Atomic Theory • Electrons
• Elements are made up of small particles, called atoms • Cathode — ray tube
• In any given pure element, the mass and other properties of all the
atoms are the same. Atoms of different elements differ in mass and
other properties Ernest Rutherford
• Gold - foil experiment
• Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. The
constituent atoms in a given compound are present in the same • Protons
whole number ratio • Charge = -1.6022 x 10^-19 C
• In a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. They • Weight = 1.67262 x 10^-24 g
simply combine, separate, or rearrange
James Chadwick (1932)
John Dalton (1808) • Neutrons
• Atomic theory • Bombardment of beryllium particles with alpha particles
• Radiation knock - off protons of H - atom
Joseph Proust (1799) • Particle grater in mass than a proton
• He organised a quantitative analysis of chemical reactions • Electrically neutral particle
Law of Definite Proportion Rober MIllikan (1900)
• Elements always combine in similar properties by mass regardless of • Proton
the size of the sample • Charge = 1.6022 x 10^-19 C
• Mass = 9.10 x 10^-28 g
Neils Bohr
• Bohr’s Model of Atom
Law of Multiple Properties
• 2 or more different compounds are composed of the same two
elements, the ratio of a small whole numbers
Henry Gwyn Jeffrey Mosely (1887-1915)
• Physicost
The Atom • Different metals bombardment with electrons produce varying
• Protons (+) frequencies of x-rays
• Electrons (-) • Frequencies ☞ atomic number
• Neutrons • (Z) - IDENTITY OF THE ATOMS
• Nucleons (protons + electrons)
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)
• X-rays
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
• Arranged elements according to their atomic weight
Antoine Bequerel
• Fluorescent properties of substances using photographic plates Henry Mosely (1913)
exposed to a uranium compound • Based the arrangement of the elements by its atomic number
Marie Curie Isotopes
• “Radioactivity” • atoms with the same number of atomic number but different in atomic
• ⍺ - particle (+) mass
• β - particle (-)
• γ - particle (0)
• x - rays (0)
John Joseph Thomson
Ions
• Plum pudding experiment
• Charged atoms • Consists of boxes and arrows that represents the orbital and the
• Cations (+) electrons
• Anions (-) • The up and down represents the two magnetic spins
Quantum Model
• Louie de Broglie (1924) - electrons behave like a wave and particle
• Erwin Schrodinger (1926) - electrons behave like a wave
• Weirner Heisenberg (1927) - Heisenberg uncertainty principle — it is
impossible to determine the position and momentum of electrons
Quantum Theory
• Mathematical description of a wave properties of electrons and other
Ground State
small particles
• Electron occupies the lowest possible energy level
• Orbital — 3D region surrounding the nucleus
• Aufbau Principle
• Quantum numbers — properties of atomic orbital properties of
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
electrons in an orbital
• Hund’s Rule
Aufbau Principle
• Electrons should occupy the first orbitals with lower energy before
those with high energy
Principal Quantum Number
• (n)
• Indicates the size of the orbital
• Indicated by all positive integers
• Shell - set of orbitals that have the same quantum number
• The bigger the value of (n) =
• the greater the distance of e- Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
• the larger the orbital • No two electrons in the same atom can possess the same set of
• larger atom quantum numbers
• main energy level occupied by e- • This considers the importance of spin quantum numbers
Azimuthal Quantum Number
• (⎰)
• Angular (arc of the horizon)
• Indicates the shape of the orbital
• Subshell - one or more orbital with
Hund’s Rule
the same values of n and 1
• The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with
• 0 - all postive integer
greatest number of parallel spins
Magnetic Quantum Number • Each orbital in a subshell is singly occupied before pairing
• (ml)
• Orientation of an orbital around the nucleus
• / = (2/ + 1)
• Values are integers -/ to +/
Core Symbols
• Written as element symbol inside bracket that represents of an
electron configuration of the noble gas that belongs to the row before
Electron Distribution
• Symbols of energy orbitals and electrons written in subscript of that element
Orbital Diagrams
