SUBJECT –HUMAN RIGHTS AND

REDRESSAL MECHANISM
(PAPER III)

TOPIC –ROLE OG NGOs AND

HUMAN RIGHT LITERACY AND
AWARNESS 

SUBMITTED BY
NAME: HUMAYUN KABIR
COURSE: CERTIFICATE OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With profound gratitude and sense of indebtedness I place on record my sincerest

thanks to Assistant Professor in Law, for his/her invaluable guidance, sound advice
and affectionate attitude during the course of my studies.

I have no hesitation in saying that he/she molded raw clay into whatever I am through
his/her incessant efforts and keen interest shown throughout my academic pursuit. It is
due to his/her patient guidance that I have been able to complete the task.

I would also thank the Library for the wealth of information therein. I also express my
regards to the Library staff for cooperating and making available the books for this
project research paper.

Date HUMAYUN KABIR

Page | 2
 TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..5

WHAT ARE NGOs?..........................................................................6

TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHT NGOs………………………………7

HOW HUMAN RIGHTS NGOs DO INFLUENCE

PROCESS?.........................................................................................7

HUMAN RIGHTS AND NGOs………………………………...…10

ROLE OF NGOs…………………………………………...………10

THE FUNCTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HUMAN

RIGHTS……………………………………………………...……..15

CONTRIBUTION OF NGOs TOWARDS THE

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS………………….……17

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page | 3
 SYNOPSIS

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE-

The aim of researcher, in doing the research work is to give a broad outline of Role of
NGOs human rights literacy and awareness. The project will further analyze the various
aspect of “Human rights” in contrast with the various judicial precedents which are relevant
to the topic.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-

As whole research work for this work is confined to the library and books and no field
work has been done hence researcher in his research work has opted the doctrinal
methodology of research. Researcher has also followed the uniform mode of citation
throughout the project work.

SOURCES OF DATA:-

For doing the research work various sources has been used. Researcher in the research
work has relied upon the sources like many books of International Law, Articles, and
Journals. The online materials have been remained as a trustworthy and helpful source for the
research.

SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS:-

Though the researcher has tried his level best to not to left any stone unturned in
doing his research work to highlight the various aspects relating to the topic, but the topic
being so vast and dynamic field of law and whose horizon and ambit cannot be confined and
narrowed down, the research work has sought with some of the unavoidable limitations.

HYPOTHESIS:-

Researcher by reading and doing preliminary research researcher is of the opinion that
Supreme Court of India is protecting Human Rights through the power conferred through
various articles in the constitution.

Page | 4
 INTRODUCTION

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working for the cause of human rights, are often
among the first to reach the scene of massive violations of human rights and humanitarian
law. Traditionally, these NGOs documented violations, drew attention to them, and by doing
so, helped to bring a halt to ongoing violations. Human rights NGOs potentially have a vital
role to play, they often have direct knowledge of violations and contacts with victim and
witness communities. NGOs also may be able to document violations shortly after they occur
and to compile information regarding patterns of violations.

They often have direct knowledge of violations and contacts with victim and witness
communities. NGOs also may be able to document violations shortly after they occur and to
compile information regarding patterns of violations.

These organisations pickups the government’s deficits in service and help in protecting rights
of the people. NGOs are nonprofit making organisations ranging from small groups to
international organisations having branches all over the world. NGOs are independent
organisation of state and managed by group of private individuals and they draw strength
from the people who offer voluntary support to their causes. NGOs raise awareness among
people about their rights by imparting education and uplifting them.
Many organizations around the world dedicate their efforts to protecting human rights and
ending human rights abuses. Public support and condemnation of abuses is important to their
success, as human rights organizations are most effective when their calls for reform are
backed by strong public advocacy. Non-Governmental Organization is one of the examples
of such groups. In every part of the globe, there are Non-Governmental Organizations’
(NGOs) working every hour of the day to document the injustices heaped upon women,
children and the under-class, standing beneath the bottom rung of the society. By their active
campaigning, they remind Governments to keep their promise in order to give practical shape
to goals set by various national and international conventions on human rights. India is
estimated to have between 1 million and 2 million NGOs. The NGO are a necessary corollary
to the democratic machinery of the government, they are means of democratic empowerment
of those who are less powerful and less advantaged as the government machinery and its
authorized institution are not always sufficient to guarantee the protection of human right.

Page | 5
 WHAT ARE NGOs?

The term non-governmental or non-profit is normally used to cover the range of organisations
which go to make up civil society. Such organisations are characterised, in general, by having
as the purpose of their existence something other than financial profit. However, this leaves a
huge multitude of reasons for existence and a wide variety of enterprises and activities.
NGOs range from small pressure groups on, for example, specific environmental concerns or
specific human rights violations, through educational charities, women's refuges, cultural
associations, religious organisations, legal foundations, humanitarian assistance programmes
– and the list could continue – all the way to the huge international organisations with
hundreds or even thousands of branches or members in different parts of the world.

In this section, we look briefly at the significant role that such organisations have had, and
continue to have, in the protection of human rights throughout the world. At nearly every
level of the different attempts to preserve the dignity of individual citizens when this is
threatened by the power of the state, NGOs play a crucial role in:

 fighting individual violations of human rights either directly or by supporting

particular ‘test cases' through relevant courts

 offering direct assistance to those whose rights have been violated

 lobbying for changes to national, regional or international law

 helping to develop the substance of those laws

 promoting knowledge of, and respect for, human rights among the population.

The contribution of NGOs is important not only in terms of the results that are achieved, and
therefore for the optimism that people may feel about the defence of human rights in the
world, but also because NGOs are, in a very direct sense, tools that are available to be used
by individuals and groups throughout the world. They are managed and coordinated – as
many organisations are – by private individuals, but they also draw a large part of their
strength from other members of the community offering voluntary support to their cause.

Page | 6
This fact gives them great significance for those individuals who would like to contribute to
the improvement of human rights in the world.

TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHT NGOs

The 1993 UN World Conference on Human Rights – known as the Vienna Conference – was
attended by 841 NGOs from throughout the world, all of which described themselves as
working with a human rights mission. Though an impressive figure in itself, this actually
represented only a tiny fraction of the total number of human rights NGOs active in the
world.

Most self-professed "human rights organisations" tend to be engaged in the protection of civil
and political rights. The best known of such organisations, at least on the international stage,
include Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the International Federation for Human
Rights, Human Rights First and Interights. However, as we have seen, civil and political
rights are just one category of the many different human rights recognised by the
international community, and new rights are continuing to emerge, even today. When we take
this into account and consider the NGOs active in countering poverty, violence, racism,
health problems, homelessness and environmental concerns, to name just a few, the actual
number of NGOs engaged in human rights protection, in one form or another, runs into the
hundreds of thousands throughout the world.

HOW HUMAN RIGHTS NGOs DO INFLUENCE PROCESS?

NGOs may attempt to engage in the protection of human rights at various different stages or
levels, and the strategies they employ will vary according to the nature of their objectives –
their specificity or generality; their long-term or short-term nature; their local, national,
regional or international scope, and so on.

a.  Direct assistance

It is particularly common for NGOs working on social and economic rights to offer some
form of direct service to those who have been victims of human rights violations. Such
services may include forms of humanitarian assistance, protection or training to develop new

Page | 7
skills. Alternatively, where the right is protected by law, they may include legal advocacy or
advice on how to present claims.

In many cases, however, direct assistance to the victim of a violation or a human rights
defender is either not possible or does not represent the best use of an organisation's
resources. On such occasions, and this probably represents the majority of cases, NGOs need
to take a longer-term view and to think of other ways either of rectifying the violation or of
preventing similar occurrences from happening in the future.

b.  Collecting accurate information

If there is a fundamental strategy lying at the base of the different forms of NGO activism, it
is perhaps the idea of attempting to "show up" the perpetrators of injustice. Governments are
very often able to shirk their obligations under the international treaties, or other rights
standards, that they have signed up to because the impact of their policies is simply not
known to the general public. Collecting such information and using it to promote
transparency in the human rights record of governments is essential in holding them to
account and is frequently used by NGOs.
They attempt to put pressure on people or governments by identifying an issue that will
appeal to people's sense of injustice and then making it public.

Two of the best known examples of organisations that are reputed for their accurate
monitoring and reporting are Amnesty International and the International Committee of the
Red Cross. Both of these organisations possess authority not only among the general public
but also at the level of the UN, where their reports are taken into account as part of the
official process of monitoring governments that have agreed to be bound by the terms of
international treaties.

c. Campaigning and lobbying

International actors often engage in campaigning and advocacy in order to bring about a
policy change. Again, there are numerous forms, and an NGO will try to adopt the most
appropriate one, given the objectives it has in mind, the nature of its "target", and of course,
its own available resources. Some common practices are outlined below.

 Letter-writing campaigns are a method that has been used to great effect by
Amnesty International and other NGOs. People and organisations "bombard"

Page | 8
 government officials with letters from thousands of its members all over the
world.
 Street actions or demonstrations, with the media coverage that these normally
attract, may be used when organisations want to enlist the support of the
public or to bring something to the public eye in order to 'name and shame' a
government.
 The media will frequently play an important part in lobbying practices, and
social media and the Internet are now assuming an increasingly significant
role.
 Shadow reports are submitted to UN human rights monitoring bodies to give
an NGO perspective of the real situation regarding the enjoyment of human
rights in a particular country.
In addition to demonstrations of support or public outrage, NGOs may also engage in private
meetings or briefings with officials. Sometimes the mere threat of bringing something to the
public eye may be enough to change a policy or practice, as in the story below. Whilst this
used to be mobilised, at one time, through tapes, posters and faxes, it is now mobilised
through email campaigns and petitions, internet sites, blogs and electronic social networks.

In general, the greater the backing from the public or from other influential actors (for
example, other governments), the more likely is it that a campaign will achieve its objectives.
Even if they do not always use this support directly, NGOs can ensure that their message is
heard simply by indicating that a large popular movement could be mobilised against a
government or many governments.

d. Human rights education and awareness

Many human rights NGOs also include, at least as part of their activities, some type of public
awareness or educational work. Realising that the essence of their support lies with the
general public, NGOs will often try to bring greater knowledge of human rights issues to
members of the public. A greater knowledge of these issues and of the methods of defending
them is likely to engender a greater respect and this, in turn, will increase the likelihood of
being able to mobilise support in particular instances of human rights violations. It is that
support, or potential support, that lies at the base of the success of the NGO community in
improving the human rights environment.

Page | 9
 HUMAN RIGHTS AND NGOs

Human rights as the ‘Rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of individuals
guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in international covenants and enforceable by the
courts in India’

The term non-governmental or, more accurately non-profit is normally used to cover the
range of organizations which go to make up civil society. Such organizations are
characterized, in general, by having as the purpose of their existence something other than
financial profit. However, this leaves a huge multitude of reasons for existence and a wide
variety of enterprises and activities. NGOs range from small pressure groups on, for example,
specific environmental concerns or specific human rights violations, through educational
charities, women's refuges, cultural associations, religious organizations, legal foundations,
humanitarian assistance programs.The Economic and Social Council may make suitable
arrangements for consultation with nongovernmental organizations which are concerned with
matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international
organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the
Member of the United Nations concerned.

NGO’s have a vital role to play in the promotion and protection of human right specially in
the developing country, has the largest number of NGO’s whose activates are spared in
different fields for the welfare of human being including the promotion and protection of
human right.

ROLE OF NGOs

Page | 10
NGOs have key role to play in planning, monitoring and evaluation of the process of the
protection of human rights. B.R.P Bhasker points out that “in the field of human rights, the
role of NGO is particularly important as Government or their agencies often become violators
of the very rights they are committed to protect and promote vast sections of the people who
are illiterate and ill-informed, and that makes it easy for rights violators to act with impunity.
Against this background human rights education assumes importance and this task is
primarily performed by NGOs”.

Even the Government has also recognized the crucial role played by the NGOs in various
fields. They are playing a remarkable role in various fields such as education, health,
environment protection and protection of the rights of various classes of the people. Some of
the NGOs working in this field are- Saheli’s  for women’s rights, Youth of Voluntary Action
for eradication of child labor, Bandhua Mukti Morcha for eradicating bonded labour, 
People’s Uniions for Civil liberties and citizens for democratic rights have also playing a
crucial role as they have taken up  various instances of human rights violation before the
Supreme Court of India.

There are several instances where NGOs were the first to report the violation of human rights
to concerned authorities. The National Human Rights Commission has taken action on
several complaints, mainly reports by local NGOs form different parts of the country.

NGOs are also having effective role in enforcing the policies of the Government. The
exceptional role of NGOs in furthering human rights is given recognition in the Protection Of
Human Rights Act, 1993 not only this act alone but also Vienna Declaration and Programme
of Action 1993 also recognized the role of NGOs in the promotion of Human Rights. This
declaration insisted upon the cooperation of nations with the NGOs in creating favorable
conditions for enjoyment of human rights.

The Protection of Human Rights Act under section 12(i) expressly provided for the
Commission to “encourage the efforts of non-governmental organisations and institutions
working in the field of human rights.” This is a responsibility which Commission readily
assumes , for the cause has much to gain both from practical help and from constructive
criticism that NGOs and the Commission can bring to bear their mutual interaction and
growing relationship. To this end the Commission has from time to time, invited leading
human rights activists and NGOs representatives for discussions and sought their help in

Page | 11
practical ways. In addition, in every visit to a state, the Commission has made it a point to
benefit from experience and knowledge of NGOs, whose contacts at the” grass-roots” level
give strength and meaning to human rights movements where it matters most.

The most important roles that NGOs play are the following:-

Human Rights Awareness Building

There is a widespread ignorance and illiteracy regarding human rights. The various
UN declarations, Covenants and municipal enactments on human rights have not reached
the level of ordinary people. In a country like India, where a sizable population is
still illiterate and live below poverty line; unless concerted effort is made, prevention
of human rights violations will not become effective. The Government machinery is
doing precious little to reach human rights awareness to the people who need it most. NGOs
can play a vital role in this area.

Organisation of People around Specific Issues of Human Rights Violations

Awareness building alone is not sufficient to counter rights violations. It is only preparing the
ground. When specific incident takes place, be it by the police or otherwise, efforts must be
made to publicize the issue and organize the people locally or at regional level around the
issue and initiate action with the active participation and involvement of the people. Such
actions will reinforce the human rights awareness of the people and will serve as deterrent to
further human rights violations.

Investigation and Fact Finding

NGOs conduct investigations and fact finding studies of specific occurrences of
right violations with the involvement of experts and representatives of people. The report
of such findings should be widely circulated among the people and publicized through
media to the extent possible. These reports should be sent to departmental
authorities, Government officials, and investigating agencies. It must be remembered that the
impact of these reports will depend on its unbiased and impartial character.

Recourse to Judicial Remedies

Page | 12
In certain types of rights violations it is important that remedy is sought also with the help of
judiciary, in the form of public interest litigation. They may be in the form of writ petitions,
contempt of court proceedings or damage suits. Irrespective of its success or failure in the
courts, it is bound to spread general awareness among the people leading to greater
empowerment.

Advocacy and Lobbying

One of the many effective roles the NGOs can play, is advocacy and lobbying. This can lead
to changes in existing laws, besides generating public debate for new legislation’s and policy
formulations.

Networking
NGOs are better positioned to establish linkages with other groups at regional, national and
international levels. Action against human rights violations must be taken up by these larger
networks for effective campaigning and remedial action.

It is submitted that law gives power to the police to exercise force for the purpose of peace
keeping. Exercise of police power must be subject to checks and balances. As Convention
against Torture explicitly states, “No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state
of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be
invoked as justification of torture”. The Supreme Court and the NHRC have also upheld this
view in their various judgments, recommendations and have jointly and individually
established that the prohibition of torture is absolute, no matter how heinous the crime for
which someone is arrested.

The positive role NGOs can play in relation to ICC investigations:

 NGOs are capable of providing valuable assistance to the ICC Prosecutor. They often have
on-the-ground knowledge and direct contact with victims, and may have established relations
of trust with victim communities and other civil society groups, including religious groups,
unions and other institutions. Human rights NGOs may also be in a good position to provide
a broad picture of the context in which violations take place and present a pattern of the
events.

Page | 13
NGOs may have been able to document violations soon after their occurrence, perhaps before
people scatter or evidence is lost. Indeed, NGOs are one of the main sources that draw the
attention of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) to situations where crimes under the
Rome Statute may have been committed in the first place.3 Already, NGOs around the world
are asking how they file information with the ICC, and the ICC has received hundreds of
communications from these and other civil society actors.

NGO assistance may be all the more important in the absence of State cooperation. Although
States Parties to the Rome Statute are under an obligation to cooperate with the Prosecutor,
and all States have a general duty under international law to cooperate in combating impunity
for crimes of international concern such as those under the ICC’s jurisdiction, the reality is
that there are a host of factors that may prevent such cooperation, including the fact that the
State itself may not control the territory in question.

The following are just some of the ways in which human rights NGOs could potentially work
in relation to ICC investigations:

 Map or document patterns of violations

 Conduct forensic examinations

 Publish reports and other information on violations

 Submit information on violations to national courts or the ICC

 Provide general legal memorandum and research assistance to national courts or

the ICC

 Monitor and report on national proceedings in public or submissions to the ICC

 Explain the ICC, in particular the role of the OTP, to affected communities

 Advise the OTP on communication with victims and witnesses in affected

communities

 Provide the ICC with information regarding displacement of people and flows of
refugees

 Identify potential witnesses and act as a channel to reach and gain trust of such
individuals for the OTP

Page | 14
  Advise the ICC on witness protection.

 Provide support to victims or witnesses – such as psychological, medical and

humanitarian support – after they have been interviewed by the OTP

 Organize victims for the purpose of participation and reparations

 Provide training to lawyers who might represent victims or suspects or accused

 Act as amicus curiae in court proceedings

THE FUNCTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HUMAN RIGHTS

NGO’s in the human rights arena perform a wide variety of functions. These will vary with
the differing political, social, economic and cultural situation in which NGO’s find
themselves. The strategies and tactics the NGO’s will employ, will be different from the
issues of NGO’s in situation of intense political repression, or of NGO’s in the third world
countries facing such multiple crisis as famine, ecological degradation, foreign debt, ethnic
violence, lawlessness and corruption.

Information Gathering, Evaluation and Dissemination:

One of the most important functions performed by NGO’s engaged in human rights work is
that of monitoring the behavior of the State and of other power elites, and of gathering,
evaluating and dissemination of information. In the process of exposing human rights
violation, the importance of information emerges in part from the paradox that is central to
the human rights struggle.

In the recent years, the information or fact-finding function of NGO’s has been under serious
scrutiny, especially from the Governments charge with committing violations and from their
supporters. As a consequence, many in the human rights community have been sensitized to
the need for their data, to pass tests of validity and reliability. NGO’s have monitored the
behavior of armed opposition or terrorists.

Page | 15
Finally, with respect to information, it is important to recognize that NGOs are often in a
better position than Government agencies both to collect and to assess information with
respect to the observance of economic, social and cultural are critical preconditions for
effective action in the area of human rights to have a policy impact that information needs to
be discriminated.

Advocacy to stop Abuses and Secure Redress:

Advocacy means actively taking up the case of those, whose rights are violated. For a human
rights organization, advocacy may speaking out for the voiceless and it entails expanding and
making more visible what may be only a blatant conflict.

Legal Aid, Scientific Expertise and Humanitarian Assistance:

Organizations concerned with human rights have also been engaged in a broad range of
activities which can be grouped under the heading of humanitarian assistance. This may
involve sending food, clothes or reading material to political prisoners, extending material to
aid to the families of such prisoners providing emergency relief to refugees and internally
displaced persons, providing shelter for the homeless for street children.

Keeping open the Political System:

On the whole, human rights NGOs are not mass based organization. Human Rights NGOs are
very much involved in political struggle in as much as the struggle for human rights, struggle
about power and its control. The human rights organization is different because its purpose is
largely to keep the political process open and to keep the Government accountable so that the
power is not inordinately centralized or abused.

Building Solidarity:
NGOs and People’s organization on the front line in human rights struggle are often both
highly vulnerable and highly isolated. Building solidarity across the different sectors of
society between workers and peasants, women organization, organizations of indigenous
peoples and across ethnic and religious groups is a task taken on, by much organization
working in the human rights arena. In heterogeneous societies, many NGO’s recognize that
change will come only by a radical restricting of the social order. Hence, efforts are directed
towards information sharing and networking as a first step by such creating solidarity.

Page | 16
Education, Consensus Building or Empowerment:
NGOs have come to realize that people cannot defend their rights unless they know their
rights. It is increasingly felt that human rights can play a significant role in the empowerment
of the impoverished. The educational efforts that engage NGOs in the human rights area, tend
to be at the non-formal level, rather than the formal school setting and involve consultations,
workshops and seminars and training courses for women, trade unionist, peasants, and the
indigenous or church people. New methodologies have been developed, especially for
reaching the illiterate, including street theaters, comic books, film poster competitions, folk
music.

In case of repression cases, it is possible to consider long-range objectives, education,

consensus building and empowerment move to a priority position in the human rights agenda
as the best hope for the future.

Legislation to Incorporate or Develop Human Rights Standards:

At the International and regional level, the burden of legislative drafting has fallen to
international human rights NGOs which have been playing an increasingly important in this
area. The NGOs are often engaged in drafting legislative proposals, preparing position papers
on pending legislation and testifying before Parliamentary or other Government Committees.
Today, the working groups of NGOs closely follow the drafting of new international human
rights, legislation- treaties, declaration, and guidelines and make major inputs into the
process. They play an equally important role in identifying new issues, defining them and
other such areas which require legislation.

CONTRIBUTION OF NGOs TOWARDS THE

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

* They mobilize public opinion.

* They contribute a lot to the society.

Page | 17
* They pressurize the government on certain issues, such as protection of prisoners rights,
torture etc.

* They approach the judiciary on behalf of poor people who otherwise have no access to
justice.

* They ask for submission of certain reports.

* The play a special role especially in the developing countries for the development of human
rights.

CONCLUSION
No field of activity of the Commission now remains insulated from NGOs, whose advice has
also been sought on ways to make the Commission more effective.  The Commission
receives number of public interest complaints from NGOs and they have often been
associated with aspects of investigations undertaken by the Commission.  Further, in respect
of projects and programs, the list grows of NGOs working closely with the Commission,
particularly in respect of serious societal issues relating, inter alia, to matters such as child
labor, bonded labor, child prostitution, literacy and human rights education, health care,
malnutrition, the rights of women, and of vulnerable and marginalized groups, the problems
of Dalits and Tribals.
The major problem with the Indian NGOs is that there is a lack of co-ordination of their
activities in terms of their fields, territorial areas and target groups.  Hence, to co-ordinate and
channelize the efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights and to make known their
contribution to the outside world, the National Human Rights Commission has compiled a
National Register of NGOs working in human rights area.

To encourage the efforts of NGOs, working in the field of human rights is a statutory
responsibility of the Commission.  The promotion of protection of human rights cannot
possibly gather the momentum it requires without the fullest co-operation between the

Page | 18
Commission and NGOs.  NGOs are closely involved with the Commission through the
complaints they submit to it and through seminars and work shops in human rights related
matters.

The NGO play important role to become a concrete expression of international, national and
regional and local level voice to assist and stand up for those who can’t speak themselves.
Every human being is entitled to certain basic human rights which are available to them
without discrimination of any sort human rights are protected by the United Nations and its
specialized agencies. In India human rights are protected by the judiciary, human rights
commissions, apart from these organizations the Non-Governmental organizations also have
an important role in protection of human rights. The Non-Governmental organizations work
from grass roots level to the national and international level in the protection of human rights.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS

1. Kapoor, S.K, “International Law and Human Rights”, 20th edition 2016.

2. Agrawal,H.O, “International Law and Human rights”, 20th edition 2014.

3. Khanna, D.P, “Reforming human Rights”, 1st edition 2001.
4. Upadhya Archana, yasin Adil-ul-yasin, “Human Rights”, 1st edition2000.
5. Dannelly Jack, “Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice”, 2nd edition, 2005.
6. Saxena Ajay, Singh Indu, “Human Rights in india and Pakisan”, 2004.

WEBSITES

1. http://www.iccnow.org/documents/HRF-NGO_RoleInvestigations_0904.pdf

2. http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/82F6F397-6AE0-4253-940E-
58C9B0BDEC32.%20Amartish%20Kaur__Human%20Rights.pdf

3. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40544/11/15_chapter6.pdf

Page | 19
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights_organisations_based_in_In
dia

Page | 20