01 Variable, String

and Iteration
• Variables and arithmetic expressions, Conditionals
• String, Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries
• Iteration and Looping
 Variables and arithmetic expressions

Variables
• untyped and made any type of data
during execution

Operator
• + , - , *, /
• %
• **
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 Conditionals

if … else
if a < b:
print (“Computer says Yes”)
else:
print (“Computer says No”)

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 Conditionals

pass
• To create an empty clause using pass
statement

if a < b:
pass # Do nothing
else
print (“Computer says No”)

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 Conditionals

AND

OR Boolean

NOT

if product == “game” and type == “pirate memory”

and not (age < 4 or age > 8):
5 print (“I'll take it!”)
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 Conditionals

• Python does not have a special

switch or case statement for testing values.

• To handle multiple-test cases, use the elif statement

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 Conditionals

elif
if suffix == “.htm”:
content = “text/html”
elif suffix == “.jpg”:
content = “image/jpeg”
else:
raise RuntimeError ("Unknown content type")

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 String

• produces the output that you get when you

str()
use the print statement

• creates a string that you type into a program

repr()
to exactly represent the value of an object

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 String

• converts a value to a string with a specific

format()
formatting applied

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 Lists

• Lists are sequences of arbitrary objects.

• Create a list by enclosing values in square brackets.

names = [ "Dave", "Mark", "Ann", "Phil" ]

• Lists are indexed by integers, starting with zero.

• Use the indexing operator to access and modify

individual items of the list.

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 Lists

append()
• To append new items to the end of a list
names.append ("Paula")

insert()
• To insert an item into the middle of a list
names. insert (2, "Thomas")

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 Lists

• can extract or reassign a portion of a list by using

the slicing operator:

b = names[0:2] # Returns [ “Dave", "Mark" ]

• Lists can contain any kind of Python object,

including other lists:

a = [1,"Dave",3.14, ["Mark",7,9, [100,101]],10]

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 Tuples

• To create simple data structures, you can pack a

collection of values together into a single object
using a tuple.

• Create a tuple by enclosing a group of values in

parentheses like this:

stock = ('GOOG', 100, 490.10)

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 Sets

• A set is used to contain an unordered collection of

objects.

• To create a set, use the set() function and supply a

sequence of items such as follows:

s = set([3,5,9,10])

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 Sets

• Sets are unordered and cannot be indexed by

numbers.

• The elements of a set are never duplicated.

• Sets support a standard collection of operations,

including union, intersection, difference, and
symmetric difference.

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 Sets

add() (or) update()

New items can be added to a set

remove()
 An item can be removed to set

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 Dictionaries

• A dictionary is an associative array or hash table

that contains objects indexed by keys.

• Create a dictionary by enclosing the values in curly

braces ({ }), like this:
stock = {
"name" : "GOOG",
"shares" : 100,
"price" : 490.10
}

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 lteration and Looping

for
• To iterate over a collection of items

for iterating_var in sequence:

statements (s)

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 lteration and Looping

• The for statement is not limited to sequences of

integers.

• It can be used to iterate over many kinds of objects

including strings, lists, dictionaries, and files.

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02 Function,
Object and File
• Functions, Generators, Coroutines
• Objects and classes, Exceptions, Modules
• File Input and Output
 Functions

• use the def statement to create a function

def remainder(a,b):
q = a // b # // is truncating division.
r = a - q*b
return r

• To invoke a function, simply use the name of

the function followed by its enclosed in
parentheses,
result = remainder(37,15)
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 Functions

• To assign a default value to a function

parameter, use assignment:

def connect(hostname, port ,timeout=300):

# Function body

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 Generators

• A function can generate an entire sequence

of results if it uses the yield statement.

next()
• produces a sequence of results through
successive calls

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 Coroutines

• Functions operate on a single set of input

arguments.

• A function can also be written to operate as a task

that processes a sequence of inputs sent to it.

• This type of function is known as a coroutine and is

created by using the yield statement.

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 Coroutines

send()
• A coroutine is suspended until a value is
sent to it

close()
• This continues until the coroutine
function returns or close

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 Objects and classes

• All values used in a program are objects.

• An object consists of internal data and method

that perform various kinds of operations.

>>>items = [37, 42] # Create a list object

>>>items.append(73) # Call append() method

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 Objects and classes

dir()
• lists the methods available on an object
and is a useful tool for interactive
experimentation.

• Special methods that always begin and end

with a double underscore. Eg. __ init__()

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 Exceptions

• If an error occurs in program, an exception is

raised and a traceback message appears:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "foo.py", line 12, in <module>
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'file.txt‘

• The traceback message indicates the type of

error that occurred, along with its location.

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 Modules

• Python allows you to put definitions in a file and use

them as a module that can be imported into other
programs and scripts.

# file : div.py
def divide(a,b):
q = a/b # If a and b are integers, q is an integer
r = a - q*b
return (q,r)

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 Modules

• To use your module in other programs, you can use

the import statement:
import div
a, b = div.divide (2305, 29)

• To load all of a module’s contents into the current

namespace, you can also use the following:

from div import *

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 Modules

• If you want to import a module using a different

name, supply the import statement with an optional
as qualifier, as follows:

import div as foo

a,b = foo.divide(2305,29)

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 Modules

• To import specific definitions into the current

namespace, use the from statement:

from div import divide

a,b = divide(2305,29)

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 File Input and Output

open( )
• returns a new file object

readline()
• reads a single line of input,
including the terminating newline

>>
• print the output to a file
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03 Program Testing