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INDEX
SR.NO TITLE PAGE REMARK

1 Introduction 1

2 Antibiotic and Vaccinations 2 to 3

3 Chemical Enzyme and Other Bioactive 3 to 4

Molecules

4 Microbes as Source of food 4 to 6

5 Fermented Beverages 6 to 7

6 Antibiotic 7 to 8

7 Microbes in Sewage treatment 9 to 12

8 Microbes in production of Biogas 12 to 14

9 Microbes in Biocontrol agent 14 to 15

10 Microbes as Biofertilizer 16 to 18

11 Mycorrhiza 18

WHAT ARE MICROBES

Microorganisms are small, living creatures which are invisible to our naked eye. Hence
they are are also known as microorganisms or microscopi Microorganisms include
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some algae, viruses, viroids and also prions. Microorganisms
may be single-celled like bacteria, some algae a protozoa, or multicellular, such as algae
and fungi.

Some other microorganisms are beneficial and contribute to human welfare. This post is
about such useful microorganisms [useful microbes organisms. These organisms can be
unicellular or multicellular. Among all microorganisms, some are more beneficial and
harmless, while others harmful and disease-causing pathogens. More instances of useful
microorganisms are discussed below.

The environment is incomplete without microorganisms. With every breath you take,
there are millions of microscopic organisms that you breathe in. Apart from that, the
human body hosts a plethora of microbes both inside and outside. Besides this, they are
a crucial part of the ecosystem and take part in activities like production of minerals like
nitrogen, gases like oxygen, carbondioxide, taking care of dead and decaying materials
etc.

Environment
In the environment, microorganisms have two vital roles- one is an enhancement of soil
fertility another is cleaning. Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Clostridium are few examples of
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria which play a primary role in transforming atmospheric
nitrogen into inorganic compounds which are then used by the plants. Without this
process, the vast majority of the nitrogen present in the atmosphere becomes unusable.

Microorganisms also act as cleaners. Plants and animals eventually die and their bodies
are turned into nutrients which the environment can use.
Antibiotic and Vaccination
Whenever you fall ill the doctor may give you some antibiotic tablets, capsules or
injections such as of penicillin. The source of these medicines is microorganisms.

These medicines kill or stop the growth of the disease-causing microorganisms. Such
medicines are called ANTIBIOTICS.

These days a number of antibiotics are being produced from bacteria and fungi.
Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some of the commonly known
antibiotics which are made from fungi and bacteria.

In 1929, Alexander Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria

[Staphylococci]. Suddenly he found the spores of a little green mould [Penicillium
notatum] in one of his culture plates. He observed that the presence of mould prevented
the growth of bacteria. In fact, it also killed many of these bacteria. From this the mould
penicillin was prepared.

Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as plague,
whooping cough, diphtheria and leprosy, which used to kill millions all over the globe.
Today, we cannot imagine a world without antibiotics.
Antibiotics taken unnecessarily may kill the beneficial bacteria in the body.

Antibiotics, however, are not effective against cold and flu as these are caused by
viruses.

When a disease-carrying microbe enters our body, the body produces antibodies to fight
the invader. The body also remembers how to fight the microbe if it enters again. So, if
dead or weakened microbes are introduced in a healthy body, the body fights and kills
them by producing suitable antibodies. The antibodies remain in the body and we are
protected from the disease-causing microbes. This is how a vaccine works.

Several diseases, including cholera, tuberculosis, smallpox and hepatitis can be

prevented by vaccination. Edward Jenner disd the vaccine for smallpox in 1798.

Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules

Microbes are also used for commercial and industrial production of certain chemicals
like organic acids, alcohols and enzymes. Examples of acid producers are

Aspergillus niger (a fungus) of citric acid

Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium) of acetic acid

Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) of butyric acid

Lactobacillus (a bacterium) of lactic acid.

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used for commercial production of ethanol.

Lipases are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from
the laundry.

You must have noticed that bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as
compared to those made at home. This is because the bottled juices are clarified by the
use of pectinases and proteases.

Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic

engineering is used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing clots from the blood vessels of
patients who have undergone myocardial infraction leading to heart attack.

Another bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent

in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Tnchoderma polysporum.

Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialized as blood-
cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible
for synthesis of cholesterol.Microbes in Household Products
Lactic Corrosive Bacteria (LAB) develop in milk and change it into curd.

LAB produces acids that coagulate and incompletely process milk proteins.

Microbes as Source of Food

It alludes to the microbial biomass or aggregate protein add up to separated from
uncontaminated microbial cell culture (monoculture) and this may be utilized as a
protein supplement. It is utilized in light of the fact that: -

They have high protein and low-fat substance.

It is a great wellspring of vitamins especially B-complex.

It can be created consistently.

Waste materials are utilized as a substrate for the generation of these proteins.

SCP life forms develop easily and quickly.

Fig:Single Cell Protein: Filamentous Fungi

 → Sweeter Fructose
Glucose

Gulucose Isomers  
 

The above procedure describes the manufacture of Pruteen a tasteless and odorless SCP,
used as animal feed.

Microbes in Industrial Products

Microbes are utilized as a part of industry to combine and develop various items

Beverages, chemicals, natural acids, vitamins and anti-infection agents are a few cases.

Microbes are developed in huge vessels called fermenters.

Fig: A fermenter in industry

Fermented Beverages
Yeasts are utilized for generation of beverages like rum, beer, wine, brew, whiskey,
liquor or rum.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ordinarily called 'brewer's yeast utilized for fermenting malted
oats and natural product juices to deliver ethanol.

The sort of crude material utilized for fermentation and preparing diverse sorts of mixed
beverages are delivered.

Wine and lager are delivered without distillation.

Whisky, rum, and brandy are delivered by distillation of the fermented soup .
 Fig: Beer is made from malted barley

Antibiotics
Antibiotics are the synthetic substances which are delivered by a few microbes and can
kill or retard the development of different microbes.

The first anti-infection found is the penicillin, prepared from a fungus Penicillium
notatum.

Antibiotics have extraordinarily enhanced our ability to treat dangerous diseases, for
example, diphtheria, plague, leprosy and whooping cough.

Name of Antibiotic Obtained From

Terramycin Streptomyces rimosus

Erythromycin Streptomyces erythraeus

Chloromycetin Streptomyces venezuelae

Aureomycin Streptomyces aureofaciens

Neomycin, novaboium Streptomyces spp.

Penicillin Pencillium notatum

Tetramycin Streptomyces griseus

Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus

Actinomycetes Micromonospora spp.

Some commercial enzymes and source microorgani

Microbes in Sewage Treatment

The squander water is produced in urban communities and town containing human
excreta. This metropolitan water-water is called sewage.

Before transfer to the common body, sewage is dealt with inside sewage treatment
plants (STPs) to make it less contaminating.

Treatment is finished by heterotrophic microbes normally introduce in sewage .

Primary treatment
Involves the physical expulsion of particles – small and big from sewage through
sedimentation and filtration.

Initially, the debris that is found floating is expelled by consecutive filtration.

The grit (small rock pieces and soil) are evacuated by sedimentation.

The solids that settle down frame the primary sludge, and the supernatant structures the
effluents.

The effluents obtained from the primary or initial settling tank is further taken for
secondary treatment.

Fig: Above diagram illustrates the process of waste water treatment

Secondary treatment or Biological treatment

The initial effluent is passed into huge air circulation tanks .

This permits a vigorous development of helpful high-impact microbes into flocs.

The development of microbes devours the significant part of the natural matter in the
profluent. This altogether decreases the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the
profluent.

BOD alludes to the measure of oxygen required to oxidize total natural matter by
bacteria that is present in one liter of water.

BOD is the measures of the natural matter present in the water.

More the BOD of the wastewater more is its contaminating potential.

Once the BOD of sewage is lessened essentially, the effluent is then passed into the
settling tank where the bacterial "flocs" are permitted to settle down. This sediment is
alluded as activated sludge.

Small portion of activated sludge is pumped back to air circulation tank to serve as the
inoculums.

The remaining slop is pumped into anaerobic sludge digester.

In the anaerobic sludge digester, there are different sorts of bacteria which develop
anaerobically and digest and process the bacteria and fungi in the sludge.

During this assimilation bacterium create biogas, (blend of methane, hydrogen sulfide
and carbon dioxide)

The effluent obtained from secondary treatment plant is discharged into normal water
body like waterways and streams.

Yamuna Action Plan and Ganga Action Plan were started by Ministry of Environment
and Forest to spare these real streams of our nation.

It is proposed to assemble countless treatment plants so that only the treated sewage
might be released into the streams.
Microbes in Production of Biogas

Biogas is a blend of gasses (overwhelmingly methane) created by the microbial

movement and is utilized as fuel.

A few bacteria develop anaerobically on cellulosic material; deliver a huge measure of

methane alongside CO2 and H2S. These bacteria together are known as methanogens.
One basic bacterium is Methanobacterium.

These bacteria display in the rumen of cattle assumes a fundamental part in the
sustenance of dairy cattle by processing cellulose. Henceforth the excreta (fertilizer)
utilized for the creation of biogas.

This is a multistep chemical as well as a biological process that is useful in waste

administration as well as vitality creation. There are four essential strides of anaerobic
processing that incorporate hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
All through this whole procedure, vast natural polymers that make up Biomass are
separated into smaller particles by microorganisms and chemicals. Towards the end of
the anaerobic assimilation process, the Biomass is changed over into Biogas, to be
specific carbon dioxide and methane, and in addition digestate and wastewater .
Fig: Procedure of biogas production

Fig: Biogas production from human waste

 Fig: Schematic diagram of biogas process

Biogas microbes comprise of an expansive gathering of complex and diversely acting

microorganism species. Three sorts of bacteria are included: Clostridium, Pseudomonas,
Methanobacillus and Methanococcous spp.

Microbes as a Biocontrol Agent

Biocontrol alludes to the utilization of organic techniques for controlling plant diseases
and vermin.

Effect of utilization of concoction, bug spray, and pesticide to control disease and
vermin:

These chemicals are dangerous and to a great degree destructive to people and creatures

Polluting our surroundings (soil, ground water), natural products, and vegetables.

Soil is contaminated through utilization of weedicides to evacuate weeds.

Biological control of pest and disease

Use of biocontrol measures will extraordinarily diminish our reliance on lethal

concoction and pesticides.

The Dragonflies and Ladybird are utilized to dispose of aphids and mosquitoes.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used to control caterpillars of butterfly.

Spores that have been dried are blended with water and showered onto powerless
plants, where these are eaten by the larvae of insects.

In the gut of the hatchlings, the poison is discharged and the hatchlings die.

Trichoderma, a free-living fungus is used to control a few plant pathogens.

Baculoviruses are pathogen that assault different arthropods and insects.

The greater part of baculoviruses utilized as organic control specialists are in the family
Nucleopolyhedrovirus.

These viruses are an excellent contender for narrow- range, species- specific insecticidal
application.

They have no negative effects on plants, warm-blooded creatures, fowls, fishes, and so
forth.

Fig: Soil microorganisms as Biocontrol

Microbes as Biofertilizers

Biofertilizers are living organisms that improve the supplement nature of the soil.

Important biofertilizers include fungi, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

Rhizobium frame root knobs in leguminous plants and fixes nitrogen present in the air.

Azospirilium and Azotobacter are free-living bacteria that fix nitrogen present in the
atmosphere and in this way expanding nitrogen content of soil.

Mycorrhiza: fungi that are symbiotically connected with the roots of the plants.

Fig: Rhizobium bacteria

 Fig: Azzola biofertilizer

Fig: Mycorrhizae
 Fig: Different types of Biofertilizers

Mycorrhiza:
Provide phosphorus present in the soil to the plants.

Make the plant impervious to the root-borne pathogen.

Increase resistance to drought and salinity.

Cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria and so on:

Fix air nitrogen.

Add natural matter to the soil and

Increases the fertility of the soil.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who
supported me throughout of my project. I am thankful for their aspiring
guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendy advice during the
project work.

I express my warm thanks to Mr.MOH. IQWAL for their support and

guidance .

I would also like to thank all the people who provided me with the
facilities being required and conductive conditions for my project.
 

Thank you