(2010) Seracettin Arasan
(2010) Seracettin Arasan
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Article in International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering · January 2010
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The Relationship between the Fractal Dimension and Mechanical
Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Seracettin Arasan 1 , Engin Yener 2 , Fatih Hattatoglu 3 , Suat Akbulut 4 , Sinan Hinislioglu 5
1, 3, 4, 5 Ataturk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering,
25240 Erzurum, Turkey
2 Bayburt University, Department of Civil Engineering, Bayburt, Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Fractal dimension, asphalt concrete, Marshall Stability, flow, aggregate
1. Introduction
Due to their irregularity, the shape of aggregates is not accurately described by Euclidian
geometry. Fractals are relatively new mathematical concept for describing the geometry
of irregularly shaped objects in terms of frictional numbers rather than integer. The
concept of fractals introduced by Mandelbrot [10], which has the shape formed in nature,
has been usually analyzed using Euclidian geometry. The key parameter for fractal
analysis is the fractal dimension, which is a real noninteger number, differing from the
more familiar Euclidean or topological dimension. The fractal dimension for a line of any
shape varies between one and two, and for a surface between two and three. Fractal
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© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
theory uses the concept of fractal dimension, DR, as a way to describe the shape of
aggregates.
In recent years, fractal geometry techniques have found widespread applications in many
disciplines, including medicine, biology, geography, meteorology, manufacturing, and
material science. Relatively, there have been a few applications of fractal geometry in
civil engineering. Some studies have been devoted to developing procedures to determine
the particle fractal dimensions [1117]. Others have focused on the effect of fractal
dimension of aggregate on engineering properties of soils [18, 19] and asphalt concrete
[20, 21]. However, there is no comprehensive study that investigated the effect of
aggregate fractal dimension to the Marshall stability, flow, and Marshall Quotient (MQ).
Consequently, the present study was undertaken to verify whether there is a relationship
between the fractal dimension (DR) and the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete.
2. Materials and Methods
The bitumen used was AC20 bitumen. Crushed Basalt was used as the aggregate
material. A typical heavy traffic gradation for hot mix asphalts (HMA), designated as
Type I in the Turkish State Highway Specifications, and was selected. The Marshall
stability and flow tests were carried out following the procedure of the Test Method for
Resistance of Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus in ASTM
D1559. The imaging system used by the authors consists of a Nikon D80 Camera and
Micro 60 mm objective manufactured by Nikon. ImageJ was used as the image analysis
program. The other properties of used materials test procedures, imaging system and
image processing steps were also detailed in Arasan et al. [22]. Additionally, fractal
dimension of aggregates was calculated with areaperimeter method [16].
3. Correlation between fractal dimension and mechanical properties
The correlation between fractal dimension of aggregate and flow, Marshall Stability, and
MQ of asphalt concrete are presented in Figure1, 2, and 3, respectively. It could be seen
that the flow decreased as the fractal dimension increased (Figure1). On the other hand,
since fractal dimension has a minimum value of 1 for a circle and larger values longer or
thinner shapes, or aggregate having rough edges, it can be concluded that approximation
of the shape of aggregates to sphere or smooth aggregate surfaces resulted in bigger flow
values.
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Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Figure1: The correlation between fractal dimension and flow
Figure 2: The correlation between fractal dimension and Marshall Stability
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© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Figure 3: The correlation between fractal dimension and MQ
A linear relationship is found between the fractal dimension and Marshall Stability.
Similarly, Figure3 shows that Marshall Quotient increases with increasing fractal
dimension. It is an expected result since higher fractal dimension values represent higher
aggregate surface irregularities [1416], and it is well known that increasing aggregate
irregularities increases stability. Similarly, Ishai and Gellber [23] related that HMA
stability to geometric irregularities in aggregate particles using the packing volume
concept developed by Tons and Goetz [24]. They found a significant increase in asphalt
mix stability with increasing geometric irregularities of the aggregate particles [23].
4. Conclusions
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of fractal dimension on
mechanical properties of asphalt concrete. The test results indicated that there is a strong
correlation between fractal dimension of coarse aggregates and mechanical properties of
asphalt concrete. Hence, it may be said that the fractal dimension of aggregates is used
for determination of mechanical properties of asphalt concrete.
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