• ASSIGNMENT NON INNERTIAL FRAME OF

REFERENCE

SUBMITTED BY AKMAL HAYYAT

SUBMITTED TO MAM SOFIA (PHD PHY)

ROLL NO. 3758

SMESTER 1ST

PROGRAMME BS-CHEMISTRY

ass
 Physics of non-inertial reference frames is a generalizing of Newton’s laws
to any reference frames. The first, Law of Kinematic in non-inertial reference
frames reads: the kinematic state of a body free of forces conserves and de-
terminates a constant n-th order derivative with respect to time being equal in
absolute value to an invariant of the observer’s reference frame. The second,
Law of Dynamic extended Newton’s second law to non-inertial reference
frames and also contains additional variables there are higher derivatives of
coordinates. Dynamics Law in non-inertial reference frames reads: a force
induces a change in the kinematic state of the body and is proportional to the
rate of its change. It is mean that if the kinematic invariant of the reference
frame is n-th derivative with respect the time, then the dynamics of a body
being affected by the force F is described by the (n+1)-th differential equation.
The third, Law of Static in non-inertial reference frames reads: the sum of all
forces acting a body at rest is equal to zero.
Keywords: non-local hidden variables
PACS: 03.65.Ud
Newton’s laws are valid in inertial reference frames, with the Lagrangian being
dependent on coordinates and their first derivatives (i.e. velocities). A
mathematician would call three Newton’s laws an axiomatic of physical theory.
However there exists Ostrogradski’s Canonical Formalism. This mathematical
description, in which we shall try to find a physical meaning, will be called
Ostrogradski’s physics. For this we formulate two postulates. The Lagrangian
depends not only on coordinates and their first derivatives (i.e. velocities) but also
on higher derivatives of coordinates, with he higher derivatives being con-sidered
independent variables. Really, if the first derivative of coordinates can be
independent of coordinates, why cannot the higher derivatives? Repeating the
well known procedure of obtaining Euler-Lagrange’s equation for such a La-
grangian, we shall obtain Euler-Lagrange’s equation with additional variables
depending on the higher derivatives of coordinates. Ostrogradski’s physics is a
physics of non-inertial reference frames. This is the theory with a different
axiomatic, and hence it gives different results. What axiomatic of non-inertial
reference frames physics should be? The first axiom reads: free particles con-
serves its kinematical states in any reference frame including an inertial one. The
second axiom generalized Newton’s second law to any reference frames and also
contains additional variables there are higher derivatives of coordinates and
inertial forces, since Ostrogradski’s physics considers any reference frames in-
cluding an inertial one. Newton’s physics is a particular case of Ostrogradski’s
Canonical Formalism for inertial reference frames.
Classical physics usually considers the motion of bodies in inertial reference
frames. This is a simplified and approximate description of the real pattern

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of the motion, as it is practically impossible to get an ideal inertial reference
frame. Actually in the any particular reference frame there always exist minor
influences due to any random fields. A simplified consideration of the actual
reference frame as an inertial one enables derivation of motion equations, which
are usually solved by means of the traditional methods of mathematical physics.
Then the uncertainty principle is induced by the non-inertial character of the
reference frame and constitutes the expression of the error of measurement of
co-ordinate and momentum of the object under consideration and is a
consequence of the idealization of the problem being considered to an inertial
reference frame. In this case, one can assess the effect of inertial force in a non-
inertial reference frame through the Plank constant.
Let us consider the precise description of the dynamics of the motion of
bodies taking into account complex non-inertial nature of reference frames.
For this end, let us consider a body in a any reference frame, denoting the
actual position of the body as r, actual momentum as p and time as t. Then,
expanding into Taylor series the function r = r(t) and p = p(t), we get

2 1 at3 + 1 at4 1 (n)

at
r = r0 + vt + + +...+ r tn + ... (1)
2 3! 4! n!
pt
2 1 p t3 +...+ 1 p (n) tn + ... (2)

p = p0 + pt + +
2 3! n!
The kinematical state of the particle is define when any derivatives of coor-
(n)
dinates on time equal to zero, i.e. r = 0. Then the derivative of coordinates
(n−1)
on time r = const is the kinematical invariant of the reference frame.
Let us compare this expansion with the well-known kinematical equation
for inertial reference frames of Newtonian physics relating the distance to the
acceleration a,
2
rinertial = r0 + vt + at (3)
2
and the momentum
pinertial = p0. (4)

Denoting the hidden (or correction and addition) variables accounting for
additional terms in any reference frames with respect to inertial ones as r and
p, we get
1 3 1 4 1 (n)
r= at + at +...+ r tn + ... (5)
3! 4! n!
pt
2 1 at3 + 1 at4 1 (n)
p = pt + + +...+ r n (6)
2 3! 4! n! t + ...

2
 Then
rany = rinertial + r (7)
pany = pinertial + p. (8)

In this case, the measurement error of an experiment follows from incom-

pleteness of the description of sample particles in inertial reference frames,
as we assume the actual space-and-time to be a non-inertial reference frame:

− − ≤ (9)
(pany pinertial)(rany rinertial ) h,
p r ≤ h, (10)

h being the bound of correction’s variables at the transformation of inertial

to any reference frames. Then comparing this in equation with the uncertainty
relation for r = r− < r > and p = p− < p > means uncertainty of coordinates and
momentums of the particle in the process of measurements

p r ≥ h, (11)
we can expect that h is the some constant.
For non-inertial reference frames, the h constant accounts for the effect of
the non-inertial space-and-time. Higher time derivatives of spatial coordinates
act as hidden variables complementing the description of sample particles for
inertial reference frames.
Newton’s laws are valid in inertial reference frames with the Lagrangian L is
the function of only the coordinates and their first derivatives (i.e. velocities),
L = L(t, r, r). For non-Newtonian physics in non-inertial reference frames, the
Lagrangian depends on the coordinates and their higher derivatives as well as
(n)
of the first one, i.e. L = L(t, r, r, r, r , ..., r ). Here the coordinates and their
higher derivatives is independent. Applying the principle of least action, we
get [3]
N n ∂L
(n) nd
δS = δ L(r, r, r, r , ..., r )dt = (−1) dt n (
(n) )δrdt = 0. (12)
n=0 ∂r
Then, the Euler – Lagrange function for complex non-inertial reference
frames takes on the form

∂L d ∂L d 2 ∂L d 3 ∂L d 4 ∂L
− ( )+ 2( )− ( ) + ( (4) )+...=0 (13)
dr dt ∂r dt ∂r dt 3 ∂ r dt 4
∂r
It is the equation of the motion of particle with fee of forces influence in
non-inertial reference frames

3
 N n ∂L
n d
(−1) dtn
( (n)
)=0 (14)
n=0 ∂r
Let us consider in more detail this precise description of the dynamics of
body motion, taking into account of real reference systems. To describe the
extended dynamics of a body in an arbitrary coordinate system
(corresponding to any reference system) let us introduce concepts of
kinematic state and kinematic invariant of an arbitrary reference system.
Definition: the kinematic state of a body free of forces determinates a con-
stant n-th order derivative with respect to time being equal in absolute value
to an invariant of the observer’s reference frame.
Considering the dynamics of particles in any reference systems, we
suggest the following important laws.
Law of Kinematic in non-inertial reference frames. Kinematics Law in non-
inertial reference frames reads: the kinematic state of a body free of forces
conserves and determinates a constant n-th order derivative with respect to
time being equal in absolute value to an invariant of the observer’s reference
frame. The kinematics state of a body is defined if the n-th derivative of its
coordinate with respect to time is finite and equal to a negative value of the
reference frame invariant. That is,

q = q0 + qt˙ + 1 qt¨2 +...+ 1 q˙(n)tn, (15)

n
dq 2! n!
= q˙(n) = const. (16)
n
dt
The acceleration for a body which free from forces influence is a constant for
the observer in the uniformed reference frame. In this case the acceleration is
defining the kinematic state of the body. The Law of Kinematics is the kind of
equivalence principle and expresses the extension of the First Newton’s Law to
non-inertial reference frames. We can find so many planets in the Universe for
this case. In the extended model of dynamics, the transition from a reference
frame to another one is defined the transformation of reference frames as

= q0 + qt˙ + 1 qt¨2 +...+ 1 (17)

q′ q˙(n)tn
2! n!
′
t = t. (18)

In this case Taylor’s series decomposition of the coordinate must be

conver-gence.
Law of Dynamic in non-inertial reference frames. The force acting to the
particle equal to the velocity of changing the kinematics state of the par-ticle.
If the kinematic invariant of an arbitrary reference frame is n-th time

4
derivative of body coordinate, then the body dynamics with influence of the force
(n)
F (t, q, q,˙ q,¨ ..., q˙ ) is described with the differential equation of the order ( n+1):

(n+1) (n) (19)

αn+1q˙ + ... + α2q¨ + α1q˙ + α0q = F (t, q, q,˙ q,¨ ..., q˙ ).
Here αn- some constants.
Here (12) is the modification of the Newton’s Second Law [1] for the
general case of non-inertial reference frames. Odd derivatives correspond to
losses (fric-tion or radiation) and describe irreversible cases for open systems
not satisfying variational principles of mechanics.
Law of Static in non-inertial reference frames. In arbitrary reference
frames the sum of forces which action to the statics particle is equal to zero.
The Generalized Poisson’s equation for the scalar potential ϕ of
gravitational field in this case from the sources with density distribution of the
source ρ and factor κ depending on the system of units shall take on the form

N
∂ϕ
n = ρ

(n)
κ (20)
n=0 ∂r
or, in our case, Generalized Poisson’s equation is
N
(n)

n=0 ∇ ϕ = κρ.
Than the solution of Generalized Poisson’s equation is

N
(n)
ϕ(t, r(t)) = ϕ0 exp(−k/ r (t)). (21)
n=0

In the particular, for discussion the speculation of gravity the gravitational

field the potential for example is

ϕ = ϕ0 exp(−k/r) = GM exp(−k/r), (22)

r
where ϕ- potential, G- gravitational constant, k - unknown constant or the
scale of the interaction, M = ρdv - mass, r = x − x 0 << 1, x and x0-coordinates.
−33
The constant k is unknown, but if k is equal to the Plank constant l p = 10 cm
than this potential is always the same as Newtonian potential
−15
ϕ = GM/r. If constant k is equal to the size of nuclear k = 10 m than the
gravitational force is equal to nuclei forces because at the small distant
gravitational forces is change on exponential law and be strong.
From this paper follow, that the phase space of coordinates and there
multi-ple derivative gives the modification of the Newton’s formula for the
small scales for gravitational potential ϕ of two mass m is

5
 Gm k k 2 k 3
ϕ = r (1 − b r +c r2 −d r3 + ...),
where a,b,c,... - constants. In the particular case when r >> k from (14)
gravitational potential ϕ is
ϕ = GM k k2 k
3

(1 − + − + ...) (23)
r r r2 r3
Here k is the unknown constant which have the seance of distance. For
−15
example, if k ∼ 10 m and r > k we have always Newtonian low.
For long distances r >> k, we have the equation for the Newtonian gravita-
1
tional potential ϕ0 = Gm r . For the distance r < k the gravitational potential
ϕ is a strong and in this case we can compare the gravitational force with the
nuclear force. This modification of the Newton’s gravitation law we can
consider on the case of the dark matter.
For particle described by the generalized Hamilton function at small dis-
tances, i.e. when the series diverges, there shall be much stronger forces
acting than it is usually considered in calculations employing the Hamilton
function. This theory of short-range interaction explains interaction of bodies
at small dis-tances and refines the description of their interaction in case of
their increase. It can be supposed that this method can be applied to cases
when the force of gravitational attraction of particles described by the
Hamilton function, at low distances.
Denoting the addition energy brought about by the non-inertial reference
frame as Q and the constant coefficients as α i, we get for the total energy E,
potential energy V and kinetic energy W the following expressions:
2 2 2 2
(n)
2
E = α0r + α 1r + α2r + α3 r + ... + αn r + ...
E=V+W+Q
2
V = α0 r
2
W = α1r
2
2 2
Q = α2r + ... n

+ α3 r + ... + αn r
Generalized Jacobi-Hamilton equation in the weak non-inertial reference
frame for the action function takes on the form:
− ∂S = (∇S)2 +V +Q, (24)

∂t 2m
and let us call Q the quantum potential. Here, is the velocity v = ∂S =∇S ,
∂tm
·
2
and the acceleration a = v = ∇S =∇ S
, where is the continuity equation
m m
∂v
∂t
+ ∇v = 0 for the vector v. Here is v = ∇S.
2
∇ S i~ 2
In the first approximation Q ≈ α2 m = − 2m ∇ S. (the constant is chosen as
α2 = i~ ) is Bohm’s quantum potential. Hence, we get the Schr¨edinger equation
2
S
in the first approximation for the function ψ = Ae ~
I
from the equation (17) [4]

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 (∇S)2
− ∂S = + V − i~ ∇2S
∂t2m2m

Here we complete the Classical Physics with the hidden variables of the real
non-inertial reference frames. In this case the weak influence of inertial forces in
non-inertial reference frame define the quantum behavior of particles.

References

[1] Newton I., Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, 1687.

[2] Lagrange J.I., Mecanique analitique. Paris, De Saint, 1788.
[3] Ostrogradskii M., Met. De l’Acad. De St.-Peterburg, v. 6, p. 385, 1850.
[4] Bohm D., Phys. Rev. 85, 166, 1952; Phys. Rev. 85, 180, 1952; Phys.
Rev., 87, 389, 1952.

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