N. Smith/M.

Coley

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At the end of this session, students should:
 be able to identify various pipes and fittings,
describe their use and discuss their design;

 You should understand:

◦ how pipes are sized and scheduled;
◦ role of pipe fittings
◦ steam generation
◦ roles of: regulators, steam traps, valves in steam
systems.

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 A tube of metal, plastic, or any other material used to
convey a fluid or fluidised substance.
 Pipes are used to:
◦ transport water, air gas and other substances from one point to
another.
◦ supply water or other fluids to machinery or components .
◦ facilitate residential plumbing.
◦ transport air, vacuum, steam or other industrial fluids
◦ transport fluidized substances such as flour

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  Pipes are made from different types of materials:
◦ PVC
◦ Copper
◦ Galvanized iron
◦ Galvanized Black steel
◦ Brass
◦ Cast iron.
◦ Stainless steel

Which material
could be used to
make drain pipes in
Chemistry
Laboratories? 4
  Pipe size is specified by two designations:
◦ A nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter (based on inches)
◦ A schedule for wall thickness.
 Pipe Standards:
ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
API - American Petroleum Institute
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
Consider: ANSI - American National Standards Institute
What is meant by: NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
“One length of 2”
CGA - Compressed Gas Association
schedule 40 pipe” 5
 Pipe in a plumbing system is ordered based on its diameter
 Pipe and tubing have an inside diameter(ID) and an outside
diameter (OD), but are ordered by a sizing system known
as nominal diameter.
 A 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel
pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375 inch outside diameter

 Pipes are manufactured in different lengths 12 and 20 ft.

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 Pipe schedule is
determined by the
thickness if the wall of
the pipe.
 Schedule 10, 40, and 80,
with S-40 being the most
common at about 1/4″
thickness.
 A higher schedule rating
indicates a greater wall
thickness.

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Look around the Lab:
Identify areas where the
following fittings are used.

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 Pipe fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to
connect straight pipes or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such
as regulating or measuring fluid flow.

Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave

conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped compression ring
(sometimes called a ferrule), and a compression nut
which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and
tightened to make a leak-proof connection. Fittings are
typically made of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or
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other materials may be used.
Coupling Reducer

Union

elbow
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 Lagging is used to reduce heat loss and condensation
on outer surfaces.
 Mostly made from glass and mineral wool.
 Reduces heat loss.

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Why Insulate?
 Saves Energy & fuel Costs & Carbon Dioxide Emissions
 Maintain Efficiency & Process Temperatures
 Frost Protection
 Personnel Protection Against Injury
 Condensation Prevention 17
 A device for controlling the passage of fluid or other
substances through a pipe or tubing.
 A device used for stopping or regulating the control of
gas air or liquid through a passage.
 Valves are made from different materials and are used
for different purposes.
 Screwed valves are tightened in a clockwise direction.

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 Ball valves are shut off when the lever is turned 90
degrees to the valve body.
 Valves commonly used in steam systems are: Gate
valves, globe valves and one way valves.

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 Gate valves are used when a straight-line flow
of fluid and minimum flow restriction are needed.

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 used for regulating flow in a pipeline.
 Steam/Fluid isolation achieved by the screw down
action of the Valve head to the Seat

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List key differences in the design of Gate and
Globe valves
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  A one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve, which
normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it
in only one direction.

Suggest TWO practical situations that would

require use of check valves 24
 The vapour into which water is converted when heated,
forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the air.
 In industry, steam is used regularly for heating or as a
driving force for mechanical power

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 A device in a steam pipe
that collects and
discharges condensed
water.
 Steam traps are a type of
automatic valve that
filters out condensate
(i.e. condensed steam)
and non-condensable
gases such as air without
letting steam escape

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 Regulators are used to control steam pressure to
prevent damages to people and equipment.

 A valve in a container in which pressure can build up

(as a steam boiler); it opens automatically when the
pressure reaches a dangerous level.

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 Hot well tank
 Electrical control
system
 Water pump
 Gas pump
 Burner and
blower assembly
 Continuous coil
heat exchanger
 Steam separator

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 A pump continuously supplies feed water to a
helical coil heat exchanger which transfers its
heat to the water.
 The flow of feed water is counter to the flow
of combustion Gases.
 Water leaving the heat exchanger passes
through a mechanical separator where the
liquid and vapour are separated.
 Steam exits the separator to the steam
header.

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Steam Distribution

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 In your report, present a brief extract of a
steam table.
 Explain briefly how the steam table is used
and the information that is available from it.

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