MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Page 1/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q. Sub Answer Markin

No. Q. g
N. Scheme
1 Attempt any EIGHT of the following 16M
a) Explain the term Tolerated Incompatibility 2M
In tolerated incompatibilities, the chemical interaction can be minimized by changing the (1+1)
order of mixing or mixing the solution in dilute forms but no alteration is made in the
formulation.
Example- If precipitate is diffusible type ,since therapeutic value is not changed, it is
tolerated as it is, and no alteration is made.
1 b) Translate the following Latin term in English: 2M
i. tid- ter in die – Three times a day (0.5x4)
ii. utendus- To be used
iii. post cibos- after meals
iv. Cocheleare minimum- One teaspoonful
1 c) Give the metric equivalents of the following: 2M
i. 2 drachm=2x4ml=8ml (0.5x4)
ii. 5 grains=65mgx5=325mg
iii. 10 fl.ounces=10x30ml=300ml
iv. 1pound=450 gm
1 d) Explain the term ‘Idiosyncrasy’ 2M
• An extra ordinary response to a drug which is different from its characteristic (1+1)
pharmacological action is called idiosyncrasy.
• Eg. Small quantity of aspirin may cause gastric haemorrhage and a small dose of
quinine may produce ringing in the ears.
1 e) Enlist various polysaccharides used as a thickening agent in suspension. 2M
1)Polysaccharides:
a)Natural polysaccharides
Acacia, Tragacanth, sodium alginate, starch
b) Semisynthetic polysaccharides

Page 2/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Methyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose

2)Inorganic agents:
Clay, aluminium hydroxide, Bentonite.
3)Synthetic compounds- carbomer,(carboxy vinyl polymer) colloidal silicon dioxide

1 f) Enlist general requirements of parenteral preparation 2M

General requirements of Parenterals: (0.5x4)
i) It should be free from foreign particles, fibers and filaments.
ii) It should be free from all type of microorganisms
iii) The preparation should be isotonic with blood plasma and body fluids.
iv) It should be free from pyrogen
v) It should be neutral
vi)It should be physically and chemically stable
vii) The specific gravity of preparation if it is meant for intra spinal route should be
same as spinal fluid.
1 g) Write any four ideal qualities of suppository 2M
i. It should melt at body temperature. (0.5x4)
ii. It should keep its shape when being handled.
iii. It should release the medicament readily.
iv. It should be non-toxic.
v. It should be stable on storage.
vi. It should be compatible with large number of drugs.
1 h) Explain the term HLB. 2M
The HLB scale means (Hydrophilic – Lipophilic Balance System and has an arbitrary scale
of 1-18 HLB numbers are experimentally determined for different emulsifiers in laboratory.
The system is devised by Griffin.
Eg. Acacia-HLB Value-8
Polysorbate 20-HLB value 16.7
1 i) Classify dentifrices on the basis of uses. 2M
Dentifrice products :

Page 3/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Liquid dentifrices
 Tooth powders
 Tooth pastes.
1 j) Define Jellies. List types of Jellies. 2M
Jellies are translucent or translucent non-greasy, semisolid preparations meant for external (1+1)
application to the skin or mucous membrane.
There are 3 types of jellies:-
1) Medicated jellies
2) Lubricating jellies
3) Miscellaneous jellies; a)Patch testing
b)Electrocardiography jelly
1 k) Differentiate eye ointment and Eye lotion 2M
Eye ointment Eye lotion (1x2)

Eye ointment is sterile preparation These are the sterile aqueous solutions
of medicament in ointment base used for washing of the eyes are
supplied in concentrated form and are
required to be diluted with warm
water immediately before use.

Used for therapeutic use Used for cleansing of eye

Vehicle is mostly ointment base Vehicle is mostly aqueous

More contact time Less contact time

Preservative is necessary Preservative is not necessary

Preparation need not be isotonic Preparation has to be isotonic

1 l) Calculate the quantity of 95% alcohol required to make 400ml 0f 55% alcohol. 2M

Page 4/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Solution:
Volume required x percentage required = Volume used x percentage used
Volume required x95=400x55
Volume used = 55x400/95 = 231.57
231.57ml 0f 95 % alcohol is used to prepare 400 ml of 55percent alcohol

OR
95% 55parts
55%
0% 40 Parts
95 Parts

For 400ml, 400X55/95 =231.57 ml of 95 % alcohol

Water used is 400-231.57=168.43ml.

2 Attempt any FOUR of the followings 12M

2 a) Define prescription. Write the advantages and disadvantages of prescribing the drug 3M
by its proprietary names.
(1+1+1)
Definition:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioners, such as dentist,
veterinarian etc. to a pharmacist to compound & Dispense a specific medications for the
patient.
Advantages of prescribing the drugs by its proprietary names
1) Easy to remember
2) Easy to communicate with the patient.
3) The continuity can be maintained by prescribing the same proprietary name every time.
4) Only those proprietary drugs can be prescribed which have better bioavailability.
Disadvantages of prescribing the drugs by its proprietary names
1) It is cheaper to prescribe the drugs by its official name.
2) It becomes difficult for a pharmacist to dispense the substitute of the drugs which is

Page 5/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

available in the stock

2 b) How will you dispense the following prescription? 3M
Rx
Chloral Hydrate gr iij
Cocoa Butter q.s.
Signa-More Dicto.
Prepare 6 Suppository of 1 gm weight.
(Displacement value-1.5 g)`
Problem Solution –
Weight of Calculate for 2 extra suppositories therefore no of supp are 8

cocoa butter for 1 suppository = 1 gm

:. Weight of cocoa butter for 8 suppositories = 1 x 8 = 8gm

Weight of Chloral hydrate for 1 suppository= 3 grains

:. Weight of Chloral hydrate for 8 suppositories = 3 gr X 8 = 24gr=(24x65mg)=1560mg

=1.56gm
Displacement value of Chloral hydrate is 1.5

:. Quantity of cocoa butter required = total amt of base – (Total amt of drug/d value)

= 8 – 1.56/1.5

= 8– 1.04

= 6.96gm

Working formula for suppository,

Cocoa butter =6.96gm
Choral hydrate=1.56gm

Page 6/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 c) What are different adjutants used in parenteral preparations. 3M

1)Solubilising agents:
(0.5 x 6)
These are used to increase solubility of drugs which are slightly soluble in water.
Eg surface active agents like tweens and polysorbates
2) Stabilizers :
The drug in the form of solutions are more liable to deteriorate due to oxidation and
hydrolysis. The oxidation can be prevented by adding antioxidants like thiourea ,ascorbic
acids etc and hydrolysis can be prevented by using non.aq. vehicle or by adjusting pH of
the preparation.
2)Antibacterial agent:
These substances are added in adequate quantity to prevent the growth microorganism
during storage, so these substances act as preservative. Used in Multidose containers and
Single dose products that are not terminally sterilized.
3)Buffering agent :
Many drugs require a certain pH range to maintain product stability. Parenteral products
formulated to possess sufficient buffer capacity to maintain proper pH.
eg:-Sodium citrate, acetic acid, citric acid, sodium acetate.
5)Tonicity adjustment agents
Parenteral preparation should be isotonic with blood plasma and other body fluids.
Isotonicity of the solution may be adjusted by adding sodium chloride , dextrose and boric
acid in suitable quantities.
6)Chelating agent:
Chelating agents such as EDTA and its salt, sodium or potassium salts of citric acid are
added in the formulations to chelate the metallic ions present in the formulation.
7)Suspending, emulsifying and wetting agents :
Suspending agents are used to improve the viscosity and to suspend the particles for long
time. Ex. Methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose etc.
Emulsifying agents are used in sterile emulsions. Ex.lecithin
Wetting agents are used to reduce the interfacial tension between the solid particles and
liquids .

Page 7/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

8)Vehicle: there are two types of vehicle

Water is used as vehicle for majority of injection because water is tolerated well by the
body and is safest to administer.
a)The aqueous vehicle used is i) Water for injection
ii) Water for injection free from CO2
b) Non aqueous vehicle are used for stability and sterility. Eg oils like fixed oil ,sesame oil
and alcohol.

2 d) Define cachets .Enlist type of cachets .Write packing and storage condition of cachets. 3M
Cachets are the solid unit dosage are moulded from rice paper and used to enclosed (1+1+1)
nauseous or disagreeable powders. Cachets are also known as wafer capsules and holds 0.2
to 1.5 gm of powder
Types of cachets
i) Wet seal cachets
ii) Dry seal cachets
Packing and storage condition of cachets :
Cachets are packed in boxes or tins in which they are placed on their edges or lying
flat.
Container should be labelled with directions for its use. Immerse in water for few
seconds and then swallow with a draught of water.
Storage: Store in cool and dry place.

2 e) Distinguish liniment and lotion on the basis of preparation, application and labelling. 3M

Liniments Lotions (0.5 X

6)
1.They are used for counter 1.They are used for topical effect
irritant, rubefacient, soothing such as local cooling, soothing,
or stimulating purpose protective & emollient effect
2.Applied with friction 2.Applied without friction

Page 8/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Vehicle is mostly oily or 3.Vehicle is mostly aqueous

alcoholic
4.These are used for 4.Lotions can be applied on
application to the unbroken broken or inflamed skin.
skin.
5.Applied directly 5.Applied with cotton gauze

6.Turpentine liniment 6.Sulphur lotion

2 f) Define epilation and depilation .Mention the qualities of ideal depilatory agents 3M
1) Epilation : (1+1+1)
It is mechanical removal of hair by method like plucking, waxing, electrolysis.
It is painful & may cause skin damage.
Chances of skin secretion can be increased. Contains rosin, Beeswax along with
vegetable oil, cooling agent, local anaesthetic & antibacterial agent.
2) Depilation :
It involves chemical breakdown of the hair without injury to skin. They are alkaline
reducing agents which cause the hair fiber to swell & produce a cleavage of disulphide
or cystein bridges between adjacent polypeptide chains & degrade the hair
Qualities of Ideal depilatory agents;
1. It should be non-toxic and non irritant to the skin.
2. It should be odourless but pleasantly perfumed.
3. It should be elegant.
4. It should not leave any stains on the cloth.
5. It should be capable of removing the hair within 2-5 mins
6. It should be easy to apply.
7. It should be economical.
8. It should be stable during storage.
3 Attempt any FOUR of the followings 12M
3 a) Differentiate between flocculated and deflocculated suspension with example (any 3M

Page 9/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

four points each) 0.5 X 6

Sr. Flocculated suspension Deflocculated suspension
no.
1 Particles form loose aggregates and Particles exist as separate entities.
form a network like structure.
2 The rate of sedimentation is high The rate of sedimentation is slow
3 Sediment is rapidly formed Sediment is slowly formed
4 Sediment is easy to redisperse Sediment is difficult to redisperse

5 Sediment is loosely packed and does Sediment is very closely packed and
not form a hard cake a hard cake is formed
6 Supernatant liquid is clear Supernatant liquid is not clear

7 The floccules stick to the sides of The floccules do not stick to the
bottle. sides of bottle.
8 Suspension is not pleasing in Suspension is pleasing in
appearance appearance.
9. Ex. Bismuth carbonate mixture Ex. Precipitated chalk mixture

3 b) What is posology? Give formulas for dose calculation in children. 3M

Posology is the branch of medical science which deals with dosage or quantity of drug. (1+2)
(1 m)
Formulas: (1 X 2 = 2M)
i. Dillings formula: Child Dose = Age in years/20 X Adult dose(1 mark)
ii. Clarks formula: Child Dose = Weight in pound/150 X Adult dose (1 mark)

iii. Young’s formula: child dose = Age in years/Age in years +12 X adult dose
(1 Marks)
iv. Body surface area formula: Child Dose = body surface area of child M2/
avg body surface area of adult.X Adult Dose.(consider 1.73M2 as adult body
surface area)
v. Frieds Formula: Child Dose = age in month/150 X Adult Dose.

Page 10/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 c) Define suppositories. Describe various methods of preparation of suppositories. 3M

Definition: (1M) (1M
Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion in to body cavities definiti
other than mouth. They may be inserted into rectum, vagina or nasal cavities on
where they melt or dissolved & exert localized on systemic effect. Any
Method of preparation: (any two methods 2M) two
i. Hand rolling. method
ii. Hot process or Fusion method. 2M)
iii. Cold compression method:
I. Hand rolling:
 It is the oldest and simplest method of suppository preparation and may
be used when only a few suppositories are to be prepared in a cocoa
butter base.
 It has the advantage of avoiding the necessity of heating the cocoa butter.
 A plastic-like mass is prepared by triturating grated cocoa butter and
active ingredients in a mortar.
 The mass is formed into a ball in the palm of the hands, then rolled into a
uniform cylinder with a large spatula or small flat board on a pill tile.
 The cylinder is then cut into the appropriate number of pieces which are
rolled on one end to produce a conical shape.
 Effective hand rolling requires considerable practice and skill. The
suppository "pipe" or cylinder tends to crack or hollow in the centre,
especially when the mass is insufficiently kneaded and softened.
II. Fusion Method:
 Melting the suppository base
 Dispersing or dissolving the drug in the melted base.
 The mixture is removed from the heat and poured into a suppository
mould.
 Allowing the melt to congeal

Page 11/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Removing the formed suppositories from the mould.

III. Cold Compression Method:
 Compression moulding is a method of preparing suppositories from a
mixed mass of grated suppository base and medicaments which is forced
into a special compression mould using suppository making machines.
 The suppository base and the other ingredients are combined by
thorough mixing.
 The friction of the process causing the base to soften into a paste like
consistency.
 In the compression machine, the suppository mass is placed into a
cylinder which is then closed.
 Pressure is applied by moving the piston forward.
 Once the movement of piston stops base is completely filled in the
mould.
 Remove the suppositories from mould.

3 d) Prepare 400 ml of 5% solution and label with a direction for preparing 2 litre quantity 3M
of a 1 in 2000 solution. (1+2)
Data Give:
Strength of concentrated solution = 5%
Strength of dilute solution = 1 in 2000

Page 12/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Volume of dilute solution required = 2 liter.

Volume of concentrated solution required = 400 ml
Part-I: prepare 400 ml 5% solution. (1M)
1 gm required for preparing 1% w/v solution 100 ml
Therefore for 400 ml 400 X 5/100 = 20 gm required.
Part-II (2M)
Degree of dilution = strength of concentrated solution/ Strength of dilute solution
Degree of dilution = 5/0.05
= 100 times
Volume of concentrated solution required = Volume of dilute solution/degree of
dilution.
Volume of concentrated solution required = 2000ml/100 times
= 20 ml
Therefore, 20 ml of concentrated solution required to prepare 2 litre 1 in 2000 solution.
3 e) Define effervescent granules. Describe preparation procedure with one example. 3M
Definition: (1M) (Definit
 These are solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use. ion 1M
 These are composed of citric acid, tartaric acid & sodium bicarbonate. Any
 In presence of water, acid reacts with alkali to release carbon dioxide. one
 Carbon dioxide helps to mask the bitter and saline taste of the drugs method

 Carbon dioxide stimulates the flow of gastric juices and therefore helps in 2M)

absorption of drugs
Preparation: (any one 2M)
Method of preparation (Heat method) (any one method 2mks)
A large porcelain dish is placed on a water bath, with as much of the dish as
possible exposed to the water or steam
2)The dish must be hot to ensure rapid liberation of water of crystallization from
citric acid. If heating is delayed until powder is placed in the dish, the water is
liberated slowly as the temp. Rises, but much is lost by evaporation.

Page 13/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) The ingredients are powdered, sieved, weighed & mixed. They are then placed in
dish & pressed down with spatula until the mixture has been formed a loose cake
or damp coherent mass.
4) The mixture is passed through sieve No. 8- 14 initially. Dry the granules at 60 º c
Then they are again passed through sieve no. 14-20. to collect reqd. Fraction
(Dry method) The mixed ingredient are moistened with a non aqueous liquid (alcohol ) to
prepare the coherent mass which is passed through a no 8 sieve and dried in oven at the
temperature not exceeding 60oC the dried granules are passed through sieve no. 14-20. to
collect reqd. Fraction
3 f) Explain the term- eye drop. State precautions used in handling eye drop. 3M
Definition: (1M) (Definit
 Eye drop are sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspension of drugs that are ion1M
instilled into the eye with the help of dropper. and
 The usually contain the drugs having antiseptic, anaesthetics, anti-inflammatory, any 4
mydriatic or meiotic property. precaut
Precautions: (0.5 X 4 = 2M) ions
 Do not touch the tip of the dropper. 2M)
 Never rinse the dropper.
 Never use eye drop that have changed colour.
 After instillation of drop, do not close eyes tightly or blink more than usual.
 Discard the content after one month of use.

4 Attempt any FOUR of the followings 12M

4 a) Define the term with example: (any three). 3M
i. Antiperspirants (1
ii. Deodorants. marks
iii. Cold cream. each,
iv. Mascara. any
Definitions: (1MK for each)) three))

Page 14/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Antiperspirants:
These are the agents used to prevent the flow of perspiration to overcome bad smell which
is due to bacterial decomposition. eg Gillete, Nivea etc
Deodorants:
Deodorant inhibits the formation of bad odour in perspiration by suppressing the growth of
bacteria or masks the unpleasant odour.eg. Rexona etc
Cold cream:
Creams are semisolid emulsion meant for external application to the skin and mucus
membrane. When applied they produce cooling effect due to slow evaporation of water,
they are prepared by emulsification of oil and water. Ex Ponds cold cream, Nivea cream etc
Mascara:
Mascara is a black pigmented preparation for application to the eye lashes to beautify the
eyes. It is used to darken the eyelashes and to increase their apparent length Ex Loreal ,
Maybelline etc
4 b) What are syrup? Explain how they differ from elixir and linctuses with suitable 3M
example. (Definit
Syrup: (1M) ion1M
Syrup is sweet, viscous, concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose and
containing 66.7% w/w of sugar. differe
Differences: (0.5 X 4 = 2M) nce any
Syrup Elixir Linctuses 4 =2M)
Syrup is sweet, viscous, Elixirs are clear, Linctuses are viscous,
concentrated or nearly saturated sweetened and monophasic liquid
aqueous solution of sucrose flavored preparation
containing 66.7% w/w of sugar hydroalcoholic liquid containing a high
preparation intended concentration of syrup
for oral use. intended to be sipped and
swallowed slowly for
treatment of cough.
Uses: Uses: Uses:

Page 15/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Can be simple syrup use for Can be used as Can be used as

sweetening and flavouring purpose Antibiotic Demulcent.
and medicated syrup for Antihistaminic Sedative.
therapeutic purpose Sedative purpose Expectorant action.

More viscous than elixir and less less viscous than More viscous than syrup
viscous than linctuses syrup
Ex Tolu syup ginger syrup ect Ex chloral hydrate Ex codein phosphate lictus
elixir ect
4 c) Explain herapath reaction for quinine. 3M
Oxidation of iodides with quinine sulphate : Quinine sulphate is not freely soluble in (1+1+1)
water.it is made soluble in presence of sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid librates
hydroiodic acid from the potassium iodide and the hydroiodic acid is partly oxidized by the
sulphuric acid, yielding iodine. The iodine, hydroiodic acid and quinine sulphate then
combine to form a compound called ‘herapathite or iodosulphite of quinine’.(1M)
Example: (1M)
Rx
Quinine sulphate…………1.5 g
Dil. Sulphuric acid ………4.0 ml
Potassium iodied ………8.0 ml
Water ……………………..200ml
Procedure: (1MK)
Dissolve quinine sulphate in dil sulphuric acid in little quantity of water
Separately dissolve potassium iodide in half quantity of water
Mix the two solutions and make up the volume
Dispense the preparation for three days and if required more call for refill.
4 d) Define ointment. Dermatological factor govern the selection of an ointment base. 3M
Justify. (Definit
Definition: (1M) ion1M
Ointment is a semisolid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous and

Page 16/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

membranes, usually but not always, they contain medicinal substances. any
Dermatological factor: (Explanation of any four factors = 2M) four
1. Absorption & penetration. factor
2. Effect on skin. 2M)
3. Miscibility with skin secretion and serum.
4. Compatibility with skin secretion.
5. Freedom from irritant effect.
6. Emollient properties.
7. Ease of application.
 Absorption & penetration :Absorption indicates entry of medicament into the
blood stream, systemic absorption. Penetration indicates passage of vehicle
along with medicament through the skin, cutaneous absorption. The substances
soluble both in 0il & water are readily absorbed.
 Effect on skin function :Greasy bases may interfere with skin functions like
heat radiation& sweat excretions, hence are skin irritant. Water soluble bases &
o/w emulsion bases provides cooling effect rather than healing effect. This
bases readily mix with skin secretions.
 Miscibility with skin secretion: Water miscible & emulsion bases are miscible
with skin secretions readily thereby releasing medicament rapidly &
completely as compared to greasy bases.
 Compatibility with skin secretions: The ointment bases should have a pH around
5.5 which is the average pH of the skin secretions. Neutral ointment bases are
preferable since does not cause irritation
 Freedom from irritant effect: The ointment bases used should be non-
irritant.Greasy bases cause irritation and may cause edema.
 Emollient properties: Ointment bases used should possess emollient properties
that should be able to keep the skin moist. Humectants like glycerin and propylene
glycol keep the skin surface moist and soft. Wool fat, lard and paraffin keep the
skin soft by preventing rapid loss of moisture from the skin.

Page 17/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Ease of application and removal: Ointment bases used should be easily applicable
and easy to remove from the skin. Stiff and sticky ointment bases are not suitable
because they may cause damage to the newly formed tissues of the skin. o/w type
emulsion bases are preferable as they are easy to apply & remove from skin.

4 e) b. Propose the proportion of oil, water and gum acacia in the preparation of 3M
primary emulsion using. (1+1+1)
i. Fixed oil.
ii. Volatile oil.
iii. Mineral oil.
Table (1+1+1 = 3M)
particulars Primary emulsion ratio
Oil Water Gum
Fixed oil 4 2 1
Volatile oil 2 2 1
Mineral oil 3 2 1
4 f) Explain Intravenous admixture. State different method for safe and effective use for 3m
intravenous admixture. (Definit
Intravenous admixture: (1M) ion1M
When one or more solution is added to an Intravenous fluid for administration the resulting and use
combination is known as Intravenous admixture These Intravenous admixture are generally 2M)
prepared as and when required by nurses by mixing drugs to transfusion fluids.
Method for safe and effective use: (2M)
 Proper training should be given to nurses and pharmacists for preparation of
admixtures
 Nurses should be instructed to label the drug along with its quantity which is added
to the transfusion fluid
 The pharmacy department should update the paramedical staff regarding the latest
information of drug stability and compatibility
 Pharmacist must use the readymade formulation available instead of making

Page 18/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

admixtures.
5 Attempt any FOUR of the followings 12M
5 a Calculate the volume of 80%,50%,20%, and water required to get 500 ml of 40% 3M
alcohol
By using the alligation method:

80 40 parts of 80% alcohol

50 40 20 parts of 50% alcohol

20 10 parts of 20% alcohol

0 40 parts of water
____________________
110 parts of water

Therefore, when 40 parts of 80% alcohol,20 parts of 50% alcohol,10 parts of

20% alcohol &40 parts of water are mixed together, the resulting solution will produce 40
% alcohol.
i) Volume of 80% alcohol required
= 110 parts : 500 ml :: 40 parts : V

500 x 40 20,000
V = -------------- = ---------- = 181.81ml
110 110

ii) Volume of 50% alcohol required

=110 parts : 500 ml :: 20parts : V

V = 500X20 = 90.90ml
110
iii) Volume of 20% alcohol required
= 110 parts : 500 ml :: 10 parts: V

500 x 10 5000

Page 19/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

V = -------------- = --------- = 45.45ml

110 110
iv) Volume of water required = 500 – 181.81 + 90.90+ 45.45
= 181.84 ml

5 b) Enlist factor influencing dose of drug 3M

 Age (0.5 X 6
 Sex factors)
 Body weight
 Route of administration
 Time of administration
 Environmental factors
 Emotional factors
 Presence of disease
 Accumulation
 Additive effect
 Synergism
 Antagonism
 Idiosyncrasy
 Tolerance
 Tachyphylaxis.
 Metabolic disturbance
5 c) Differentiate between Pastes and Ointments Difference: 3M
Sr. Paste Ointment (0.5 X 6
No. point)
1 They contain high concentration They contain low concentrate
of medicament. of insoluble medicament.
2 They are stiffer, less greasy in They are soft & greasy in consistency
consistency
3 They are more absorptive They are less absorptive.

Page 20/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 They resist to flow with increase They flow more easily with increase
in force of Application. In force of application.
5 The paste adheres to the skin. They do not adhere to the skin.
6 They are used mainly as Antiseptic, They are mainly used as protective
Protective. Emollient.
7 Zinc oxide paste BPC Ex. Sulphur ointment
5 d) Describe steps involved in processing of parental preparation 3M
Steps involved in parental preparation 0.5 X 6
i) Cleaning of containers, closures and equipment: All the containers, closures and steps)
equipment which are required for the preparation are cleaned thoroughly with detergent and
washing is done with tap water followed by distilled water and finally rinsed with water for
injection. Rubber closures are washed with hot solution of 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate in
water, than washed with water and rinsed with water for injection.
ii) Collection of materials: Ingredients of parental preparation are weighed and collected in
preparation room all the ingredients has to be of pharmacopial standards Water for
injection which is free from pyrogen has to be used for preparation.
iii) Preparation of parenteral product: The pharmacist should decide the order of mixing and
exact method of preparation to be followed before preparing the parenteral product, the
parental preparations must be prepared under strict aseptic conditions.
iv) Filtration: The parental solution so formed is passed through bacteria proof filter, the
primary objective is to clarify the solution by removing foreign particles, if the preparation
has to be sterilized by filtration than it has to be done in strict aseptic conditions before it is
transferred into final container and sealed.
v) Filling the preparation in final containers: The filtered product is filled into final
container, which are cleaned dried and sterilized on small scale hypodermic syringe and
needle are used and on large scale automatic filling machine are used. The sterile powders
are filled into the container by individual weighing or by using automatic or semi automatic
devices. The filling operation is carried under strict aseptic precautions.
vi) Sealing the container: Sealing should be done immediately after filling. Ampoules are
sealed manually on a small scale, but on a large scale ampoule sealing machine is used.

Page 21/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vials and transfusion bottles are sealed by closing its opening with rubber closures, and
then crimping of aluminium cap is done manually or mechanical means.
vii) Sterilization: The parental preparation should be immediately sterilized after sealing
any method of sterilization can be used depending on nature of medicaments present in the
preparation.
viii) Evaluation of parenteral preparations: The finished products are subjected to following
tests in order to maintain quality control a) sterility test b) clarity test c) leakage test d)
pyrogen test e) essay.
5 e) What is physical incompatibility? Explain why physical incompatibility occurs due to 3M
liquidification (1mks
When two or more than two substances are combined together, a physical change takes for
definiti
place and an unacceptable product is formed. Physical incompatibility is usually due to
on
immisibility, insolubility, precipitate formation or liquidification of solid material.
Liquefaction: When certain low melting point solids are mixed together they form a new
chemical compound which has melting point lower than room temperature, therefore they 2mks

become liquid at room temperature. for

Rx exampl

Menthol --------------------------- 5g. e)

Camphor -------------------------- 5g.

Ammonium chloride ------------ 30g.
Light magnesium carbonate ---- 60g.
Send five powders
The combination forms eutectic mixture.
The substance can be dispensed by any one of the following methods;
i) Triturate together to form liquid and mixed with an absorbent like light kaolin or light
magnesium carbonate to produce free flowing powder.
II) The individual medicaments are powdered separately and mixed with absorbent and
then combined together lightly and filled in suitable container.
5 f) Describe cracking of emulsion. Explain various reasons for cracking of emulsion 3M
Cracking means the separation of two layers of dispersed phase and continuous phase, due (1mks

Page 22/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

to the coalescence of dispersed phase globules which are difficult to redisperse by shaking for
The following factors results in the cracking of emulsion. definiti
on
i) Decomposition of the emulsifying agent
ii) Addition of a solvent which dissolves both the phases 0.5mks

iii) High temperature and change in pH. for

iv) Addition of opposite types of emulgents each

v) Growth of micro – organism reason)

vi) Extensive creaming.

Decomposition of emulsifying agent:
 When acid is added to alkali soap emulsion it causes decomposition of
emulsifying agent & thus leading to cracking of emulsion.
Addition of common solvent:
 Addition of common solvent in which both disperse & continuous phase are
soluble forms one phase system & destroys the emulsion.
 Eg. Turpentine, soft soap & water are soluble in alcohol.
Change in Temperature:
 Increase in temperature leads to reduction in viscosity; encourage creaming thus
leads to cracking. Low temperature causes freezing of water content.
Addition of emulsifying agent of opposite type:
 Soaps of monovalent metal produces o/w emulsion,& Soaps of divalent
metal produces w/o emulsion. But addition of monovalent soap to divalent
soap emulsion & viceversa may leads to cracking.
Growth of microorganism:
 Preservative should be present otherwise bacteria may destroy emulsifying agent &
cause cracking.
6 Attempt any FOUR of the followings 16M
6 a) Find the concentration of sodium chloride required to make 50ml of solution 4M
containing 0.5% ephedrine HCl and 0.5% chlorobutol isotonic sio tonic with blood
plasma.

Page 23/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

As the concentration of ephedrine hydrochloride in the preparation is 0.5% w/v, the

depression in freezing point of ephedrine hydrochloride = 0.165 X 0.5 = 0.0825oC
As the concentration of chlorobutol in the preparation is 0.5% w/v, the depression in
freezing point of chlorobutol = 0.138 X 0.5 = 0.069o C
Therefore, total depression in freezing point of both the substance = 0.0825 + 0.69 = 0.1515
Percentage w/v of sodium chloride required = 0.52 – 0.1515
0.576
= 0.644% w/v
Weight of sodium chloride required to make 100 ml of solution = 0.644 g
Weight of sodium chloride required to make 50 ml of solution = 0.322 g
6 b) Calculate the dose of paracetamol for 4M
i. Nine months old infant. 2M for
Dose of the child =Age in months X Adult dose each
150 proble
= 9 X500 m
150
=30mg
iii) A boy of 16 years of age
Dose for the child = Age in years X Adult dose
20
= 16 X500mg
20
=400mg
6 c) State any four qualities of shampoo. Describe formulation of shampoo. 4M
Ideal qualities of shampoo. (Ideal
 It should be capable of removing grease dirt, and skin debris from the hair and qualitie
s 1M
scalp
 It should be non toxic and

 It should be non irritant Formul

ation

Page 24/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

 It should provide sufficient fragrance to the hair after its use 2M )

 It should be effective in small amounts
 It should get easily removed by washing with water
 It should produce sufficient foam in hard and soft water
 It reduces the fluffiness and smoothens the hair shaft, it makes the hair soft and
shiny.
1) Conditioning Agent:- used to lubricate the hair & improve the texture of hair
& it reduces the fluffiness & make the hair soft & shiny.
e.g. Lotion & its derivatives, Glycerin, PG
2) Thickening Agents:- Use to increase the viscosity of shampoo & provide
desired consistency.
e.g. Polyvinyl alcohol, Methyl cellulose, Na Alginate
3) Solubilizig Agent :- Used to solubilize poorly soluble subs.
e.g. ethyl alcohol, glycerol, PG.
4) Opacifying Agents:- used to make shampoo opaque.
e.g. glycerol, glyceryl stearate, stearyl alcohol.
5. Preservatives: - used to preserve the shampoo against bacteria or mould.
e.g. Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben
6 d) Give reasons for the following 4M
I. Phase inversion occurs in emulsion (Any
Reasons four
1. By the addition of an electrolyte 1M
2. By changing the phase- volume ratio each)
3. By temperature change
4. By changing the emulsifying agent
II. Emulsifying agent is required in the preparation of emulsion
Reason:
The emulsifying agents reduce the interfacial tension between two phases i.e, oily phase
and the aqueous phase and thus make them miscible with each other and form a stable

Page 25/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

emulsion.
III. Nasal drops made isotonic
Reason:
If nasal drops are isotonic it will prevent irritation to epithelial cilia of nasal mucosa.
Isotonic saline nasal sprays are commonly used in infants and children to wash out the
thick mucus from the nose in case of allergic rhinitis.
IV. Gargles are dispensed in concentrated form.
Reason:
 The quantity of solution require for doing one time gargle is around 20 ml
 Therefore if it is dispensed in dilute form it requires the large quantity
 This is practically impossible to dispense.
 Therefore they are dispensed in concentrated form
V. Linctuses should be taken in small doses
Reasons:
Linctuses should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting it
with water in order to have the maximum and prolonged effect of medicament.
6 e) Define pyrogen. Explain principle and method for pyrogen testing 4M
Definition: (Defina
Pyrogens are by-product of bacterial metabolism, pyrogens are polysaccharides, tion
1mk
thermostable, soluble in water, unaffected by bactericide and can pass through bacterial
proof filters Princip
le 1mk
Principle:
The test involves the measurement of the rise in the body temperature of rabbit following Method
i.v. injection of a sterile solution of a substance being examined. Rabbits are used to 2 mk)
perform this test because they are more sensitive to pyrogen.
Material Used:
Temperature recording device, glass wares, syringe& needles.
Three healthy adult rabbits of either sex, each weighing not less than 1.5kg. Do not use any
rabbit having a temperature higher than 39.8°c.
Method of testing :

Page 26/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sham Test: Pyrogen testing done on rabbit: The test involves the measurement of rise in
body temp of rabbit following intravenous injection of a sterile solution of a substance
being examined. Three healthy rabbits ,each weighing not less than 1.5 kg are selected.
They are kept on balanced diet.& are not showing any loss in body weight .The solution
under test is injected slowly through ear vein in a volume of 0.5 to 10 ml/body weight.
Record the temperature of each rabbit in an interval of 30 mins for three hrs. after the
injection. The difference between initial temp & the maximum recorded as response. If no
rabbit shows an individual rise in temperature of 0.6 °C or more above its respective control
temperature, and if the sum of the 3 temperature rises does not exceed 1.4 °C, the tested
material meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogen. If 1 or 2 rabbits show a
temperature rise of 0.6 °C or more, or if the sum of the temperature rises exceeds 1.4 °C,
continue the test using 5 other rabbits If not more than 3 of the 8 rabbits show individual
rises in temperature of 0.6 °C or and sum of group maximum temp rises doesn’t exceed
3.7°c.
LAL test is used for the detection and quantification of bacterial endotoxins.
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from
the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxin or
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a membrane component of Gram negative bacteria.
The solution of endotoxins containing preparation is added to the lysate derived from
heamolymph cells of horseshoe crab (limulus Polyphemus). The result of the reaction is
turbidity or precipitation or gelation of the mixture. This is used as a quantitative measure
to estimate the endotoxin content. The rate of reaction depends upon conc. of endotoxins,
pH, temperature and presence of clotting enzyme system and clottable proteins from lysate
6 f) Predict incompatibility, suggest suitable remedy and dispense the prescription 4M
Rx (2mks
Sodii salicylalis zii for the
Quininae sulhatis grii explana
Acidi sulphuri ci dilute mxxx tion
Fiat mistura and
Signa –cochleare magna dicto tertis horis summenda 2mks

Page 27/29
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
MODEL ANSWER
SUMMER– 17 EXAMINATION
Subject Title: PHARMACEUTICS-ll 0811
Subject Code:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quinine sulphate is not freely soluble in water, in this prescription dil sulphuric acid has for
been included by the prescriber to dissolve quinine sulphate but the prescriber overlooked method
the fact that the acid would decompose the sodium salicylate and prevent the formation of a )
clear mixture in order to prepare the clear mixture omit dil sulphuric acid. OR
Dilute sulphuric acid will precipitate out free salicylic acid which is indiffusible in nature
therefore suspending agent has to be added
1. Divide water into two equal parts
2. Add quinine sulphate and dil sulphuric acid in one part
3. Titurate compound tragacanth powder,sodium salicylate with other part of water
4. Mix the two solutions together and make up the volume if required
5. Transfer to the bottle and label
Label : Table spoon to be taken every four hours in the manner prescribe.

Page 28/29