ac oe aa a8 10. 1c 1A 13. D WA 18. B 16. ine 1a A 19. B 20. A 21.8 22. D 23. ¢ 24. B 25. 28. A 27. a4. 35. 36. at. 38. 39, 40, a. 43, 44, 45. 46, 47. 48, 49, 50, si. > 02000 woo wow Levei iil Answers 87. 88. 69. 70. nm. 2, 13. 4. 18, 16. 1. 18. 79. a0. an. a2. 83. a4. 85. 86. 87. a8. 89. 30, a1. 92, 93, 94 95. 96. 97. 98, 99. B D D B B A c A A B D D D D c B c A c B c c A D D c A A c A A A B 100 ot. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 108, 110, uu. 128. 1a. 128, 129. 130. 131, 132. 133, 134. 135. 138. lat, 138, 199, 140, al. 142, 143. 144. 145, 146. aa7. 148. 14s. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154, 4155. 156. 187. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 165. 185. a c B A a c D a D B c c B c D D c c B A c B D B c c c B D A D c B B 168. 187, 168. 169. 170. am, 172, 173, 174. 115, 116. 177. 178, 179, 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 139. 190. agi. 192, 199. 194. 195. 196, 197. 198. > Ror s wo > Oot > ooB DA oo aoco0> De voor odx DO 199, 200, 201. 202, 203. 204 205. 206. 207. 208. 208, 210, a1, 212, 213. au, 215. 216. au. 218. 219. 220, 221, 222, 223, 224. 225, 226, 227 228, 228. 230, 2a1. A D B B B ean wo oop c c B A B c D B D c c B A D A B A B 282. 233, 234. 235. 238. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 248. 247. 24a. 249, 250. 251. 252. 253, 254. 258. 256. 287. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. UPUoO> DPOF owe we eoLevel IIL TABLE ‘Material Thickness Voltage (Maz) fe (Max) CoM (Max) 0.250 in. to less than 0.750 in. 400 kV 50 Ci 0.780 in, to less than 1.5 in. 2 MeV 100 Ci 1.5 in. to 2.0 in. 4 Mev 100 Ci 100 Ct 6.0 TECHNIQUE: ‘G1 Single wall, utilizing single or double film viewing of finished radiographs. 6.2 Film Focal Distance: a minimum of 24-inchFFD shall be maintained. 6.3 Screens: lead intensification screens should be used for all exposures. G4 Sentter Indicator: A Yyinch high by %rinch thick lead lettar “'B" attached to the back of the cassette. : 43 Penetrametere: the applicable penctramater shall be based on the nominal singie wall thickness plus rein- forcement selected from Table T. 85 Peootrametar Placement: source sda of object being examined {inch to Ypinch from edge of weld at the ex- 6.7 Shims: at required to have the same nominal thickness under the penetrameter, asthe total thickmess of the SAP Sigs einiorsement or baciing strips. Backing strips or bars are not ta be considered aa part of tha weld Or reinforcement, for determination of ponetrameter size. TABLE IT Nominal Single Wall Material Thickness Essential (Inches) Penetrameter ‘Thickness Hole Diameter Up to 0.25 7 0.007 oT 0.020 0.250-0.375 10 0.010 or 0.020 0.975-0.50 2 0.012 aT 0.025 ‘Over 0.50-0.625 15 0.015, oT 0.030, ‘Over 0.625-0.750 iT 0.017 ar 9.035 ‘Over 0.750-0.875 20 0.020 at 0.040 Over 0.875-1.00 25 0.025 at 0.050 = Over 1.00-1.25 30 0.030 2 0.060 Over 195-150 35 0.035 ar 0.070 ‘Over 1.50-2.00 40 0.040 ar 0.080 ‘Over 2.00-2.50 45 0.045, or 0.080 7.0 DENSITY: 7 Single film viewing—2.0 to 2.8 ‘Double fim viewing~2.6 to 3.8 * ‘The density of the radiograph shall not vary by more than minus 15 percent or p/us 90 percent from the density through the body of the penetrameter. 80 SENSITIVITY: ‘The essential hole (2T) and the image of the penetrameter shail be visible. 9.0 FILM PROCESSING: Manual or automatic processing is acceptable. 10.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 40.1 All welds and adjacent base material shall be free af: A. cracks B. incomplete penetration C. incomplete fusion D. slag inclusions in 8 inches of length mat. thick { in. to % in.—inelusions exceeding 4 in. in. to] in—inclusions exceeding ¥, in. Tinto 2 in.— inclusions exceeding 3 in. E. bur through F. porosity—im 6 inches of length in oxcess of: mat. thick % In. to % in—4 (ty in} Hin. co in (ie ind, 2 (he in} Yin. to 2 in—4 (yin)Based on the preceding specification requirements, determine the adequacy of the following techniques. 292. A 1.625-inch thick plate weld, with 0.125-inch outside reinforcement and Yeinch thick backing bar, is to be radiographed. Select the proper combination of parameters. A. 400 eV —24 in. FFD_245 penetrameter B. 100 Ci Ir**—g0 in. FFD—-#30 penetrameter C. 1 MeV—72 in. PFD—#40 penetrameter D. 25 CiCo#—~20 in, FFD~#25 penetrameter Table 11 293, From the preceding question, what wauld be the recommended shim thickness? AL finch B tink 5 ). finch P67 294. The density through the penetrazmeter was recorded at 1.8 (H & Di(double viewing}. Which of the following readings or statements is correct for this expoours? A. 1.53 to 207 (H & D) through area of interest B. 1.44 to 2.16 (Hf & D) through area of interest C. Unacceptable technique D. Double viewing of film is required P10 295. The following discontinuities were noted on the radiograph of a 2-inch thick carbon steel plate. Sing (8) & im (2) % im, (1) he im. Porosity (4) & i. Which of the following statements would constitute the appropriate method of disposition of these conditions? A. Accept B, Remove (4) 4 in, indications, repair and reexpose C. Remove the 7, in. slag inclusion, repair weld, and reexpose D, Remove the (3) & in. porosity and (2) 4 in. slag inclusions, repair weld, and re-expose P01 296. If the density through the penetramoter was found to be 2.5 (H & D), which of the following statements would be correct for this technique and single wall viewing? A. Minimum density 2.98, maximum density 4.56 B. Minimum density 2.98, maximum density 4.80 C. Minimum density 2.45, Maximum density 3.80 D. Noneof the above P10 RADIOGRAPHIC SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS 1.0 SCOPE ‘This specification is to be used for the radiographic examination of butt welds in 4-inch to 2inch thick plate. 2.0 MATERIAL: Carbon steel 3.9 SURFACE REQUIREMENTS: Prepared mechanically to eliminate surface irregularities whose image could interfere with proper interpreta tion. 4.0 RADIATION SOURCE: X or gamma radiation—as specified in Table 1 8.0 FILM: ‘Type II (Fine grain) or better. nDLovet LIT 284, An inermittent of continuous dark line found at the edge of the weld groove or bevel would probabiy be ‘A. aligned porosity. BL slag line. C. root concavity. D. erater cracking. ADS 286. A narrow, dark line craveling in irregular directions would generally indicate the presencs of A acrack. . sag ine, C. aligned porosity. D, lack of fusion. A258 6. A very thin, straight dar line, either continuous or internittent, located parallel to and normally on one side of weld would be indicative of A. slag inclusion, B. sucky C: aligned porosity. 1, lack of fusion. put 287, Indications appearing singly or as clusters of small, ight spots in a GTA weld would most probably be classified ast A weld spatter. B. nonmetallic inclusion. C. tungsten inclusion. D. gas holes. Dagt 1288, The term used to deseribe the reduction in the base metal thickmess where the lnat weld bead is fused to the sur- face is called: A. convesity. B. undercut. . lack of fusion. D. coneavity. 259, A term used to describe the oxides and other aolida which are shown radiograpbically as elongatai or rounded inclusions is: B36 A slag. B. porosity. C. suckup. D. worm holes. B-136 Codes, Standards, Specifications, and Procedures Using the sample specification located on pages 79 and 80, anawer the remaining questions. (References listed pertain to paragraphs (P) in the sample specifications.) 250, A (pinch stainies steel plate weld with Jrinch outside reinforcement ground fush on the back side was A dottiphed. Waich of the following would be aczeptable to the specification? A. 250 kV—36 in. FFD-—#10 penetrameter B. 100 Ci fr""—24 in. FFD—A12 penetrameter 400 {¥—24 in. FFD—#10 penetrameter ). None of the abave Pe7 291, The following parameters were used when cadiographing the front and back side. Souree—100 Ci Ir Screens—0.010 F/B FFD—24 in Penetrameter—#20 Film—Claes TV Shim—0.250 in. ‘This technique relative to the specification would result in: A. an acceptable radiograph. B, an excessive amount of unsharpaess, . an unacceptable radiograph. ‘D, aradiograph showing poor contrast. P50 cy6. 3 am. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282, 283, Level It Radiographic Appearance of Discontinuities An indication on a casting radiograph chat appears as distinct dark lines or a band of variable length and width, grth a definite smooth outline is indicative of: A. shrinkage. B. segregation. C. cold shuts. D. tears. Guat Voids that are readily recognizable as smooth, dart, round or oval-shaped spots with radiographic contrast varying directly with their diameter are: ‘A. gas porosity. B. shrinkage porosity. C. segregation. D. core shift. Gia ‘An uneven wall thickness in an intemal passage of a casting as viewed in a radiograph is indicative of: A. misruns. B. segregation. ©. uniused chaplecs, D. core shift. Geiss Ifan elongated dark area of varying length and width which is either continuous or intermittent appears in the center of a radiograph of a weldment, it is indicative of: A. cracks, B, incomplete penetration. ©. inclusions. D. shrinkage. Gide ‘An indication or indications on a radiograph that appear as dark, ragged lines of verieble widths and numerous ‘branches with no definite line of continuity are indicative of: A. cold cracks. B. cold sbuts. ©. hot tears. D. core shift. Guat ‘A dark line of varying width on a radiograph which follows the edge of the fusion zone of a weld is indicative of: A. undercutting. B. incomplete fasion, porosity. D. shrinkage. Gass ‘An indication appearing on a radiograph as a dark, elongated area of varying length or width located at the center of a weld would probably be classified as: A. aligned porosity. B slag line. ©. wagon tracks. D. lack of penetration. B.r36 ‘Am oval or circular dark spot with smooth edges appesring on the radiograph would most probably be in- dicative of: A. bum through, B. crater crack. ©. porosity. D. lack of fusion ET46Level (IT 267. A discontinuity in welds caused by gas entrapment in the molten metal, moisture, improper cleaning, or lack of preheat is referved co as: AL dross, B. lack of penetration, . porosity. D. slag inclusion. BT46 268. A discontinuity consisting of one or several parallel fissures caused by the internal rupture or fracture of material while in the hot semiplastic state is called: ‘A. lack of fasion. " B. tear. 3. unfused chaplet. D. hoterack. B40 269, Cracks or fractures formed in a casting prior to completion of solidification because of restricted contraction is Indicative of a: AL shrinkage cavity. B. hot tanr. ©. misrun. D. cold shut. G-309 270. A discontinuity that may be the result of improper pouring temperature or alloy composition is indicative of: A. gas porosity. B. shrinkage pores C. dispersed discontinuities. D. unfused chaplet. Gus7 271. A discontinuity caused by gas released during solidification or by the evaporation of moisture or volatile ‘material from the mold surface is indicative of: AL microshrinkage. B. shrinkage porosity. . inclusion. D. gas poresity. Guar 272, Failure of the metal to fill the mold cavity, thus creating a casting that is not complete, is: AL Gore shift. : B. cold shut. C. misrun. D. buckles. Gang 273. A definite discontinuity thet exista because of imperfect fusion of two streams of metal that have converged ist A. misrun. B. cold shut. C. rateails. D. buckles. G-309, £-7-10 275, Voids in a casting caused by inadequate feeding co compensate for the volumetric shrinkage that occurs during, A. shrinkage cavities, shift. hot tears, D. biowholes. c-309 275. Particles of foreign material auch as sand or slag that are embedded in the cast metal are: AL gas holes. B. buckles, CC. rattails, D. inclusions. G-309rol tr rams that use TV presentation with those employing solid-state ystems, which of the following statements 1s false? 260. In comparing electronic image intensifier sy screens and high-sensitivity closed-cirewit ‘A. The overail gain of an image intensifier‘TV combination usually exceeds that of the sereen/TV combinations. B. the overall resolution of the intensifier/TV combination usually exceeds that of the scree TY combination, Gas the area of the viewed screen increases for either, che averall system gain must also increase. D. the singie crystal scintillating screens and the finegrain fluorescent seresns have bercan ‘resolution than the electronic image intensifier tubes but much lower light output, Aclg.39 Image-Object Relationships 261. Using geometric enlargement principles, datarmine the image size if the object is 6 inches in diameter, the source-torfilm distance is 26 inches, and the source-to-object distance ia 30 inches A. 7.2 inches B. 5 inches ©. 14.4 inches D. 10 inches Fag 282, The focal spot should be ag small as possible, because there is @ definite relationship between focal spot size and which of the following? : A. Radiographic contrast B. Total radiation output ©. Subject contrast D. Radiographic definition Fat 288. Walch ofthe following influences the amount of radiation that falls on the recording plane inthe umbral region of the image? A. Absorption characteristics of the test piece B. Angie of the incident radiation C. Size of the recording plane D. Thickness of the recording plane Gist Material Processing 254. A consequence of insufficient heat or the presence of scale on the fusion face of the weld bevel may ber A. incomplete penetration. B. root concavity. C. excessive root reinforcement. D. lack of fusion, Ada 265. A weld made with an excessive number of passes or inadequate speed of travel could result int \- Toot concavity. oxidation. excessive root reinforcement. . incomplete penetration, pop A512 Discontinuitles, Their Causes and Effects 266. Steels that contain more than 0.90 percent carbon if walded ara prone to which type of discontinuity? A. Heat B. Porosit ©. Lack of fusion D. Slag formation fected zone cracking E718Level IT Control of Diffraction Eltects 253, Filters and screens are devices used by radiographers to control diffraction effects, [f spurious indications ap fear in che Gnighed radiograph and diffrection is suapect, what technique aids or corrections can be made to the Fochnique to eliminace suspect diffraction patterns? A. Raise the kilovoltage B. Lower the kilovoitage ©. Change the radiation center 5 inches-from previous location D. Change class and type of film used from type 1 to typ: FAS 254, X-ray diffraction pa:terns appearing in a radiograph are typically observed in the radiography of: A. thick castings at greater than 1 MeV. B. thin metallic specimens with large grain size, thin metallic apecimens with fine grain size. Dy thick metallic specimens with low atomic aumber/Z). A024 256. The radiogtaphic appearance of diffraction patterns is mottled and may be confused with which one of the following sets of indications? A. Porosity or segregation B. Oxidation or burn through C. Porosity or burst D. Misruns or porosity D024 256. A method for distinguishing between diffraction mottling and other causes of mottling ‘A. reexpose the film using 2 much lower exposure factor. 'B. change the angle of incidence of the beam by 1 ta 5° and reexpose, . lower the kilovoltage and reexpose. D, reaxpese, without using lead screens, Ano Gaging 257, Tn routine thickness gaging setups.using gamms-ray sources, which one of the following radiation detectors is most commonly used? A. Anthraceae crystal B. Ionization chamber C. Sodium iodide crystal D. Geiger-Muller tube Ac18-20 258. OF the following, which gaging application is most suitable for use’of gamma rays? A. Cigarette density gaging B. Thickness gaging of thin foils such . Paper thickness gage D. Liquid density gage A1e-29 condenser papers Real-time imaging 259. Tn a eysvema using 9 high-resolution screen and lowdlight level TV, real-time imaging must be conducted on Obioch seed! at 20 fpm. The motion Unaharpnesa mast be held to 6.2 mm. Source-to-cbject distance = 16 in- hes apd fel spt is 0.7 min Using the formula J. = wf, dari te wth of the radiation beam in the ection of motion. A. 6.4 inches B. 3:2 inches ©. 0:25 inches D. 25mm G38 m$$. Fluoroscopy Level 111 248. The optimum magnification to obtain optimum image clarity in a dynamic fluoroscopic system is determined using he equation M, = 1+ (U/FP" For a system with a screen unsharpness of 0.8 mim and aD. men toe, spot, determine the optimum geometric magnification. AL 20 B ts c. Los BD. 26 246. One of the main disadvantages of fluoroscopic systems is: ‘A. extensive operator training required. B. high image brightness on screen, . flaw image enlargement. D, limited ability to see fine detail. 247. Which one of the following is not a common method of viewing a fluoroscopic image? ‘A. Through a phosphorcoated leed glass screen Mirror projection of the image C. Via use of an imaging orthicon D. Through a calcium tungstate screen Electron Emission Radiography 248, Electron radiography is primarily used for radiography of: ‘A. high atomic number (Z) matarials, B. thin metallic specimens, C. very thin nonmetallic specimens, D. combination of high and low atomic number materials, 249. An electron emission radiograph shows surface details only; in this regard it is similar to: ‘A. a macroradiograph. 5B. a microradiograpa. C. photomicrograph. D. tomography. 250. The principle of electron emission radiography is based on: A. differential absorption. B. diffraction caused by crystalline structure. . differences in siectron emission from an irradiated specimen resulting from greater emiasion from higher atomic number materials. D. differences in film density caused by the differential penetrating ability of the various energy electrons. Micraradlography 251. Which one of the following is not a commonly accepted use of micreradiography? A Determination of segregation of constitutents in thin alloy sections B. Detection of minute discontinuitiea G. Study of biological sections D. Study erystallina structure 252. X-ray devices used in microradiography typically operate at potentials up to: AL 50 ky, BL 100 kv. ©. 150 kv. D. 200 kV. G-150 Gass Gis0 Fug F120 F116 FAs238. When tn different films are selected for a multifilm technique, their speeds must be such chat on cheir characteristic curves: ‘A. there is some overlap on the density axis. B. there is no overlap on the density axis. G. there is some overlap on the log £ axis. D. there is no overlap on thelog £ axis. Fas 209. If the thickness range of specimen is too great for a single exposure, a multifilm technique may be used. Tf two films of different speeds are selected for this example, the log relative exposure range for these -wo filma is: (A. the difference in log exposure between the yalue at the high-density end of the faster film and the lowedonsity ond of the slower film curve. B. the difference in log exposure between the value at the low-density end of the faster film and the high density end of the slower film. C. the difference in log exposure between the value at the low-density end of the slower film and the high-density end of the faster film. D. the difference in log exposure between the value at the high-density end of the slower film and the low-density end of the faster filn. FSS Stereoradiography 240, Select the one advantage stereoradiographs have over films produced by persilax method. ‘A. Permit correct spatial relation B. Use inexpensive viewing devices €. Require special reading glasses D. Utilize two films AL20-47 241. A setup by which an arrangement of prisms or mirrors permits each eye to see but a single one of a pair of radiographs is known as: A. stroboradiography. 1B. parallax radiography. ©. stercoradiography. D. autoradiography. F106 Triangulation Methods 242, Using the parallax method for triangulation with the flm in contact with the object and shifting the source ual distance in two directions from its original position for location of a flaw, itis revealed that the flaw shift is lesa than one-half the shift of the source side marker. The flaw ist A. nearer the film plane. B. noarer the source side. ©. on the source side surface. D. on the film side surface. F108 243, A discontinuity was found by radiography in a 3-inch thick weld. The source-to-film distance was 20 inches. A second exposure was made with the source shifted 4 inches perailel to the film plane. [t was noted that the discontinuity image moved 5/8 inch as compared with the original exposure. Detarmine the distance of the flaw above the film. A. 3.24 inches B. 1.25 inches €. 270 inches D. 0.27 inches FAT Flash Radiography 244, Radiography performed using high intensity X-ray beams with microsecond exposures i ‘A. microradiography. 2B. autoradiography. . stroberadiography. D. flash radiography. H2ag, F-12sel HL 220, The mathematical rule of exposure which governs the timesdiscance relation of the basic exposure calculator i A, the exposure time (1) required for a given exposure is directly proportional ta the square of the source-to-film distance (D), B. the exposure time (T) required for a given exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the sourcecorilm distance (D) C. the exposure time (7) required for a given exposure is inversely proportional to the milliamperage (M). D. none of the above. FAT 231. Assume that a radioisotope source has an emission rate of 6 mAMhrimCi at 1 foot. If an 800 mCi source is used, determine the dosage rate at 2 feet. A. 4800 mBMr B. 1200 mivhr C. 533 mRfhr D. 300mR/br D2 Blocking and Filtering 282. The primary function of a filter is to: A. reduce the penetrating ability of the radiation, B. absorb scatter radiation. C. reduce exposure time. D. eliminate most of the undercut caused by scatter. 233. Which of the following materials are typically used for filtration purposes i of 150400KV? A. Aluminum/magnesium B. Leadlcopper C. Stainless steel/steel D. Cadmium/zine Fa3 industrial radiography at energies 234. A filter in the X-ray tube beam has the effect oft A. hardening the radiation beam. B. softening the radiation beam. C. dispersing the radiation bear. D. increasing the beam intensity. Faz 235. Seattared radiation originating in matter qutside the specimen is most serous for specimens which have high absorption for X rays. One of the most satisfactory arrangements for combining effectiveness and convenience to reduce scatter when radiographing steel is to: A. cut out diaphragms from lead sheet. B. pack barium clay around the specimen. C. use a liquid absorber. D. surround the object with copper or steel shot. 20-22 296. Filtering an X-ray beam is analogous to: A. decreasing the kiloveltage. B. increasing the kilovoltage. C. decreasing the D. increasing the milliamperage. Faz Multitiim Techniques 297. The primary purpose of using two or more films of unequal speed in the same cassette is: A. to eliminate retakes due to incorrect exposure time, B. to eliminate retakes due to artifacts on the film. to cover a wide range of thickness in one exposure. ). to reduce the scatter to the total image. B.133 nLevel II 202. Using the formula given above, calculate the specimen thickness if the equivalent sensitivity is 2.6 percent based on sesing the 4T hole in an ASTM 440 penetrameter. A. 1.35 inches B. 3.17 inches 7 C. 2.36 inches D. 217 inches CEM? 223. The DIN sype penetrameter is which type of image quality indicator? A. A plaque type . B. A stepped tyne CA wire tyne ‘D. An indirect imaging type En 224. A procedure requires a quality level of 44T and the use of penetrameters based on ASTM E142 design. What ‘Shape of penetrameter would be used on a 4¥4-inch thick specimen? yoo = Causes and Correction of Unsatisfactory Radiographs 225. Omission of the stop bath or rinsing of the film may cause: ‘A. strealeing of the film. B, yellow staining of the film C. fogging of the film. D, frilling of the emulsion. Faso 226. Im automatic processing, poor drying of film can be attributed to which of the following if the drying temperature aud air eixediation in tho drying section are found to be acceptable? A. Underreplenishment of the fixer solution B, Infrequent use of the processor ©. Roller aligument in the wash section D. Overdevelopment Fs2 27. In automatic processing, streaks on the film can be attributed te: A. along interval between feeding of filme. B. clogged developer recirculation system. G. dirty dryer tubes. D, all of the above. Fsz 228. A milky-appearing fxer solution could be caused by: A. the fixer being too warm whes mixed. B. a sudden change in temperature. C. use of a carbonate developer. D, use of finegrained film. F150 Exposure Calculations 299, Ifan exposure time of one minute was necessary using a 6-fo0t source-to-iim distance for a particular expostre hal Line would be necessary if a 5-foot source’to-film distance is used end all other variables remain the same? A. 2 minutes B. 18 seconds C. 4 minutes D. 30 seconds FAT 0SEE Level 111 214, When lead screun radiograph of an abject shows a poorly defined image of the object. one course of action to correct this may ber A. change to a coursegrain film. B. use an X-ray tube of larger focal spot. c 10 source-tofilm distance, inge to fluorescent scteens, Fagg Artifacts 215. During the loading ofa film cassette, the lead foil screens are scratched. The resulting radiograph would show: A no change since deep scratches are not related to the film. B. broad fuzzy light lines corresponding to the scratches, C. defined dar lines corresponding to deep scracches. D, random film indication due to scatter caused by scratches, Fag 246. Deep scratches in lead sereens result in dark lines on the radiograph. These are due to: A. lose of absorbing characteristic of the lead foil resulting in more of the X-ray source reaching the fl. B. the scratch resulting in a greater surface area of lead, causing a larger electron emission area which fects exposure of the film. G. air gep between the deep scratch and film, D. none of the above, Fad (Fig. 27) 217. The appearance of colored stains on a processed radiograph could be enused by: A. noutralizaton of the acid in the fixer solution. B. neutralization of the alkaline content in the fixer solution. . acidification of the fixer solution. D. underdevelopment. 7 a6 218, Prolonged washing of film in water above 68° F has a tendency to: ‘A. crystalize the gelatin, B. soften the gelatin. ©. cause yellow stain. D. cause the image to fade, F286 218. When using lead foil intensifying screens, a fuzzy radiographic image is a sign: A. of oil or grease oi the screens, B. that tin coating was used on the screens. C. of poor screen-to-film contact, D. of foreign material between the screen and the film. Pag 220. A mottled radiograph can be caused by: A. not removing the paper interleaving before the exposure. B. using tincoated lead screens. ©. Xray diffraction effects. D. allof the above. Fag, 44 Image Quality Indicators Given a = 100 VE where = = Material thickness (inches) = 2 T = Penetrameter thickness linches) ‘A = Essential hole diameter inches} Equivalent sensitivity (percent) answer questions 221 and 229. 721. Using the formula given above, calculate the equivalent sensitivity of an ASTM #20 penetrameter showing the 27 hole on a 1.25-inch thick specimen. A 2.08%, Be 18m. 18% Das, CEL2Lovet LIL 205. ineident light of intensity of 200 fooccsndles on an area of film of 1.3 density transmits an intensity of 10 foot- candles, What is the intensity transmitted in the area of the film measuring 2.3 density? A. 6 footcandles B. 0.5 footcandie C. 1 footeandle B. 0.1 footeandle A-20-31, 32 Contrast 206. The relationship between film exposure and the'Tesulting film density of any particular film i A. the unsharpness. BL the film contrast. . the subject contrast. D. none of the above. Ets 207. As the kilovoltage is increased, the subject contrast: A. increases. B! decreases. C. remains the same. D. inceases directly with B*. A2035 208. Radiographic image quality may be adversely affected by poor subject contrast: this may be causod by: ‘A. insufficient absorption differences in the specimen. B. excessive radiation energy for the application. ©. scatter. D, all of the above. F486 209. The film contrast for the specimens being radiographed may be determined from the: A. size of filma. B. radiation quality. C. slope of the characteristic curve for the fim. D, allof the above. PST 210. Which of the following is independant, for most practical purposes, of the wavelength end distribution of the radiation reaching the fim? A. Sabject contrast B. Radiographic contrast =~ C Film contrast D. Definition Fat Definition 211, By increasing the source to-film distance in a given exposure, the image sharpness A. increased. B. decreased. . not affected. D. decreased by a negligible amount. A20-7, F-19, 20 212, What is the effect of the sensitivity of a radiograph when the physical size of ¢ gamma source is increased without changing any other exposure factors? A. Sensitivity and geometric unsharpneas are increased B. Geomesric sharpness and definition are increased C. Physical source size does not affect sensitivity D. Geometric sharpness is increased and sensitivity is decreased A-20-6, 7, F-19, 20 213, The image sharpness of an object may be aifectad by: A. type of film. B. type of screen. . radiation quality, D. all of the above. Fes7 _\ EE Level fr i of an intensicy chat is evenly distributed with 197. When viewing radiographs, the film viewer should provide ‘wer should have: an adjustment co vary the intensity. [n addition the film vie A. @ viewing surface at a 90-degree angle. B. fresh bulbs, C. adiffusing medium, D. light green color. 198. To prevent damage ta films, which of the following should be pravided when viewing radiographs? ‘A. Masks or screens ” a A252 Background Lighting 189, The contrast sensitivity of the human eye is greatest when the surroundings compared to the area of interest. ona radiograph are: A. about the same brightness, B. of a lower brightness, C. ofa higher brightness. D. brightness is not a factor in contrast sensitivity, 200. For best contrast sensitivity, the film viewing room should have lighting: A. as dare a3 possible. B. approximately 38 lumens. ©. approximately 70 lumens. D, as light as the ares of interest in the film being reviewed. F-73, CHe4 201. When reviewing film, background lighting should: A. be virtually eliminated. BL not reflect on the film under examination. C. be carefully filtered. D. beapproximately 20 lumens. C-E94, 73 Optical Aids 202. A stereoscope is: ‘A. a device which projects the contents of pair of stereoradiographs on a screen giving spatial resolution to indications in the radiographs. B. a device which permits each eye to see only one of a pair of stereoradiographs. . a device which, by exposing two film cassettes simultaneously from different angics, enableo the production of radiographs. D. adevice which allows accurate measurements of the shift of an image in a set of stereoradiographs made for the purpose of parallax. A206 Judging Radiographic Quality Density 203, The density of any radiographic image is primarily dependent upon: A. the kilovoltage of the source of radiation. B. the amount of radiation absorbed by the emulsion of the film. . both of the above, D. none of the above. A208 204. Lead screens are used to improve the quality of radiographs by: A. controlling scatter cadiation from the specimen. B. minimizing backscatter ra . both of the above. 42027 D. none of the above.eel UL 187. The function of the developer is to: A. stop the process. B. harden the emulsion. C. recover silver. D. change exposed silver halide crystals to metallic silver. Faz 188, ‘The best method of arresting the development process is to place the film i ‘A. an acid stop bath. B. a fixer solution. C. a water rinse. D. a wetting solution. Fas 189. The most important function of the fer is to: ‘A. neutralize alkali from developer. B. remove undeveloped silver salt. C. increase density. D. harden the emulsion, Fas 190, Wetzing agents are used primarily as 2 deterent for: A. reticulation. B. changes in density. C. water spots. D. frilling. Fat 191, In automatic processing, if the film emulsion becomes swollen, soft, or sticky, the result may be: A. slowdown of the transport system and overlap. B, film sticking on a roller. C. film wrapping around a roller. D. all ofthe above. F90 192, Ideally aftar processing, radiographs should be stored at a relative humidity of: AL 10 percent. B. 90 to 60 percent. ©. 70 to 80 percent. D, relative humidity is not an important consideration. Fai 4193. In manval processing, the “cascade method” of washing flm is deairabie. To be effective, the hourly flow of ‘water should be: A. Lto2 times the volume of the tank, 5B. water flow rate has no bearing on film washing. C. 12 to 18 times the volume of the tank. D, 4208 times the volumeof the tank G-154, F-80 Supp. F-#) 194, Holding all other paramenters constant, an increase in time of development of given film will result in a characteristic curve showing: A. increased contrast and increased speed. B. increased contrast and decreased speed. GC. decreased contrast and incressed speed. D. decreased contrast and decressed speed. A621 Mtuminator Requirements 195, Which of the following is not a requirement for illuminators used in the interpretation of radiographs? A. A light source of sufficient intansity to view the area of interest of the radiograph B. Sefficient masking to avoid glare from the edges of the radiograph © A footoperated onoif switch D. None af the above P13 196, For the routine viewing of high-density film. a high-intensity illuminator with an adjustable light source should bbe used. Such a viewer should allow viewing of densities at lease up to: A 1SHeD. BooSHED. © soHeD. D, 10.08 &D. AgLiT- ee es ee evecare VU Gt Level [It 179. The frequency with which a developer solution needs replacoment ia dependent on the rate and density of films processed but as @ rule the solution should be replaced: A. whenever the density of processed films is consistently too great. 'B. when the quantity of developer replenisher used equals two to three times the original quantity of developer, or every three months, whichever is shorter. G. every six months, D. wherever the processed films show streaking due to uneven development, Ane Darkroom Equipment and Chemicals 180, When using acid to make the stop bath mixture, the acid is added slowly to the water for which of the following reasons? A. TTo producs a more uniform mixture, B. To provent rapid oxidation resulting in a cloudy stop bath. C. To provent a rapid rise of the solution temperature, D, To pravent the acid from spattering. AQLT 181. Cortain materials causa contamination and result in fog in the radiograph. Which one of the following should not be used as 2 material for holding processing solutions? A. AISI Type 316 stainless stool B. Enemeivare © Aluminum D. Plastic F860 182. Processing tanks should be periodically cleaned and sterilized, Which of the following agents in solution is recommended? Feo 188. The most commonly used acid in preparing stop baths to arrest the development process is: A. sulphuric, B. glacial acatie. ‘muriatic. hydrochloric. ADL, Fas Film Processing 184, In manual processing, if it is not possible to use 2 stop bath, filma should be: A. placed dirse''y in the fixer solution. B. placed dirsctiy in the fixer solution with a one-minute reduction in development time, G. rinsed in running water for at loast two minutes before fixing. D. Hnsod in running water for at least two minutes with a one-minute reduction in development time before fixing. an 285. The primary reason why visual (under safelight conditions) development of radiographs should be avoided ist A. itis difficult to discern the image with the light output provided by a safelight. B. the appearance of developed but unfixed rediograph will be different in the dried state, C removal of the flim from the developer will affect the development time, D. Alm type and speed affect the appearance of images when exposed toa safelight. Faz 186, Bettor quality radiographs can be obtained when expertly done by manuel processing rather than by automatic Broceasing, but most processing is performed automatically because: A. manual processing is time consuming. B. It is difficult to train and keep manual processing personnel. ©. automatic processors are aesier to maintain. D, chemical tamperatures and solutions are difficult to maintain in darkrooms where manual Processing is practiced. G-151Level HT . Exposure Curves ITL. Which one of the following is not a specific condition which applies to a given exposure chart? A. Xray machine used B. Film type C. Processing conditions D, Radiation intensity E, Film density on which the chartis based Fs2 172, Exposure charts are fairly adequate for detarmining exposures in the radiography of: A. complicated structural items. B. uniform plate. C. step wedges. Fel 178, A gamma-ray exposure chart differs from an X-ray exposure chart in that there s no variable factor corre sponding to: AL thickness, 4, milllamperage. ©. Wiovoltage. D, film density. Fas 174, An exposure chart is a graph showing the relation between all but which one of the following? A. Exposure B. Density © Kiloveltage D. Material thickness Foi tobt Darkroom Procedures 175, In manual procsssing, the ideal temperature is 68° F (20°C), At what tamperature would the chemical action be retarded, resulting in underdevelopment? A 10°F B. 60°F c 90°F D. None of the above Fes? A214 176, ‘The shape of the film characteristic curve is relatively insensitive to changes in X- or gamma radiation quality but is affected by changes in the: A. geometric factors. B. film graininess. C. subject contrast, D. dogree of development, F128, 65 177, Light erimp marks appearing on a developed radiograph are the result oft A. static marks, B. scratches on lead foil screen. . poor handling before exposure. D. poor handling aiter exposure. Fass 178, Physical damage to the film emulsion caused by sudden extreme temperature change is referred to ast A. reticulation. B. Filing blisters, . streaks, F160 2 2-28 : : ?Level U1 163. The major component of scatter is the low-energy rays reproseated by photons weakened in what process? A. Photoelectric B. Pair productive ©. Compton scattering D. Ionization End 164, The influence of low-energy scatter from the film holder is most noticesble just inside the borders of the image. ‘This condition is called: ‘A. inherent unsharpness. “ B. undercut. C. geometric unsharpness. D. mottling. Fas 165, The difference in narrow-beem and broad-beam conditions is that: ‘A. narrow-beam conditions imply that both scattered and unscattered radiation reach the detector, while broad-beam conditions imply that only the unscattared radiation reaches the detector. B. aurrow-team conditions imply that only che unseattered radiation reaches the detec, whl broad-beam conditions imply that both scattered and unscattered radiation reach the detector. ©. narrow- and broad:beam conditions relate only to source size. D. both terms depend oa film and ecreen combination. A-15-35 to 37 165. Which is generally the greater source of scatter radiation? A. Lead foil screens BL Lond backing plato ©. Floor or wall D. The specimen under examination Fag Source Factors 167. Short wavelength photons are normally used on thick sections of steel rather than long wavelength photons fuse: ‘A. short wavelength photons are hard rays and have greater penetrating ability, B. short wavelength photons create a greater secondary radiation and help improve image contrast. ©. long wavelength photons are bard rays and have greater penetrating ability. D. they both have equal penetrating ability. A:204, P10 to21 168. A lead sheet is usually placed behind the film cassette ta: ‘A. intensify the film image and shorten the exposure time. B. prevent bending and crimping of the fm. C. Feduce forward scatter and absorb unwanted radiation to prevent it from reaching the film. D. minimize radiation scattered from the floor, walls, equipment, and other items from reaching the back of the film. Ago21 the emitted gamma-ray intensity per lower. B higher. . unaffected. D. increases inversely to activity. Al5LO 170. When radiographing a specimen with a radiographic source. it is found that it ia desirable to lengthen the source-to-film distance. With the source at the new locatioa, the amount of radiation reaching the film will: A. vary inversely with the square of the distance. BL vary equally with the square of the distance. C. will not change. D. vary inversely with the distance, A-20-10Le out Intensitying Screens 164. The most commonly used intensifying material in fluorescent sereens for industrial radiography is: A, zine sulfide, B. ealeium sulfide. C. cesium iodide. D, calcium tungstate His . Fluorometallic intensifying screens compared with lead foil sereena can reduce the exposure time by factors up to: A. 100, B10. . soo. DOL Hae 18 156, The Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law states that the product of « photochemical reaction is dependent only upon the produet of the radiation intensity and the duration of exposure and is independent of the absolute values of either of these quantities separately. This law is invalid for which of the following? A Xrays B. Gamma rays C. Fluorescent screens D. Lead foil screens Al629 157. The quality of che radiation necessary to obtain an appreciable intensification from lead screens depends upon all the following except: A. film type, B. kilovoltage. C. milliamperege. D, thickness and material of test object. A20-27 158, An alloy of 6 percent antimony and 94 percent lead should be used for screens Instead of pure lead because it Provides: 1D. m higher intensification factor. A202T 159. The intensifying action ofa lead fail screen is caused by: A. the addition of 6 percent antimony to the lead. B. the alectrons omitted under gamma or X-ray excitation, . preferential absorption by the lead atoms. D. characteristic and scattered radiation originating in the screen. De 160. In comparison to radiographs made with lead screens, radiographa made using fluorescent screens would show: ity. D. poor definition P36 161. Variation in the thickness of lead screens from 0.005 inch to 0.010 inch: A. has very slight effect on intensification. B. has very significant effect on intensification. C. actually has no effect on intensification. D. only serves to increase geometric unsharpness. A16-24 Scattered Radiation 162. Scatter radiation caused by the specimen being radiographed is usually referred to as B. side scatter. ©. undercut. D. forward scatter, DagLevel [II 148. The size of the penumbral shadow can best be reduced by: A. using a larger diameter source. B. using a faster speed film, C. increasing the sourceto-film distance. D. increasing the apecimen-te-film distance. B25 146, Deviation from the true shape of an object as exhibited in ita shadow image is called: A. definition. B. latitude. ©. contrast. D. distortion. 147. Which of the following rules of shadow formation is not true? A. The effective focal spot or soures size should be aa small as practical. B. The distance between the fcel spot of soures and the tast object should be as great as practi ©. The contral ny should be as nearly perpendicular to the fm as possible to preserve spatial ions. D. The test object's plane of maximum interest should be perpendicular tothe plane of thefilm. F-3 to20 148. Given en iridium-192 soures 0.125 inches in diameter, a geometrical unsharpness of 0.020 inches and a matarial thickness of 28 inches, determine the minimum sourcetoabject distance, A. 128 inches B. 248 inches ©. 15.8 inches D, 18.1 inches Fato2t 149, Geometrical enlargement resulting from increased object-to-film distance ia useful in: A. increasing definition. B. reducing physical source size. C. reducing scattered radiation. D. macroradiography. A-20-10 150, Magnification and geometric insharpness: . ‘A. are actually the same thing. B. can be distinguished aa follows: magnification refers to the degree of enlargment, end ‘umsharpuess refers to the penumbra. C. are not directly related. ‘D. can be combined to yield total unsharpness. A205 to8 161. Geometric unsharpness (U/) is obtainable from: AO, = EE where F = source size a d = sourceto-object distance Bu, = = object-tovfilm distance © u,= fd Dat 208, Ft nak A208, P21 152. Using the formula U, = Fe, if F = 9.0 millimeters, ¢ = 5.0 inches, and d = 43.0 inches, U, is approximately: a ‘A. 0.020 inches. B. 0.098 inches, C. 0.014 inches, D. 0.008 inches. . A208 163, Image distortion refers to: A. a combination of geometric unsbarpness and magnification. B. deviation from the true shape of the object. €. magnification minus geometric unsharpness, D. a combination of graininess, unsherpness, and magnification. A208 a “aLevel IIT 142, Using Figure a, determine the geometrical unsharpness under the following conditions Maximum specimen thickness is 5 inches, source-to-film distance is 40 inches, and the focal spot size is ! mm. The geometrical un- Geomenieat, Tmedvess! Unanerseess nedes | “Miltimeterss FIGURE 8 Nomogram for sclving the equation UJ, = Fe/d 143. Which of the following is aot a factor to be considered to reduce geometric unsharpness? A. Sourcetorfiim distance B. Object-to-film distance C. Source strength ‘D. Source size A207 144. In the following equation for geometric unsharpness, what does U, represent? U, = a A. Image size B. Penumbra ©. Sourceto-film distance D. Spocimen-to-film distance A208Level IIT 193. Subject contrast depends on: A. milliampernge, source strength, distance and film type. B. Gim-screen ype. C. nature of the specimen. radiation quality (kV) and the intensity and distribution of the scattered radiation. D. Lambert's law. A20-94 134, Film contrast refers to: A. the density difference in two adjacent retgions of film. B. the steepness (slope) of the characteristic curve. C. the ratio of X-ray or gamma ray intensities transmitted by two selected portions of a specimen. ). minimum perceptible density change, A2035 195. In general, the contrast of radiographic films {except those designed for use with fluorescent screens}: ‘A. increases continuously with film density in the usable density range. B. decreases as the density is increased. ©. remains practically unchanged for different density levels, D. is inversely proportional ta film density. 2085 196. The graininess of all filma: A. increases as the kilovoltage is increased. B. decreases as the kiloveltage is increased. G. is not dependent on kilovoltage. D. is totally controlled by Lambert's law. 20-36 137, Which of the following is not a factar in radiographic contrast? A. Film type Br Radiation quality Degree of film ment D. Noneotthe above C-Ho4, P29 188, Specimens with uniform thickness and composition by definition have: A. high subject contrast. 4B. good definition. C: high film contrast. D. low subject contrast. Dee 139, The sharpness of outline in a radiographic image is referred to a: A. definition, B. sensitivity. G. latitude. D. contrast. 140. Poor radiographic definition could be the result of: ‘A. focal spot size. B, source-to-film distance. . poor film-screen contact. D, allof theabave, Fat Fee Geometric Factors 141. Another term frequently used to describe geometrical unsharpness is: A. radiographic distortion. ..B. penumbral shadow. C. rmdiographic enlargement. D, geometric enlargesient AngLevel 1 128. Radiographic sensitivity is affected by: A. subject contrast, B. geometric and film graininess factors. ©. film contrast. D. all of the above, F486 Contrast‘and Definition 129, Which of the following parameters do not directly affect radiographic definition? A. Focal spot or source size BL Density C. Type of screen D. Radiation quality P46 190, Using a Silter at the X-ray tube, masking to lessen the thickness range, and a multiple-film technique are ways of correcting: A. low density. B. low latitude. ©. poor definition. D. low radiographic contrast. FT 191, Poor definition can be iinproved by doing all but one of the following: A. increase source-to-film distance. B. use a amaller physical source size, change from Class IT to Class I film. D. change from lead to fluorescent screens, Pda 182, Based on the characteristic curves of the films shown in Figure 7, which film provides the highest contrast? AA BB ac D. Cannot be determined from the curves Pam 49 a0 z gz Fim, Finx 7 19) Fame 20. ° + 2 3 og relative Exposirn (Esposure Tine) — FIGURE 7 8Level 111 120, Using the equation «= 100 . Thr where = 2.0% = percent equivalent penetrameter sensitivity "25 in. = section thickness to be radicgraphed penetramever thickness A= 16 in, = hole diamecer Determine penetramever thickness: A. 16 inches B. 0.020 inches D. 0.030 inches cE 121. Radiographic sensitivity ‘A ganeral or qualitative term referring to the sizeof the smallest detail which can be seen on a radiograph. B. only a messure of the contrast properties of the radiographic system. C. a term uaually applied to the contrast properties of the radiographic eyatam, , aterm which reflects film speed and contrast properties, A20-04, F-67 122, Radiographic sensitivity ia totally controlled by: A. film and screen combinations. B. those factors which control radiographic contrast and definition. © Kdlovoltage and milliamperage. D, kdlevoltage and film processing. A2034, FST 123. The visibility of a certain penetrameter hole on the radiograph may mean that: ‘A. a cavity of thé same diameter will be visible, B. a cavity one-half the hole diameter will be visible. C. a cavity of the same diameter may be invisible. D, the hole and cavity will have equal detectability. A-20-38 124, The penetrameter is used to: A. determina the size of cracks and pores that can be detected. B. determine tha crack depths that can be detected. C. determine critical flaw size. D. indicate the quality of the radiographic technique. 20.98 125. The sensitivity requirement 2-2T represents: ‘A. penetrameter thickness 2X the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2 pereent of the specimen thickness. B, penetrameter thickness 2 percent of specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2X the penetrameter thickness. C. penetrameter thickness 2 percent of the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2 percent of the specimen thickness, D. penetrameter thickness 2 percent of the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter ie 4 percent of the penetrametar thickness, CED 126, The term radiographic sensitivity usually refers to the ability of a radiographic technique to detect discon- tinuities, Im practice, sensitivity is specified as: ‘A. the measurable unsharpness on a radiograph. B. the ratio of the smallest thickness difference visible on the radiograph to the thickness of the material being examined. C. density difference between two areas. D. degree of concentration of a radioactive source. D-125 127. The image quality indicator (penetramecer) should not be used A. judge the size or establish acceptance limits of discontinuities. B. judge the adequacy of a radiographic exposure. G: determine fllm/sereen combinations adequacy. . judge the adequacy of partto-film distance. E610Level IIL 112, The half-life of a radioactive substance is equal to: ‘A. the reciprocal of the disintegration constant. B. the average lifetime of an atom in the substance. C. the time required for one-half of the original atoms to disintegrate. B. the number of atoms present divided by the rate of decay. p22 119, An individual ig 30 years old. According to the S(N-18) formula and the “banking concept" for determining ex- posure, this individual may receive a maximum permissible dose of: A. 245 rem. “ B. 65 rem, © 60 rem. D. 270 rem. A263 114, A tanth value chickneas for a specific gamma source is one inch of lead. The radiation intensity is 500 R/hr at 24 inches from the source. How many inches of lend would be required to reduce the intensity to SmRJhr at 24 Inches? AL inches BL 65 inches ©. 10 inches ‘D. 4 inches D-32, 4.26.9 115, Permissible personnel radiation exposure rates are based upon which of the following? ‘A. Radiation equivalent man B. Banking concept ©. Physical attributes D, Dose absorption rate Ess Operational and Emergency Procedures 116, Radicisotope radiographic exposure devices, measuring lesa than four inches from the sealed source storage position to any exterior surface, shall have a dose rate at 6 inches from the surface of no greater than: A. _2mR/hr. BL 50 mR/hr. ‘ © 10 mivir. D. 200 mR/hr. ~ Das 117, Survey instruments used to monitor giinma radiation must be capable of measuring radiation in the range of: A. 0-2000 mPJbr. B. 2 mR/hr-10,000 mB/hr. ©. 0-200 mRvbr. D. 2mB/br-1000 mRvhr. Dis 118, A radiation area refers to any area accessible to personnel in which radiation exists such that an individual could receive in any one hour a dose exceeding: A. 2 millirems. B. 100 millirems. C5 millirems. D. 500 millirems. Dasa Sensitivity radiographic con- 119. Radiographic sensitivity depends on the combined effects of two independent factors. One trast and the other A. radiation quality. B density. penetraimeter image D. definition. 7 FstExposure Hazards 104. A radiation level of 100 mRbr is noted at the perimeter of your posted high radiation area, This perimeter ia | feot from the exposed source. Approximately how far away from the source should the radiation area sigvat Da 105. Which one of the following is not a characteristic to be given major considerstion in selecting a radiographi survey instrument? A. Window thickness-radiation detected B. Dose rate rangels) © Time constant D. Battery supply D434 106. With appropriate controls, the allowable radiation limits in unrestricted areas should not exceed: ‘A. 0.500 rem per calendar year, B. 2 millirems in any one hour. C. 100 millirems in seven consecutive days. D. allof the above. Dass 107, A “leaking” source of radioactive material is considered a potentially hazardous situation, At what removab) activity level is a sealed radiography source, by regulation, considered to be leaking? A. 0.0800 microcuties B. 0.5000 microcuries G. 0.005 mierocuries D. 0.0005 microcuries Daa 108. Sources of radioactive material used for radiography are required by regulation to be leak tasted at interval: not to exceed: A. 6 months. B. 3 months, ©. 12 months. D, 24 months. Dus Methods of Controlling Radiation Exposure 109. Distance is an effective means of external radiation protection because: ‘A. air absorption reduces the radiation intensity. B. radiation intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance. . X rays and gamma rays have a finite range. D. the wavelength of the photons is decreased by their interaction with matter. Des 110. X-ray photons differ from gamma photons of the same energy only in thei interaction. wavelength. pomp Du 1A, Filters of different thicknesses of material are often incorporated into film badges used for beta-gamma dosimetry. The purpose of these filtars is ta : A. attenuate the higher energy radiation. B. increase the sensitivity of the film to low energy radiation, C. ensure that no alphas reach the film, 1D. permit evaluation of the type and energy ofthe radiation, 8Level 11 96. Aa a portable radiation survey instrument. the main disadvantage of a Geiger counter is its: ‘A. sonlinear response with changes in radiation energy. B. large size and delicate construction. C poor sensitivity ta low radiation levels. 1D. warmup drift during the frst few minutes of operation. A166, E524 97, Airilled proportional counters are used extensively for monitoring: A. gammaray activity. B. fast neutron activities €. slow neutron activities, 1D. alpha/beca dose rates. Ales Instrumentation 98. An amplifier to be used in a survey instrument designed to measure high levels of radiation should have the following characteristics: A. a fast rise time and a linear response. 'B. a fast rise time and an exponential response, C. aslow rise time and a linear response.” D. alow rise time and an exponential response, AGS 99. Which of the following detectors would be most suitable for use with a gamma- or X-ray energy spectrum analyzer? A. An ionization detector . B. A scintillation detector C. A proportional detactor D. A Geiger-Malller counter As18-22 100. Which of the following radiation measurement instruments does not employ gaa detection as its operation mechanism? 7 A. Proportional counter - B, Semiconductor detector con © Ionization chamber D. Geiger-Miller counter AnlG1 08 Gaging and Control Processes 101. A system of Xray thickness gaging in which X rays are collimated and projected through a teat item and the ‘quantity of unabsorbed radiation is measured is referred to as: A. fluorescence method. B. absorption differential method. C. attantation “buildup” method. D. transmission method. ocr 102, Generally, the sensitivity and accuracy of thickness gaging of homogeneous materials by reflection methods A. superior to transmission gaging. B. superior to fluorescence methods. Werior to transmission gaging. D. approximately the same as with transmission gaging. A186 4103. The two types of detectors used most commonly in X-ray thickness gages are: A fluorescent screens and jonization chambers. B. proportional counters and geiger counters. C. phosphor-photomultipliers and ionization chambers. D, fluorescent screens and phosphor-photomultipliers. AlBT aTV and Optical Systems 90, A fluoroscopic system for the inspection of welds in one-inch thick steel has the following features: I 1, Xray squrce-to-image plane spacing of 17 inches. 2. Xray focal spot size of 4 mm. 3, steel (weld) to image plane spacing of 3 inches, Level 11 4 image plane length of 9 inches in vertical scan direction of TV system used to view image plane. 5. TY system wich 825 line sean, with image fully focused on image tube. During tests, it is found that this fluoroscopic system does very poorly in resolving wire penetrameters and im- perfections of less than 0.035 inches when they are oriented parallel to the horizontal scan lines of the TV. Kosuming that the image screen. optical system, and TV frequency response are capable of much better resolu- Hon than this, which of the following will increase the resolution of the system the most? A. Increase the TV scan rate to 1029 lines, with an appropriate increase in frequency response B. Increase the X-ray source-to-image plane spacing to 20 inches C. Decrease the stzel weld-to-image plane spacing to 2 inches D. Change to an X-ray source having a 1 mm focal spot Other Nonfilm Devices A192 t06 91. In the past, several companies have designed TV cameras with large faceplates and phosphors thet direetly convert the received X rays to electron scanning-beam variations. The thickness of the glass faceplate is recognized to prevent use at lower kilovoltage applications, but use at higher kilovoltages has never gained ac- ceptance either, compared with ather techniques, Which of the following is not correct for this type of system? A. The quantum energy losses associated with converting the X rays to electrical signals is improved aver other systems by a factor of as much as 500 times B. In comparison to systems using image orthicons with screens or with image intensifier systema, the image presented is noisier C. The excreme simplicity of chis system and need for few controls or adjustments makes maintenance pasier than other types of systems utilizing intermediate conversion D. The extreme sensitivity of this system allows display of 2 percent penetrameters over the cange of 40-300 kVp Solid-State Detectors 92. The speed of counting obtainable with a scintillation counter is limited fundamentally by: ‘A. the energy level of the incident radiation, B. the intensity of the incident radiation. - C. the afterglow of the phosphor. 1D. the spatial distribution of the incident quanta. A-19-26 to 45, H.20 93 The scintillations (light photons) emitted by a radiation detection phosphor are converted to electrical pulses by: ‘A. a photomultiplier tube. B. an ionization chamber. G- a selenium photoelectric cell. DB. alight pulse ampitier. Gaseous fonization Detectors 94. One desirable property for a gas to be used in an ionization detector is: ‘A. a low saturation potential at which recombination of positive ions with electrons becomes negligible. . a low ionization potential. C. a density approximately equivalent to the density of the chamber walls. D. a density equivalent to that of air at standard temperature and pressure. 95. The greatest problem which arises in the routine use of a pocket dosimeter ist A. its relatively flat response to radiation of different energies. B. ita inherently inconsistent sensitivity. G. slectrical leakage which tends to discharge the electrometer and give false high readings. D. negative drift caused by changes in atmospheric condisions temperature, humidity, eta.) 250 A162 Ale4Level [11 a the scattered electrons through the emulsion, 86, Which of the following is governed by the distance travelled ns? errr olequentiy depends on the energy of the impinging radia A. Geometric unsharpness B. Inherent unsharpness Radiographic contrast . Effective graininess As15-39, 94 87. Suppose a radiograph is made using film whose H & D graph is shown in Figure 6. The film is exposed for Peeea per minute aad has a density of 0.8 in the area of interest. It is desired to increase the density to 2.0. ‘Whac milliamperage per minute would produce such # chango? Als “ B62 ©. 80 D. Impossible to determine from data Pad 40 as 30 as 7 re) 1G MUIVe BrOsue (Courtery Hastman Kodak Co. FIGURE & Flucroscople Systems ‘a8, Fluoroscopiec sereens of zinc cadmium sulfide find occasional use in industrial applications. These screens nor- mally are not subject to wear or deterioration from exposure te long term X rays. Which one of the following will severely degrade this type of screen? ‘A. Cleaning of the screen with grain alcohol solvent. B. Prolonged storage in a low-humidity environment will cause the erystal to hydrolyze. C. Expesure to ultraviolet radiation sources D. Contamination with aickel as little as ane part per million will create severe afterglow problems. A115, 16 89, When using a constant potential X-ray source for fluoroscopic inspection, an optimum idlovoltage is said to eet for each material thickness. This optimum kilavoltage is ‘A. selected such that the part thicimess to be X-rayed is 5 half-value layers. 'B. independent of the material area or curvature. G: selec asa fneton ofthe permissible Xray tube current, with higher llovetage require fer wer currents. D. selseted on the basis of exposure time desired. pote) 82Level 111 76, The principal gamma rays emitted by iridium-192 ere: A. 0.86, 0.84, 0.91 MeV. B. 0.31, 0.47, 0.80 MeV. C. 0.08, 0.05, 0.86 MeV. D. 0.15, 1.12,0.18 MeV. ALIS TT. Which of the following is an advantage of radiography with gamma rays as compared to X rays? A. Simplicity of apparatus B. Compactness of the radiation source G. Independence from outside power D. Allofthe above Fi 78. For a particular radioisotope, source strength ia proportional to which of the following? A. Mass of source B. Physical size ©. Atomic weight D. Number of curies Alg13 79. Which of the following is true for a smaller isotope source of higher specific activity? ( A. Suffers less from self-absorption of its own gamma radiation = B, Less geometric unsharpness in the radiograph ) : ©. Allows shorter source-to-film distances D. Allof the above Fas 80. In radioisotope decay, the nuclei of these isotopes disintegrate by which of the following methods? A. Emission of particles B. K capture G. Annihilation radiation D. AsndB Algl2 y y y J 81. Gamma-ray sources erait which of the following? A. Broad continuous spectrum of wavelengths & Gimited mravelongths between 0.010 and 4 MeV i , One or more discreta wavelengths : D. AandB Fud 82. OF the isotopes listed below, which occurs as the result of splitting an atom in a nuclear fission reactor? , A. Cobalt.s0 B. Casiam-i97 ©. tridium-192 D. Thuliumi70 A693 Film Principles and Properties 83. Caution should be exercised to avoid removing film too rapidly from eartona, exposure holders, or eassetces. ‘This would help to eliminate objectionable circular or tree-like black marks caused by: , p. > D AL crimps, B. reticulation. > G. static electricity. : D. scratches, Fat 84, Bxtrafne grain and high-contrast film used to obtain the highest quality from high-eltage Xray equipment > ‘oF for light metals A. Class I. > B. Class 1. : ©. Class Hi. D, |. Claas FV. Ls 85. The agent that actually exposes a photographie grain (film) is: A. gamma andor X-ray quantum. B. alpha particles. G, electrons. D. protons. Fas 3Level It! siven by the following expression: = Lt X 10” ZV. Given a target of 67, The efficiency of X-ray produetion is 100 KV, determine the percent efficiency where E is in percent. tungsten-coated copper and a tube voltage of 3 AL 8.8% Element Zz BL 3.11% Hydrogen 1 C. 0.51% ‘Aluminum 13 D. 1.22% Copper 23 ‘Tungsten 4 B34 Particulate Radiation Sources 88, Which of the following is a class of neutron rsidiography? A. Direct exposure method B. Compton exposure method C. Transfer exposure method D. AendC Fao Radiaisotope Sources 69. Because it ig frequently supplied as a water-soluble compound, which of the following is considered ta have an ‘additional radiological hazard potential associated with it? - A. Cobalt-60 B. Tholium-170 ©. Tridium-192 D. Cesfum-i37 Eo16 70. Thulium-170 emits which of the following gamma-ray energies? A. 1.39 and 1.17 MeV B. 0.084 and 0.052 MeV . 0.310 and 0.470 D. 0.110 and 0.150 MeV EB1S ‘TL Which one of the following radioisotope sources would be the best choice for radiography of a steel specimen 0.376inch thick from an energy standpoint? ‘A. Cobalt-60 B. Thulium170 ©. Indium-192 D. Californium-252 EGS 12. The half-life is a useful characteristic of a radioisotope. After six halflives, che amount of decaying atoms is reduced to epprosimately what percent of the amount at the beginning? A 2% B 3% C. 8% D. 1% D2 self-absorption. 73, Generally, sources of high specific activity are more desirable because they have A. Higher B. The same C. Lower . No Guo 74. Radiation output, also known as dosage rate or characteristic intensity. is usually expressed as affective output in what unit per curie? A. RHM B. Rar ©. rms D. mR/br 18, Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays A. 117 and 1.33 MeV. B. 0.66 MeV. . 1.09 and i.2@ Mev. D. 1.36 and 2.75 MeV. AGIs OO, 2 8 Oh @2 OH A 2 O28 2 HA @ 4 4 4 8 4 © 4 2 «22 een me om wifool HE Equipment Design Considerations 58. Am anode in which the target is located at the bottom of an-opening or “pocket” is frequently used in industrial, Xray tubes for improving the distribution of the high voltage field. This type of anode is referred to as a: A. rotating anode, B. hot anode. - ©. hooded anode, 1. line-focus anode. a An1434, #22 99. High-voltage electroscatic generators of the Van de Grauff type are typically insulated with: A. trichloroechylone, B. aitrogentearbon dioxide. G. argonioxygsn. . trchloroetbane. AdwiT 60. The most significant consideration of X-ray tubes, based on the low efficiency of X-ray production, ie: A. target angie. B. focal spot size. . accelerating voltage. D. heat dissipation. Als 61. In choosing a suitable metal for an X-ray tube target, which one of the following is not a property which is nor- mally considered? A. Atomic number B. Melting point C. Mass attenuation coefficient D. Thermal conductivity Alda 62. When the high-voltage transformer is connected directly to the Kray tube, the arrangement is known as a: A. full rectified unit, B. linear accelerator unit. . self-rectified unit. ‘D. tanke-type unit. Ald5 83. In Xray equipment design, shielding placement and the angle of the coverage ofthe Xray beam i nota func: tion of ‘A. target angle. B. Glament. G. X-ray tube port size. ( D. geometry of the focal spot. Es 64. A high-vacuum environment for X-ray tube elements is necessary for which of the following? A. To prevent oxidation of the electrode materiale B. To permit ready passage of the electron beam without ionization of gas within the tube Ta provide electrical insulation between the electrodes . AlLaf the above Bas 65, Which of the following is a major factor affecting the duty cycle of X-ray equipmen:? A. KV rating of equipment B, Thickness of specien . Rate of anode cooling D. Size of focal spat ESil "86. Two facta that limit the elastic power that ean be absorbed by X-ray tubes are the cooling system used for ie anode and: A. tube grounding, B. geometrical size of the focal spot. ©. ahigh screen effect, D. the vacuum between cathode and anode. Ald29Lowel IIL 49, Ina linear accelerator, the electrons are accelerated by which one of the fellowing? A. Highfrequency electrical wave B. Accelerating magnets C. Neutron bombardment B. Changing magnetic fields of an AC electromagnet FAs 50. Ina high-voltage generator of the Van de Graaif type. by which method are the particles accelerated? A. Accelerating magnets B. High-irequency electrical waves CL Static negative charges D. None of the above 7 Pas 51. Flash Xray tubes are usually designed to produce electrons for acceleration by which one of the following methods? A. Hot emission B. Field emission . Changing magnetic field of « transformer primary D. High-frequency electrical waves Faz Target Materlals and Characteristics 452. Tungsten is the preferred target material for X-ray tubes used in industrial X-ray machines because it provides a double advantage. One of the advantages is: A. efficiency of the tungsten material in the production of X rays is proportional ta its atomic number. B. low melting point. elfen of th tangsta material inthe production of X rays i invaraly proportional its atomic number. D. high curie point. Fa 53, Gold and platinum are also used in X-ray tubes for radiography, but targets made of these metals must: A. be more affectively heated than targete made of tungsten. [BL be more effectively cooled than targets made of tungsten. C. be able to withstand increasing pressure. D. bave low thermal conductivity. G08 54, Tungsten is the most commonly used target material in X-ray tubes. Which one of the following materials, although net common, is commercinlly-used for industrial X-ray tube targets? A Gold 7 B. Beryllium C. Molybdenum D. Germanium G08 55. The efficiency of the target material in the production of X rays is proportional to which of the following? A. Kilovoltage B. Spacing of electrodes €. Atomic umber D. Avogadro's aumber Fo 56. In choosing a suitable metal for a target material, the principal properties to be considered are all but which one of the following? A. High atomic number 2B. High melting point C. High thermal conductivity D. High vapor pressure Alea 57. When X rays are not emitted with the same incensity in all directions from the focal spot. this is referred to as: A. screen affect. B. angle of emergence, affect, D. astigmatism. Aol4.29te Levol tT “44: The design and spacing of the electrode and the degree of vacuum are such that no flow of electrical charge be- | tween the cathode and anode is possible until which of che following is aecamplished? ‘A. Filament is heated B. High-voltage waveform reached 180° ' ©. Circulation system is operated D. None of the abave FS Electron Accelerating Methods 45. The type of X-ray generator illustrated in Figure § is & A. electrostatic generator. 7 B. resonant transformer generator. ©. linear accelerator. . tank type generator, Eas FILAMENT ENO TURN FILAMENT coi, SECONDARY wwoinc EQUIPOTENTIAL RINGS om TUBE STEEL tax ———| PRIMARY wonow X-RAY TUBE MAcweTic Focus cou. Leap coun ik TUNGSTEN OR GOLD AMOOE 7 X-RAYS (Courtery Genarat Dyramies Corp Ficune s 46. The betatron accelerates electrons in'a circular.path by: A. radio frequency energy. ‘B. magnetic induction. C. use of a nonconducting charging belt. D. resonating the high voltage to the frequency of the AC ‘power. A-14-18, E-3-10 47, What method is used for generation of X cays in the multimillion volt range? A, Electrostatic generator B. Betatron ©. Linear accelerator D, Allof the above Fa2,13, 48. In a betatron, electrons are accelerated by which one of the following? A. Field emission B. Changing magnetic field of an AC electromagnet . High-frequency electrical wave D. Accelerating magnets Fiz aLevel IE 35, The kilovoltage selector is shown on the achematic as: AE BAL cD. Dw 196. The timer is shown on the schematic as: Ad “ BH cr BT 437, The beam current in an X-ray tube is critically dependent upon which of the fallowing? A. Target material B. Filament voltage C. Distance between anode and cathode D. Allof theabove 98, The focal spot should be as small eo conditions permit, in order to abtain which of the following? ‘A. Sharpest possible definition B) Minimum size of the unit C. Maximum energy density D. None of the above Sources of Electrons Alga Fa 39, The focusing cup of the eathode in an X-ray tube acts as an electrostatic lens determining the size of the elec- ‘tron beam by: ‘A. capturing strey electrons emitted by the lament B. limiting the maximum amperage of the flament current. Fina the negative charge on the glass walls of the tube caused by secondary electrons ‘scattered by the target. 7 D. controlling the electric field between the anode and the cathode, 40. The mest common source of slectrons in high-vacuum X-ray tubes is: ‘A. reflection from the anode. B. the heated cathode. . the heated anod D. the tungsten target. 41. The most common technique for releasing electrons in gas X-ray tubes is: A. reflection from the target in the anode of the tube. B. increasing the kilovoltage. ©. positive ion bombardment of the cold eathode. D, heating filament. 42, The most commonly used cathode type for industrial X-ray tubes ist A. cold cathode B. hot cathode. C. rotating disk cathode. D. solid rectangular cathode. 43. What is the effect of a higher temperature of the filamenc? A. Greater emission af electrons B. Less efficient unit C. The tube current is larger D. AandC Ald2T FO, A143 Aled Alas FeSee Level 111 Generators and Tubes as an Integrated System tering, The singe section Xcay tubes in these low valtageunta are vaualy be with tan oe eee material to permit soft X rays to emerge from the vacuuss envelona? L A. Beryllium B, Germanic ©: Selenium D. Pyrex glass “ Alel2 FIGURE 4 : Schematic of a Basic X-Aay Clreult NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 32 through 36. 32 The meter which typically shows the beam current i AB BD. GR DC 33. The filament transformer is depicted by: AG. 7 - BL 4JIU aaa 23, When comparing Muorescent intensifying sersens with lead foil sereena, their primary advantage lies in: A. improved image resolution. B. markedly increased exposure times. C. markedly decreased exposure times. D, relative insensitivity to scattered radiation. : G30 24, Fluoroscopy of a specimen using ¢ 40 kVp-10mA X-ray source results in an intensity of 66R per minute at che screan auriace, Of the screen brightness values and approximate screen colors below (for the stated radiation evel). which represents the most desirable screen for use in direct viewing fluoroscopy’? A. Brightness—91 footcandles: color—green B. Brightness—.79 footcandles; color—yellaw C. Brightness—85 footcandles: color—blue D. Brightness—13 footcandles; color—green A919, A199 Imaging by Electronic Devices 25, Unlike other commercially available X-ray intensification systems, the direct X-ray pick-up tube: ‘A. has quantum energy losses exceeding a factor of 500. B. has extremely low sensitivity. ©. converts the X-ray image directly into an electrical signal. D, converts X rays to light and light to electrical signals, Ago 26. A fondamental difficulty of fluorescent imaging is the relatively low brightness level of the images. Electronic Auoroseopy can holp to sliminate this problem by ll but which one of the following? A. Using X-ray tubes of lower operating potential B. Using an image tube C. UsingX-ray tubes of greater effective loading D. Using the X-ray television system A937 Radiometry 21. The roentgen is defined 'A. the amount of radiation emitted by one curie of iridiurs-192 at a distance of ona mater. B. the amount of X- or gamma radiation of one erg of energy in one gram of dry air at standard temperature and pressure. ©. the amount of X-or gemma radiation that will produce ons electrostatic unit of charge in one D. cubie centimeter of dry air at standard temperature ard pressure. the amount of X- or gamma rediation absorbed by one eubic centimeter of water at 0°C and 760mm of mercury. D651 28. The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is defined as: A. the amount of radiation energy absorbed by one cubic centimeter of material. 'B. the amount of radiation energy absorbed by one gram of material, ©. the amount of radiation energy representing the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per cubic ‘centimeter of material. D. the amount of radiation energy representing the absorption of 100 args of energy per gram of ‘material. ps1 29. The need for the concept of the rem (roentgen equivalent man) arises from the fact that: A. there is uo way to accurately messure the production of fons in air 'B. the unit of roentgen represents such a small ammount of energy as to be cumbersome in caleulations used in radiography applications. . the amount of energy required to produce an ion pair in animal tissue differs fram the amount of energy required to produce an ion pais in ai. ‘D. the roentgen incorporates the effect of neutron and electron radiation in air while it does not incorporate the effect of X rays in animal tissue. Dest 0. The rem Is defined as: A, the quantity of radiation of any type which, when absorbed by any animal tissue, produces a physiological effect equivalent to that produced by the absorption of one roentgen of X or gamma rays. B. the quantity of radiation absorbed by one cubie centimeter of animal tissue. C. the quantity of radiation necessary to absorb one erg of energy by one gram of animal tissue. D. the quantity of radiacion absorbed by one gram of animal tissue. DSL 4“ aan ie ee ek ee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee eee melLevel FIT 14. The "build-up" factor in radiation attenuation is: A. the ratio of broud-beam intensity to oarrow-beam intensity at a particular absorber thickness. B. the absorption coefficient divided by the half-value layer. C. the ratio [vin f, = Ia D. the percentage of radiation absorbed in unit thickness of material. A157 15, The mejor component of scatter is the low-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by photons weakened in the: ‘A. photoolectrie process, B. Compton process . pair production process. D. fonization process. E26 16. The increase in radiation passing through matter due to scatter in the forward direction is known as: AL build-up. 1B. reduction factor. © backscatter. D. bremsstrahlung. E216, D3 11. High-energy photons of 1.02 MeV or greater typically interact with matter by which one of the following: A. photoelectric process. B. Compton process. ©. pair production process, D. thermionic process. D2, E244 18. In which of the following processes will some energy of the interacting photon be used to dislodge the electron from its orbit and the remainder used to give the elactron kinetic energy? A. Photoelectric process & Parbeediclon . Pair praddeton process D, Ionization process D26 19. Radiation particles and photons lose their energy primarily through which of the following processes? A. Radioactive decay B. Ionization ©. Atomic absorption D. Thermionic emission Ds Imaging by Film 20. According to accapted theory, the spots at which the Intent image is localized on the emulsion are local concen trations of AL silver sulfide, B. silver bromide. . silver iodide. D. silver nitrate, F135 Imaging by Fluorescent Materials 21. The Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law, which states that the developed film density depends only on the product, of radiation intensity times exposure duration, fails for A. direct gamma-ray exposures. B. fluorescent screen exposures, G. lead sereen exposures, D. direct Xray exposures. Paz 22. In photofluarography where a fluoroscopic screen is used for radiographic imaging, itis important ta chose @ screen that haa a visible ight emission that is relatively high a the Kray weveleagtia fo oe woods A. and that matches the wavelength sensitivity of the human eye. B. and that has a minimum decay time. and that can be viewed directly without the use of leaded glass or mirrors. . and that matches the wavelength sensitivity of the particular image detector being AlG14 t017 aLevel HT 9. The intensity of a monoenergetic radiation after passing through a material may be calculated by the formula 1 La™. This formula does not take into account: A. linear absorption. B c buildup. hhalf-vaiue layer thickness, D, attenuation. D0 10. A cobalt-0 source has an intensity of 1600 mRvhr at a distance of 6 feet. Workanen need to be at chat distance frora the source but should receive only 2 mHhr approximately. How much steel shielding is required? (Figure 3 may be used to determine the correct answer.) A. 29 inches a c D. 6.9 inches 8.3 inches Cannot be determined from data given Deas FIGURE 3 Brosd-Beam Shielding for Absorption of Gamma Rays ia Iron 11. Pair production occurs when olectromagnetic radiation consists of photons in what energy range? A B c D. 0.025 to 0.1 MeV. 30 to 50 eV 1.02 or greater MeV O11 to 1.0 MeV D2 12. In the photoelectric interaction process: A B c D. electrons are emitted. characteristic X rays are emitted. secondary photons are emitted. all of the above. Ena 18, The Compton interaction process ia characterized by: A B c D. absence of secondary radiation. no transfer of enerzy upon interaction. production of an alectron-positren pair. partial transfer of anergy upon collision. EauLevel Il] Questions Nature of Penetrating Radiation 1, Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are called of the element, D6 2 The number of positive charges on the nucleus of an atom equals: ‘A. the number of neutrons, BL the atomic number. C. the aumber of photons. D. the atomic weight. Dé 3, Unlike beta and alpha particles, neutrons have no: A. charge, B. mass, ©. spin, D. half-life, Alas 4. Which of the following is a secondary effect that plays an important role in the radiation observed from certain radioisotopes? A. Annihilation radiation B. Internal conversion, C. Spontaneous decay D. AandB Alb 5. Radiation seattering increases as: ‘A. the energy of the incident radiation decreases, B. the size of the radiation field increases. C. the angle of scattar decreases, . D. all of theabove. A26-10 Interaction between Penetrating Radiation and Matter 6: Tt fas been found fram experiment that a homogeneous radiation beam of intensity I passing through a thickness of material Az undergoes a decrease in intensity Af. This can be expressed by the equation Al = ~pldz where » is @ constant of proportionality. This expresses which of the following phenomene? A. Photoelectric effect B. Compton scattering ©. Absorption D. Half-value thickness 3-103 7. The number of ion pairs produced per centimeter of track in air is called: ‘A. secondary ionization B. total ionization. G. specific ionization. D. roentgen. Das 8. Which of the following particles or rays have the highest fonizing effect in air? A. Alpha particles B. Beta parciles Neutrons D. Gamma and X rays Das aLevel ll Answers LB 33. ¢ 65.C sc 129. D 2D an A 65. D 95. 8 130. 8 3c 35.8 ec 99.4 Im. D 4A 38. D 68. B 100. D 132, ¢ ac an. 7 69. ¢ 101. c 193. B 6A 98.C 10. D 102. D 134. B , 1D aA n.d 103. ¢ 135. B B.C 40. B 2B 104. ¢ 136. ¢ , BA ac 13.8 105. B 137. D , 10.c 42.8 "OD 108. ¢ 138, D > we 43.8 B.A 107. B 19. ¢ , 12. 44.3 16. 108. D 140. A » WA 45.4 1.28 109. & ul B , 14D 46. 78. D 110. ¢ M2. B ,) 18. B aA mc 1. ¢ 443. ¢ 16. 4a A 80. D 2. 144. A , 1B 49. D a1. c 13. B 145. C , aD 50..C 82. B 14. B M6. D ) 18D 8c 83. A 15. D M7. B ) 20. ¢ Bh A a. B 16. A 148. , 2B 53. D “85. C uD 49. ¢ , 22.0 4.8 86. B 18. B 150. A 23.B 55.3 a7. 19. 181. B 2c 56.C 88.C 120. ¢ 152. D , 25. D 57D 89. 121. 8 153. A , 26. B 58.8 90. A, 122, ¢ 154.6 ) aa sac 91. c 123. B 155. C 28.6 60.4 92.8 124. C 158. B i 29.8 61. D 93. 8 125.8 187. C i 30. D 62. B 94. 126. A 158. B d aa 6.8 96. D wD 68. D 92.8 64. 8 96. B 128. D 160, BDENSITY EXPOSURE: 200 kVp LEAD SCREENS DEVELOPER: 5 MINUTES at 68° F 4.0 15 2.0 LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE FIGURE 2 Ey 25 3.0 Courtesy Essiman SadatDENSITY EXPOSURE: 200 kVp LEAD SCREENS DEVELOPER: 81° F with 11 MINUTE DRY-TO-DRY CYCLE 5 1.0 15 20 25 3.0 LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE Courtesy Easimen Keds FIGURE t 7Level I 158, The relationship between frequency, velocity, and wavelangch of an electromagnetic wave is normally ex- pressed ast where / = fraquency 4 = wavelength ¢ = speed of light Dell, Adg-8,B-101 159, The correct équation for determining geometric unsherpness U, is: where d = sourcetoobject distance = object-to-film distance f = size of radiation sourca Fat An exposure technique is established to obtain a 2.0 density using type “D"" Glm and automatic processing at ftp orier fo obvain comparable results using manual processing at 68°F and § minute development time, it would be necessary for the original exposure time to be: ‘A. reduced by approximately 30 percant. B. increased by approximataly 99 percent . increased by approximately 30 percent. . : D. reduced by approximately 99 percent. Alda Note: The two characteristic curves of Figures 1 and 2 on pages 97 and 38 may be used in solving this problem. 160.f ee Meo Ga: Zoe 2 MS ae en eet weer Shae, Pe ee ee Level 1 149, The “photoelectric” effeet involves: A. the visible electromagnetic spectrum. B. an electric camera. C. complete ahsorption of a phaton, ©. all of theabove. D236 150, Radiographic undercutting is caused by A. side seatcer. B. poor geometry. C. lead screens. D. free electrons, 151. The developer solution ist A acid. B. alkaline, © saline. D. colloidal. Flat 152. A general rule governing the application of che geometric principles of shadow formation statas that: ‘A. the X rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. B. the distance between the radiation source and the material examined should be aa small as practical. & the film should be as far ae possible from the object being radiographed., D. the central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible, to preserve spatial relationships, A207 159. Am iridium-192 gamma-ray source has an epproximate practical thickness Limit of A. 9 inches of steel of its equivalent, B. 4 inches of steel or its equivalent. ©. 714 inches of steel or its equivalent. hiv D. 11 inches of steel or its equivalent. PAT, A527 164. The halflife of radioactive cesium-197 is nearest: A. 36 days, BL G yoars. ©. 30 years, D. 528 days, Ast6-9, DBI 155. The slope of the H & D curve of a radiographic film is called: A. speed. B. latitude. C. gamma or gradient. D. density, 156. An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: oor definition, low contrast, high speed. ‘one of the above, Fat pomp 157. The projected ares of the target of an X-ray tube is called: A. focal spot. B. focus, ‘effective focal spot. . geometric unsharpness. FloLovet ff 159. On 2 radiograph of a pipe weld there is a very light irregularly-shaped small image in the weld. This imaye would most likely be due to the presence of A. porosity. B, slag inclusion. . tungsten inclusion. D, inadequace buildup. A25-10 140. A larger physical size source may produce.an equivalent quality radiograph ‘A. the source-to-film distance is increased. B. more backing lead is used. C. a faster film is used. D. expasure time is decreased. Fagto22 141. A light image of a backing “B” on a processed radiograph is probably caused by: A. excessive density. B. backseatter. C. kilovoltage set too tow. D. poor film handling. cHas 42, Cobalt-39 becomes cobalt-60 when A. an electron. Bl a neutron. C. a proton. D. contamination, Delt, Adsl placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures: 149, When a faster speed film is substituted for a slower one to improve the economics of the exposure, which of the following conditions occur? A. The film must receive special processing ‘ B. The definition will improve C. The image resolution will be reduced D. None of the abave will be experienced E-49, 0-84 144. For a given change in the radiation exposure, film contrast is the inherent ability to show: A. adifference in density. B. no graininess. ©. graininess. D. no appreciable chinge in density. EAS 146. ‘The ability of a material to block or partially blocie the passage of X rays and gamma rays is referred to as: A. penetration. B. absolution. C. absorption. D. latitude. =~ P26 146, Source size, specimen thickness, and source-to-specimen distance are the three factors that determine the: A. density of the radiograph. 'B. exposure of the radiograph. C. film size. D. unsharpness recorded on the radiograph. £425 147. The range of specimen thicknesses that can be adequately recorded on the radiograph is referred to as the: A. sensitivity of the radiograph. latitude of the radiograph. jecuracy of the radiograph. tensity of the source. Aaa 148. Approximately how long wauld it take for a 10 curie cobalt-60 source to decay to 24+ curies? A. 5.3 days BL 5.3 years © 106 years D. None of the above E-G15, A-16-14, DAIBN OS OIE Qa ge ter, a Level If 130, While using an X-ray tube for radiography, the operator wishes to increase the radiation intensity. To do so, the: AL kelovoltage should be lowered. tube current should be increased, . . test specimen should be moved further from the film. D. tube current should be decreased. Fat 181. Lend screens are put in direct contact withthe film to: ‘A. increase che photographic action on the film. B. absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation. . G. intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation. D, allof theabove. At0-25 192, Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and in some cases eliminated by: A. rising the kilovoltage. B. using lead foil screens. ©. both of the above: D. none af the above. 20-24, F-66 183, Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-tospecimen distance, and specimen-tofilm distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by these factors may be referred to as the: A. astigmatic effect: B. penumbral shadow. C. focus variation. D. none of the abo A208 194. The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment is: ‘A. to maintain the direction and width of the Xray beam. 1B. to enabis the operator to obtain the intensity, quality, and duration af exposure desired. G. to allow the operator to adjust Film Focal Distanca remately. D. tochangealternating current to increase X-ray intensity. Alae 185. Flucroscopic séreens, as mounted and used, are easily damaged by which of the following? A. Washing with 2 soft cotton cloth ‘B. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight ©. Poor handling D. X-radiation ALG1S 196. When X rays, gamma cays, light, or electrons strike the photographic emulsion, a change takes place in the silver halide crystals, This change is referred to a A. photographic density. B. photographie sensitivity. ©. latent image. D. characteristic curve. A618 107. If one curie of iridium-192 produces’ dose rate of 5200 mR per hour at one foot, haw many mf will ten curies produce at the same distance? A. 520 B. 590,000 : c 59 D. 58,000 A2015, B56 188. With respect to quality, what three factors must be considered in selecting @ source-to-ilm distance? AL Source activity, type of film. type of sereens B. Source activity, size of film, thickness of material ©. Source size, soures activity, specimen-to-fllm distance D. Source size, specimen thiclmess, geemetric unsharpness FSR t0 61, B-6-25 33Level IT 121, If an exposure time of 60 seconds and a source-to-film distance of 4 feet is necessary for a particular exposure, Grhat exposure time would be needed for an equivalent exposure if the sourcetovilm distance is changed to 5 feet? A. 75 seconds B. 94 seconds © 48 seconds D. 38 seconds Par 122, In order to increase latitude so that thick and thin portions may be radiographed at reavonable viewing dan- sities simultaneously: A. a fluorescent screen should be employed. ‘BL the film cassette may be loaded with two separate films with ane film placed on tap of the other. C. the film cassette may be loaded with two films of different speeds. D. none of the above are practical means of increasing lacitude. P30 123. Developer solution should be discarded when the quantity of replenisher added equals: A. the original quantity of developer. B. two tg three times the original quantity of developer. . five td six times the original quantity of developer. D. ten times the original quantity of developer. ARG 124, Ifa specimen were radiogtaphed at 40 kV and again at 50 kV with time compensation to give the radiographs the same density, which of the following statements would be trie? A. The 40 kV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the $0 KY exposure B. The 40 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure . The 60 kV exposure would have a lower contrast and 9 greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure D. The 0 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure F30 126, 250 kVp Xray machine ured in conjunction with lend fol seven hasan approximate practical thickness limit of: ‘AL 1% inches of steel or its equivalent. B. 2 inches of steel or its equivalent C. 6 inches of steel or its equivalent. ‘D, 7% inches of steel or its equivalent. Fas 126, The degree of concentration of the radioactive material in a gamma-ray source is referred to as: A. the specific activity of the source. ‘B. the quality of the source. C. the atomic weight of the source. -D. the halflife of the scurce. Pas 127. In millian-volt radiography, filtration at the tube: ‘A. inereases the generation of short wavelength X rays. B. decreases the generation of short wavelength X rays. C. improves the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation. D. offers no improvement in radiographic quality. FHS 128, The energy of gamma rays is expressed by which of the following units of measurement? A. Curie BL Roentgen © Haltiite 1D. Kiloelectron volt (keV) or million electron volt (MeV) ASS 129, Film selection for an X-ray exposure depends on: A. thickness of the part B: the material of the specimen the voltage range of the X-ray machine, D. allofthesbove. A203Level If 113. The function of a film interpreter is to: ‘A. find perfect parts which contain no discontinuities. B. reject parts, identify discontinuities and manufacturing deviations which do not meet the applicable code or ‘specification standards. ). devermine if the proper technique has been used during an exposure. ‘both C and D. A2eL BD a 14. Which of the following glasses would most likely be used as an X-tay barrier window on fluoroscopic equip- ment? AL Pyrex B. Lead ginss C Optical giass 1B. Barium oxide glass Ags 115, The maximum practical speed of scanning & test object for conventional fucroscopic inspection has been estimated to be: A. about 7 inches per second. | B. about 1 inch per second. ' G. about 12 inches per second. i . about 3 inches per second. A19-25 | 116, When other operating conditions are held constant, a change in tube current causes a change in radiation inten- sity emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity being approximately proportional to tube current. What is the. primary factor thac prevents this from being exaerly proportional? A. The voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray machine transformer varies with load. | B. Wavelength changes are not exactly proportional. C. Current cannot be changed at a linear rate. i ‘D. Scatter radiation does not vary at a proportional rate. A203 | | 117. When viewing a radiograph, an image of the back of the cassatte superimpoaéd on the image of the specimen is noted, This is most likely due to: A undercut. | overexposure, C. Xray intensity too high. D. backscatter. A20-21 A. a radiograph with poor contrast. B. a radiograph of mottled appearance. ©. a badly fogged radiograph. D. a radiograph with poor resolution, : 20-28 | ‘8. A special form of scatter due to X-ray diffraction effects in a epecimen with large grains will result in: | 128. The halt value layer of lead fr cobalt-0 is approximaray 05 inch, 1f the radiation lvel onthe source side of a 1L8 inch lead plate is 64 R/hr. the radiation level on the opposite side is: A. 8 Ror | B 21s Rite | © 0% ite | D. 32 Rihr. Da2 120, Which of the following ia not 2 factor in determining subject contrast? ‘A. Nature of the specimen B. The radiation quality used °C. Type of film used 1D. Intensity and distribution of the scattered radiation A205 aLevel Il 104. The activity of the fixer diminishes after being used for a period of time because: A. the active ingredients evaporate. . Bl the active ingredients are absorbed by the radiograph. ©. the fixer solution accumulates soluble silver salts. D. the active ingredients settle to the bottom of the tank, Age 105. In processing radiographs, the hourly flow of waver in the wash tank should be: the volume of the tanlk. “* the volume af the tank. B four to eight tims . atleast 40 gellons per hour. ‘ ‘BL varied continuously in proportion tothe number of radiographs being developed. AQLE 106, Attenuation of gamma rays in the energy range commonly used for testing takes place through: ‘A. photoelectric absorption. B. Compton absorption. G both A and B. D. neither A nor B. Alg24 107. A zine cadmfuim sulfide Aluoroacopic screen which is continually exposed to bright daylight, sunlight, or other sources of ultraviolet radiation will: ‘A. need to be recharged to regain B. become discolored and lose some of ita brilliance. E: require « higher kilovollage setting of the X-ray generator to produce a satisfactory D. original Auorescence. image. all of the above answers are correct. A615, 16 108, Increasing the X-ray or gamma-ray energy will: 'A. significantly decrease the average gradient of a characteristic curve. B. significantly increase the average gradient of a characteristic curve. ©. increase the slope of 2 characteristic curve, D. have little effect on the shape of a characteristic curve. At6-20 109, As the development time increases: |A: the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves to the left. B. the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves to the right. ©. the characteristic curve remains the same in shape but moves to the left. D. there is ttle effect on the characteristic curve. Acl6-21 110. A distinctive characteristic of high-voltage radiography is: ‘A. it results in comparatively high subject contrast. B. jt results in comparatively high radiographic contrast. C. it is applicable to comparatively thick or highly absorbing specimens. D. all of the above are distinctive characteristics of high-voltage radiography. Azad 111, Lend screens are used for almost all exposures when using: A. the fluoroscopic technique. B. low-voltage radiography. C. high-voltage radiography. D. zeroradiography. 7 AQaT 112, The fact that each solid crystalline substance produces its own characteristic X-ray pattern is the basis for: A. teroradiography. B. fluoroscopic testing. ©. polymorphic testing. D, X-ray powder diffraction examination. ATO% ) ) ) Level If 95, Subject contrast is affected by: ‘A. thickness differences in specimen. B. radiation quality . scattored radiation, 1B. allof the above. A-20-34 86. The Code of Federal Regulations requires that all shipping containers for radioisotopes: A. contain provisions for sealing the lid of the container, B. be fire resistant. ©. be shockproof. D. be twice as thick as normal storage containers. A265 ST. Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect small leaks in a radiation barrier? A. A film badge B. A fountain pen type of ionization chamber C. A Geiger counter D. Adosimeter A265 88. At voltages above 400 kV, the use of lead to provide protection may present serious problems. If this should be a serious problem, which of the following matarials would most likely be used av a subscitaie? A. Aluminum B. Concrate ©. Steel D. Boron Fass 98. A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of the amallest detail which can be seen in a radiograph is: A. radiographic sensitivity. B. radiographie definition. & radiographic contrast. : D. subject contrast, A204 100. The slope (steepness) of a characteristic curve is a meesure of: A. subject contrast. fographic definition: * - ©. radiographic contrast. D. film contrast. F124 101. A special radiographic method requiring two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two different positions to give the visual impression of a three-dinensioual display whe views ‘an optical device simu taneously is referred to ae: A. Buoroscopy. B. zero-radiography. ©. stereoradiography. D. parallel radiography. A20-47, 48 102. The depth of a discontinuity Positions of the Xray tube, discontinuity with respect to referred ta as: A. stereoradiography. B. zeroradiography. €. fluorascopy. 1D, the parallax method of depth location. F107, A-20-46, 48 tbe estimated by making two exposures on a single film from two ditferent depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shadow of the {mages of fixed markers on the front and ack of the specimen. The mathod is 103. Constant agitation of the developer during the development process by means of mechanical stirrers or cit- cultating pumps may: A. speed the developing cycle. B. help replenish the developer. 7 G. cause undesirable, preferential flow of developer slong certain pai D. cause reticulation, PadLevel IT 6, Because of geometrical fotors suchas soure size, sourcetoapecimen distance and specie 20 distance, Recs fperfeat sharpness che edges of ecications, The unsharpness caused by geomstiel inc tors may be referred to as the: A. stigmatic effect. 8. penumbral shadow. C. focus variation. 1D, none of the above. A108 51, Two factors which greatly affect the suftability ofthe target material in an Xray eube arse ‘A. tensile strength and yield strength, B. melting point and magnetic . electrical resistance and tensile strength. 'D, atomic umber and melting point. Fo 88, The reason the exposure time must be incrense! by & factor of four when the source-to-film distance is doubled ist 'A. the intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential rate when the source to-film distance is increased. BB. the quality of radiacion is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the source to the film, ©. tim intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to the film. eae nrc 2 ONS leon effect in greater as the sourceto‘ilm distance nerenses. — D-28, ¥-25,28, A-20:10 9, The most important factor for determining the amount of X-ray absorption of @ specimen Is the: ‘A. thickness of the specimen. B. density of the specimen. C. atomic number of the material. 7 1D. Young's modulus of the material, P26 65 28, 90. The approximate radiographic equivalence factors for sted! and copper at 220 KV are 1.0 and 3t respectively. If eee ee eerpiia 0 inch plate of copper. what thickness of steel would require about the same ex: posure charactariatics? ‘A. 0.7 inches of steel B. 0.35 inches of steel 7 . 14 inches of steel . D. 1.0 inches of steel Fat 1, Which of the folowing technique variables ia most commonly used to adjust subject contrast? A. Source-to-film distance B. Millianperage ©. Kiloveltage D, Focal point size F-30, B6-68 92, Filme that are left between lead sereens too long in a hightamperature and high-humidity atmosphere may: 'A. show increased speed but decreased quality characteristics, B. become fogged. C. become mottled. ‘D. show tree shaped light areas in the finished radiograph. 420-28 90; The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as: A. definition. B. photographic density. . film contrast. D. radiographic contrast. curve relating density with the logarithm of exposure ar of relative exposure is called: a sensitivity curve. B, a density-exposure curve. © anH&Deure. 1D, Xray intensity curve. 20-32Level i 76. Excessive subject contrast caused when the thickness range in che test specimen is too great for the radiation duality used may be corrected by: ‘A. increasing the kilavoltage. B. using a filter at the X-ray cube and increasing the exposure time. ©. both A and B are methods for correcting excessive subject contrast. D, decrease the exposure time. AgLig 77. Improper geometric factors, poor contact between film and lead foil screens, and graininess of film are possible causes of: ‘A. high Gm density B. poor definition. ‘ C. fogged fim. D. low film density. AgLI9 118. In fluoroscopy the most common means for minimizing operator fatigue is to: ‘A. equip operators with special glasses, B. place a filter over the viewing screen. CC Vary the intensity of the background light. 1. change operators periodically. A936 79, Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X-radiation? A. 10 Mev Bl 1s Mev ©. 25 MeV D. MeV A293 80. A radiograph is taicen at a valtage of 500 kV. If the voltage is increased with a resultant increase in the energy ff radiation while all other conditions remain the same: ‘A. the graininess of the film will increase significantly if high-speed film is used. B. the grainineas of the film will decrease significantly if a low-speed film is used. C. the graininess of the film will increase significantly if a Clase I fm is used. 1B. there will be litte significant change in the graininess of the film. Act622 81. A radiograph of a steel weldment is made using a 15 MeV betatron, When the radiograph is developed, there is ‘an overall film mottling. A possible cause for such mottling i ‘A. incorrect exposure time. B, excossive object-film distance, C. failure to use a lead screen during exposure, 1, excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays. A2GT 82. A basic difference between a radiograph and a fluoroscopic image is: ‘A. the fluoroscopic image is more sensitive. B. the fluoroscopic image is a positive whereas the radiograph. . the fucrcecopie image is brighter. 7 1D. there is no basic difference between the two. A.24-20 83. The quantity of radiation striking a unit area of film: A. is the product of radiation intensity and time B. is the intensity per unit of time. . is directly proportional to intensity and inversely proportional to time. D. varies exponentially with time and directly with intensity. Fas 85. Which of the following factors will not materially influence the image density of a radiograph? A. The type of film used B. Tho size of the film C. The total amount of radiation emitted by the X-ray or gamma-ray source D, The intensifying action of the screen. Ams 86. 4 1.000 kVp Xray machine used i conjunction with a lea fot seen has an approximate practical thickness imit of: ‘A. IM inches of steel or its equivalent. B. 3 inches of steel or its equivalent. C. 5 inches of steel or its equivalent. D, 16 inches of steel or its equivalent. FasLevel If 67, The mottling caused by diffraction when radiographing fairly largerained metallic specimens ean be reduced and in some'cases eliminated by: ‘A. raising the Kllovoltage’and using fluorescent screens. B. lowering the bilovoltage and using lead foil screens. CC. raising the klovoltage and using lead fol sereens. 1D, lowering the kilovoltage and using fluorescent screens, Ano 68. When radiographing steel with a thickness less than one inch: |A. cobalt 0 would give greater radiographic sensiflvity than 2 250 KV Xray machin Ba 260 kV Xray machine would give greeter radiographic sensitivity than cobalt-60. . the use of fluorescent screens would result in a radiograph of better quality than would lead foil screens. D. the use of lend fol screens will require shorter exposure time than will fluorescent screens, Av15:14,£-19 69. A radiograph made with an exposure of 12 mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the region of maximum i Ghense Tris desired to increase the density to 2.0 ia this aren, By reference to a characteristic curve of the film, ig found that che difference in log © between a density of 0.8 and 2.0 is 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. ‘What must the new exposure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.07 A. 9.13 mA per minute B. 21:12 mA per minute C. 69.5 mA per minute BD. 16mA per minute A203 70. The absorption of radiation by e material varie A. directly with the square of the distance from the source. B. directly with the thickness of the material. CC. inversely with the amount of scattering in the material. D. inan approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material. AGT ‘TL. In the microradiograpbic technique: A. soft X rays are usually employed. B. a kilovoltage range of 5 to 60 kV is usually employed. C. the photographic material is often finer grained than an ordinary X-ray film. ‘D. all three of the above choices are correct. A201 78. In order for a radiograph to have a penetrameter sensitivity of 2-2T or better: ‘A tha radiographic procedare bas to beable to differentiate a2 percent Gfference in specimen jckness. . 1B. the radiographic procedure must be able to define the 2T hole in a penetrameter which is 2 percent of the thiclmess of the specimen. ©. the radiograph must be able to distinguish a discontinuity with a length equivalent to 2 percent of the specimen thiclmess. D. tone of the above choices are correct. 20-36 GO For practical purposes, the shape of the characteristic curve of an X-ray film: ‘A. is independent of the type of film used. is independent of the quality of X- or gamma radiation. C. is drastically changed when the quality of X-ray rediation is changed. D. is primarily determined by the subject contrast. Fazr 74, The tarm which deseribes the toral absorption of the useful beam caused by the X-ray tube wall, the wall of the tube housing, and any material between the tube and housing is: A, stray absorption. B. source absorption. ©. characteristic filtration. D. inherent filtration. A117 75, The interval between the time a film is placed in a fixer solution and the time when the original diffuse, yellow milkiness disappears is known as: 7 A. clearing time \ ‘fixing time. C. hardening time. D, oxidation time. ABLT 6Level 11 57. A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that: : A. the X rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as ather considerations will allow. B. the distance between the radiation source and the yraterial examined should be as small as practical, . the film should be as far as possible from the abject being radiographed, D. the central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible. to preserve spatial f relationships. A207 58, In order to uclce the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at distance from the specimanl: A. the sourceto-specimen distance must be one-half the source-to-lm distance. B. the source of radiation must be extremely small . a magnetic focusing coil must be used near the port of the X-ray tube, D.. the specimen must be of uniform thickness. ‘A-20-10 59. The X-ray absorption of a specimen depends on: A. the thickness and density of the material. B. the atomic number of the material. C. both A and B abave. D. neither A nor B. A-20-14, 15 60. The radiographic absorption of a material will ved to become less dependent upon the composition of the material when: ‘A. the kilovoltage is increased. B. the sourcetovilm distance is decreased. G. the icilovoitage is decreased. : D. a filteris used, A20-13 tos 62. The formula (milliamperes X time) + distance” is: A. used to calculate film gradient. . B. the reciprocity law. C. used to determine radiographic contrast: D. the exposure factor. F.28, A.20-15 ‘62, The load that can be handled by an X-ray tube focal spot is governed by: A. the composition of the cathode, B. the size of the focal spot and the efficiency of the cooling system of the anode. C. the distance from the anode to the cathode. D, the high-voltage waveform. ALea9 68. 2Gray exposure holders and cassettes often incorporate a sheet of lead foil in the back which is not in intimate contact with the film. The purpose of this sheet of lead foil is: A. to act ay an intensifying screen, B. to protect the film from backscatter. G. both A and B above. D, neither A nor B above, Azo21 64. A lead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube end the film in order to: A. determine the approximate size of the focal spot. B. measure the intensity of the central ray. ©. Aliter scatter radiation. D. soften the X-radiation. Alay 85. The most common way of cooling the anode of a high-power X-ray tube is: A: cooling by radiation, in which a solid tungsten anode attains such high tamperatures that it radiates an ap- reciable amount of heat. B. cooling by means of circulating cooled air S. cooling by circulation of water or oil in the anode, D. cooling by means of external finned radi Al43a 66. Im certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this is: A. to prevent movement of the specimen. B, to increase the subject contrast, C. to generate smaller wavelength X-radiation. D. to decrease the affect of seattered radiation undercutting the specimen. 2022 B aeLevel IT 48. The specific activity of cobalt-60 depends on: ‘A. the time the material has been in the reactor. B. the atomic number of the material. C. the gamma ray flux to which it was exposed. D. the Young’s modulus vaiue of the material, ANS, FAS 448. The mest commonly used target material in an X-ray tube ‘A. copper. “ B. carbon. C. carbide. D. tungsten. Als 50, The purpose for including a disc-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in some X-ray tubes is ta: A. increase the intensity of X-radiation. B. decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality of radiation. . Increase the permissible load. D. none of the ebove answers is correct. Ald 51. A device which is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accelerate elec: trons in a circular orbit to very high energies is called a: A. electrostatic belt generator. BL linear accelerator. . betatron. D. toroidal electromagnetic-type X-ray tube. pert 52, Two isotopic sources ofa given atrngth have bwo diferent, ‘specific activity values. The source with the higher specific activity value will: ‘A. be of smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity. BL have a shorter halflife than the source with a lower specific activity. ©. produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lawer specific activity. D. be of larger physical size than the source with the lower specific activity. ASS fea field cronted by electrodes across which a potential difference is apr 53. A gas-filled region located in an ol plied forms the major portion of: A. alow voltage X-ray tube. BL a megger. C. a hot-cathode X-ray tube, ‘D. anionization chamber. AG? 84, Two serious abstacles to high-sensitivity fluaroscopy are: |A. the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of screens. B. the limited brightness and large grain size of fluoroscopic screens. ©. cost and slow speed. D. the need for using long wavelength X rays and the lack of X-ray intensity associated with this method. Ast 55. In general, the quality of fluorascopie equipment is best determined by: A, densitometer readings B. penetrameter sensitivity measurements. C. discontinuity area measurements. D. reference standards. AclSS6 56. In fluoroscopic testing, a fundarmental difficulty is the relative low brightness leval of the images. One method Ter incronsing brightness utilizes one of the following which converts light energy from the initial phosphor sur- face to electrons which are accelerated and focused onto a smaller fluorescent screen, ‘A. Betatron B, Electron amplifier C. Image amplifier or intensifier D. Electrostatic belt generator A197wT iy teed el | let Pe] el dl dal coer Level [1 39, Filuers placed between the X-ray tube and specimen tand to reduce scatter radiation undercutting the specimen: A. by absorbing the longer wavelength components of the primary beam. B. by absorbing che shorcer wavelength components of the primary bear, C. by absorbing backseatter radiation. . by decreasing the intensity of the beam. Fae 40. Besides serving as a filter. screens of high atqmic number, such as lead and lesd antimony, also: ‘A. decrease the source-to‘iim distance needed for a proper radiograph, BB. provide some image intensifying action, G. permit the use of higher speed film. D. decrease che graininess in a radiograph. Fae 41, The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a measure of the: A. subject contrast of 2 radiograph. B. sensitivity of a radiograph. ©. latitude of a radiograph. D. definition of a radiograph. Aga 42, Almost all gamma radiography is performed with: A. natural isotopes, B. iridium-192 or cobalt-60. C. radium. D. thulium-170, AGT, A151, 23-16 48, The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is: A directly proportional to the abjectto-ilm distance and inversely proportional ta the size of spot. 2B. directly proporcional to the size of the focal spot and fnversely proportional :o the source to- ject distance, . inversely proportional to the object-to-film distance and directly proportional to the source-to-cbject distance. i D. inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot and the object-to-film distance. P18 to22 44. Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as: A. source-toabject distance increases. BB. the thickmess of the specimen increases, G. the size of the focal spot decreases, D. the thiciness of the specimen decressea, P20, 21, A294 45.‘The inherent filtration of an X-ray tube is a function of: A. the thickness and composition of the X-ray tube port. B. the voitage setting of the instrument. C. the souree-to-object distance. D. the material used asa target. Alg1T 46, X-ray films with large grain size: A. will produce radiographs with better definition than film with small grain size. B. have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. ©. have higher speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. D, will take longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grain size. F-i33 47. As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250 kV: A. film graininess increases, B. film graininess decreases. C. rdiographic definition increases. D. film speed decreases, 16.22Level IT ag, tn Xray radiography, alternating current must be changed io pulsae36 direct current in order to satisfy the Ine FaY Gnidifectioal current. This change may be aecomplisted bY: A. transformers, B. rectifiers. C. anodes. D, cathodes. Fat 430. When radiographing to the 2-27 quality level, an ASTD penetrameter for 2.5-inch steel has a thickness A. one-half inch. B 25 mils. C. 5 mils. D. 50mils. c-E94 31, Valve tubes are used in X-ray equipment A. provide necassary rectification. Bi activate and deactivate the X-ray tube, ©. heat the filaments ia the X-ray tube. D. adjust the size of the target. A146, 3-96.97 432, A good cobalt 0 radiograph is made on a S-inch steel casting using en Sepeno™, time of 10 minutes and a A good cobalt igeance ef 26 inches, [tig necessary to change the source-to film Gierancs, 10 ‘24 inches, what seers flee would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the same? A. 1.8 minutes B. 4.4 minutes C. 64 minutes D. 88 minutes FAT 99. When’ sharp, black, bird-foot shaped marks which are known not to correspond with a=y discontinuities appear we egidom on radiographs, they are probably caused by: - ‘A. prolonged development in old developer. Fe eeeere of the alm by naturel cosmic ray showers during storage . static charges caused by friction. 5. inadequate rinsing after fixing. Pus A. The adjustinent of tube current in conventional X-ray tube circuits is made by: ‘A. adjusting the filament heating current. B. adjusting the target-to-cathode distance. ; . CC. inserting resistance in the anode lend. D. opening the shutter on the X-ray tube port. ra 435. In comparision with lower-voltage radiographs, high-energy radiographs show: A. greater contrast. B. greater latitude. G. Tetcer amounts of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity, ‘D. none of the above. - A245 36. Filters used at the port of the X-ray tube: ‘A. intensify the X-ray beam by contributing secondary radiation. B Hite shore wavelength X-ray beams to provide “softer” radiation. Be eetide the most readily adjusted means of modifying X-ray intansity. B. Rlosrout''sofe” radiation to provide a more homogeneous X-ray beam. Faz 51, An ASTM penetrameter for use when inspecting a one-half inch thick steel plate to the 227 quality level using a Iéinch scurcetofilm distance would be made of: A. 5 mil thick slominum. 4. 80 mil chick aluminum or steel C! io mil thick steel. D. 2mil strip of any metallic material. cen 38. The kilovoltage applied to an X-ray tube affects: A, the quality of the beam. B. the intensity of the beam. . both A and B above. D. neither A nor B above. A204Level IT 19. The primity form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an Xray tube results inthe production on A. primary X rays. BI secondary X rays. short wavelength X rays D. heat. E36 20. The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the: * A. speed of the curve, Blind average gradient, D. density. Fas 21, An Xray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: A. poor definition. B. low contrast. C. high speed. D. none of the abave. P67 1069 22, The purpose for circulating oil in some types of X-ray tubes ist ‘A. to lubricate moving parts. B. to absorb secondary radiation. C. to decrease the need for high current. D, todissipate heat. Alig 23. An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot when it is desired to obtain: . ‘A. greater penetrating power. B. better definition, C. leas contrast. D. greater film density. F.18 to22 24. One method of reducing radiographic contrast is tor A. increase the distance between the radiation scurce and the object. B. decrease the distance between the object and the film. G. decrease the wavelength of the radiation used. D. increase development time within manufacturer's recommendations, Fe29 25, Thin sheets af lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray film during exposure increase film density because: ‘A. they fluoresce and emit visible light which helps expose the lm. B. they absorb the scattered radiation. C. they prevent backscattered radiation from fogging the film. . they emit electrons when exposed to X-and gamma radiation which help darken the film. A16-24 26. Xray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproof casing in order to: A. dissipate heat, B. protect the operator from high-voltage shock. ©. shield the tube from secondary radiation. D. increase the efficiency of the rectifier. E524 27, An X-ray tube is rated for a maximum of 250 kVp. This tube may be operated at a maximum A. 250,000 volts peale voltage. B. 250 KV effective voltage. ©. 250,000,000 volts rme voltage. D. 250 eV average voltage. Alea 28, A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding having a series of taps at various points on the winding is called: A. a high-voltage transformer. B. a Slament transformer. : an autotrenaformes. D. apower transformer. Fi0,11Level IL 10, Cobalt 60 ig reported to have a halflife of $.9 years. By how much should exposure me be increased lover that Coble 0 i report Jon axcellent radiographs when the cobalt 60 source was new) when the source s two Years ald? ‘A. No change in exposure time is needed. By Exposure time should be about 11 percent longer. . Exposure time should be about 31 percent longer. 1D. Exposure time should be about 62 to 100 percent longer. Als LL A source of ius 192, whose halfife a 75 days, Provides an optimum exposure ofa given at bles: ost ee diauae Five month from now, wha exposure time would be required forsee sme radiographic density, under similar exposure conditions? A. 10 minutes B. 20 minutes ©. Thour and 20 minutes B. Shours E219, Al5-5 Note: 1f questions 10 or 11 are used on a test. the examines should be furnished semilogarithmic coordinate pape 12. OF the following, the source providing the most penetrating radiation fs: A. cobalt-60. B. 220 kVp X-ray tube. C. 15 MeV X-ray betatron, D. electrons from iridium-192. Alea 13, The gammacay intensity at one foot from a one curie source af radioactive cobalt 60 is nearest: ‘A. 16 roentgens per hour. B. 1,000 roentgens per hour. C. Lroentgen per minute. D. 10 milliroentgens per day. 86, A15-13 14. The focal spot in an X-ray tube: ‘A je inclined at an angle of 30° from the normal to the tube axis. B. is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations. Be i mainte ao large ag possible to.ensure # narrow bear of primary radiation. 5: Should be as small aa possible without unduly shortening the life of the tube. Fa, 10 16 Iman X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential parts of the: ‘A. anode. B. cathode. C. rectifier. D. X-ray transformer. ra 16. The quantity of radiation which will produce, by menas of fonizaton, one electrostatic wait of electricity in 0.001293 grams of dry air is known ast a millicurie. 2 gamma. a roentgen. . acurie, Fas pope 17. The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: ‘A. million electron volts. B. curies per gram. C. roontgens per hour. D. counts per minute. E219, 4155 18, Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life? A. Thulfum-170 B. Gobelt60 ©. Tridium-192 D. Cesium-137 E916, Al6-13L 3. Level II] Questions Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of A. plastic. B. beryllium. C. glass. D. lead. AL? ‘A monochromatic X-ray beam: A. isa narrow beam used to produce high-contrast radiographs. . is also referred to as a heterogeneous X-ray beam. C. is 2 beam containing only characteristic X-radiation. ‘D. isa beam consisting of a single wavelength. Das ‘The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high velocity electrons in a solid body called a: A. focus cup. B. filament. C. target. D. cathode, Aled If it were necessary to radiograph a 7-inch thick steel product, which of the following gamma-ray sources would most likely be used? A. Cobalt-60 B. Thalium-170 ©. lridium-192 D. Cesium-i37 FAT A cobalt-60 gamma-ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of: A. 24% inches of steel ar its equivalent. BL 4 inches of steel or its equivalent. . 9 inches of stee! or its equivalent, D. 12 inches of steelor its equivalent. Far ‘The absorption of gamma rays fram a given source when passing through matter depends on: A. the atomic number, density, and thickness of the matter, B. the Young's modulus value of the matter. C. the Poisson's ratio value of the matter. D, the specific activity value of the source. P26, D-49 {Ths fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become electrical conductors make them useful A. Xray transformers. B. Xray tubes, ©. masks, 1D. radiation detection equipment. Aq6L . The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function of: A. the atomic number of the cathode material. B. the atomic number of the filament material. G. the voltage difference between the cathode and anode, D. the current flow in the rectifier circuit. fi Dis Gog BReven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion of a processed X-ray film causes the subjec- ive impression off A. graininess, B. streaks, © spots, D. white scum, AlG21Level | Answers Le 35. A 6A 103. 2D 36, D 0. 104. D 3¢ 31. ne 108. 8 4.8 . 38.8 72.8 106. B 5D 3.8 nc 107. C 6A 40. ¢ mB 108. A Le 4b A 15. B 109. A 58 428 76.D 10. D ac 48 mc ue 10. D 4.0 mB u2.¢ Le 45.6 TA 13. D 12.8 46. 80. D ua. c 13, B ac ac 15 A “8 48.8 2.8 16. B BA 4a. a3. B ue 16. D 50, A. a B ns. ¢ A 5B a8. A us. B BA 52.6 86.¢ 120. A 12..¢ 53, D ey 121. c 20.8 54. B aa. 122. aD 55. A aa. B 123. B 2D 56D 20. B 124.8 B.A 57. B OLA 125. D mc 5a. c 92 B 126. 6 25.4 59D 93. ¢ 127. B 26.c 60. D 94. 128A 27. 61 A 95. C 19. D 2.8 02.8 96. D 130. 29.D 63. B 7. ic 30, A, 4D 98, B 12D 3B 65. B 99, B 133. D aA 68. D 100, B 134A a3.¢ 67.8 101. c 135. B 34. 6B 102, wLevel f 135. The radiation intensity of a radioisotope: ‘A. increases with time. B. decreases with time. C. is not affected as time elapses. B. noneof the above. Aas 8 S 5 = > » » > » > e > > > > > > > > > > > : > 4 . > » >Level I 125, In performing Muoroscopic examination of a part, it is important to control: A. geometry. B. scatter radiation. C. source kilovoltage and milliamperage. D. all of che above. Ar19-18 to 22 126. In X-radiography, the ability to penetrate the test object is governed by: A. source-torfilm distance. B. time. C. Idlovoitage. D, milliamperage. - Fag 127. Which of the following types of radiation is emitted by cobslt-60 and used in nondestructive testing? A. Neutrons B. Gamma rays © X rays D. Alpha particles Fag 128. The term used to describe the loss of excess energy by the nuclous of radioactive atoms is called: D. activation. D.22, A161 129. X rays, gamma rays, and alpha particles all have one thing in common—they are all: A. particulate radi BL electromagnetic radi C. microwave radiations. D. icnizing radiations. Das 180. The term used to express the number of curies of radioactivity per gram or ounce of source weight is: A. decay, B. emissivity. specific activity. ‘D. source output. F.15,D-81, A155 131: Atoms, molecules, and various Subatomic particles which carry either a positive ot negative electrical charge’ are called: A. photoelectrons. photons. ©. ions. D. compounds. 25, A-G-16 132, Gamma and X-radiation interact with matter and may be absorbed by: ‘A. photoelectric absorption. B. Compton scattering. ©. pair production. D. all of the above. Ac18-18, D-27 193. Approximately what percent of the original radioactivity is left after six half-lives? A. 0.905 BI 10 © 33.3 D.2 D232, Alglz 194. The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is: A. 186,000 miles per second. B. 18,600 miles per second. C. 186,000 miles per second. D. 1,860 miles per second. D-10, A138 uLevel! 116, Radiation arising directly from che target of an X-ray tube or an accelerator, ot from a radioactive source, ia usually referred to a3: ‘A. secondary radiation. B, primary radiation. © Backscatter D, inherent radiation. Angaa 117, The extant to which X rays can be successfully utilized in nondestructive tating is largely dependent upon A. the intensity of the X rays generated. * Adel 118, To produce X rays electrons are accalarated to a high velocity by an electrical fled and thon suddenly sto by f eallsion with a solid body, This body in calld: re A. cathode, lament. © target. D, generator. 119, The best X-ray efficiency is produced when the target material has: A. a low atomic number. Ba high atomic number. low hardness. ‘high hardnes Alas 120, What is somstimes used to change the alternating current from the high voltage transformer to direct current for the purpose of increasing the X-ray machine output? A. Rectifier B. Cathode X-ray tubes ©. Gas X-ray tube , D, Vacuum Xray tube rere] Z 121. In a flaororcopic inspection system using a 1f-Inch sourcetomatarial distance and 2inch mataralto‘screen : dlstance, transverse vibration of which (tem will equse the most image blurring? ‘A. Source vibration ; 7 B. Sersen vibration Material vibration ’ 1B, Equal effecta Assitos ) 122, If 4 fluorescent serean {a accidentally exposed to unattanuated X rays, which of the following cccurs? A. Intense heat generated in the sereon will permanently destroy the screen crystals > B. Screen blackens due to overexposure ©. ‘Ths screen is easontially undamaged , D Screen sensitivity and light level willbe permanently reduced. A198 1018 > 123, Which of the following is an advantage of a fluoroscopic system when compared to a radiographic system? , A. Screens do not absorb scattared radiation so the image density is enhanced 4. Live image presentation for immediata viewing C. Screen systems exhibit superior sensitivity and resolution to films ) D. The equipment is normally not portable A219 7 124, A duoroscopie installation utilising fluorescent screen require A. a screen support with lend fol acreons to control scatter, 7 B. lead glass, mirrors, or other means for transmitting the fluorescent Image without subjecting the operator , to Xradiation, - j G. both of the above. ) D. neither of the above, Alea t Fry | vLevel 106, A thin Tretallic sheet (brass, copper, aluminum, ste) placed at the source to reduce effects of softer radiation is known as: A. an intensifying screen. 5 a filter. C. an electron inducer. D, afocusing cup. B18, P42, E67 107. The reason 4 “shim {a used in radiographic satup is to: ‘A. Improve the penetrametar image. ” 'B. reduce diffraction. C. simulate weld rajnforcement. D, intensify the image, G40, E418 1108. The focal spot size of an Xray machine must be known in order to determins A. the geometric unsharpness value, °B. Wdlovolt peak cutput. C. milliamperage settings. D. exposura time, E88, P21 109, A section with a significant Increase in thickness variation is required to be shown on a single radios oh ‘tithin a dovired film density ranga. This may be accomplished by: and A. increasing kilovoltage. B. using-a coarser grain film. . both A and B are correct. D, neither A nor B is corrset. F20 110. The density of a radiograph image refera to: ‘A. the thickness of the fm, B. the thicknoss of the specimen, =~ . ©, the waight of the film. D, the degree of flim blackening. A0-8, F-61 111, A beam of radiation consisting of a single wavelength is known ex: ‘A. characteristic radiation, BB. fluoroscopic radiation, ! monochromatic radiation. D, mieroscopic radiation. Also 112, The image ofthe required penesrametar and hole on the radiograph indicates that the radiograph has the r- quired: A. contrast. 5. definition, E610, F49 118, The primary perts of an atom are: A. proton, nutring, electron. B. proton, electron, gamma 18. ©. photon, glectron. neutron, 1D, protom electron, neutron. Egg 144, X rays and gamma rays always travel: A. in ‘orbital spher catraight ll . mane of the ira, ve. Eat 116, A large source size cin be compensated for by: ‘A. Increasing the source-to-specimen distance. B. addition of lead screens. , increasing the specimen-to-film distance, D, increasing penumbre B25 _ 2 an96. A radioactive source with an activity of one cutie has: ‘A. 1,000 disintogrations per second taking place. B. 1/900.000 disincegrations per second taking place. . 1,000,000,000 disintegrations per second taking place. D. 3.7 x 10" disintegrations per second caking place. 97. The formula for determining permissible accumulated personnel dose is: AL 12 IN-1B). ‘ B. 18 6+N). C. 5 IN-i8). D. 12iN+Ta. 98. The metal that forms the image on an X-ray film ist A. tin, B. silver. C. tungsten. D. iron. 99. Unexposed boxes of Xray film should be stored: A. flat, B. on edge or end. @ mapile D. it doesn’t matter. 100. The lead symbol “B™ is attached to the back of the film holder to determine: A. sensitivity. B. whether excessive backscatter is present. C: radiographic contrast. D. density 101. Penetrameters for A. Inconel B. Nickel ©. Stainless steel D. Aluminum bronze 102. The purpose of a dated decay curve is A. determine the souree size at any time B. calculate shielding requirements, C. determine the source strength (activity) at any time. ‘D, mark the date and length of time for each exposure. 108. Why is cobalt-60 used as a radi A. Because of its short half-life B. Limited emount of shielding required C. Because of its penetrating ability D. None of the above. 104. The cause for poor image definition could be: A. too short sourcetofilm distance. B. screens and film not in close contact, . film graininess, D. allofthe above. 108. During manual film processing, the purpose of the stop bath is to: A. change the exposed silver salts to black metallic silver. B. neutralize the developer and stop the developing process. C. liminate most water spots and streaic, B. none of the above. Level T A-lada Fass P19 cED4 are considered Group 1 Materials and need not have an identification notch. a cEL2 Ee ion source for medium-weight metals of thickness ranges from 1.3 to 9 inches? AL5-14, P15 ESAS, FAN FasLevel f 81, When producing radiographs. if che kilovoltage is increase: A. che subject contrast decreases. B. the film contrast decreases. G. the subject contrast inerenses. DD. the fim conerast increases. Anas tal movement ofthe specimen ar film during exposure or the use of focus-Fire distance that is too ‘A. produce a radiograph with poor contrast, 7 Br Peake it impossible to detect large discontinuities, © Boule in uasharpness of the radiograph. D. result in a fogged radiograph. A635 89, A properly exposed radigrapk that Js developed in a developer solution at a temperature of 58°F for 5 minutes will probably be: A. overdeveloped. B. underdeveloped. C. fogged. D. damaged by filling. Aa 90, 4 good radiograph is obtained using ¢ milllamperage of 15 milliarnpests and an exposure time of x minute, food radice te will be necensary to produce an equivalent radiograph ifthe milliamperage is changed to 5 Witiamoperes and all other conditions remain the same? A. 4% minutes B. 1% minutes C. 3 minutes ‘D. %minate A201d 91. Lead sereens in contact with the film during exposure: ‘A. increase the photographic setion on the film largely by reason of the electron emission and partly by the secondary X rays generated in the lead. BB. abvorb the shorvar wavelength scattered radiation more thas the Jong wavelength primary che photographie effect ofthe seatter radiation more than that of the primary D. none of the above. 7 | A20-25 92. The sharpness of the outline inthe image of the radiograph is = measure of A. subject contrast. B. radiographic definition. C. radiographic contrast. D, film contrast. A20-35 9, An unshicldée tgotope source gives a dosage rate of 900 mR per hour at 10 feet ‘What would the unshielded dosage rate be at 20 feet? A 300 mRvhr B. 600 mRvhr C100 mathe D, 2700 m&:be ASS 94. Which has the shortest wavelengths? A. Visible light Bl Microwaves . 100 kilovalt peak X rays . D. Infrared radiation FT A139 95, Beta particles are: A. neutrons. B. Cc D. positrons. ALL 0Pe Level E 77. In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of an X-ray film during manual processing: the film should be placed in a dryer after being developed. the developer should he agitated by means of mechanical stirrers or circulating pumps, the film should be agitated while in the developer. the film should be transferred directly from the developer to the fixer. AQLS pomp 18, When referring to a “2T” or "41" hole in the ASTM penetrameter, the T refers to: A. the part thickness. * B. the penetrameter thickness. C. ‘the time of exposure. D. therime for developing. 20037 78, A sheet of leed with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may be used to decrease the of fect of scattered radiation which undereuts the specimens, Such a device is called: Fo 80. Two X-ray machines operating at the same nominal kilovoltage and milliamperage settings: ‘A. will produce the same intensities and qualities of radiation. B. will produce the same intensities but may produce different qualities of radiation, C. will produce the same qualities but may produce different intansities of radiation. D. may give not only different intensities but also different qualities of radiation. D108 81, Fluoroscopy differs from radiography in that: A. fluoroscopy uses a much lower Kilovoltage than radiography. - Aluorascopy is much more sensitive than radiography. G. the X-ray image is observed visually on a fluorescent screen rather than recorded on a film. ). fluoroscopy permits examination of thicker parts than does radiography. Fas 82, An advantage ofthe pocket dosimeter type of ionization chamber used to monitor radiation received by person- A, it provides a permanent record of accumulated dosage. B. it provides an immediate indication of dosage. . “C. it ia the moat sensitive détector available. D: all of the above are advantages. A-26-4, 41 83. The density difference between two selected portions of a radiograph ia known as: A. unsharpnese, B. radiographic contrast. © specific activity. D. subject density. F-8T, A-15-35, 4-20-24 #4. One requirement for keeping fluorescent screens in good condition is that they must: A. be cleaned with a lint-free cloth each time they are used. B. not be exposed :o intense ultraviolet radiation. C. be mounted in # rigid container at all times. D. not be exposed to caustic fumes, A1615 85. Tn making an isotope exposure in an unshielded area, you find the dose rate § feet from the source is 1200 mB/hr. What would be the dose rate at 24 feat? A. 75 mRlhr B 100 mir 200 mRvbr D. 200 mivhe Als | 86. The intensity of X- or gamma radiation is measured int A. roentgens, B. ergs. C. roentgens par unit of time, D. H& Danita, Aci5-5, D-28Level I 68, With a given exposure time and kilovoltage. a properly exposed radiograph is obtained with a 6 milliampercs- MMinueesexposure at the distance of 20 inches. (ts desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the image by Increasing the sourceto-lilm distance ta 40 inches. The correct milllamperage-miautes exposure to obtain the desired radiographic density at the increased distance ist A. 12 milliamperes-minutes. B. 26 milliamperes-minutes. C3 mill renin utes. D. LTmuilliamperesninutes. a 69. Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrona travelling at high speeds collide with matter is called: B. beta radiation. ©. gamma radiation. D, fone of the above, Fo 70, The exposure of personnel to X- and gamma radiation can be measured or monitored by means of: A. film badges, B. dosimeters. . radiation exposure survey meters. D. allof the above. B04 TL. Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a setting of 10 milliamperes in 40 seconds, how much time will tbe necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph if the miliamperage is changed to 5 milliamperes (all other conditions remain constant)? A. 20 seconds B. 10 seconds ©. 80 seconds : 5 D, 160 seconds Par 72. A graph showing the relation between material thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure is called: A. abar chart. B. an exposure chart or technique chart, ©. a characteristic curve. ‘D. an H& Deurve. : Fal 73. A graph which expresses the relationship between the logarithm of the exposure applied to a photographic ‘material and the resulting photographic density is called: A, abar chart, B. an exposure chart. . the characteristic curve. D. alogarithmic chart. P53 74, Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced during the disintegration of nuclei of radioactive substances is called: A. K-radiation. B. gamma radiation, . scatter radiation. D. backscatter radiation. Fld 15. A photographic image recorded by the passage of X or gamma rays through a specimen onto a film is called A. fluoroscopic image. B. radiograph. C: isotopic reproduction. D. none of the above, A204 78, The normal development time for manually processing X-ray film A. 12 to 18 minutes in processing solutions at 75°F. B. 3 to8 minutes in processing solations at 60°F. ©. 12 to 18 minutes in processing solutions at 83°C. D. 5 to8 minutes in processing solutions at 63°F. AaLevel f 58, When manually processing films, the purpose for sharply tapping hangers two or chree times after the films have bean lowered into the developer is to: |A. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface. || prevent frilling. cai . C. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to emulsion. D. allof the above. Aas 89. The activity of the developer solution is maintained stable by: 7 A. constant agitation. * B. maintaining processing solutions within the recommended temperature range. G. avoiding contamination from the wash bath. D. addition of replenisher. Age 60. The purpose of fixation ‘A. to remove all the undeveloped silver salts of the emulsion. BB. to leave the developed silver as a permanent image. ©. to harden the gelatin. D. alloftheabove. Aa7 61. For best results when manually processing film, solutions should be maintained within a temperature range of: A. 65°F and 75°F. B. 85°C and 75°C. ©. 75°F and 85°F. 'D. 75°C and 85°C. ARI, 5 62. Water spots on films can be minimized by: A. rapid drying of wet film. B. immersing wet film for one or two minutes in a wetting agent solution. €. by using a fresh fixer solution. 7 D. by cascading water during the rinse cycle. Ale 63. The small area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called the: pated ; Spee D. cathode" . "F9,10 64. Unwanted inclusions in a part will appear on a radiograph as: A. a dark spot. B. a light spot. Ga ized gray aren of varying contrast. D. either a dari or light spot or area depending on the relative absorption ratio of the part material and the inclusion material. yerer 65. The radiation quality of a gamma-ray source is: A. determined by the size of the focal spot. B. determined by the isotope involved. C. can be varied by the operator. D, is greater in iridium-199 than in cobalt-60. Fag 66. The mest common meterial used to provide protection against X rays is: A. high density brick, B. an alloy of 70 percent steel and 90 percent copper. ©. tungsten. D. lead. Fada 87. A curie is the equivalent of A. 0.001 millicuries, B. 1,000 millicuries. G. 1,000 megacuries, D. 100 megacuries.Level 48. The duration of an exposure is usually controlled by: A. controlling the milliamperage. Ba timer. C. controlling the source to-film distance. D. achoke coil in the filament transformer. AL 49. A penetrametar is used to indicate: ‘A. the size of discontinuities in a part. B. the density of the film. ©. the amount of film contrast. “ D, the quality ofthe radiographic technique. a3 50, A fluorescent intensifying sereen will: ‘A transform X-ray energy into visible or ultraviolet light to which a photographic emulsion is sensitive. 1B. result in reticulation. C. decrease the graininess of the image when using gamma rays. D. increase the definition in e radiograph. ANGI6 51. The three main steps in processing a radiograph are: A. developing, frilling, and fixation. B. developing, fisation, and washing. C. exposure, developing, and fixation. D, developing, reticulating, and fixation, Ales 82. Lead foil screens are used in radiography: A. tjmprove the quality of he radiograph by preferentily reducing the efecto car radiation. B. to reduce the exposure time, C. both A and B are reasons for using lead foil sereens. , D, neither A nor B are reasons for using lead foil sereens. A624 53. Kilovoltage, exposure time, and source-to-film distance are three of the most important X-ray exposure factors that can be controlled. A fourth such exposure factor is: A. focal point size. ¢ B, temperature. C. Hlament-to-focal spot distartce. | D, milliamperage. As20-15 54. When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray film image is formed group together in relatively large ‘masses, they produce a visual impression called: A. air bells, B. graininess. ©. reticulation. D. filling, Fisz 56, To prevent excessive backscatter from reaching 2 radiographic film, one should: A. back the cassette with a sheet of lead, the thickness needed depending on the radiation quality. B. place a mask between the specimen and the front surface of the film. . back the exposure holder with a thick sheet of lead (at least ‘ inch). B. place a filter in the X-ray or gamma ray beam near the source or X-ray tube. 86, Static marks, which are black treelike or circular marks on a radiograph, are often eaused by: ‘A. film being bent when inserted in a cassette or holder. B. foreign material or dirt imbedded in screens. ©. seratches on lead foil screens. D. improper film handling techniques. Figg 37. The purpose of agitating an X-ray film during development is to: ‘A. protect the film from excessive pressure BB renew the developer ab the surface of the film. © disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface. D. prevent reticulation. Ams ——_—__.__ab ann Ts Se ee eee ee) ee ee eee Level f 38, X-ray exposure may be due ‘A. the direct beam from the X-ray tube target. B. scatter radiation arising from objects in the direct beam, © both A and B above. D. boch A and B above plus residual radiation that exiaes for the first few minutes after the X-ray machine has been returned ta the "off" position, Fada 39. A general rule often employed for deterinining the Lilovoltage to be used when X-raying a part is: A. the tilovoltage should be as high as other factors will permit. B. the lilovoltage should be ag low as other fdStors will permit. G. the kilovoltage is always a fixed value and cannot be changed. DD. the Idlovoltage is not an important variable and can be changed over a wide range without aifecting the radiograph. F29 40, IF a pioce of lead Y4-inch thick is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from cobeit-60, it will reduce tha dose rate at a given location by: A. one-third. B. one-quarter. © onebale. ‘D. three-quarters. A269 41, Exezosive exposure of film to light prior to development of the film will mest likely result in: — A. a foggy film. B. poor definition, C. streales. D. yellow stain. Faas 42. White crescent-shaped marks on an exposed X-ray film are most likely caused by: A. crimping film after exposure. . B, crimping film before exposure, C. sudden extreme temperature change while processing. . ‘D. warm or exhausted fixer. - Pasa 48, Reticulation resulting in a puckered or natiike film surface is probably caused by: AL crimping film after exposure. 'B. sudden extreme temperature change while processing. C. water or developer on unprocessed film. D. excessive object-to-film distance. F150 4, Frilling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the film is most likely caused by: A. water or developer on unprocessed film. B. low temperature of processing solutions, C. developer solution contamination. D. warm or exhausted fixer solution. Fast 45, If an exposure time of 60 seconds was necessary using a 4-foot source-to-film distance for a articular exposure, what time would be necessary ifa 2-foot source-to-film distance is used and all other variables remain the same? A. 120 seconds B. 30 seconds ©. 15 seconds D. 240 seconds Far 46, One of the general rules concerning the application of geometric principles of shadow formation to radiography A. the X rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. 3B. the film should-be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. . the distance between the anode and the matarial examined should always be as great as possible. D. all three of the above are correct. F20 417. Aaa check on the adequacy of the radiographic technique, it is customary to place a standard test piece on the source side of the specimen, This standard test piece is called a: A. reference plate. B. lead screen. © penetrameter. D, illuminator. F-09, 420-86Level 29, Radiographic sensitivity. in the context of the minimum detectable flaw size, depends on: A. graininess of the film. B. the unsharpness of the flaw image in the film. C. the contrast of the flaw image on the film. D. all three of the above. 90, In order to decrease geometric unsharpness: ‘A. radiation should proceed from as small a focal spot as other considerations will allow. Bi radiation should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. C. the film should be es far as possible from the object being radiographed. D. the distance from the anode to the material examined should be as small as is practical. 1. As the kdlovoltage applied to the X-ray tube is raised: A. X rays of longer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced. B. X rays of shoreer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, G. X rays of stiorter wavelangeh and less penetrating power are produced. 1D. X rays of longer wavelengeh and less penetrating power are produced. 32. In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation: ‘A. the tabe current should be increased. B. the tube current should be decreased. C. the test specimen should be moved further from the film. D. a lower kilovoltage should be applied to the tube. 1532 A204 A203, £9 933, Primary radiation which strikes a film holder or cassette through a thin portion of the specimen will cause scat tering into the shadows of the adjacent thicker portions producing an effect called: ‘A. radiation imaging. B. spotting. C. undercut. D, unsharpness. F239, A2019 4, Scattered radiation caused by any matarial, such as a wall or floor, on the film side of the specimen is referred to A. primary scattering. B. undercut. C. raflected scattering. D. backscattered radiation. F.39, 40 136. Which of the following materials is suitable for use in vessels or pails used to mix processing solutions? A. Stainless steel B Aluminum ©. Galvanized iron D. Tin 36, Any of the body tissues may be injured by excess . blood. lens of the eye. internal organs. . all of the above. pomp 37. A general rule used to define the amount of radiation exposure that is excessive is: Aa exposure to X or gamma rays but particularly sensitive Fa A. although small amounts of radiation (0.4 R per week or leas) are beneficial since they build up an immunity to these rays, anything above 0.4 R per week is excessive, B. any dose over 5 R per week is excessive, G any dose which causes a mid-range reading on a Geiger counter is excessive, D. any unnecessary exposure to radiation is excessive. PugLevel 19. Which dose would be dangerous, if not fatal, if applied to the entire body in a short period of time? A LS t015 R B. 25 to 70 R C. 200 to 800 R D. Allof the above doses would most likely be fatal A26-2 20. When doing gammavray radiography with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled: ‘A. directly by personnel equipped with special protective clothing. B. by remote handling equipment. + : G. directly by personnel with special protective clothing except when radiographs are being made. D. by the same methods used for low-intensity emittars, A122 21, Ifa film is pluced in a developer solution and allowed to develop without any agitation: ‘A. the radiograph will not show proper contrast, 1B. it will be impossible to fix the radiograph permanently, C. there will be a general “fogging” condition over the entire radiograph. D. there will be a tendency for each area of the film to affect the development of the areas immediately below it. Pas 22. The selection of the proper type of film ta be used for the X-ray examination of a particular part depends on: ‘A. the thickness of the part. B. the material of the specimen. . the voltage range of the available X-ray machine. D. all three of the above factors. Fas 23. When radiographing a part which contains a large crac, the crack will appear on the radiograph as: A. a dark, intermittent or continuous line, B. a light, irregular line. . either a dark or light line, ‘D. a fogged area on the radiograph. At41a 24. A cobalt-60 source has a halflife of: A. 12 years. B @ months, 5.3 years. D, 75 days, 7 Alsld 25, X-ray tube current is controlled by: A. the current passing through the filament. B. the distance from the cathode to the anode, C. the type of material used in the target. D, the voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube. PO A1G6 26. "The voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube by a highvoltage transformer primarily determines the: A. quantity of radiation. B. duration of expocure. & penetrating ability. D. X-ray beam divergence. Ads 27. Lead foil in direct contact with X-ray film: ‘A. intensifies the scatter radiation more than the primary radiation, 1B. decreases the contrast of the radiographic image. . intensifies the primary radiation more than the scatter radiation. D. should not be used when gamma rays are emitted by the saurce of radiation, Paz 28. Fluorescent intensifying screens are usually mounted ia pairs in rigid holders called: A. film racks. B. cassettes. ©. emulsifiers, D. diaphragm: FarLevel f 9, Three liquids which are essential to process an exposed film properly are: |A. stop bath, acetic acid, and water. B. developer, stop bath, and HO. GC. developer, fixer, and water. D. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath. Ag 10. The two most common causes for excessively high-decsity radiographs are: ‘A. insufficient washing and overdevelopment . contaminated fixer and insufficient washing. C._ overexposure and contaminated fixer. D. overexposure and overdevelopment, Ferery 11. The time required for onehalf of the tara in a parceular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate is ed: A. the inverse square law. AAGL, A155 12, What does the term Ritr refer to when speaking of intensity? 'A. Radiation limits for humans B. Roeatgens per hour ©. X rays per hour 1D. Radiation in hydrogea ABS 1a. The ability to detect a small discontinuity or Osw is called A. radiographic contrast. 'B. radiographic sensitivity. ©. radiographic density. 1D. radiographic resolution. A-15-90 14 Movement, gometry, and aereen contact are three factors that afecs radiographic: ‘A. contrast. B, unsharpness. C. reticulation. D, density. A639 18. The difference between the densities of two areas of « radiograph is called: A. radiographic contrast. B. subject contrast. , film contrast. D. definition. FST 16. Upon completing an X-ray exporure and turning the equipment otf: 'A. personnel should wait for a few minutes before entering (fe SSo area. 8: Befscnnel should wear a leadlined apron before entering ihe SE area. Beso! should euear the exposure area without fear of radiation Soe Te $, Bersonnel should take a reading witha survey meter before entering the exposure area. A268 17. The most widely used unit of measurement for measuring the race at which the ousput of a gamma-ray source decays is the: A. cutie. B. roentgen. C. half-life. D. Mev. 13-12, 18. 18. Exposure to X rays or gamma rays: A. may have a cumulative effect which must be considered when monitoring for maximum permissible do B. marie beneficial since they build up an immunity to radiation poisoning C. will have no effect on human beings. ‘D. will have only a short-term effect on human tissues, A263Level | Questions 1, Although there may be other reasons for using calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography. they are ‘most usually used to: A. improve definition and resolution in radiographic images. B. improve contrast in radiographic images. . decrease exposure time. 1. make fms respond to multiaillion volt radiation, P26 2. Anexcellent radiograph is obtained under given conditions of exposure with the film located at a distance of 36 inckes fram the target of the X-ray tube. If the film is now placed only 18 inches from the target, and all ex- posure conditions except time are held constant, the new exposure time will be: A. unchanged. B. longer by approximately 80 percent. ©. shorter by approximataly 55 percent. 1D, only about 25 percent as long as the original exposure time, Pat 3, Amexcellent radiograph is obtained under given exposure conditions with a tube current of § milliamperes and ‘an exposure time of 12 minutes. If other conditions are not changed, what expostre time would be required if ‘the Xray tube current could be raised to 10 milliamperes? A. 24 minutes B. 12 minutes C. 6 minutes D. 3minutes Fag 4. In film radiography, penetrameters are usually placed: ‘A. between the intensifying screen and the film. B. on the source side of the test object. C. on the film side of the test object. D. betwoen the operator and the radiation source, Alba 5. When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM penetrameter for 4-inch thick 2024 aluminum alloy has a thickness of: AL % inch. B 2 mils . 5 mils, D. 10 mils, C-E14277 A. kilovoltage or wavelength. B. time. ©. milliamperage. D. source-tovilm distance. A205 7. Cobalt-60 used in nondestructive testing emits: ‘A. alpha particles, By neutrons. gamma rays. D. Xrays. Albld 8. A densitometer is: A. a meter used to measure X-ray intensity. B. an instrument for measuring film density. C. a meter used to measure the density of a material. ‘D, ameter used to measure tube current. 4-20-32Level I 47. Which of the following contaminants could affect the sensitivity of a penetrant? A. Acid BL Water “ C. Salts D. Allofthe above Fao 48. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in @ forging? A. Shrinkage cracks Bl Laps C. Cold shuts D. Insufficient penetration Pat 49. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? A. Blow holes B. Shrinkage laps C. Cracks or seams D. Insufficient penetration Fat 50. Which of the following is 2 discontinuity that might be found in rolled plate stock? A. Shrinkage cracks B. Inclusions ©) Forging laps D. Blowholes Pal 51. Which of the following is an advantage of fluorescent penetrants over visible type penetrants? A. The inspection can be carried out in a well lighted area. B. Small indications are more easily seen. ©. They can water is objectionable. D, Less sensitive to contamination of discontinuities. Fae 52, Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants? ‘A. Small indications are more easily seen. B. They can be used on anodized and chromate surfeces. C) They make less background on rough surfaces. D. Nospecial lighting is required. Fas 83. Which of the following is an advantage of solvent wipe methods over water washing? A. No special lighting is necessary during inspection. BB! They provide a quicker penetration of small openings. C. Small indications are more easily seen, D. ‘They can easily be carried out in the field and to remote areas. Fat 54. ‘The tendency of a liquid penetrant to enter a discontinuity is primarily related to: A. the viscosity of the penetrant. B. the capillary forces. C. the chemical inertness of the penetran:. D. the specific gravity of the penetrnat. Feai22 88, ‘The emulsifier is used: A. to wash the penetrant out of discontinuities. B. as an aid in weshing off the surface of parts when using either the water or oil soluble penetrants. C) to emulsify the oil-soluble penetrant, thereby making it weter washable. ‘D. topreclean parts before applying penetrant. Pas 56. ‘The prime purpose of the black: light for Muorescent penetrant inspection is: ‘A. to magnify indications. B. to make the indications visible. C. to develop indications. D. tospeed up inspection. Fa PRORP PRP Ae Pol 11 aa BP BD PP PP PD B_P BD RP DB.58. 6. 62. 63, 64, 66. . When viewing parts, fluorescent background may indica! Leve Why is it advisable to have a black light installed at the wash station? A. So that inspection can be done without drying parts, B. To speed the bleeding of penetrant out of defects, C. To check the effectiveness of the wash cycle, D. To determine if parts have been covered with penetrant. Fag Developing powder should always be: A. highly fluorescent. B. applied wet, ©. colorless. D. evenly applied P33 A. poor washing. B. insufficient emulsifying time (Post-Emulsification Method). C. porous material and coating, D. improper cleaning before penetrant cycle. Fag Eiberap’ © 2eeePtance of parts should be based on which ofthe folowing, in absence of waitten acceptance criteria? A. The inspector's education, B. The design of the part and its intended application, . The appropriate penetrant standard, D. ‘The selection of the penetrant Ps42 ‘When improper processing causes inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do? A. Swab parts with a solvent, B. Use a correct bleed-back procedure. C. Erase nontelevant fluorescence. D, Reprocess the part. F142 ‘Which of the following is most apt to render the post-emulsification test ineffective? A. Too long of a penetrant time. B. Too long of a developing time. C. Too tong of an emulsifying time. D. None of theabove, P2832, Dry developer should be applied: A. so that a heavy coat of developer covers all surfaces, B. 0 that a light dusting covers all surfaces to be inspacted C. with a dry paint brush. D. by dipping. Which factor would apply in determining the dwell time required for the penetrant to be effective? A. Type of discontinuity sought, B. Shape of part, ©. Size of part. D, Surface roughness. caida is an aluminum forging. Description — the indication is sharp, half moon shape, not deep, and is called a: A. lap. B. center line porosity. ©. heat-treat eracle. D. false indication, Pal Phe part is a 4 thick aluminum plate with « Vee weld. Description — the indication appears in an aree that is somewhat dishahaped. The indication extends out from the eentarin'a spoke fnew nie fehnte A. shrinkage. a owelevant 2. a quench crack. D. crater crack. a F.26 F632 2 . ILevel If er. 68. 69. ‘The part is an aluminum easting. Description — the casting has a very complex Gesjen Fh one S050 theres, aaeeae an Mame cloneas of Inthe center of this area is around section. 2 hick and 1 Satire aa ng re about one-half the distance around the base where i joins into the chin section, ‘The indication is termed: a A. dross. B. hot tear, C! microshrinkage. D. porosity. Fal Shrinkage cracks are usually found in what areas of @ casting? A. Thin sections only. B. Heavy sections only. C. Abrupt changes in thickness. D. Nolongera problem. Fat Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging? A. Shrinkage crack B. Lap : 3. Lamination Fa Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? A. Blow hole BL Shrinkage lap : +. Crack or seam Prt 72. 73, 14. 18. D, Lack of penetration “The term “non-elevant indication” is used to describe certain types of penstrant testing indications, Which of the following would be a typical “non-relevant indication"? ‘A. Indications due to part geometry or part design configurations. B. Nonmagnetic indications. C. Multiple indications. D. Nonslinear indications. Fa ‘Which of the statements below best states the danger of using sandblasting for cleaning surfaces to be ponetrant tested? A. The discontinuities may be closed. | B) Oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities. | C. ‘The sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the discontinuity. D. ‘The sandblasting operation may introduce discontiauities in the part Fal ‘A continuous linear indication can be caused by which of the following discontinuities? A. Porosity B. Siag inclusions C Pitting D. Cracks Fal Which of the following could be a source of false indications on 2 test specimen? ‘A. Penetrant on the test table. B. Bonetrant on the hands of the ingpector Contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrant, D. Allofthe above. Faia . A crack type discontinuity will generally appear as: A. around indication. B. continuous line, either straight or jagged. C. astraight, single solid line. 1D. random round or elongated holes. Fat Which of the following dlacoatinuities would be impossible to detect using 2 liquid penetrant ast? A. Forging lap Be Grater track rinding cracks D. Non-metallic internal inclusions P2527 22 -~|eammeeaaanamonaneeae & 8&8 8 2.0LD c Cc wo > c \ B c we A c D c A D c A B D c D B A 38. D Level II Answers a9. C 40. al. 42. 43, 44 45, 46, 47. 48, 4. 0. 31. 52. 53, 54 55. A D B D B c A D. B c B B D D B c 56. B 57. c 58. D 5B 60. B 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66, 67, 68. 69. 70. a 2 73. 4. 18. 16. wog oo > bw o oh > ooLevel Ill Questions 1, Chemical, waterbase cleaners are often uged for very dirty, greasy parts. If used: ‘A. the surface must be subsequently cleaned with a solvent cleaner. B. the surface must be thoroughly rinsed free of any residue, C. heat must be used to ensure the removal of any detergents from surface openings. D. the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned with a volatile solvent cleaner. D224 2. Generally, vapor degreasing is considered to be one of the best methods of preparing a part for liquid penetrant inspection beceus ‘A. it totally removes all surface contaminants. B. the solvent vapor removes all petrolaum based materials, C. the method is easily adapted to virtually any size of the part. D. the solvent vapor removes all inorganic soils, AGG 3. When penetrant is applied to parts by dipping, the parts should be: A. left in the tank during the entire dwell time, B. set aside until the dwell time is up. C. placed on a rack designed to return any excess drainage to the dipping station, D. placed in the allaline solvent ringe tank immediately. : D2se 4. Penetrant stations having reservoir tanks with recovery systems incorporated: A. do not need an agitation system because penetrants are homogeneous, B. should have an agitation syst-~- to prevent the sattling of possible contaminants, . do not need an agitation system as penetrants are pasteurized, 1D. do not need an agitation system because organic contaminants are not present. D245 5. When removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash, penetrant in a erack would be herder to ramove if it has: A. low viscosity B. high viscosity C. medium viscosity D. Viscosity is not important. Do 6. The most desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations when removing surface penetrant are to: ‘A. remove little penetrant from defects and a minimum of residual penetrant remaining on the surface. B. remove little penetrant from a defect and no residual penetrant remaining on the sutface. ©. remove no penetrant from defects and leave a minimum of residual on the part surface, D. remove no penetrant from defects and leave no penetrant on the part surface, Ds 7. The best method of removing the excess water-washable penetrant is to: A. immediately immerse the part in the water rinse tank. B. use water running directly from a tap. C. boil in hot water or steam spray. 1D. use a hose and nozzle with forceful droplets, D-ll4-115 8. When removing excess post-emulsifiable penetrant in a production situation involving small irregularly shaped parts, one may use a: A. strong forceful spray. B. strong water blast. C. commercial solvent. D. hot waterimmersion, D116 9. The sensitivity of wet developers can be seriously impaired: A. when the developer temperature is greater than the ambient temperature, B. when the thickness of the coating becomes toa heavy. ©. if the corrosion inhibitors are added to the developer. D. ifthe surface ofthe part is polished, D6 to 9: PRLII RTA PF BoP Be DcR BaP BP DIRRELRIA DIVALevel 10. When is a nonaqueous wet developer generally preferred? . When the dryer oven temperature is above 250°F, When itis essential to obtain as smooth and as even a coating as possible, 0 When using a fluorescent penetrant on az cast surface. When using a fluorescent penetyant on a wire brushed weld, D-88-100 12, The best method of drying after the application of a wet developer is normally: A. blotting the surface gently with absorptive peper toweling, allowing the part to dry slowly at or sightly above the ambient temperature. G. rapid drying with a normal room temperature air blast, D. rapid drying with circulating hot air at 170-295°F. Dag 12, Removal of residual penetrant or developer materials by a suitable post-cleaning technique is advantageous in which of the following cases? A: Where it could interfere with subsequent processes or with service. B. Where it could provide a contrasting beckground. C. Where it could assist in the emulsification of the penetrant bleed out. ‘D. Where it could assist in the lattice structure breakdown. G33e 18, Dostclosning is particularly important where residual penetrant or developer materials may combine with other materials in service to produce: A. corrosive action, B. a contrasting background. C. false penetrant indications. D. proper surface tension. G-338 14, Postcleaning should be performed: A. as soon as possible because the materials will be easier to remove. 3. after several hours because the drier the materials are the easier they will wipe off, C. with the part warm to enhance the solubility of penetrant material, D. with the part chilled to cause the materials to lase thelr cohesion, DAT6 15, When using postemulsifiable Suorescent penetrant on small parts where sulphur or chlovine residual is deemed harmful: . A. low sulphur and low ehlovine content penetrant materials should be used and the pert should be post- cleaned by solvent wipe. B, fluorescent materials should be used and the part should be detergent-washed, C. low sulphur and low chlorine penetrant materials should be used ad the part should be post-eleaned in an automatic detergent wash. 1D. color contrast should be used go that any residue can be readily seen and removed, D199 3S 16. WEveball fuorescence” should be considered when arranging black lights for testing, because direct or reflected black light shining into the inspector's eyes: A. could cause tissue damage. B. is harmless and of no consequence, &_ even though harmaless, can become extremely annoying and will impair inspector effectiveness, D-216 D. ever though annoying, it will not impair inspector effectiveness, ATAT ee SS 17. Residual acids and chromates are more detrimental to the fluorescent water-wash process than other pro- ceases because: , A. the fluorescent dyes in all processes are equally affected. B. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of water. ©. acida and oxi gents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of emulsifiers which are contained in water-wash penetrants, D. emulsifiers neutralize the effects of the acids and chromates, Dame 18. Due to the nature of penetrant material, most methods have which of the following adverse effects on ‘operator health? A. Penetrants are a hazard due to their inorganic base. & Zenetrant methods include materials which can cause dermatitis if proper precautions are not observed. & Penecrane materials contain hallucinogens which can catice a sense of drukeonean, ‘D. Modera penetrants have been improved to be virtually hazard free, D-92, 182, 184Lovet Fit 19, Which of the following is an advantage of post-emulsifiable methods over water-washable methods? A. The excess penetrant removal is accomplished by water spray. B. ‘Their sensitivity is easy to control, C. The overall tesc time is shortened. D. They usually exhibit higher sensitivity to cight cracks. Daze 20. When compared to other methods, which of the items below are disadvantages of wateremulsifiable visible dye methods? ity to acidity and alkalinity D. Requirements of ordinary light 21, The type of penetrant to be used on an investment casting should be: A. water-washable fluorescent for adequate sensitivity and water washability. B. solvent removable because of size and shape. C. postemulsifiable fuorascent for maximum sensitivity and water washability. D. solvent removable for greater visibility. D288 22, Which of the following techniques has been found to be effective for aiding penetration in certain instances in commercial application? A. Heating the penetrant. B! Vibration. C. Vacuum and pressure. D. Ultrasonic pumping. DeAtt 23. Dentists have used liquid penetrant inspection to: A. locate fine cracks in teath prior co the availability of x-rays. B. locate defects in artificial teeth prior to mounting them. . C. verify questionable information gathered from x-rays, D. identify the filing material. D380 24, There is a variety of equipment available for precleaning parts prior to penetrant application, Of the follow- ing, the recommended method. if practical, is: A. sand or grit blasters. B. solvent or chemical tanlks ©. vapor degreasers. D. water-detergent washing machines, D107 25. If moduler equipment has been obtained for a penetrant inspection system using fluorescent post ‘emulsifiable penetrant and wet developer, che dryer should be placed: ‘A. before the emulsifier tank. B. after the developer tank. C. before the developer tank, D. after the wash unit, D123 26. Ina modular equipment system using a water-washable fluorescent penetrant and dry developer, black light should be available A. at the penetrant station. B. at the wash station, C. at che developer station. D. after the oven cycle. D876 27. When a large number of parts are inspected using dry developer which is applied by dipping, the tank should be equipped with: A. an exhaust system, B. an agitator. C. an electrostatic charger D. adeveloperreplenisher, pz ff ts. 5, PLV—ARFAL eRe Be Dad De® BaP BaP DFR LB DD 2D DD\ 28, 29, 30. 31, 33. 38, 36. 37. Level } Filters for black lights effectively remove: natural white light, B. radiation of a wavelength above 3000 angstrom units. C. visible light from the energy given off by the mercury arc. D. fluorescence from the penetrant D203 Super-bright fluerescent penetrants may be: ‘A. more sensitive in dim daylight chan color contrast penetrant materials, B. as sensitive in dim daylight as it is in darkness. C. more sensitive than normal fluorescent penetrants but they cannot be used in daylight. B. less sensitive in dim daylight than color contrast. penetrant materials, D8 ‘The use of high power spot bulbs for color contrast penetrents: A. should be avoided as too much glare may oceur. B. will reduce eye fatigue, C. is acceptable provided the light is shielded. D. is acceptable provided the light is not shielded. D2 A good penetrant must be: A. inert with respect to the materials being tested. BL highly viseous. C2 highly volacile, D. aninorganic base liquid, D6 Wetting ability is measured by the AL specific gravity. B. density. C. contact angle, Dao surface tension, Which of the following functions does a developer perform? A. “Blots” the penetrant by drawing it out of discontinuities, B. Masks out nonrelevant indications, . Drys out the surface of the part, D. Provides a non-éontrasting background. pes What is the method which uses a color contrast penetrant in conjunction with a developer containing a low intensity fluoragent called? A. Fluorescent developer method. B. Reversed fuorescent method. ©. Contrast fluorescent method. D. Reversed contrast method, D8 When inspecting using fluorescent penetrant methods, indications will appear as a: A. soft white glow against a gray background. B. brilliant yellow-green glow against a white background. C. brilliant yellow-green glow against a deep violet-blue background. D. bright yellow-green glow against a black background, Ase A visible dye indication will usually appear as A. a bright red glow against a white background, B. a red color against a gray background. C. a red color against a white background. D. aredcolor against « glowing white background. AB? When the reversed fluorescent method is used and inspection is performed under black light, indications will show up as: dark spots or lines against a deep violet-blue background. A. B. yellow-green lines or.spots against a glowing background. C. dark spots or lines against a lightly glowing background. ~ D. There is no such method, Dé 7Level IIT 38. If an indication reappears after the original developer has been removed end another coat is applied: A. the discontinuity contains a reservoir of penetrant. ASH D. 39. If, upon reprocessing, a faint indication does not reappear: A. it was probably a false indication, B. the area has been overcleaned. . the indication is probably due to a small flaw. D. reprocessing has resealed the opening. AS4 40. A network of interconnecting jagged lines appearing in hard fired, unglazed ceramic products would bean in- ication of A. thermal shock. B. fatigue cracks. ©. shrinkage cracks. D. grinding cracks. E-s12 41, Porosity indications in ceramics would appear: A. more intense than porosity indications in metals. B, essentially the same as porosity Indications in metals, C. jess intense than porosity indications in metals. ‘D. as minute cracks. A822 42, When inspecting glass, looking for very fine cracks, the preferred method is: A. post-amulsifiable Muorescent, B. waterwashable fluorescent. C. post-emulsifiable color contrast. D. electrified particle. D348 43, When inspecting a hard fired ceramic which is very porous, it may be that: A. the filtered particle method would be better. B. the electrified particle method would be better. C. the brittle enamel method would be better. D. the emulsifiable color contrast method would be better. 1-348 44. A partially welded forging lap would probably: A. give no indication, B. appear as a very thin, continuous line, C. appear as a broad, continuous line. D. appear as an intermittent line, ASD 45. A ragged line of variable width and numerous branches on castings, caused by a difference in cooling rates between thick and thinner sections would most likely be an indication of: A. shrinkage. B. cold shut. C. hot tesr. D. lap. E58 48. A doep crater crack will frequently appear as a: A. small tight crack. B. rounded indication, . fine linear indication. D. faintintermittont lis ABS, 812 28 LPRPRRGIRPRSPKRRP PPP ARR RHAReRee Ree o<.f & e.eD e Level, 47. The forces ee each) seaplllary attraction cause a liquid to rise spontaneously in a capillary tube. These forces are also involved in the: A. entry of a liquid into a crack, B. solubility of a liquid. C. flash point of a liquid. ‘D. chemical inertness of a liquid, 48, impor- A. solubility of contaminants, B. washability of a peneteant, C. degree of fluorescence emitted. D. speed with which a penetrant will enter adefect. Dat 48° One of the two most important properties of a good penetrant ia we ing ability. Wetting ability is; 3: Msssured by contact angle and is not related to surface tension, 2 function of viscosity and increases as surface tension Genres §, Muusured by contact angle and decreases as surface tension tacos, D.. measured by surface tension and increases as contact angie decree D0 50. In order to make water a relatively good penetrant: Wetting agent must be added to reduce surface tension, & a wetting agent must be added to reduce wetting abilicy wetting agent must be added to increase surface tensicn, ‘Water is a good penetrant wich no additives, Dao St A penetrant that will spread over the surface ofthe test area in a smooth, even film despite 2 small amount of Surface contamination is said to have: : A. low viscosi B. high viscosity. C. watting ability. D. low evaporation. AT18 5 The sensitivity of two penetrants for crac detection is best compared by: - using a hydrometar to measure specific gravity. B. using cracked aluminum blocks. C. measuring the contact angies in a wetting test, ‘D. the Meniscus test, D404-407 $9: For postemulsifiable penetrants, a good method for establishing emulsifying time is by: A. experimentation B. the water drop-through test, C. the water-tolerance test, Dis A newly mis D, using published bool values, id batch of wet developer: A. should be checked by a hydrometer, B. should be agitated for 30 to 40 minutes. §, should have 1 to 1¥ ounces per gallon of ammonia added to stabilize the mixture, D. should stand for 4 to § hours prior so use, ‘A. water drop-through test, B. hydrometer test, ©. photofluorometer test. ‘D. Water tolerance test. D. water content test. Bais!Level IIT 56. When performing an evaluation of the fluorescent ability of a penetrant, the value that is normally sought i A. the amount of actual light emitted by indications. B. the amount of black light, necessary to cause the material to fluoresce. C. the relative amount of ight emitted by the fluorescent material compared to other penetrants D. the relative amount of light emitted by the fluorescent material compared to the light emitted by the background. * D399 .'The most accurate method for evaluating quantitative values for the emitcad light of fluorescent materials ig the use of a A. spectrophotometer. B. filter-photomater. © nofluore-photometer. D. photoflucrometer. Daeg ‘38. ‘The ability of en indication to be seen can be assigned o value called the contrast ratio. This ratio is based on the amount of A. white light present opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye. B, light reflected by the background 29 opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye, G. light absorbed by the background as opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye. D. light reflected by the background as opposed to the amount of light reflected by the dye. D8 58. ‘The contrast ratio of.a red dye penetrant to a white developer is normally about A. 38 tol. B. 6tol. Cc. tol. D. 9t02. E. 2atol. Dee 50. Cracked plated strips are sometimes used to compare sensi plating and are bent on: A. cantilever bending dies only. B. radial bending dies only. C. circumferential bending dies only. D. cantilever and radial bend dies D0 ty. These plates usually have a brittle iron 61. Ifa cantilever bending die is used to bend a plated strip, the cracks produced will: ‘A. be equally spaced and of uniform width. B. be equally spaced and of graduated depth. C. closer together and tighter near the clamped end. 1D. Cantilever bending dies are not used, Dall 52. The test object and standard penetrant materials should be within a particular temperature range. One of the Feagons an excessively cold penetrant is undesirable is that ag the temperature becomes lower: A. the viscosity decreases. B. the viscosity increases. C. fewer volatile matarials will be lost. D. the dyes degrade, AST 58, If the surface temperature of the test partis excessively hot: A. the viscosity of the penetrant may be too high. B. the penetrant may lose some of its more volatile materials, C. the surface tension of the penetrant increases, 1D. the contact angle increases, ABT 64, Which of the following is a eriterion for a good dryer? ‘A. Have ability to dry the surface slowly. B. Have ability to heat the part to en optimum temperature in a minimum of time so that the part is both dry and warm as promptly as possible, C. Have electrical heating elements so that there is a guarantee that no contaminants ean be introduced in- D, to the inspection process. Bea warm air blast system, Dz 30 Bd BaP B Pod BP RPL PRLS RP LIDELV ARTE5 8 83. What are the ability? 66. 67. Lev ‘ve most important properties whick determine whether a liquid will have high penetratin A. Surface tension and viscosity. B. Viscosity and cosine of contact angle. C. Cosine of the contact angle and density, D. Surface tension and cosine of the contact angle. E. Density and surface tension. Dar Where precleaning is necessary and a residue-free solvent is used, which of the following is observed? A. The solvents are not suitable for removing grease, B. The solvents are not suitable for removing oll G. The solvents should never be used for grease and oils, De ey fojtants are suitable for removing grease and als, bot are generally not adequateif sli soils ere av bedded in void areas, G-344 Lieen utilizing the fluorescent post-emulsifable penetrant method and performing the rinse cycle, which of the following will prevent over-rinsing? Rinse before the penetrant is completely emulsified, Rinse after the penetrant is completely emulsified, Funontinue the rinse as soon as the surface penstrant is removed from the part, Rinse only with water hotter than 110°F. pem> G-236Level Ill Answers wo be oO > Pome eo 8. 10. a 12, 13. 14, 15, 16. a7. 18. 19. D 20. a.c 22. B 23. B 24, 25. 28. 40. -> 90909 Ooo dO c B B > 41.8 42, 43, 44, 45. C 32 46. B aA 48.D B A D D c a7. A 58. D 59. B 60. D 61. 62, B 63, B 64, B 65. D 68. D 67. C 50. D c f fren et RPP EPL RS LE LIED REPROD DORE EER3 Co , } , 5 , , , , ? , ; J > > J D > > > > > > > > > > > > > , > » > > Sample Specification 1.0 SCOPE ‘This specification is to be used for the liquid penetrant examinat Hinuities open to the surface. Where the words “shall” and "shoul mandatory requirement and the latter a recommendation. 2.0 MATERIAL Austenitic stainless steel. 30 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION Both major plate surfaces. Plate edges shall not be liquid penetrant examined, n of wrought plate material for discon- " appear herein, the former is considered 4.0 APPROVED METHODS AND MATERIALS Either color contrast or flicrescent penetrants may be used, The penetrants shall be solvent removable type and the developer shall be wet non-aqueaus, Penetrants and developers must be compatitie wok tee ope Zomme meamulncturer. Penetrant materials shall be certified that the total halogen content does not ering Onn percent by weight (excluding vehicle if spray cans are utilized), ' 5.0 SURFACE PREPARATION ‘{grolled surfaces are satisfactory. The surfaces to be examined shall be thoroughly cleaned prior to examina: tion using organic solvents. The organic solvents shall mect the halogen requirenrata ‘materials. Prior to the application of penetrants, the surfs 8.0 TEST ENVIRONMENT AND LIGHTING CONDITIONS For color contrast penetrants the test shall take place in an area well lighted (area should be at least 100 ft: candles) minutes prior to use in the examination. 7.0 PROCEDURE 7.1 PENETRANT APPLICATION ‘The penetrant may be applied by dipping, brushing, shall be between 60 and 125 degrees F. The dwell 1.2, PENETRANT REMOVAL Excess penetrant shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper. The cloth or paper may be moistened with solvent in order to remove all traces of ponetrants howtecr rare eat oe ee ee using excess solvent such that penetrant could be remaved from’ discontinuities. 7a DRYING Suificient time should be allowed to allow the surfaca of the plate to dry (solvent evaporation) before ap plying developer. 74 DEVELOPER APPLICATION Solvent suspensions shall be applied by spraying unless restricted by health or. ‘safety, in which case ap- plication may be by brushing. ‘7.3 EXAMINATION Final interpretation shall be made after allowing a development period of not less than 7 nor more than 20 minutes, Ifthe entire surface area of the plate cannot be examined within the alloted time, only por- tions of the surface shall be examined at any one time. 33Sample Specification 8.0 REJECTION CRITERIA 3.0 8.1 Alllinear penetrant indications longer than 1/16 inch. Linear is defined as an indication whose length is at least two times its wideh. 82 Four or more indications in a line, any ane of which is separated from the adjacent indication by less ¢han 418 inch or D, whichaver is grester, where D is the major diameter of the larger of the adjaceas inden tions. “ 8.3 Any single penetrant indication larger than 1/8 inch. 8.4 Nonlinear penetrant indications less than 1/32 inch may be disregarded, PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION All personnel performing liquid penetrant examination shall be qualified and certified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-IC-1A. Personnel performing the examination and determining scx tance or rejection shall be certified to Level II. Personnel performing cleaning and penetrant maverialcpolen ton and removal shall be certified to at least Level 1. ° Ba? Rol BR Raf RP ROP PPRPRANDRARAR ARO onoeml Specification Questions {ation located on pages 33 to 94, answor the following questions, (References listed per- Using the sample g tain to paragraphs (P) in the sample specification.) 1. By this specification, lamination in excess of 1/16 of aa inch ist A. rejectable, B. acceptable. subject to evaluation, D. not considered. 2. When inspecting austenitic stainless stee! plates in accordance with this Procedure any indication is rejec- table if itis larger than: Pas enetrant in accordance with this procedure is: A. 45 minutes, B. 10 minutes, €. 30 minutes, D. not defined. Pat ‘4 When using color contrast penetrunts, inspections can be performed ifthe lighting is: A. adequate to easily see all indications. B. at least equal to 100 foot candles, GC. at least equal to 1000 eux. D. at least equal to 700 MWicm?, Ps0 5. The surface to be inspected: A. needs to be as free of extraneous material a is practical, B. should be free ofall extraneous material. DB. sheng Ceanad with organic solvents having a residual of halogen of legs than one pereant by weight, D, should be sandblasted toremove seale. P4.0,5.0 A. This area is acceptable, B. This area ig rejectable, § There is not sufficient information given to determine acceptability, D. Spacing doeen'tmatter, P84 7. A liner indication is an indication where: A. W=2 B Law c Leaw D. L=aw § When removing the excess penetrant: A. a solvent dampened cloth must be used, a dry absorbent cloth must be used, care must be taken to avoid removing penetrant from discontinuities, D. all traces of excess penetrant must be ranoved. 9. Final interpretation shall be made: A. sfter allowing a development period of 7 to 90 minutes, B. from 7 to 30 minutes after developer has dried. G. with a black light, D. alter post cleaning. PTS PBL Pag 35Specification Questions 10. For penetrant application: A. the ambient temperature shall be between 60° and 125° F. B. the temperature of the penetrant shall be between 60° and 125° F. C. the temperature of the part shall be between 60° and 125° C, ‘D. the minimum dwell time shall he 15 minutes. 36 Pa PRELP BLP P97 2 08, | + L < = ws MF?oo om

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