Wavelength is more fundamental characteritic of electromagnetic radiation

than frequeney 2. In resonance emission, excited molecules returns directly to the

ground state with the emission of the same frequency of radiation as that

absortbed. 3. In fluorescence the delay is much tonger than phosphorescence.o *

Intensity of the emitted radiation decreases as the concentration of the absorbing

ubstance decreasesi N Beer's law Gnoof very great application in chemistry 6.

Raman spectra involves a special type of scattering process . Inarganic

substances usually have more complicated spectrat curves than frganio onies 8.

The absorption peaks may be altered in position, shape and height as the

concentration decreases, Electromagnetie radiation is unpolarized. 43. Interactton

between absorption centers will have the effect of altering the charge distribution

and thus will haveno effect of changing the energy requirement for absorgtion of

the incident radiation. X 11. Beer's law will fail when the pH and lonic strength

are kept constant. g. It is desirable to choose a solvent that does not absorb in the

wavielength region to be examineda 13. The accuracy of a spectrophotometric

analysis is not varies with the Instrument being used. A - If the absorbance of

blank is large, a small relative error in its measurement can introduce a large

relative error in the final result. A S A small random error In reading a percent

transmittance scale causes a small relative error in the concentration when %T is

either smäll or large. G. The effect of stray radiation is most serious atlow

transmittances, 17. Absorption bands in UV and visible regions are shifted to

in Beer's law is equal to the total concentration A ab 9. At higher temperature the

vibrational energy level of the absorbing species will be raised and thus less

energy will be required of the incoming radiation, 20. Rotational restriction can

occur at low pressure 9 a. Spectrophotometric technique more accurate than

classic technique.r The vibrational tesolution of solution spectra is usually

enhanced by working at lower temperature. 23. Auxochrome are unsaturated

groups which when added to chromphores cause a shift in the absorption to

longer wavelength

Solution n n transitins atisagpear canpletety. Because the lane pair electrons

pecome invavet in bonding with a proton Meteroatoms of dereasing

iectronegativity cause absorption maaimum to be shited to jonger wavetength wa

hetenationss have overlapping lone pule arbitals the absorption enaalima are shed

to ongrrwavelengthe On the intrared ron, abarption bands are hited to shorter

wavelengths as the temperature increases.i 28. Inreasing the temperature above

3000k of tungstan tamp, Increases the tatal enerEY output and shifts the

wavelength to tonger wavelength A 29 The energy from a tungsten lamp can be

used below 375 nm. 0 A veyw pressures of gases, only line spectraare emitted.

But at higher pressure sontinbodh spectra result. I iL Mercury arc is suitable for
continuous spectral studies because of the presence of sharp lines or bands

superimposed on a continuous background. The broad absorption peaks in UV-

Vis cegion contributes to accurate analyses. 33. The accuracy of a

spectrophotometric analysis is not varies with the instrument being used. 34 UV

– Vis spectra alone cannat use in the identification of chromophoric group and

the elucidation of the structure, 35. Convert the interfering substance into a

noninterfering form is not used. Nine picrates exhibit absorption maximum and

molar absorptivity identical with picric acid. 37. O o transitions occurasa result of

absorption in the near UV. LA 38. To remove the unwanted infrared radiation, a

heat absorbing filter is often inserted between sampler and detector 39. Isobestic

point is a wavelength where two species in equilibrium with each other. VI 40.

Substances that not absorb in UV-Vis region cani often determined by forming

derivatives. I- Choose the correct answer: 1. Spectroscopic methods are based on

the measurement of.radiant energy intensity and wavelength a-intensity 2. Stray

radiation can be caused by: a- dust C-wavelength d- frequency c- defect in the

optical system b-reflections 3. In fluorescence the delay between absorption and

reemission is only about: b-10 to 10s Call of them 10 to 10"s Transmittance is

equal to: 10 to 10s d- 10 to 10"s b-1/L 5.if two chromophores (A and Bjare

separated by more than one single band, the spectrum is: d-fog l/1 a- different

from the two chromphores the sum of the two chromophores C- similar to A d-
similar to B 6. Ota transitions occur as a result of absorption in the: b- Visible

region @Far UV 2 Near UV 7. Wein displacement law is:

He hwec erieenta Sm dre tegel ersting a preme he Fam e tat ote Wh al the is

tt for st al de ionof est w etr aLN stre we h le tel tor atitatte anat mess sptes in

Ans ature band ush more dealed rad and featureles 12. The malerule weight san

be calculated fram 440LH MAW OaM. Wt M.WtE 13. Nemon anp aperating at

low v deuterm tam ydrogen tam 14. Light whuhi visie T0te 200 nm 200 to 00 nm

G400 to 700 em 35 The r producet when transition metal ions eact with reagents

is due to 244R absorption ttage similer to emercury are To the averagr eye ranged

fram about: I tungsten lamp d-300 to 600 nm absorptian Eharge transfer

absorption d- none of all these 16. The energy of the wlectranic transition can be

estimated by the equation: hyE-l-C d hy t-v 17. Auxochromes when added to

chromophares cause: shift in the absorption to langer wavelength b- increased

intensity in the absorption peak Esall of the ahove E. Small random error in

reading scale causes smail relative error in the concentration large relative error

in the concentration Cno change in the concentration Tole Livs dinone of the

above 19, Remove the ihterference is often kvoldedbecause of the: b- effart

Gincreased chances of error D. time 20. Calculate the wave length, in

205.9 C. 207.9 d. 204.9 ohec

spastre hand 12 The ltage tungaten lam meury re hom about A00 to 200 m

setal inns ceact with 34 200 mm ANThe reier r to the average eyerange 43010o e

when a 300 to sod nm due to abreorption Cinerge transfer dnone of all these

eretion 16 The v of the electrgnic transition can e estimated by the eqiation: 17.

Ausochromes when added to chromophores cause hift in the atsorption to longer

wavelength increased intensity in the absorption pea a of the above E Small

random error in reading scale causes 2small relative error in the cencentration

large relative error in the concentration ono change in the concentration d-none

of the above al9. Remove the interterence is often kvoided because of the: time

b-effort Gincreased chances of error d- all of them 20, Caleulate the wave length,

in nanometers, that corresponds to energy transitions of 6ev 206.9 b. 205.9 e

207.9 d. 204.9 46 Ar he

Part I: Choong the eorreetanswer in eich of the followinge For the

fullowing sym-teirazine spectrum, decide the correct type of the three cass:

oyclohextine (1), Vapor (2). Water (3) water (1), cyclohercine (2) Vapor(3) –

Váport 1), byelolhexane (2). Water (3) CNaport I),'water (2), cyclohexáne (3) 2.
Calculate the "E" for a unit probability (knowing that: cross seetion area of

ordinary ta organic molecule = 10 cm1: * 8.7 x10 – 8.7x10 3. Ilypsochromic shift

is: a- Shifi to lower intensity value Shift to longer wave lerigth. B- 6.7 x10 d- 78

x10 * Shift to shorter waye length d Shift to higher intensity value: 4. When

E=10-10, this means that the radiation hast a weak iniensity. * strong intensity E

Medium intensity Nane of the above.

5. In ny/vis. CH:-CH: can show: only o-at transition. Only a* transition b-

both s-* and a-a* transitions d none of the above. 6. Lo uvivis HC-O can give the

following transitions: , n-* and o-o" transitions b- n-a* and a-a* transitions * n- *

and a- * tratisitions. --* and o-o" transitions 7. Visible light has wave length

range: a- 50-150 nm e 100-200 nm Having a solution of 3x10 M, the molar

absorptivity was 1.3x10' through 1.0 cm ihickness, the absorbance is: a 0.069. b-

200-400 rim A 400-800 rim b- 0.096. A 0.69. 9. Fluorescence speetra is: - the

emission occurs after 10-10s of ubsorption. E- the absorption ocurs after 10-10s

of emission 10.Uy light has d- 9.62. K the emission occurs after 10-10s of

absorption. D- the absorption occurs after 10-10 s of emission. B- the same wave

length like IR d- smaller frequeney than IR shorter wave length than IR. E-

longer wave length than IR 11.When measuring the absorbance, the solvent

should: a- Interact with the solute. C- doue not dissolve the solute.
12.Absorptivity is: a transmittance of one gram per liter. E absorbance of one

mole per liter. 13. When some atomie species are excited in a flame, a light with

a wave length of 420 nm. Is emitted. The frequency of this light, Ispeed of light

3x10"em/sec): * T.1x10 – 1.7x10". Shudens b- completely dissolve the solute d-

change the composition of the solutie. B- trunsmittance of one gram per Iner. *

absorbance of one gram per liter. B- 5.7x10. d- 7.6x10 14. Turbidimetry is

considered as: a photometric method a nun-spectrometric method 15.Raman

Spectra appeared when: electron niolecule is put to lower energy level of the

molecule. E electron molecule is put to e lower energy level belong to ground

state b- an electrometric method. D- a spectrometrie method 6- electron moleule

is raised to an enérgy level that belong to the miolecule k electron molecule is

raised to an energy level not belong to the molecule

Regueney is the mmber of emiionssecond. The mamber of raysend

Resouance emission occur when: the tumbes of cyelestecmd dthe number olesule

returns tack round state level highes Ie molecute retuins ak o awer Mnd state

leNe d molenule dose not tum bak to thie level. Holeule returns back to the san

rond state level 18.Oae of the requirements for Beer's law is * the absorytion

mechanism is the only uround b- lie eniissiui mechanii is thie ly imerantion. D

the polarization mochanism is the only interaction interaction ethie scitering

mechanism is the only interaction *19 + Wave length at maxinsum consentration

Wave length at maximum absorbance 20 Beer's Law States: b Wave number at

direetly proportisnul with oncentration Wave length is directly proportionid with

concentration. aAhiorptivity is directly proportional with thicknes Wave length is

directy projnietiital with thickness Molar absorptivity equals to: the atsorhunce of

one mole of sofute. The absorhance of one arum of soluly 21. Electromaguetic

radiation: mR is composed of electric and optical fields * in civmposed of

clestric and magnetic fields 3 For K;CriO- salutions, the absorbance

measurements should be applied in I acidie medium. E neutral medium. 24

Alsorption speetra occur when: a- she MR is emitied by the substarte s the EMR

Is absorbed by the detector the transmittance of one normal of solution d- the

tranimitance of one yram of wolution b. is composed of magrietic and optical

fieids d. is composed of optical and nucleair fields o basic medittm d-

concentrated medium. B the EMR is absorbed by the cel d- the EMR is aborbed

by the vubstance 25.Lambert's taw relates the absorbance A with concentration

of the sample e with wave length of the sample b- with frequeney of the sample

with thickriess of the sample 26.TR-spectra is due to: holecular intenaction.

Molecular vibration b electronic vitiration. D atomic vibralion

. pia of leus E spin of prot 27 NMH-spectrwe t lecm espin f eules

SUVapectra eian tre ohtained by Hlamp Cl-tamp 29Sikes line is ebserved when
aaiomie electros teuri to higlior b molecalar electrots terum back to lower ground

level atomic electieons retuu to lower fevel molecular elecrons renurn back to

higher ground level gound level 3o Heer's law is represented by an equation of

Aagarithenie lie pasing thie otigin point. - lincar line that does not pass the origin

point. Beer's law is obeyed unly tor both dilated and consentrated snhutions.

turbid solutions. 12 Monochromatic radiation is b logarithmie line dose not pas

ihe origin point d linear line pass the origin point. diluted solutions. d

congentrated solutions radiation with a wide wave length band. e radjation with

narrow absorbance band. 4LAbvorbance is considered as an additive property

electric property. b radiation with narrow wave length band d- radiation with

wide absorhance hand b stutltieal property d non-additlve. 14 Acetic acid in n-

hexane (as sulvent) will uppear as b- jonized molecule d- hydrogenated acid. a

acetate anion. e- non-lunized molecule. 35 Seratches on the cell wiIl lead to:

randoni reflectiori of radiation. e randoni absorbance of radiation. b- random

refrnction of radiation. d- all of the above. 36.In the following figure:

For points A and B, the errors in concentrations values due to errors in T: a-

is larger el point B e is larger at point A. 37.In the "Photometer" apparatus, bil tre

linear in both points dF ure the same in A and B. a- monochromator should be

used. C- photomultiplier tube should be used. 38. Carbon are is a source for:

visible light. E- IR radiation 39. Absorption fhers are made of: a- colloid tinted

with pigment. E- metal tinted with pigment. 40. In the following figure: - a filter
should be used. D- a galvanometer should be used. B- Microwave. D- UV light,

gluss tinted with pigment. D- wood tinted with pigment G The part of the

photovoltaic cell corresponding to no.-3 is made of: a- plastic C- glass 41.

Dynodes are: a responsible of minimizing the emitted radiation – responsible of

magnification of incident radiation 42. Double-beam spectrophotometer is baved

on: > One cell for the sample and one cell for blank. – One cell for blank and one

detector. 43.At 351 nm for aquo-cobalamin in 0.1 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.0)

from the following bs selenium d- metal iron |b: responsible of minimizing the

incident radiation d- responsible of magnification of reflected radiation t- One

cell for the blunk ahd one mirror. D One cell for the sample and one detector

dala: 1. Light path, mm Molar absorptivity 2.5x10 85,1 14.4 10 The

concentration of the measured solution is: * 3.9x10 U- 9.3x10 b. 3.09x10 d.

9.4x10 111

44. Daring a spectrophotometric measarement, the following data is

obtained: Concentration, mg/l. Light path, em s0.5 40 From the abave, the

absorptivity of this solution is: b600.7 60.079 20.96 60.75 45 For a protein

solution has an absorbance of 0.893 at 260 nm in a l-cm euvette. If the

absorptivity that proteiti is 300, the concentration of thut solution in g/L is: 0.003

297.0 d- 0.298 2.90 Part Il: Choose "T" if the sentence is true or "F" ifihe

sentence is false for each of the ollowing: 1. To obey Beer's law, cell cross-

section should be non-uniform. - TE 2 pH and ionic sitretigth should be constant

determination of Mn by spectrophotoimetric TE method. 4. Cold HNO, stould be

used for clouhing glans und quartz cells. 5. In spectrophotometric measurement,

the solvent should absorb at the same wave length T E like the measured sample.

TE 6. Ideal detector khould show nonilineat responseX IE 7. In uvivis, the charge

transfer-band transition has weak intensity N. * transitiun occut when the

molecule contains a lone pair IE TE 9. -NH, is a group causes shift to shorter

wave length. TE 10. Chromophore isa group resporisible of absorption in uv/vis

region. IE IL. Iriereasing the electronegativity of the parent utom, shows shifts to

fonger wave length I F 12. Conjugated system shows absorption band with

higherintensity tha non-conjugated: I E system. 13. The mone polar the solvent,

the shit of n-a* to langer wave length. TE 14. Phototube is more sensitive than

photomultiplier tube I E 15. t- trunsition in CHili has longer wave femgth than in

CH.

Discuss the limitations for the application of Beer-Lambert 's law. b-

Compare betwveen double-beam and single beam spectrophotometer. Draw a

schematic arrangement of the single beam. What is the function of each part? c-

Gascous sodium chloride will absorb in UV due to a charge transfer transition.

Calculate the Wave length at which absorption may be expected. [ In gas phase,
INa = 5.14 eV, Eci = 3.82 eV and C 6.2 eV]. 13 marks Second question: a-

Explain how can you calibrate a spectrophotometer, b- Define each of the

following: 1-Chromophore, 2- auxochrome. 3- intramolecular charge transfer. e-

Calculate the wave length för a radiation that has a frequency 3x10'5 sl. [velocity

of light = 3x1010 cm/s] Third question: rite about the different types of emission

spectroscopy. b- When mercury atoms are excited, an electromagnetic radiation

of wave length 546 nm is emitted. What is the frequency of this light? [velocity

of light= 3x10 cm/s]. c- Show the expected types of absorption bands in uv/vis

for each of the following molecules: i- HO-N= N- CH;, 12 marks ii-CH2-CH2,

iii-CH: =CH- CH= CH2, iv-(CH3);S, v-Co (1120)a. Fourth question: a-

PTSEUSS three types of chemical errors, which can be found and affect

application of Beer's law. How they can be isolated? Give examples. b- The

molar absorptivity of a solute is 1.1x102, Find the absorbance and percent

transmittance through a 1 cm thickness of 3x10- M solution. C- Compare

between: Bathochromic shift, and Hypsochromic shift. ii- Photovoltaic cell, and

Phototube. 13 marks Best wishes, Prof. Mohsen Zareh Oremezatron Poli la dod

bese equlibr chomi cal errors Comp ledatren 1igand regiun us. Peers kra