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Glossary of Road and Highway

Construction Terms
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY OF ROAD AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION TERMS..................................................... 4

1 GLOSSARY OF ROAD AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION TERMS .................................... 4

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GLOSSARY OF ROAD AND HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION TERMS

1 GLOSSARY OF ROAD AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

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TERMS

http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDOT_Road_Terms_and_Definitions_142091
_7.pdf

- Aggregate - A substance composed of mineral crystals of one or more kinds, or

of mineral rock fragments used in pavement.

- All-season standards - No seasonal load-limit on roadway.

- Alligator Cracking – Also referred to as fatigue cracking, a series of interconnect-

ing cracks in an asphalt pavement surface that forms a pattern resembling an al-
ligator’s hide or chicken wire. In its early stages, alligator cracking may be char-
acterized by a single longitudinal crack in the wheel path generally caused by re-
peated traffic loadings. (See Fatigue Cracking.)

- Arterial - A road that carries traffic not carried by freeways to important traffic
generators, such as airports or regional shopping centers.

- Average Daily Traffic Counts - The average number of vehicles using a specific
roadway in one day.

- Bitumen - A black tarry substance that occurs as a natural product that is used in
cement and the construction of pavement.

- Bituminous - Of or pertaining to bitumen.

- Bituminous Asphalt/Blacktop/Pavement - A pavement comprising an upper lay-

er or layers of aggregate mixed with a bituminous binder, such as asphalt or tar.
- Bridge Deck – The driving surface of the bridge; typically concrete, nine inches
thick containing a top and bottom mat of reinforcing steel.

- Bridge Replacement - Complete removal and replacement of the existing bridge.

- Business Loop (BL) - A surface street route that leads into a downtown business
district and returns to the freeway at the other end. Frequently, the business loop
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is the alignment of the original highway before that highway was bypassed. (See
Business Route.)

- Boulevard (Blvd) - A wide street with a landscaped center island running the
length of the street, usually found in urban areas.

- Business Route (BR) - A route that connects the freeway or thoroughfare with the
downtown and commercial areas of a city or town. Business routes are primary
arterials and begin and end on the interstate. Business Loops and Business
Spurs are types of Business Routes. Business Loop implies that the business
route will return to the parent route, while a Business Spur implies that the busi-
ness route will only spur into the commercial area and not return to the parent
route.

- Business Spur - A surface street route leading from the interstate highway into
the central commercial district. The spur route ends upon reaching a specified
point within that urban area. (See Business Route.)

- Capital Preventative Maintenance - Plan for cost-effective treatments to an exist-

ing road system that preserves or improves the condition of the system without
significantly increasing structural capacity.

- Changeable message sign - An electronic sign used on roadways to provide in-

formation about congestion, crashes, work zones, or speed limits on specific
highway segments, and suggest alternative routes to motorists. Also used to
convey information about special events or alerts.

- Check Station - See Weigh Station

- Chip Seal - A surface treatment in which the pavement is sprayed with asphalt
(generally emulsified) and then immediately covered with aggregate and rolled.
Chip seals are used primarily to seal the surface of a pavement that has non
load-associated cracks and to improve surface friction, although they also are
commonly used as a wearing course on low volume roads. They are typically
used to extend the life of the pavement surface by sealing out moisture, which
can cause major damage to pavement, until major repairs can be made. 6

- Cold Mill - Removal of pavement surface material either to prepare the surface to
receive overlays (by removing rutting and surface irregularities) or to restore
pavement to the correct specifications. This process also is used to remove oxi-
dized asphalt concrete.

- Collector - A road funneling traffic from residential or rural areas to both principal
and minor arterials.

- Conflict - These occur when traffic streams, moving in different directions, inter-
fere with each other, i.e., merging, diverging and crossing. (Also called Traffic
Conflict.)

- Construction (Project Phase) - This is the actual construction of a project. The

public will see the proposed work implemented along the roadway in this phase.

- Continuous Traffic Flow - A steady, unbroken stream of traffic.

- Controller - A complete electrical mechanism, which is mounted in a cabinet, for

controlling traffic signal operation.

- Crack - A fracture in the pavement surface not necessarily extending through the
entire thickness of the pavement. Cracks generally develop after initial construc-
tion of the pavement and may be caused by thermal effects, excess loadings, or
excess deflections, which are movements in or under the pavement. (See Work-
ing Crack.)

- Crack Filling - The placement of materials into non-working cracks to substan-

tially reduce the infiltration of water and other matter, while also reinforcing the
 adjacent pavement. Crack filling is different from crack sealing (see Crack Seal-
ing).

- Crack Sealing - A maintenance procedure that involves placement of specialized

materials into working cracks using unique configurations to prevent the infiltra-
tion of water and other matter into the crack and into the underlying pavement
layers. (See Working Crack.). 7

- Crash Potential - The statistical degree of safety of a location or area.

- Culvert Replacement - This type of project includes the removal and the re-
placement of the culvert, a device used to channel water beneath a road, railway
or embankment.

- Cure - The time needed for specific road materials - such as concrete - to proper-
ly set in order to achieve the desired engineering properties after placement and
finishing. Improved properties may be achieved by controlling temperature or
humidity during curing.

- Deck Replacement - This type of project includes the removal and replacement
of the bridge deck.

- Delineators - Road marks that define lanes and shoulders; safety measures in-
tended to guide drivers.

- Diamond Grinding - A process that uses a series of diamond-tipped saw blades

mounted on a shaft or arbor to shave the upper surface of a pavement in order to
remove bumps, restore pavement rideability, and improve surface friction.

- Dowel - Typically, a plain round steel bar that extends into two adjoining slabs of
pavement as a transverse joint placed parallel to the center line so as to transfer
the weight of vehicles across joined sections of pavement. (See Retrofit Dowel
Bars.)

- Dowel Bar Retrofits - See Retrofit Dowel Bars.

- Downstream - Points on a route further ahead in the direction of traffic flow.

- Driver Response - Driver reaction to a message or condition on a highway, such
as a sign or traffic signal.

- Efficient System(s) - A route or network of routes on which traffic flows with min-
imum delay and congestion.

- Emulsified Asphalt - A liquid mixture of asphalt binder, water, and an emulsifier.

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- Fatigue Cracking - See Alligator Cracking.

- Freeway (Fwy) - A freeway is an access-controlled, divided highway designed for

the unimpeded movement of large volumes of traffic. Characteristics of a free-
way include controlled access through the use of interchanges, and grade sepa-
ration at intersections. Frost

- Gaps - Breaks in the traffic stream long enough to permit vehicles or pedestrians
access across or into the traffic stream.

- Gore - The V-shaped area that separates through-traffic from exiting or entering
traffic on freeways and highways.

- Grade Separation - A crossing that uses an underpass or overpass to eliminate a

traffic conflict.

- Grooving - The process used to cut slots into a pavement surface to provide
channels for water to escape beneath tires, improve skid resistance and reduce
the potential for hydroplaning.

- Heave - A process in which the ground freezes and thaws, creating potholes.

- Highway (Hwy) - An arterial highway that provides direct access to buildings and
intersections. A highway characteristically includes intersections and design fea-
tures controlling speed and the safe movement of traffic.

- Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC or HMA) - A carefully controlled mixture of as-
phalt binder and well-graded, high quality aggregate thoroughly compacted into
a uniform dense mass. HMAC pavements also may contain additives such as an-
ti-stripping agents and polymers.
- Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Technology that serves to enhance
transportation mobility, conserve energy, protect the environment, and improve
safety. ITS technology includes changeable message signs and traffic signal
controls.

- Interchange - An interchange is the junction of a freeway and another road. To

provide access control, interchanges keep the traffic flowing on the freeway, but 9
there may be some restrictions on the connecting routes. A complete inter-
change provides for movements in all directions; a partial interchange has some
missing connections.

- Lane Miles - The number of miles of pavement going in one direction on any giv-
en road. Miles of roadway multiplied by the number of lanes equals lane miles.

- Law Observance Study - A survey designed to determine the effectiveness of

various traffic control devices.

- Limited Access Highway- A highway or section of highway designed for travel by

registered motor vehicles. Access is limited to intersections, and driveways are
generally not allowed. Freeways are a common type of limited access highway.

- Load Transfer - The ability to distribute the weight of vehicles across joined sec-
tions of pavement. This is a critical factor in extending pavement life.

- Median - A barrier, constructed of concrete, asphalt, or landscaping, that sepa-

rates two directions of traffic.

- Microsurfacing - A mixture of polymer modified asphalt emulsion, mineral aggre-

gate, mineral filler, water, and other additives, properly proportioned, mixed, and
spread on a paved surface. Microsurfacing is used on high volume roadways to
correct wheel path rutting and provide a skid resistant pavement surface.

- Milling - Grinding off the top layer of pavement.

- Noise Wall - See Sound Wall.

- Non-motorized – A transportation mode not using motorized vehicles, e.g., walk-

ing, bicycling, horseback riding, and roller-blading.
- Overbanding - Overfilling a joint or crack in the pavement surface in order for a
thin layer of crack or joint sealant to spread onto the pavement surface.

- Overlay - Deep - This type of project includes the removal and replacement of the
top portion of the concrete bridge deck to just below the top mat of reinforcing
steel.

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- Overlay – Shallow – This type of project includes the removal and replacement of
the top 1.5 inches of the concrete bridge deck.

- Patch - Repair of a localized defect in the pavement surface.

- Pavement Miles - The total number of miles of pavement in both directions of a

road/freeway.

- Pavement Preventive Maintenance - Planned strategy of cost-effective treat-

ments to an existing roadway system to extend the life of the pavement, retard
future deterioration, and maintain or improve the functional condition of the sys-
tem without increasing the structural capacity.

- Pavement Reconstruction - Complete removal and replacement of the existing

pavement structure, which may include new and/or recycled materials. (See Re-
construct.) Pavement

- Rehabilitation - Structural enhancements that extend the service life of an exist-

ing pavement and/or improve its load carrying capability. Rehabilitation tech-
niques include restoration treatments and structural overlays.

- Performance Period - Period of time that a newly constructed or rehabilitated

pavement structure is expected to perform before deteriorating to a point requir-
ing another fix.

- Potholes - A hole in the pavement surface, typically caused by moisture.

- Preliminary Engineering (Project Phase) - This is the design phase of a project.

Studies, surveying, plan preparation, obtaining permits and stakeholder input are
completed in this phase of a project.
- Preservation - Preservation involves repairing an existing pavement or bridge to
restore it to a better condition. Major preservation improvements are upgrades to
satisfy the latest state and federal requirements and width upgrades and/or
shoulder improvements, ramp improvements, and bridge work.

- Profilometer - A computer-aided device used to measure the smoothness of the

road surface. 11

- Progressive Movement - Traffic moving at a constant speed with a minimum

number of stops and starts.

- Reconstruct - A term used to describe a road project where the roadway is taken
down to its base to allow necessary repairs to be made. See Pavement Recon-
struction.

- Rehabilitation - A variety of different fixes that do not include the replacement of

the entire pavement or bridge. Rehabilitation fixes extend the service life of an
existing pavement or bridge. Examples of pavement rehabilitation fixes include
concrete pavement repair, bituminous or concrete overlays, mill and resurfacing,
and rubblize and resurface. Examples of bridge rehabilitation fixes include deck
overlays, railing replacement and repairs to portions of the bridge.

- Restoration - Restoration involves repairing an existing pavement or bridge to re-

store it to a better condition. Major restoration improvements are upgrades to
satisfy the latest state and federal requirements and width upgrades and/or
shoulder improvements, ramp improvements, and bridge work.

- Resurface - Involves the adding of new layers of pavement that extend the ser-
vice life of an existing pavement and/or improve its load carrying capability.

- Retrofit Dowel Bars - A technique used to distribute the weight of vehicles across
joined sections of pavement. Dowels are installed into slots cut into the surface
of an existing concrete pavement to distribute the weight across existing joined
sections of pavements. (See Dowel.)

- Rideability - A measure of the ride quality of a pavement as perceived by its us-

ers or roughness measuring equipment. (See Profilometer.) Right-of-Way (ROW)
 - A term denoting land and/or property acquired for - or devoted to - transporta-
tion purposes. Right-of-Way also is a project phase.

- Roadside Facilities - These include auxiliary facilities along our roadways that
support transportation. Typically these include rest areas, travel information cen-
ters or car pool parking lots.

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- Route Miles - The total number of miles a car travels to get from point A to point
B.

- Roundabout - A modern roundabout is an unsignalized circular intersection.

Drivers must yield to vehicles already in the roundabout before entering. Round-
abouts increase safety because there is no stopping in a roundabout, no left
turns across opposing traffic lanes, and vehicles must slow down to a safe speed
to enter the roundabout.

- Rubblize - A process in which concrete is broken up into uniform size pieces,

rolled flat and covered with a new surface, usually asphalt.

- Sandblasting - A procedure in which compressed air is used to blow sand parti-

cles at a pavement surface to abrade and clean the surface. Sandblasting is a
step in the partial-depth patching and joint resealing process.

- Sand Seal - An application of asphalt binder, normally an emulsion, covered with

a fine aggregate. It may be used to improve the skid resistance of slippery pave-
ments and to seal against air and water intrusion.

- Scoping - The process in which project's parameters are determined. It is the act
of determining the type and size of the project needed in order to address an
identified transportation system need.

- Sealant - A material that has adhesive and cohesive properties to seal joints,
cracks or other various openings against the entrance or passage of water or
other debris in pavements.
- Sealing - The process of placing sealant material in prepared joints or cracks to
minimize intrusion of water and incompressible materials. This term is also used
to describe the application of pavement surface treatments.

- Signal Cycle - The time required for all phases of a traffic signal to take place -
from beginning of green to beginning of green.

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- Signal Warrants - A set of guidelines designed to determine the need for a stop-
and-go traffic signal.

- Single Point Urban Interchange (SPUI) - A variant on the standard diamond inter-
change, in which all traffic meets at one single traffic signal in the center of the
bridge over the freeway (or below the freeway). These interchanges can accom-
modate more traffic in smaller spaces, hence their appeal in urban areas.

- Slurry - Mixture of a liquid and fine solid particles that together are denser than
water.

- Slurry Seal - A mixture of slow - setting emulsified asphalt, well - graded fine ag-
gregate, mineral filler, and water. It is used to fill cracks and seal areas of old
pavement, to restore a uniform surface texture, to seal the surface in order to
prevent moisture and air intrusion into the pavement, and to improve skid re-
sistance.

- Sound Wall - A structure built alongside a roadway for the purpose of reducing
vehicular noise in nearby neighborhoods. (Also called Noise Wall.)

- Spalling - Cracking, breaking, chipping, or fraying of a concrete edge or surface.

- Speed Checks - Radar studies conducted to obtain information concerning the

distribution of vehicle speeds through an area.

- Speed Study - The gathering of information about vehicle traffic obtained during
light - to - medium traffic conditions on a weekday. The speed data is collected
by recording the speeds of free - flowing motor vehicles using radar or other
speed measuring devices. A representative sample of vehicular speeds is rec-
 orded. The speed study determines what the 85th percentile speed is (or the
speed 85 percent of motorists are traveling) at that location.

- State Trunkline - This network of road types supports the state's commercial ac-
tivities. A key element in the state's economy, it connects commercial and manu-
facturing areas, and enables goods to be moved across the state.

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- Streetscape - Equipment, such as lights, plant material, or benches, are placed off
the street to improve or enhance its appearance and usability.

- Substructure Repairs - This type of project includes work on the portion of the
bridge that supports the beams. This work is done to extend the service life of
the bridge.

- Superstructure – Top portion of the bridge, usually above the top of the piers.

- Superstructure Repairs – This type of project includes work on the portion of the
bridge that supports the bridge deck. Typically beam end repairs. This work is
done to extend the service life of the bridge.

- Superstructure Replacement - This type of project includes the removal and re-
placement of the bridge deck and beams. Structure elements of a typical high-
way bridge

- Surface Seal - See surface treatment.

- Surface Treatment - Any application applied to an asphalt pavement surface
to restore or protect the surface characteristics. Surface treatments include a
spray application of asphalt (cement, cutback, or emulsion) and may or may
not include the application of aggregate cover. Surface treatments are typi-
cally less than 25 millimeters thick. Also called surface seals, seal coats or
chip seals.
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- Thin Overlay - A Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay of 38 millimeters (1.5 inches)
or less.

- Timing Permit - A form indicating/authorizing how a traffic signal will oper-

ate; when it will flash, how much “green time” will be allotted to each leg of
the intersection, how it will operate in relation to adjacent signals, and what
special provisions will be made for highvolume, peak-hour traffic.

- Tine - To create grooves in the pavement for traction.

- Traffic Calming - A set of street designs and traffic rules that slow and reduce
traffic, encouraging walkers and cyclists to share the street. Traffic calming
measures include: traffic circles, raised crosswalks, sidewalk extensions,
speed bumps and medians.

- Traffic Circle - A traffic circle is an intersection with a circular shape and, usu-
ally, a central island. In some traffic circles, two-way traffic is allowed within
the circle. It is much more common, however, that traffic is allowed to go in
one direction only around a central island. In some traffic circles, entering
roads are controlled by stop signs or traffic signals. In other cases, traffic en-
ters the circulatory roadway by merging, sometimes at relatively high speeds.

- Note: A traffic circle is not the same as a roundabout. Traffic Conflict - See
Conflict.

- Traffic Engineer - An experienced engineer who specializes in issues associ-

ated with the safe and efficient operation of roadway facilities.

- Traffic Operations or Safety Work - Projects that improve the operations of a

roadway or improve safety of the roadway. Operations work could include
 signal re-timing or adding turn lanes. Safety work could include adding a
signal or reconfiguring an intersection.

- Traffic Volumes - The actual number of vehicles passing a given point.

- Underpass - Created when the freeway passes over a roadway, river, railroad,
or other feature.
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- Uniform Standards - A policy of consistent traffic control devices on all road-
way systems throughout the nation.

- Urban Area - An urban area is a designation defined by the U.S. Bureau of

Census as an area with a population over 5,000, located outside an urban-
ized area.

- Urbanized Area - An area containing a city or twin cities of 50,000 or more

people surrounded by a closely settled incorporated area which also meets
specified criteria regarding population and density.

- U.S. Routes - Non-interstate federal highways.

- Weigh Station - A set of scales located alongside a freeway that verifies that
trucks and buses are within the legal weight limit. (Also called Check Station.)

- Working Crack - A crack in a pavement that changes, becoming narrower or

wider, under different temperature conditions. For example, a working crack,
which is typically located diagonally to the pavement centerline, develops
through movement in or under the pavement when an old expansion joint
fails.