Envi

ronmetal
Aspects
(Part1)

Pr
epar
edBy:
Baut
ist
a,Cher
ishG.
I
nt r
oducti
on:
Anenv i
ronmentalaspectisanel ementofanor gani
sat
ion'
sactivi
ti
es,pr
oducts,andser
vices
thatcanint
eractwit
htheenv i
ronment.Thesecanincl
udedischar
gestowater,emissi
onst
oai r
,
wasteanduseofnat ur
alresourcesandmateri
als.

Ourimmediat
econcer ni
st hequali
tyofspaceweli
vein,t
heairwebreat
he,t
hef oodweeat,
the
waterwedr i
nk,andt heresourceswedr aw fr
om theenvi
ronmenttosupportoureconomy.
Envi
ronmentisaninseparablewholeandisconsti
tut
edbytheinter
acti
ngsyst
emsofphy si
cal
,
bi
ologi
calandcult
uralel
ement swhichareint
erl
i
nkedindi
vi
duall
yaswellascol
lecti
vel
yinmany
ways,Her
e.

(
a) Physi
calel
ements(space,waterbodies,cli
mate,soi
l
s,rocksandminer
als)det
ermi
net
he
v
ari
abl
echaract
erofhumanhabitat
, i
tsopportuni
ti
esaswellasli
mit
ati
ons.

(
b)Bi
ologi
calel
ement
s(pl
ant
s,ani
mal
s,mi
cro-
organi
sm andman)const
it
utet
hebi
ospher
e.

(
c)Cul
tur
alel
ement
s(economi
c,soci
alandpol
i
tical
)ar
eessent
ial
man-
madef
eat
ures.

 Pol l
ution
Pol
l
utioncanbedef i
nedinmanyway s,someoft hem ar e:
1.Pollutioni sar educti
oni nt hequal it
yofenv i
ronmentbyi ntr
oducti
onof
impur iti
es.
2.Pollutionmeanst heactofdest royi
ngt hepurit
yorsanct it
yormakingfoulorfil
thy.
3.Pollutionmayal sobedef i
nedast hei nt
roductionbymani ntotheenv i
ronmentof
subst ance orener gyl iabl
et o cause hazards t o human healt
h,har m tol iv
ing
resour cesandecol ogicalsystem ,damaget ost ructuresoramenit
iesorinter
ference
withlegi t
imat eusesoft heenv i
ronment .
4.Env i
ronment alpoll
uti
onmaybedescr i
bedast heunfavour
ablealt
erati
onsorour
surroundi ngsbecauseoft heact sandomi ssionsoft heman.I nourl ar
geand
indust ri
altowns,wear eal r
eadyexper i
encingt heef f
ectsofair
,water,soi
landnoi se
polluti
onwhi chhasalreadycrossedhumant olerance.
 Ai rpol lut
ion

Airpoll
utionmaybedef i
nedast hepr esenceint heout dooratmospher
eofoneormor e
contaminantsorcombinati
onthereofinsuchquant iti
esandofsuchdur ati
onasmaybe,or
tendtobei nj
uroustohuman,plantoranimalli
fe,orpr oper
ty,orwhi
chunreasonabl
yint
erf
ere
withthecomf or
tabl
eenj
oymentoflifeorproper
ty,ortheconductofbusi
ness.
 Sour cesofAi
rpol
lut
ion
(
A)Fuelburning
(
B)Industr
ialprocesses
(
C)Automobi leexhaust

 Eachoft
hesesour
cesar
edescr
ibedher
e:
(
A)Fuelbur
ning

Theseoperat
ionsareper
formedf orheatandpowergenerati
on.Thefuelbur
ntmaybecoal
,
gases,
oil
,ref
use,woodetc.Theseareresponsi
blef
orgenerat
ingai
rpoll
uti
onoft
hefol
l
owing
ty
pes;

(
i)Smoke-Thi
sisapr
oductofi
ncompl
etecombi
nat
ionofcoal
,car
bonmonoxi
de,
car
bondi
oxi
deet
c.

(i
i
)Dust-Dusti smadeoff i
neparti
clesofsol
idmatter
.OnEar t
h,i
tgener
all
yconsist
sof
parti
clesi
ntheatmospherethatcomef r
om vari
oussourcessuchassoil
li
ft
edbywi nd,
vol
cani
c
erupti
ons,andpol
lut
ion.Dusti
nhomesi scomposedofabout50%deadski ncell
s.

(
ii
i)
Fumes-Af umeorf umesref
erstovapor
s(gases)
,dust
sand/orsmokegiv
enoffbya
substanceasa
r
esultofachemical
transf
ormat
ionsuchasreact
ion,
heati
ng,
explosi
onordet
onat
ion.
"
Fumes"gener
all
yconv
eyst
hei
deat
hatt
hecl
oudi
sani
rr
it
ati
ng,
hazar
dousand/
ort
oxi
c
subst
ance

(
iv)
Gases-Thesear
efor
mlessf
lui
ds.

(v)Smog-v isi
bleai rpol
l
uti
oniscomposedofnitr
ogenoxi des,sul
phuroxides,ozone,smoke
andotherparti
culates.Man-
madesmogi sderi
vedfrom coalcombustionemi ssi
ons,vehicul
ar
emissi
ons,industri
alemissi
ons,f
orestandagri
cul
turalf
iresandphot ochemicalreacti
onsof
theseemissi
ons.

(
B)I
ndust
ri
alPr
ocess

I
ndust
ri
alprocessesareprocedur
esinvol
vingchemi
cal,physi
cal
,elect
ri
calormechani
calst
eps
t
oaidi nthemanuf acturi
ngofani tem orit
ems,usuallycarr
iedoutonav er
yl ar
gescale.
I
ndust
ri
alprocessesarethekeycomponentsofheav
yindustry
.

(
C)Aut
omobi
leExhaust

Exhaustgasorf l
uegasi semittedasaresultoft
hecombust i
onoff uel
ssuchasnaturalgas,
gasol
ine(petr
ol)
,dieself
uel,
fueloil
,bi
odi
eselbl
ends,orcoal.Accor
dingtothetypeofengi
ne,it
i
sdischargedint
otheat mospherethr
oughanexhaustpipe,
fluegasstack,orpr
opel
li
ngnozzle.

Aut
omobi
l
eexhausthasf
oll
owi
ngmai
nconst
it
uent
s;

1.Gases-Car
bonmonoxi
de,
nit
ri
cox
ides,
unbur
nthy
drocar
bons,
par
ti
aloxi
dat
ionpr
oduct
s.

2.Par
ti
cul
ates-Thesei
ncl
udel
eadcompounds,
car
bonandv
ari
ousot
heri
nor
gani
coror
gani
c
mat
eri
als.

 Ef
fect
sofAi
rpol
lut
ion
Ai
rpol
l
uti
onhasmanyadv
erseef
fect
s.I
tdamagest
hebui
l
dingst
ruct
ures,
mat
eri
als,
v
eget
ati
ons,
causesheal
thhazar
ds,
andobst
ruct
svi
sion.Tgeef
fect
sofai
rpol
l
uti
oncanbe
cat
egor
isedas

(a)Eff
ectsonhumanheal t
h-Exhaustgasorf l
uegasisemitt
edasaresul
tofthecombusti
onof
fuel
ssuchasnat uralgas,gasoli
ne(petr
ol),di
eselfuel
,fueloi
l,bi
odieselbl
ends,orcoal.
Accordi
ngt othety
peofengine,itisdi
schargedi
ntotheatmospherethr
oughanexhaustpipe,
fl
uegasst ack,
orpropel
l
ingnozzl
e.

(b)Effectsonanimals-Airpoll
utant
scanpoisonwildl
if
ethr
oughthedisrupt
ionofendocr
ine
funct
ion,organ i
njur
y,incr
eased vul
ner
abi
l
ityto st
ressesand di
seases,lowerrepr
oduct
ive
success,andpossi
bledeath

(
c)Effectsonplants-Airpoll
utantshaveanegat i
veimpactonplantgrowth,pri
mar
il
ythr
ough
i
nter
feri
ngwithresourceaccumul at
ion.i
nceleavesareinclosecontactwiththeat
mosphere,
manyai rpol
lut
ants,suchasO3andNOx,af fectthemetaboli
cf unct
ionoft hel
eavesand
i
nter
ferewit
hnetcarbonfixat
ionbytheplantcanopy.

(d)Ef fect
sonmat eri
als-Theef fectofairpoll
uti
ononmat erial
smaybeseeni ntermsof
discolorat
ion,
mat er
ial
loss,str
uct
uralf
ail
i
ngandsoi l
ing.Bot
hdiscol
orat
ionandst
ruct
uralfai
l
ure
duet oairpoll
uti
ononbui l
dingsmaybeinsigni
fi
cantandthatmaynotinvol
vehugecoasts.

(e)Effectsonat mospher
e-Alongwi t
hharminghumanhealth,ai
rpoll
uti
oncancauseav ar
iet
y
ofenv ir
onment alef
fect
s:Acidrainispreci
pit
ati
oncontai
ningharmfulamountsofnitr
icand
sulf
uricacids...
.Theseacidsfal
ltotheEart
heitheraswetpreci
pit
ati
on(rai
n,snow,orf
og)or
dryprecipi
tati
on(gasandparti
cul
ates).

 Pr
eventi
ngAirpol
lut
ion
 I
nordertopr
eventai
rpoll
uti
onf
oll
owi
ngst
epsmustbet
aken.

1.Ev
eryoneofusmustf
eel
responsi
bil
i
tyandt
akei
nit
iat
ivei
mmedi
atel
ytopr
eventai
rpol
l
uti
on.

2.Weshouldstar
tplant
ingtrees,astheypurif
ytheai
r,andthuskeeptheskycl
ean.Tr
ees
breat
hecarbondi
oxi
deandr eleaseoxygen.For
est
sactasvastsinksf
orcar
bondioxi
deand
tendtor
educegl
obal
warming.

3.Cur t
ailvehicul
aremissionbyusi ngthem tomini
mum possible,usi
ngf
ueleff
ici
entengi
nes,
keepingv ehi
clesinmaintainedcondit
ion.Conser
vefuel
,encour
agemasst r
ansport
,usecar
sin
pools,moni t
orthefuel
emi ssion.

4.Polythene,plasti
ccontai
ners,polyur
ethanefoamsand P. V.
C areeco-
non f
ri
endlyit
ems,
theref
oret hei
ruseshouldbeav oi
ded,di
sposalofthesepl
ast
icsisnotaneasyt
ask,asburni
ng
producessoot ,cor
rosi
vegasesandhighlyoff
ensi
veodour.

5.Maxi
mizeuseofsol
arener
gy-
useofsol
arheat
ers,
sol
arener
gy,
elect
ri
cpl
ant
sbeencour
aged.
6.Ai
rpol
l
uti
onmoni
tor
ingshoul
dbecar
ri
edoutr
egul
arl
y.

7.Whil
eprepari
ngapr oj
ect
,envi
ronmentmanagementpl
anshoul
dbepr epar
edforf
ormati
on,
i
mplementat
ion and monit
ori
ng ofenv i
ronment
alprot
ect
ion measur
es duri
nh and af
ter
commissi
oni
ngofproject
s.

8.Emmi ssi
on level
sofpol
lut
ant
sf rom chi
mneysshould confor
m tothe pol
l
uti
on cont
rol
st
andardspr escr
ibedbyt
hecentralorstatepol
lut
ioncontrolboar
ds,f
orwhichnecessary
arr
angementsmustbemade.General
lyusedai
rcl
eani
ngdevicesare:

(
a)El
ect
rost
ati
cpr
eci
pit
ator
s

(
b)Cy
clonesepar
ator
s

(
c)Wetcol
l
ect
ors

(
d)Gr
avi
tyset
tl
ers

(
e)Bagf
il
ter
s

(
f)Cy
clonef
il
ter
s

(
g)Wetscr
ubber
s

(
h)Absor
ber
sorAdsor
ber
s.

9.Fori
ndoorpol
l
uti
on,
usepr
operv
ent
il
ati
onsot
hatusedai
rorv
iti
atedai
rget
sremov
edbyai
r

 Cont
rolofAi
rPol
lut
ion

A.Cont
rolofPol
lut
ant
s.Fort
hepur
poseofai
rpol
l
uti
oncont
rol
thepol
l
uti
oncanbedi
vi
dedi
nto
f
oll
owi
ngcat
egor
ies:

1.Parti
culat
econt r
olinchimnies-pl antsusedi nconstructi
on,cementindustr
ies,ther
mal
powerplantsetc.emi tpar
ti
cul
atesthroughchimnies.Theseemi tdust
sofcoal ,st
one,cement
l
imesandet candi nnearbyareasar ebadlyaffect
edbyt hi
st ypeofpoll
uti
on.Theseal so
adver
selyaffectt henearbyresident
ialareas,and cult
ivated f
arm etc.Dustcol l
ect
orsare
requi
redtobei nstal
ledwithsuchplant storemov esuspendedpar ti
clesfr
om t hechimney
emmi ssi
on.

2.Par t
iculat
econt rolin at
mosphere-Ai rbornepart
icl
escan ber emoved fr
om apol l
uted
ai
rstream byav ar
ietyofphy si
calprocesses.Commont y
pesofequipmentforcoll
ecti
ngfine
part
iculatesincl
udecy cl
ones,scr
ubbers,el
ectrost
ati
cpreci
pit
ator
s,andbaghousefi
l
ters.

3.Dustcontrol-Adustcoll
ecti
onsy
stem canhel
pmanageai rpol
l
uti
on,especial
lyther
eleaseof
l
eadandot herpart
icul
ates.TheEPArecogni
zestwotypesofpart
icl
es:PM10andPM2.. ..Many
i
ndustr
iesproduceparti
clesthi
ssmall
.Sotheyal
lneedstr
ategi
estocurbindustr
ial
emissions.

B.Si
teSel
ect
ion-Fori
nst
all
i
ngani
ndust
ry,i
tisnecessar
ytosel
ectt
hesi
tewhi
chwi
l
lhav
e
mi
nimum adv
erseef
fect
sonpeopl
e,ani
mal
s,agr
icul
tur
eet
c.

C.Cont
rolofmot
orv
ehi
clesemi
ssi
on-I
nor
dert
ocont
rolemi
ssi
onf
rom mot
orv
ehi
clespr
oper
mai
ntenancei
ncl
udi
ngengi
net
uni
ng.Usecat
aly
ticr
eact
orset
c.ar
enecessar
y.
D.Usedofl
atestt
echnol
ogy–Equi
pment
swi
thl
atestt
echnol
ogy
,fuelef
fi
cientengi
nes,
plant
s
wi
thdustcol
l
ect
orset
c.shoul
dbeusedsoast
ohav
ebet
tercont
rol
overai
rpol
l
uti
on.

 Noi
sePol
lut
ion

Noisepol l
uti
onisgeneral
lydefi
nedasr egul
arexposur
et oelev
atedsoundlevel
sthatmayl ead
to adverse eff
ectsin humans orot herli
ving or
ganisms.Accordi
ng tot he World Heal
th
Organizati
on,soundlev
elslessthan70dBar enotdamagi ngtoli
vi
ngorganisms,regar
dlessof
howl ongorconsist
enttheexposurei
s.

 Fol
l
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hecommonmet
hodsusedf
ornoi
secont
rol
.

1.Repl
aci
ngnoi
sepr
oduci
ngmachi
ner
ywi
thqui
etal
ter
nat
ives.

2.I
nter
rupt
ingt
hepat
hofsoundwi
thi
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
als.

3.Useofbaf
fl
es,
soundpr
oofmat
eri
als.

4.Mount
ingt
henoi
seandv
ibr
ati
onsour
ceonf
lexi
blesuppor
ts.

5.Pr
ovi
dingconv
eyor
stoav
oidf
all
ofmat
eri
alonmet
alsf
rom hei
ght
.

6.Doi
ngpr
opermai
ntenanceandl
ubr
icat
ion.

7.Pr
otect
ingt
hewor
ker
sbypr
ovi
dingear
plug,
ear
muf
f,hel
met
s,cont
rol
cabi
net
c.Thus
shi
eldi
ngt
her
ecei
ver
.

8.Modi
fyt
hepr
esentpr
act
icesandpr
ocedur
essoast
omi
nimi
zenoi
sel
evel
.

9.Tressaresupposedtobet hebestfornoisecont
rol
,ther
efor
e,moreandmor etr
eesshouldbe
plant
edalongtheroads,r
ailtracksandaroundtheeardromes,schoolcampusesetc.t
oprotect
thepeopl
ef r
om noisepol
l
utionf r
om outsi
de.

 Noi
sePol
lut
ioni
nConst
ruct
ionI
ndust
ry

Constructi
onsitesar eaverycommonsour ceofnoi sepoll
uti
on..
..Constr
ucti
onsitesbri
ngout
l
otofnoi se,mainl
yf rom heavyequipmentandmachi ner
yusedinconstruct
ionfi
eld.Overnoise
i
sv i
rt
ually annoyance and confound tot he humanit
y,butcan l ead toloss ofhear i
ng,
hypert
ension,andirregul
arheartbeat.

 Ecol
ogy
,Fl
oraandFauna

Ecologyisthestudyoftherelat
ionshi
psbet
weenli
vingorgani
sms,includi
nghumans,andthei
r
physicalenvi
ronment
;itseekstounderst
andthev
italconnect
ionsbetweenplant
sandanimals
and thewor l
d around them.f l
orai sa gr oup ofindigenousplant
sin an ecosy
stem ofa
geographi
calregi
on.Bydef i
nit
ion,faunai sagroupofi ndigenousani
mal
sofanygeogr aphical
regi
on.So,theter
mf lor
aandf aunawascoi nedbybiologist
stor ef
ert
oacoll
ecti
onofplantand
animalspecif
iesi
nagi v
engeogr aphiclocati
on.

Di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenVeget
ati
onandf
lor
a

Veget
ati
on Fl
ora

1.Itref
erstotheassemblageofplantspecies1.Itref
erst
oplantsofapart
icul
arregi
onor
l
ivi
nginassoci
ationwi
theachotheri
nagi venperi
odlist
edbyspeci
esandconsi
deredasa
envi
ronmental
frame. group.

2.Di
ffer
entf
lor
acanbef
oundi
ndi
ff
erentt
ype
2.Si
mil
arpl
antsandt
reesar
efoundi
nagi
ven of
ecol
ogi
calf
rame. envi
ronment
.

3.Itincl
udestrees,pl
antsandgr assesi
na3.Fl
oracanbeputi
nacat
egor
y.
parti
cul
arenvi
ronment
.Forests,shrubsand
grassl
andsar
eexamplesofvegetat
ion.

 Ext
inct
ionofSpeci
es

Exti
nct
ionistheterminati
onofakindoforganism orofagroupofki nds,usuall
yaspecies.
Themomentofext i
ncti
onisgener
all
yconsi
deredt obethedeathofthelastindivi
dualoft
he
speci
es,al
thoughthecapacit
ytobr
eedandrecov ermayhavebeenlostbefor
et hi
spoint.

 Foll
owi
ngar
ethemai
ncat
egor
iesofr
arespeci
esconsi
der
ingt
heconser
vat
ion
aspect
s;

1.Ext
inct-speci
esar
ethosespeci
eswhi
char
enol
ongerknownt
oexi
sti
nthewi
l
d.

2.Endanger
ed-ser
iousl
yatr
iskofext
inct
ion

3.Vul
ner
abl
e-speci
esar
ethosewhi
chmaybecomeendanger
edi
nthenearf
utur
ebecause
popul
ati
onoft
hespeci
esar
edecr
easi
ngi
nsi
zet
hroughouti
tsr
ange.

4.Rar
e-speci
esar
ethosespeci
eswhi
chhav
esmal
ltot
alnumber
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

5.I
nsuf
fi
cient
lyknown-speci
esar
ethosewhi
chpr
obabl
ybel
ongt
ooneoft
heconser
vat
ion
cat
egor
iesbutar
enotsuf
fi
cient
lywel
lknownt
obeassi
gnedt
oaspeci
fi
ccat
egor
y.

Thecausesofext
inct
ionofspeci
escausedbymant
oful
fi
ll
hisneedsar
e;

(
i)Habi
tatdest
ruct
ionoft
hespeci
esduet
ohumanact
ivi
ti
es
 (
ii
)Habi
tatf
ragment
ati
onwher
elar
gecont
inuousar
eaofhabi
tati
sbot
hreducedi
nar
eaand
di
vi
dedi
ntot
woormor
efr
agment
sbyr
oads,
fiel
ds,
towns,
canal
set
c.

(
ii
i)
Habi
tatdegr
adat
ionandpol
lut
ion

(
iv)
Int
roduct
ionofexot
icspeci
es

(
v)Di
sease

 Wi
ldl
if
e

Wildl
if
et r
adit
ionall
yref
ersto undomest
icat
edanimalspeci
es,buthascomet oincl
udeal
l
organi
smst hatgroworli
vewil
dinanareawithoutbei
ngi
ntr
oducedbyhumans.Wi
ldl
if
ecanbe
foundinall
ecosystems.

 ForestandFor estry
 Forest-Af orestisanareaofl anddomi nat
edbyt rees.Hundr edsofdef i
nit
ionsof
forestareusedt hroughoutt hewor l
d,i
ncorpor
atingf actorssuchast reedensit
y,
treeheight,l
anduse, l
egalstandingandecologicalfuncti
on.
 Forestry-Forestryi
sthesci enceandcraftofcreati
ng, managing,using,
conservingandr epai
ri
ngf orests,woodl
ands,andassoci atedresourcesfor
humanandenv i
ronmental benefi
ts.For
estr
yispracticedi npl
antati
onsand
naturalstands.

 Wat
ershedsandEcosy
stems

Wat ershed:Anareaofl andthatdrai

nswater,sedimentanddissol
vedmateri
alstoacommon
receiv
ingbodyorout l
et...
.Iti
sval
idtodescr
ibediffer
entecosyst
emswithdif
fer
ent,ov
erl
appi
ng
setsofboundar i
esinthesamegeogr aphi
carea(e.g.for
estecosyst
ems,
watershedecosy
stems
andwet l
andecosyst
ems) .

 Conser
vat
ionofFor
estandFor
estPol
icy

Forestconservat
ionist hepracti
ceofplanningandmai ntai
ningforestedareasfort hebenefi
t
andsustainabi
li
tyoffuturegenerati
ons.Forestconserv
at i
oninv ol
vestheupkeepoft henatur
al
resour
ceswi t
hinaforestthatarebenefi
cialf
orbothhumansandt heecosystem.Af orestpoli
cy
i
sapur posefulcour
seofact i
on,ori
nacti
on,undertakenbyani ndi
vidualoranorganizati
onthat
i
sdealingwithaconcernr egardi
ngtheuseoff or
estresources.

Cent
ralboar
doff
orest
ry(
CBF)

Communi ty-
basedforestmanagement( CBFM)const i
tutes“apower fulparadigm thatevolved
outofthef ail
ureofstateforestgovernancetoensurethesustainabi
li
tyofforestresourcesand
the equitabl
e dist
ri
bution ofaccess t o and benefi
tsf r
om t hem”.In 1995,t he Phili
ppine
governmentadopt edCBFM asanat ionalschemet opromot esustai
nableforestgov er
nance,in
recogni
tionoft henegativ
ei mpactsoccur r
ingasar esultofwidespr
eadf orestlossacrosst he
country
.Theschemest ressest hei
mpor tanceofinvol
vingcommuni t
iesinsust ai
ningtheforest
throughpr oj
ectssuchast imberharvest
ing,agr
o-f
or estryandliv
est ockraisi
ng. CBFM t
heref
ore
adv ocatesani ncr
easingly‘
bott
om up’ –asopposedt ot hehist
oricall
y‘topdown’ andcentr
ali
sed
-appr oacht osustainablefor
estgovernanceinvol
vingav ari
etyofst akeholders.By2005,5503
projectshadbeenest abli
shedacrosst hecountr
y. Forthisreasont hePhi l
i
ppineshasbeen
consi deredapi oneerwithi
nAsiaf orthesuccessfuli mplementationofCBFM asanat i
onwide
tool offorestgovernance.

 Soci
alFor
est
ry(
Communi
tyFor
estManagement
)

Communi
tyf
orestmanagementi
sanappr
oacht
omi
ti
gat
eincr
easi
ngdef
orest
ati
onandf
orest
degr
adat
iont
oaddr
esst
henegat
ivei
mpact
sonr
ural
li
vel
i
hoods.

 TheI
ndianForestAct
,1927
 I
mportantpr
evisi
onsoft
heactarementi
onedher
eunder;
1.PowertoReserveForests-Thestat
egovernmentmayconstit
uteanyf
orest
-l
andor
wast
e-l
andwhi
chi
sthepr
oper
tyofGov
ernment
,orov
erwhi
cht
hegov
ernmenthas
pr
opr
iet
yri
ght
s,ort
othewhol
eoranypar
toft
hef
orestpr
oduceofwhi
chgov
ernmenti
s
ent
it
led,
areser
vedf
orest
.
2.Act
sPr
ohi
bit
edi
nsuchf
orest
s.

(
1)Anyper
sonwho-
-

(
a)makesanyf
reshcl
ear
ingpr
ohi
bit
ed;

(
b)set
sfi
rei
nar
eser
vedf
orestorl
eav
eanyf
ir
ebur
ningi
nsuchmannerast
oendangersuch
af
orest
;

(
c)t
respassesorpast
urescat
tl
e,orper
mit
scat
tl
etot
respass;

(
d)causesanydamagebynegl
i
ancei
nfel
l
inganyt
reeorcut
ti
ngordr
aggi
nganyt
imber;

(
e)quar
ri
esst
one,
bur
nsl
i
meorchar
coal
,orcol
l
ect
s,subj
ect
stoanymanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocess,
orr
emov
es,
anyf
orest
-pr
oduce;

(
f)cl
earorbr
eaksupanyl
anddocul
ti
vat
ionoranyot
herpur
pose;

(
g)i
ncont
rav
ent
ionofanyr
ulesmadei
nthi
sbehal
fbyt
hest
ategov
ernmenthunt
s,shoot
s,
f
ishes,
poi
sonswat
eronset
str
apsorsnar
es;
or

(
h)kil
lsorcatchesel ephant
si ncontr
avent
ationofanyrul
essomade,shal lbepunishabl
e
wi
thimprisonmentforat erm whi
chmayext endtosixmonths,
orwit
hf i
newhichmayextend
t
ofivehundredrupees,orwithboth,i
naddit
iontosuchcompensat
ionfordamagedonetothe
f
orestastheconvict
ingcourtmaydirecttobepaid.
(Cl
ause26)

3.For
mat
ionofVi
ll
age-
for
est
s

1.Thest
ategov
ernmentmayassi
gnt
oanyv
il
lage-
communi
tyt
her
ight
sofgov
ernment
 tooroveranylandwhichhasbeenconstit
utedar eservedforest
,andmaycancelsuch
assi
gnment.Allfor
estsoassi
gnedshal
l becall
edv i
ll
age-for
ests.
2.Thestaergovernmentmaymaker ul
esforregul
ati
ngt hemanagementofv il
lage-
for
ests.
3.Allt
heprovi
sionsofthi
sActrel
ati
ngtoreservedforestsshallappl
ytovi
l
lage-
f
orest
s(Cl
ause28)

4.Pr
otect
edFor
est
s

1.Thest ategov ernmentmay , bynoti

fi
cati
onintheoffi
cial
gazet t
e,declaret
heseprovi
sions
appli
cabl etonayf orestlandorwast e-l
andorwast e-
landwhi chi snotincl
udedi na
reser
vedf orestbutwhi chist hepropert
yofgovernment ,oroverwhi chthegover
nment
haspr opri
etaryrights,ort o whol
eoranypar toft hef orest-
produceofwhi ch the
governmenti senti
tl
ed.
2.Thefor est-l
andandwast e-
landscompr i
sedinanysuchnot if
icat
ionshallbecal
leda
"
prot
ect
edf
orest
".(
Clause29)

5.Powert
omaker
ulesf
orpr
otect
edFor
est
s.

Thest
ategov
ernmentmaymaker
ulest
oregul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ter
s;

(a)thecut ti
ng,sawing, conv ersionandr emov al oftr
eesandt i
mber ,andt hecoll
ection,
manuf actureandr emov al offorestpr oducef rom pr otectedf orest;
(b)thegr antingofl i
cencest ot hei nhabitantsoft ownsandv i
ll
agesi nt hev i
cinityof
protectedforeststotaket rees,t i
mberorot herf orest-producef ortheirownuse,andt he
productionandr et
urnofsuchl icencesbysuchper sons;
(c)thegr antingofl i
cencest oper sonsf ell
ingorr emov i
ngt r
eesort imberorf orest
-
producef rom suchf orest sf ort hepur poseoft r
ade,andt hepr oductionendr etur nof
suchl i
cencesbysuchper sons;
(d)thepay ment s,
ifany ,tobemadebyt heper sonsment ionedi nclause( b)and(c)f or
permissiont ocutsucht r
ees, ort ocollectandr emov esucht i
mberorot herforest
produce;
(e)thecleari
ngandbr eakingupofl andf orcultivati
onorot herpurposesi nsuchf orests;
(f)t
hecut ti
ngofgr assandpast uringofcat tl
ei nsuchf or
est s;
(g)hunt i
ng,shooti
ng,fishingpoi soningwat erandset tingtrapsorsnar esinsuchf orests
andt
heki
l
li
ngorcat
chi
ngofel
ephant
sinsuchf
orest
s(Cl
ause32)

6.Penal
ti
esf
orAct
sinCont
rav
ent
ionofr
ulesunderCl
auses32

Anypersonwhocommi t
sanyoftheof
fencesmenti
onedundercl
auses32,shal
lbepuni
shabl
e
wit
himprisonmenttforaterm whi
chmayextendt
osixmonths,
orwit
hfinewhichmayext
endto
fi
vehundredsrupees,orwit
hboth.

7.Cat
tl
etr
espass

Cat
tl
etr
espassi
ngi
nar
eser
vedf
orestori
nanypor
ti
onofpr
otect
edf
orestwhi
chhasbeen
l
awful
l
yclosedt
ograzi
ngshall
bedeemedtobecattl
edoingdamagestoapubl
i
cpl
ant
ati
on,
and
maysei
zedandimpoundedassuchbyanyf
orestof
fi
cerorpol
iceof
fi
cer.