95%
Iran >95%
Iraq >95%
Jordan >95%
Kuwait >95%
Lebanon >95%
Oman >95%
Saudi Arabia >95%
Syria >95%
Qatar >95%
United Arab Emirates >95%
Yemen 47%
Oceania
Federated States of Micronesiab 80%

Disclaimer: The tracking of data related to energy access and DREA systems is a challenging process.
with past reporting may be due to improvements in data collection.

a. Includes countries in the OECD and economies in transition.

b. For the Federated States of Micronesia, rural electrification rate is defined by electrification of all islan
state capital (which is considered urban).

Source: Share of population with access derived from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2019 Access to Electr
https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ecaa2844-dce8-4710-80fb-4085a58f292f/WEO2019-Electricity
2020; population without access derived from idem and from A. Contejean, IEA, Paris, personal commu
targets derived from World Bank, Access to Electricity Database, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/eg
and from J. Rafalowicz, “Power for All Fact Sheet: Energy Access Target Tracker” (Power for All, 4 April
https://www.powerforall.org/application/files/4715/2385/7938/Energy_Access_Target_Tracker_Fact_She
y, Status in 2018 and Targets

Population Without Electricity

Target
Access in 2018
Share of population with
Millions
electricity access
860
860
596
<1
596
228
17
18

17 100% by 2030
8 95% by 2025 (urban)
65% by 2025 (rural)
<1 100% by 2030
16 100 by 2025
10 25% by 2025
7
5 50% by 2030
14
2
9 100% by 2025
77 60% by 2025
<1 100% by 2035
<1
<1
3
<1 75% by 2018
85% by 2020
100% by 2025
59 100% by 2030
<1
1 100% by 2030
5 100% by 2020
10 100% by 2030
2 80% by 2030
13 100% by 2022
<1 40% by 2020
4 100% by 2030
20
16 30% by 2020
12 87% by 2030
3
<1
22 100% by 2025
1.1
19 65% by 2030
78 75% by 2020
90% by 2030
6 100% by 2030
5 100% by 2025
6 100% by 2025
13
3 100% by 2019
12
22
37 75% by 2030
5 82% by 2030
34 98% by 2030
11 66% by 2030
11 66% by 2030
90% by 2030 (urban)
51% by 2030 (rural)

25 100% by 2021
0
5 70% by 2030 (rural)
74 100% by 2019
5

19 90% by 2017
<1
<1
31 87% by 2030
2
46
5
<1

<1
<1 100% by 2025 (rural)
<1
2 97.45% by 2017
0
0
<1
<1 98.9% by 2022 (urban)
96.3% by 2022 (rural)
<1
1
7  50% by 2020
2
0
<1
<1
0
1
0
0
0

0
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
 0
0
15

<1 90% by 2020 (rural)

d DREA systems is a challenging process. Discrepancies or inconsistencies

ction.

n.
n rate is defined by electrification of all islands outside of the four that host the

orld Energy Outlook 2019 Access to Electricity Database,

0-80fb-4085a58f292f/WEO2019-Electricity-database.xlsx, viewed 25 April
A. Contejean, IEA, Paris, personal communication with REN21, 20 May 2020;
ase, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/eg.elc.accs.zs, viewed 25 April 2020,
cess Target Tracker” (Power for All, 4 April 2017),
Energy_Access_Target_Tracker_Fact_Sheet_April_2017.pdf.
Table of Contents Table R21. Clean Cooking Access by Region and Country, Status in 2018 and Targets

Population with Access to

World/Region/Country Clean Cooking in 2018

Share of population
Worlda 65%
All Developing Countries 56%
Africa 29%
Sub-Saharan Africa 17%
North Africa 98%
Developing Asia 57%
Central and South America
89%
Middle East 96%
Africa
Algeria 92%
Angola 50%
Benin 5%
Botswana 66%
14%
Burkina Faso
Burundi <5%
Cabo Verde 83%
Cameroon 25%
Central African Republic <5%
Chad 7%
Comoros 12%
Congo 26%
Côte d'Ivoire 30%
Democratic Republic of the
Congo <5%
Djibouti 13%
Egypt >95%
Equatorial Guinea 37%
Eritrea 18%
Eswatini 52%
Ethiopia 7%
Gabon 80%
Gambia 11%
Ghana 25%
Guinea <5%
Guinea-Bissau 5%
Kenya 15%
Lesotho 37%
Liberia <5%
Libya >95%
Madagascar <5%
Malawi <5%
Mali <5%
Mauritania 48%
Mauritius 93%
Morocco >95%
Mozambique 6%
Namibia 43%
<5%
Niger
Nigeria 9%
Rwanda <5%
São Tomé and Príncipe 16%
Senegal 30%
Seychelles 91%
Sierra Leone <5%
Somalia 6%
South Africa 87%
South Sudan <5%
Sudan 46%
Tanzania 6%
Togo 8%
Tunisia >95%
Uganda 6%
Zambia 17%
Zimbabwe 31%
Developing Asia
Bangladesh 19%
Brunei >95%
Cambodia 20%
China 72%
India 49%
Indonesia 68%
Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic 12%
Lao PDR 6%
Malaysia >95%
Mongolia 46%
Myanmar 21%
Nepal 30%
Pakistan 46%
Philippines 44%
Singapore >95%
Sri Lanka 28%
Thailand 76%
Vietnam 73%
Central and South
America
Argentina >95%
Bolivia 82%
Brazil >95%
Chileb 8%
Colombia 93%
Costa Rica 94%
Cuba 80%
Dominican Republic 91%
Ecuador >95%
El Salvador 88%
Guatemala 46%
Haiti 6%
Honduras 55%
Jamaica 92%
Mexicob 15%
Nicaragua 55%
Panama 90%
Paraguay 69%
Peru 78%
Trinidad and Tobago >95%
Uruguay >95%
Venezuela >95%
Middle East
Bahrain >95%
Iran >95%
Iraq >95%
Jordan >95%
Kuwait >95%
Lebanon >95%
Oman >95%
Saudi Arabia >95%
Qatar >95%
United Arab Emirates >95%
Yemen 66%

Disclaimer: The tracking of data related to energy access and DREA systems is a challenging process. Disc
due to improvements in data collection.

a. Includes countries in the OECD and economies in transition.

b. Based on 2016 data

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2019 Access to Clean Cooking Database, https://iea.blob.core.windows
b89519660299/WEO2019-Clean-Cooking-database.xlsx, viewed 25 April 2020; Rafalowicz, op. cit. note 20
tatus in 2018 and Targets

Population Without Access Target

to Clean Cooking in 2018

 Share of population with

Millions access to clean cooking
2,651
2,651
910
905
1.1
1,674

57
10

4
15 100% by 2030
11
<1
17 100% by 2030 (urban)
65% by 2030 (rural)
11
<1 100% by 2020
19
5
14
<1
4
18

81
<1
<1
<1
4
<1 100% by 2030
100 100% by 2025
<1
2 100% by 2030
22 100% by 2030
13 50% by 2025
2 75% by 2030
43 100% by 2022
1
5 100% by 2030
<1
26
18
19 100% by 2030
2
<1
<1
29
2
21 100% by 2030 (urban)
60% by 2030 (rural)
178
12 100% by 2030
<1
12
<1
8
14
8
12
23
56 75% by 2030
7 80% by 2030
<1
42 99% by 2030
15
12

135
<1
13
399
688
85

23
7
<1
2
43
21
108
59
<1
16
17
26

<1
2
9
1.5
4
<1
2
<1
<1
<1
 9
10
4
<1
19
3
<1
2
7
<1
<1
<1

<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
10

ystems is a challenging process. Discrepancies or inconsistencies with past reporting may be

tabase, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b6baec29-6a12-40d6-8333-
pril 2020; Rafalowicz, op. cit. note 20.
Table of Contents Figure 49. Global Investment in Renewable Power and Fuel Capacity in Developed, Eme

Billion US
2004 2005 2009 2010 2011
China and India 6771.07 14564.93 35311.89 43639.59 51449.10
Other developing
countries 2919.15 5821.27 17197.98 24259.78 26718.54
Developed
countries 37339.45 52346.13 94002.66 145136.42 186531.84
Total 47029.68 72732.34 146512.53 213035.79 264699.48

Note: Figure does not include investment in hydropower projects larger than 50 MW. Investment totals h
Source: BloombergNEF.
el Capacity in Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries, 2009-2019

Billion USD
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
61609.31 66361.35 91107.64 126912.39 115967.30 156264.08 101931.03 92736.89

33855.16 26104.21 32355.48 39579.11 29035.86 39692.66 50733.56 59471.01

144463.86 119270.09 141671.24 133857.19 134972.57 119166.78 127487.08 130009.09

239928.34 211735.65 265134.36 300348.69 279975.72 315123.52 280151.67 282216.98

1% increase
(from 2018 to
2019)

ger than 50 MW. Investment totals have been rounded to nearest billion.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 50. Global Investment in Renewable Power and Fuels, by Country and Region, 2009-

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Billion USD
United States 23.00 34.60 50.30 40.70 36.10 38.40
Brazil 6.90 7.20 10.20 7.80 3.90 7.70
Americas (excl. United
States & Brazil) 5.00 12.00 9.80 10.40 12.50 15.20
Europe 76.50 112.20 131.70 91.10 57.70 68.70
Africa & Middle East 1.50 4.00 3.10 9.90 7.20 8.40
China 36.70 42.40 45.70 56.60 63.40 88.70
India 4.30 7.70 12.40 6.70 5.00 7.40
Asia & Oceania (excl. China
& India) 13.90 18.50 23.50 30.40 45.80 53.70

Note: New investment volume adjusts for re-invested equity. Total values include estimates for undisclosed
Source: BloombergNEF
ry and Region, 2009-2019

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Billion USD
46.90 44.40 48.60 47.10 59.00
6.40 5.70 6.20 3.80 6.80

11.50 6.50 13.20 10.70 12.80

61.10 71.50 49.10 60.80 58.40
11.60 7.10 10.70 16.50 15.40
121.10 105.60 148.40 95.90 90.10
8.00 12.50 13.70 11.60 11.20

50.60 40.70 41.60 49.60 48.20

stimates for undisclosed deals.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 51. Global Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology, 2019

Total Investment Capacity Investment

Billion USD Billion USD

Ocean power 0.20 0.00
Geothermal power 1.20 1.00
Small-scale hydropower 2.50 1.70
Biofuels 3.00 0.50
Biomass and waste-to-energy 11.20 9.70
Solar power 141.00 131.10
Wind power 142.70 138.20

Note: Capacity investment values include asset finance volume adjusted for re-invested equity as well as sm
Source: BloombergNEF
hnology, 2019

Other Investment Total Investment

Change relative to
Billion USD 2018
0.20 -8%
0.20 -50%
0.80 6%
2.50 -10%
1.50 -2%
9.90 -2%
4.50 8%

sted for re-invested equity as well as small distributed capacity investment for solar power. Total investment values include estimates for un
alues include estimates for undisclosed deals as well as company investment (venture capital, corporate and government R&D, private equ
government R&D, private equity and public market new equity).
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 52. Global Investment in New Power Capacity by Type (Renewables, Coal, Gas and N

Billion USD Share of total

Renewables (excluding hydropower >50 MW) 282 71%
Hydropower >50 MW 15 4%
Coal 37 9%
Natural gas 47 12%
Nuclear 15 4%

Note: Renewable investment data in figure exclude biofuels and some types of non-capacity investment
Source: BloombergNEF.
ables, Coal, Gas and Nuclear Power), 2019

n-capacity investment
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table R22. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2009–2019

2009 2010 2011 2012

Billion USD
New Investment by Stage
Technology Research and
Start-up
Government R&D 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.7
Corporate R&D 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.1
Venture capital 1.6 2.6 2.6 2.4
Scale-up
Public markets 11.7 10.6 9.9 3.8
Private equity expansion
capital 3.0 5.3 2.4 1.6
Projects
Asset finance 111.8 152.2 189.6 170.1
(re-invested equity) -3.7 -1.8 -2.1 -2.9

Small-scale distributed capacity 34.7 60.9 75.1 69.9

Total New Investment 167.8 238.5 286.6 253.7

Merger & Acquisition

Transactions
61.5 57.3 75.0 65.7

Total Transactions 229.3 295.8 361.6 319.3

New Investment by Technology

Wind power 72.5 97.8 83.3 78.3
Solar power 63.6 102.0 160.1 144.0
Biofuels 9.4 10.1 10.5 7.7

Biomass and waste-to-energy 13.4 17.3 20.9 15.4

Hydropower <50 MW 6.0 8.2 7.7 6.3
Geothermal 2.5 2.8 3.8 1.7
Ocean power 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Total New Investment 167.8 238.5 286.6 253.7

Note: Excludes large hydro-electric projects of more than 50 MW.

Source: Frankfurt School–United Nations Environment Programme Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energ
Energy Investment 2020 (Frankfurt: May 2020).
 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Billion USD

5.2 4.5 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.7

4.0 4.3 4.1 4.3 6.9 7.8 7.7
0.8 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.2

9.8 14.9 12.0 6.2 5.6 6.0 6.6

1.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.7 2.2 1.8

171.5 228.4 267.7 247.5 272.6 242.0 230.1

-1.2 -3.5 -6.7 -4.1 -2.9 -5.8 -3.4

40.2 36.7 32.6 32.5 42.5 38.2 52.1

231.7 288.1 317.3 293.9 331.4 296.0 301.7

67.0 88.8 108.1 133.9 146.2 151.5 100.7

298.7 376.9 425.4 427.8 477.7 447.5 402.4

83.3 111.1 119.7 123.5 133.4 132.7 142.7

120.4 147.8 176.6 145.9 180.8 143.5 141.0
5.1 5.5 3.6 2.1 3.3 3.3 3.0

14.6 13.1 10.4 15.2 7.4 11.5 11.2

5.7 7.4 4.2 4.3 4.0 2.3 2.5
2.4 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.5 1.2
0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

231.7 288.1 317.3 293.9 331.4 296.0 301.7

r Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance and BloombergNEF, Global Trends in Renewable
Table of Contents Figure 53. Share of Electricity Generation from Variable Renewable Electricity, Top Coun

Country Wind power Solar PV VRE 2019

Denmark 57% 3% 60%
Uruguay 30% 3% 33%
Ireland 32% 0% 32%
Germany 22% 8% 30%
Portugal 28% 2% 30%
Spain 21% 4% 24%
United Kingdom 20% 4% 24%
Greece 15% 8% 24%
Honduras 8% 11% 19%
Nicaragua 17% 1% 18%

Note: Figure shows countries among the top 10 according to the best available data at the time of public
countries with low total generation may be excluded from this list.

Source: Denmark share of net generation based on preliminary net generation data of 16,150 GWh from
net production of 28,457 GWh, from Danish Energy Agency, “Månedlig elstatistik. Oversigtstabeller”, in
services/statistics-data-key-figures-and-energy-maps/annual-and-monthly-statistics, viewed 15 April 202
data from Uruguay Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining (MIEM), “Generación de electricidad por fuen
communication with REN21, 2 April 2020; Ireland from EirGrid, “Annual fuel mix”, http://www.eirgridgrou
viewed 15 April 2020; Germany from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Arbeitsgrup
Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland - Stand: Februar 2020 (Dessau-R
energien.de/EE/Navigation/DE/Service/Erneuerbare_Energien_in_Zahlen/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html. Po
generation data of 13,423 GWh from wind power, 1,052 GWh from solar PV and total net production of
8, https://www.ren.pt/files/2020-03/2020-03-18181207_f7664ca7-3a1a-4b25-9f46-2056eef44c33$$72f4
$ebb69f10-6bdf-42e0-bcc4-a449cddf60ca$$storage_image$$pt$$1.pdf; Spain share of consumption/pr
Eléctrica de España (REE), The Spanish Electricity System – Preliminary Report 2019 (Madrid: January
2020, p. 16, https://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/11_PUBLICACIONES/Documentos/InformesSistemaE
wable Electricity, Top Countries, 2019

ailable data at the time of publication. However, several small island

ration data of 16,150 GWh from wind power, 963 GWh from solar PV and total
statistik. Oversigtstabeller”, in Electricity Supply, https://ens.dk/en/our-
y-statistics, viewed 15 April 2020; Uruguay share of total generation based on
eración de electricidad por fuente (GWh), 2019”, provided by MIEM, personal
uel mix”, http://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/Fuel20Mix.jpg,
nd Energie (BMWi), Arbeitsgruppe Erneurbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat),
Stand: Februar 2020 (Dessau-Roßlau: 2020), https://www.erneuerbare-
n/Zeitreihen/zeitreihen.html. Portugal share of net generation based on net
PV and total net production of 48,771 GWh, from REN, “Dados Tecnicos 19”, p.
b25-9f46-2056eef44c33$$72f445d4-8e31-416a-bd01-d7b980134d0f$
Spain share of consumption/production based on provisional data from Red
Report 2019 (Madrid: January 2020), with estimated data as of 10 January
Documentos/InformesSistemaElectrico/2020/avance_ISE_2019_EN.pdf
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Figure 56. Battery Storage Annual Additions, Selected Countries, 2013-2019

Republic of Korea China United States

2013 0.02 0.04 0.06
2014 0.09 0.09 0.05
2015 0.02 0.03 0.22
2016 0.29 0.09 0.19
2017 0.36 0.15 0.24
2018 0.84 0.61 0.39
2019 0.59 0.52 0.52

Note: Capacity shown for selected countries according to available data at the time of publication.
Does not reflect global total

Source: Developments based on several sources including IEA, "Combined utility-scale and behind-the-met
deployment in selected countries, 2013-2018", https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/combined-utilit
scale-and-behind-the-meter-deployment-in-selected-countries-2013-2018, updated 25 November 2019;
“COVID-19: Storage braced for deployment dip”, reNEWS, 1 April 2020, https://renews.biz/59450/covid-19-
virus-could-cut-storage-projections-19; Energie Consulting, Team Consult, BVES, "BVES Branchenanalyse
2020 – Entwicklung und Perspektiven der Energiespeicherbranche in Deutschland", 12 March 2020,
https://www.bves.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Branchenanalyse_BVES_2020.pdf; IEA, Tracking Energy
Integration (Paris: 2020), https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-energy-integration/energy-storage. China Ene
Storage Alliance, “CNESA Global Energy Storage Market Analysis – 2019.Q4 (Summary)”, 29 February 202
http://en.cnesa.org/latest-news/2020/2/29/cnesa-global-energy-storage-market-analysis-2019q4-summary;
Wood Mackenzie, "U.S. energy storage monitor: 2019 year in review executive summary", March 2020,
https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-energy-storage-monitor; Energy by
IHS Markit, LinkedIn post, 2020, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/energy-by-ihs-markit_battery-energy-activit
6641644764871696384-Tk3h; See also “Report offers forecasts for utility-scale energy storage systems”,
T&DWorld, 5 September 2019, https://www.tdworld.com/distributed-energy-resources/energy-
storage/article/20973053/report-offers-forecasts-for-utilityscale-energy-storage-systems.
 d Countries, 2013-2019

Germany
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.19
0.14
0.25
0.30

able data at the time of publication.

A, "Combined utility-scale and behind-the-meter

.org/data-and-statistics/charts/combined-utility-
-2013-2018, updated 25 November 2019;
April 2020, https://renews.biz/59450/covid-19-
am Consult, BVES, "BVES Branchenanalyse
nche in Deutschland", 12 March 2020,
alyse_BVES_2020.pdf; IEA, Tracking Energy
energy-integration/energy-storage. China Energy
lysis – 2019.Q4 (Summary)”, 29 February 2020,
y-storage-market-analysis-2019q4-summary;
review executive summary", March 2020,
wables/us-energy-storage-monitor; Energy by
ts/energy-by-ihs-markit_battery-energy-activity-
ts for utility-scale energy storage systems”,
buted-energy-resources/energy-
-energy-storage-systems.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Note: Transport demand management refers to encouraging travelers to avoid trips or shift to more reso
options to limit vehicle traffic. Mixeduse development refers to having more than one use or purpose wit
or development area, ranging from housing on upper floors of a building and office or commercial space
floor, to comprehensive developments with multiple buildings having separate but compatible uses. Tran
development refers to mixed urban development around or near a transit station to reduce the need for

Source: Despite the necessary role that renewable energy would play in decarbonising the transport sec
adaptations of the ASI framework have failed to include renewable energy or mention the source of ene
improve section and focus only on energy efficiency. IRENA, IEA and REN21, Renewable Energy Polici
Transition (Abu Dhabi and Paris: 2018), p. 23, https://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Apr/Renewable-e
in-a-time-of-transition; SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transit, Transport and Climate
Global Status Report 2018 (Shanghai: 2018), p. 3, https://slocat.net/tcc-gsr. In developing countries and
equitable access to transport is also a major concern, from Sustainable Mobility for All, “Mobility for the F
presentation, 2019,
https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/events/2019/ITC/presentations_81st/4_d__i__SuM4All.pdf.
adapted from SLOCAT, op. cit. this note, p. 3, and from Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative et al., “S
Urban Transport: Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I)” (Eshborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internation
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 2019), p. 2, https://www.transformative-
mobility.org/assets/publications/ASI_TUMI_SUTP_iNUA_No-9_April-2019.pdf.
 oid trips or shift to more resource-efficient
than one use or purpose within a building
d office or commercial space on the ground
ate but compatible uses. Transitoriented
ation to reduce the need for motorised trips.

carbonising the transport sector, many

or mention the source of energy under the
21, Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of
ations/2018/Apr/Renewable-energy-policies-
ansit, Transport and Climate Change
. In developing countries and rural areas,
bility for All, “Mobility for the Future”,

_81st/4_d__i__SuM4All.pdf. Figure 60
an Mobility Initiative et al., “Sustainable
he Gesellschaft für Internationale

pdf.
Table of Contents

Source: Adapted from R. Wüstenhagen, M. Wolsink and M. J. Bürer, “Social acceptance of renewable ener
introduction to the concept”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 5 (2007), pp. 2683-91,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421506004824.
al acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An
91,
.
Table of Contents
Database: Examples of levers to build public support for renewables

Region Country Sector Technology

Africa Kenya Heat/water treatment Solar thermal

Africa Mauritius Not sector specific/powSolar power

Africa Rwanda and Tanzania Power/ICT Solar power

Africa Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, UgPower/ICT Solar power

Africa South Africa Power CSP

Africa Uganda, Rwanda, South SudaPower Solar power

Africa, Asia and Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, Liberi Power/Health Solar power

Central Asia Tajikistan Power Hydropower

East Asia Japan Power Solar PV, wind power

Europe Belgium Power not technology specific

Europe Netherlands Power not technology specific

Europe UK Power/transport/agriculWind power, ocean pow

Europe UK Power Wind power

Europe Netherlands Buildings Not technology specific

Global Numerous countries Not sector specific Indirect support for ren

LAC Dominica Power/Health Solar PV

LAC El Salvador Heat/agriculture Geothermal heat

LAC Haiti Power and clean cooki Solar power, clean coo

LAC Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia Industry Efficient building materi

LAC Suriname Power Solar PV, battery stora

MENA Jordan Power and heat Solar PV, solar thermal

MENA Yemen Power Solar power/agriculture

North America USA Power not technology specific

South Asia India Power/agriculture Solar thermal

South Asia India Power Solar power

Story Story Sources
Many living in Kenya’s urban slums have no access to clean and safe https://unfccc.int/climate-
drinking water. The social enterprise Solvatten has sought to alleviate this action/momentum-for-
problem through their Solar Safe Water Heaters, which act as both a water change/lighthouse-
treatment device and a water heating system. This reduces the need to heat activities/solvatten-solar-safe-
and boil water using polluting fuel sources such as firewood and charcoal, water-heater
which helps to improve the health of urban communities and reduce
deforestation. On top of this, users of Solvatten systems have been able to
cut their energy expenditure in half, and there has been a significant decline
in absenteeism from school and work as women and girls are no longer
required to spend so much of their time collecting wood.

In Mauritius, a coalition of groups formed the People’s Cooperative https://mopays.com/2020/01/30/re

Renewable Energy Society in 2013 and launched a Power Shift Campaign public-of-mauritius-national-
to accelerate the transition to renewables. The campaign challenges the awareness-campaign-on-
privately owned, non-renewable sector by providing co-operative solar renewable-energy-launched/
power alternatives that unemployed farmers can use to power greenhouses
and improve local food production. The campaign’s actions have thwarted
plans for a new coal plant and have improved government transparency by
pushing for the creation of a national commission to review Mauritius’
energy policies.

Some energy access companies are using innovative financing models to https://unfccc.int/climate-
bring renewable power to off-grid communities. One example is the action/momentum-for-
company Mobisol, which launch a rent-to-own solar home system (SHS) change/information-and-
service in East Africa called Smart Solar Homes. Their service helps to communications-technology-
reduce the upfront costs of buying a SHS, as customers pay off their solutions/mobisol-smart-solar-
purchase in 36 monthly instalments and have the possibility of paying via homes-rwanda-and-tanzania
mobile banking technology. The company has electrified more than 30,000
off-grid households in Rwanda and Tanzania, and has helped to contribute https://plugintheworld.com/
to the growth of green jobs in the region as more than one third of
customers have started small businesses selling the excess electricity from
their SHS.

One of the most successful business models for the deployment of off-grid https://unfccc.int/climate-
solutions in recent years has been “pay-as-you-go”. The PAYGo model is action/momentum-for-
used by the company Azuri PayGo Energy, which combines solar PV and change/financing-for-climate-
mobile phone technology to bring solar home systems (SHS) to off-grid friendly/azuri-paygo-energy
communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Customers pay a one-time installation
fee for their SHS, and then purchase scratch cards or use mobile money to
top-up their system. Tens of thousands of these systems have already been
distributed in 11 countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, and customers have
experienced up to 50% reductions in their weekly energy spending. Surveys
have shown that most customers spend this saved income on schools fees,
food and water, and investments in their own businesses.
The KaXu Solar One project in South Africa is the first privately developed https://unfccc.int/climate-
large-scale CSP plant with storage to operate in an emerging market. The action/momentum-for-
project has stimulated local economic growth and generated around 1,780 change/financing-for-climate-
jobs in the Northern Cape, an impoverished province with one of the world’s friendly-investment/kaxu-solar-one-
highest rates of youth unemployment. Thanks to a unique ownership i-south-africa
structure that includes minority shareholding by the local community, the
project can directly support long-term education and economic development
initiatives in the area.

The social enterprise Solar Sister has created a women-driven direct sales https://unfccc.int/climate-
network across Africa to bring solar power to communities without reliable action/momentum-for-
electricity access. Over 170 entrepreneurs have created micro-businesses change/lighthouse-activities/solar-
after being equipped with inventory, training and marketing support, which sister
has helped to bring solar power to over 30,000 Africans. Solar Sisters also
engage in the mentoring of other women in order to expand the network of
entrepreneurs, and raise awareness and acceptance of solar technology by
partnering with local organisations that are deeply embedded in the
community.

Many health facilities around the world do not have access to a reliable https://unfccc.int/climate-
electricity supply, and health workers have to rely on lighting from expensive action/momentum-for-
and unsafe sources – such as kerosene lanterns, candles and diesel fuel change/planetary-
generators - to provide life-saving care. The non-profit We Care Solar helps health/sustainable-energy-for-safe-
to bring clean energy to under-resources medical centres using Solar childbirth-ethiopia-sierra-leone-
Suitcases: a mobile device that contains the equipment and training guides liberia-uganda-tanzania-kenya-
necessary to allow local health workers and technicians to install solar and-nepal
power in these centres during emergencies. Since 2010, more than
1,000,000 babies have been delivered in health centres using the Solar
Suitcase, which provides power for medical lighting and foetal monitoring
equipment

Engaging stakeholders in the renewable energy project planning process http://documents.worldbank.org/cu

can be an effective approach to increase the social acceptance of rated/en/817421569768404590/pd
renewables. Tajikistan’s Sebzor Hydropower Plant Project produced a f/Stakeholder-Engagement-Plan-
Stakeholder Engagement Plan that outlined a process of identifying and SEP-Support-for-Preparation-of-
consulting with affected community members prior to construction of the the-Rural-Electrification-Sebzor-
facility. Meetings were organised to disclose information about the project, HPP-and-Khorog-Qozideh-Power-
resulting in overwhelming support for the plant due to its high potential Transmission-Line-Projects-
social and economic value for the community. P171248.pdf
Inspired by movements developed in Denmark and Germany, community https://medium.com/thebeammaga
power projects started to emerge in Japan in the early 2000s. The zine/community-power-gears-up-
Fukushima nuclear disaster of 2011 and the introduction of a national feed- global-renewable-energy-
in tariff in 2012 helped further spur the development of these projects. By movement-
the end of 2016, nearly 200 community power enterprises were active in dccbc184fea6#.uhgx5k4le
Japan, including Hotoku Energy in Odawara, Obama Onsen Energy in and
Nagasaki, Shizuoka Mira Energy in Shizuoka and Tokushima Regional https://pronto-core-
Energy in Tokushima. cdn.prontomarketing.com/449/wp-
content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/N
oriaki-Yamashita-Experiences-and-
Lessons-from-the-Community-
based-Renewable-Energy-
Development-in-Japan.pdf

The city of Gent's energy cooperative EnerGent aims make energy https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie
generation more accessible for low-income households. The cooperative nce/article/pii/S221462961930433
started by providing services related to retrofitting, and later expanded their 5 and https://energent.be/
activities to facilitate group purchases of solar panels that could be installed
on the roofs of homes, businesses and public buildings. EnerGent
furthermore explicitly aims to develop a flexible community-based Virtual
Power Plants (cVPP) design, which can be tailored to the specific needs
and motivations of neighborhoods.

After winning an EU subsidy of € 200,000 in 2013 to make their village more https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p
sustainable, a community in the rural Dutch village of Loenen founded the
initiative Loenen Energy Neutral (LEN). LEN manages a revolving fund,
which is used to support local investments in solar PV panels, enabling
technologies such as heat pumps, and energy efficiency measures such as
insulation. LEN has launched a campaign to raise awareness about the
initiative in the community and encourage local buy-in. Participants
contribute to the fund on an annual basis, and aim to scale up by founding
an energy cooperative and engaging in local energy supply management
through a community virtual power plant model.

The Orkney islands, off the coast of Scotland, have used a combination of https://www.scottishrenewables.co
private and community investment to develop significant wind, wave and m/publications/scottish-renewable-
tidal power capacity. The innovative community project Surf ‘n’ Turf, energy-festival-report/ and
developed in response to energy curtailment challenges, routes surplus http://www.seafuel.eu/wp-
renewable electricity to a 500 kW electrolyser in order to create green content/uploads/2019/10/Orkey.pdf
hydrogen. The stored renewable energy then can be used for heating,
power, transport and other purposes, including agricultural fertiliser.
The residents of the Isle of Gigha, off the coast of Scotland, were the first to https://www.scottishrenewables.co
purchase a fully grid-connected wind farm in Scotland that is entirely owned m/publications/scottish-renewable-
by the community. The second-hand turbines, nicknamed the “Dancing energy-festival-report/
Ladies”, produce an excess of electricity, which is used to fund the island’s and
Heritage Trust to improve live on the island. Studies have shown that Gigha https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie
residents are consistently more positive about wind power than residents of nce/article/pii/S026483770900003
other Scottish isles that host developer-owned windfarms. This full 9 and http://www.gigha.org.uk/
community-ownership approach represents just one of the many models of
community participation in renewable energy development that can be used
to improve the attitudes of the public towards windfarms.

The Netherlands’ 2050 Energy Agenda acknowledges that building owners https://www.government.nl/topics/r
need support to increase energy efficiency, mainly through a combination of enewable-energy/central-
information sharing, awareness-raising, and funding. In 2016, the government-promotes-energy-
government started the three-year Save Energy Now! Campaign, which savings
encourages citizens to increase their home energy efficiency through better
ventilation and insulation, and by installing renewable technologies such as
rooftop solar PV panels, solar water heating and heat pumps. A €60 million
subsidy scheme was made available to homeowners who carry out at least
two of these measures.

Climate emergency declarations have been made in 1,480 jurisdictions https://climateemergencydeclaratio

spanning 28 countries, and many have coincided with new policies to n.org/climate-emergency-
further renewable energy development. In 2016, Darebin Council in declarations-cover-15-million-
Australia became the first government in the world to declare a climate citizens/
emergency, and it also developed a climate emergency plan emphasising
the role of renewables in reducing emissions. In 2019, the United Kingdom https://theconversation.com/uk-
became the first country to declare a climate emergency, legally committing becomes-first-country-to-declare-a-
to net zero emissions by 2050 by increasing the use of renewables, among climate-emergency-116428
other measures.

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/
energy-strategy/clean-energy-all-
europeans_en

https://www.euractiv.com/section/cl
imate-environment/news/spain-
declares-climate-emergency-
signals-move-to-renewables/

After Hurricane Maria devastated the island of Dominica in 2017, https://unfccc.int/climate-

Electriciens sans frontières (Electricians Without Borders France) developed action/momentum-for-
a plan to help restore electricity to six health centres using stand-alone solar change/planetary-health/solar-
PV kits. These health centres were specifically chosen due to the high powered-health-centres
rates of poverty in the communities they serve. Since the health centres
upgraded to solar energy, their functioning costs have decreased, and
funds can be reallocated from imported fossil fuels to medical resources.
The project also helps to reduce grid-connected electricity costs, as any
surplus electricity from the largest solar PV installation is injected into the
national grid.
In El Salvador, several rural communities located near geothermal fields are https://unfccc.int/climate-
involved in projects that use this local renewable energy source to improve action/momentum-for-
livelihoods. Women from these areas grow and sell plants watered with change/women-for-
geothermal condensates and harness the waste heat to dehydrate fruits. By results/harvesting-geothermal-
the end of 2015, dozens of women from 15 rural communities were energy
participating in these initiatives – indirectly benefiting around 45,570 people.

The social enterprise EarthSpark International is tackling energy poverty in https://unfccc.int/climate-

Haiti by scaling and multiplying the delivery of clean energy technology, action/momentum-for-
ranging from mini-grids to solar lanterns and energy-efficient cook stoves. change/women-for-results/feminist-
EarthSpark began by helping a community organisation in the rural town of electrification
Les Anglais develop a store to supply clean energy technologies, education
and training. In 2019, Earthspark worked with community members in the
small fishing town of Tiburon to launch a community power solar microgrid,
which will serve 500 homes and businesses with 24/7 electricity.

The Energy Efficiency in small brick enterprises in Latin America (EELA) https://www.swisscontact.org/en/pr
programme was started by the non-profit Swisscontact in order to ojects-and-countries/search-
encourage artisanal brick producers across Latin America to use more projects/innovations/eela.html and
energy efficient brick-making technology. Improved kilns and machinery - in https://unfccc.int/climate-
addition to better production practices - have significantly reduced the fuel action/momentum-for-
required to make bricks. The programme has helped to reduce air pollution change/lighthouse-
and fuel expenses, which has improved both the health and incomes of activities/energy-efficiency-at-brick-
local brick makers and their families. producers-peru

It is estimated that 10% of Suriname’s population lives in rural communities https://blogs.iadb.org/caribbean-

with no access to grid-connected electricity. In off-grid communities such as dev-trends/en/first-solar-plant-for-
Pokigron and Atjoni, electricity has long been provided by expensive diesel rural-communities-in-suriname/
generators, which can only supply a maximum of 6 hours of power per day. and personal communication with
This problem was alleviated in early 2018, when the country installed the Jordi Abadal Colomina from IADB
first hybrid solar PV power plant for rural electrification purposes, with the
support of the Inter-American Development Bank. The plant, which is
supported by 8 battery banks, provides 24 hours of electricity to these two
communities. Frequent communication between the state-owned electric
utility of Suriname (EBS) and the tradition leader of these communities has
been a key factor in facilitating local acceptance of the solar plant.

The Kingdom of Jordan’s Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Fund https://www.memr.gov.jo/Pages/vie
(JREEEF) uses a bottom-up approach to make renewable energy more wpage.aspx?pageID=264
accessible to citizens. The Fund covers 30% of the costs of household solar
PV systems and works with local banks to provide subsidised loans to cover and
the rest. Across Jordan, some 138 schools and 430 mosques and churches
have benefited from JREEEF’s support by installing solar water heaters and https://www.pv-
PV systems, improving insulation and lighting, and reducing their energy magazine.com/2018/11/27/jordan-
bills. effective-funding-schemes-for-
small-scale-pv/
Conflict in Yemen has resulted in significant loss of life, forced people from https://www.ye.undp.org/content/y
their homes and hindered the provision of basic services. The Enhanced emen/en/home/projects/enhanced-
Rural Resilience in Yemen Programme (ERRY) helps rural communities rural-resilience.html
better cope with the crisis by increasing their access to energy through
renewable technologies, such as solar lanterns to light homes, businesses
and schools; solar powered refrigerators for vaccine storage in health
facilities; solar-powered water systems to provide safe drinking water in
cholera-affected locations; and solar irrigation pumps for small-scale
farmers.

In the United States, private philanthropic institutions initiated the Just https://www.justtransitionfund.org/
Transition Fund to help coal-dependent communities adapt to the energy
transition towards carbon neutrality. In 2018, the Fund awarded nearly USD
1.6 million in grants, prioritising 26 community-based organisations in key
regions. Among the grantees was Native Renewables – an organisation that
supports the development of renewable energy in Native American
communities. The funding will be used to support its Solar Workforce
Development Program, which trains indigenous installers to build and
maintain on- and off-grid solar systems.

In India, the state of Gujarat accounted for around 20% of nationwide sales https://www.indiegogo.com/project
of solar thermal systems in 2019. A key reason for this is the high level of s/payg-community-solar-pumps-
awareness of solar energy across the state, in both urban and rural areas. for-marginal-farmers#/
Gujarat was the first Indian state to announce a solar energy support policy and correspondance with Amit
– the Gujarat Solar Policy of 2009 – which specifies a minimum capacity of Saraogi CEO & Co-Founder at
5 megawatts for solar thermal projects and provides financial incentives for Oorja Development Solutions India
solar thermal installations. Private Limited

Many poor families across India and Nepal are forced to use polluting https://unfccc.int/climate-
kerosene lamps for lighting once the sun goes down. In addition to action/momentum-for-
contributing to indoor pollution and increasing the risk of burns and fires, the change/urban-poor/pollinate-
fuel for these lamps also eat up a large chunk of these families’ incomes. To energy
address this problem, the non-profit Pollinate Energy hires and trains
women from the local community to sell and install lighting systems
powered by solar energy. Since 2016, they have expanded their product
offering to include solar fans and clean cooking equipment.
Specific lever
Social enterprise that uses RE to address social equity -
water treament and heating in rural areas

Awareness campaign + capacity building

Company that uses RE to address social equity -

increased affordability of energy access

Company that uses RE to address social equity -

increased affordability of energy access
Community benefits - minority shareholding by the local
community + capacity building + job/business creation

Non-profit that uses RE to address social equity -

increased access to energy + capacity building and
job/business creation for women

Non-profit that uses RE to address social equity -

increased power in rural medical centers

Stakeholder engagement in RE projects

FITs + community energy projects

Municipal energy cooperative

Community renewable energy cooperative + fund

Government funding and capacity building for community

energy projects
Community-owned RE project

Awareness campaign + financial incentives

Awareness campaign + renewable energy

goals/commitments

NGO that uses RE to address social equity - improved

public health infrastructure + reduced electricity costs
Project that uses RE to address social equity - boosts
commericial activity among rural women

Social enterprise that uses RE to address social equity -

improved cooking methods + reduced electricity costs +
capacity building and job creation

NGO/INGO awareness campaign + capacity building

Community consultation/stakeholder engagement in RE

projects

Government funding for renewable and energy efficiency

projects
INGO/government programme that uses RE to address
social equity - increased access to access to lighting,
drinking water and irrigation services, vaccine/medicine
refrigeration

Just transition fund

Social enterprise that used RE to address social inequity -

access to affordable irrigation service for farmers

Non-profit that used RE to address social inequity -

increased energy access, capacity buildinhg, job creation