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DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS BY SAFE PROGRAM

Thesis · May 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24256.02564

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Al-Mansour University College
Civil Engineering Department

DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE SLABS BY SAFE
PROGRAM
A Final Year Project Submitted to the Department Of Civil Engineering
at Al-Mansour University College in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements For the Degree Of BS.C in Civil Engineering.

By
1-Ibrahem Thamer
2-Hairth Muthana
3-Assra Ali
4-Hawraa Alaaaldeen

Supervised by
Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
A.D 2016 A.H 1437
Abstract
 Abstract

ABSTRACT
Slabs are the flooring systems of most structures including office, commercial and
residential buildings, bridges, sports stadiums and other facilities building. The main
functions of slabs are generally to carry gravity forces, such as loads from human
weight, goods and furniture, vehicles and so on. In modern structure design particularly
for high rise buildings and basement structures, slabs as floor diaphragms help in
resisting external lateral actions such as wind, earthquake and lateral earth load. The
slab directly rests on beams or the column and load from the slab is directly transferred
to the beams and columns and then to the foundation. To support heavy loads the
thickness of slab near the support with the column is increased and these are called
drops, or columns are generally provided with enlarged heads called column heads or
capitals. Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving better architectural
appearance than in usual cases where beams are used.
Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two way slab, the
end conditions and the loading. The design process of structural planning and design
requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of
science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as
recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment.
The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance
between economy and safety.
Safe Program has a very interactive user interface which allows the user to draw
the frame and input the load values dimensions and materials properties. Then
according to the specified criteria assigned it analysis the structure and design the
members with reinforcement details for reinforced concrete frames. The principle
objective of this project is to analyze and design different slabs, beams, and columns
using (Safe) program according to ACI Code. In order to design them, it is important to
first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the particular slab.
There are many different methods for analysis of two-way reinforced concrete
slabs. The most efficient methods depend on using certain factors given in different
codes of reinforced concrete design which depend on coefficients taken from special

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program I

 Abstract

tables available in codes. The other ways of analysis of two-way slabs are the direct
design method and the equivalent frame method. But these methods usually need a
long time for analysis of the slabs. These methods are approximate but practical and
were formed in such a way that the moments are conservative because these methods
neglected many important factors to obtain positive and negative bending moments by
simple and fast way without complexity. The high accuracy in design calculations of
structures is undesirable because there is no capability of estimating many factors
affecting on design results such as live loads, material properties and methods of
analysis and many other factors.
In this research, a new program has been used to analyze the two-way slabs which
is (safe), and the results of moments of final analysis of some examples have been
compared with other different methods moments given in codes of practice. The
comparison proof that this simple program gives good results and it can be used in
analysis of two-way slabs instead of other methods. Different types of reinforced
concrete slabs were choosing with different number of floors divisions, and analyzed
by (Method II, direct design method and safe). A comparison between reinforcement
depend on code methods and reinforcement details from safe program which shows
that the safe program gives faster and a full map reinforcement details instead of losing
time in the drawings. An excel programs were designed to calculate the moments in
slabs with interpolations to factors.
This study is divided into Six chapters:
 The first chapter presents the introduction and types of slabs.
 The second chapter contains method of design of slabs.
 The third chapter presents the drawing of slabs and the design and analysis of
slabs by Method II with Safe Program.
 The forth chapter presents the design and analysis of slabs by Direct Design
Method.
 The fifth chapter presents the Comparison of Method II with Direct design and
program.
 The Six chapters present the conclusions and recommendations of this study.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program II

 Supervisor Certification

I certify that this project entitled (DESIGN OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE SLABS BY SAFE PROGRAM) was prepared under my
supervision in Al-Mansour University College as partial fulfillment of
requirement for the degree of B.Sc in Civil Engineering.

Signature:

Supervisor Name: Dr. Ola Adel Qasim

Date: / /2016
 Committe Certification

We certify that we have read this project entitled (DESIGN OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS BY SAFE PROGRAM) and, we as
the examming committee examined the students in its content and they did all
the change we required and in our opinion it meets the standard of project for
the degree of B.Sc in Civil Engineering.

Signature: Signature:

Name: Name:

Date: / /2016 Date: / /2016

(Chairman) (Member)

Signature:

Name: Dr.

Date: / /2016

(Supervisor)
Contents
 List of Contents
PAGE
SUBJECT
NO.
Acknowledgment.
Abstract. I
List of Contents. III
List of Symbols V
List of Tables. VI
List of Figures. VIII
Chapter One: Introduction
1-1Types of Slabs. 1
1-2 Choice Of Type Of Slab Floor. 1
1-3 Types of RCC Slabs. 2
1-3-1 Flat Plate System. 3
1-3-2 Ribbed and waffle slabs System. 3
1-3-3 Flat slabs. 4
1-3-4 One-way slabs. 5
1-3-5 Two-way slabs. 6
1-4 What is the basic difference between a slab and beam. 7
1-5 Openings in Slabs. 8
1-6 Types of Beam. 8
1-7 Column. 9
1-8 SAFE System. 9
1-8-1 The program deals in general with the following structural elements. 10
1-8-2 Safe used the following codes in design. 11
1-8-3 Input/Output Graphical Displays. 11
1-9 Design for ACI 318-08. 12
1-9-1 Design Load Combinations. 12
1-9-2 Limits on Material Strength. 12
1-9-3 Strength Reduction Factors. 12
1-9-4 Beam Design. 12
1-9-5 Design Flexural Reinforcement. 12
1-9-6 Determine Factored Moments. 12
1-9-7 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement. 13
1-9-8 Slab Design. 13
1-9-9 Design for Flexure. 13
1-9-10 Determine Factored Moments for the Strip. 13
1-9-11 Design Flexural Reinforcement for the Strip. 14
1-9-12 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement. 14
1-9-13 Check for Punching Shear. 14
1-10 Scope of Work. 14
Chapter Two: Method of Design and analysis.
2-1 Analysis of Slabs. 15
2-2 ACI- Moment Coefficient for Two-Way Slab. 15

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program III

 2-3 Direct design method (DDM). 16
2-4 Depth Limitations. 18
2-4-1 Slabs without Interior Beams. 18
2-4-2 Slabs with Interior Beams. 20
2-5 Distribution of Moments in Slabs. 20
Chapter Three: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II.
3-1 Slab (work 1) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with interior Beams. 24
3-1-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 24
3-2 Slab (work 2) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam. 36
3-2-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 36
Chapter Four: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Direct Design
Methods.
4-1 Types of Slabs and method of Calculations (direct design method). 41
4-1-1 Direct design Method (D.D.M). 42
4-1-2 Determination of two way slab thickness. 42
4-1-3 Estimating dimensions of Interior and Exterior Beams Sections. 43
4-1-4 Design Procedure. 43
4-1-5 Analysis of Slabs by Direct Design Method. 46
4-2 Slab (work 3) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab without Interior Beam by 46
Direct Design Method.
4-2-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 46
4-3 Slab (work 4) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab without Interior Beam by 52
Direct Design Method.
4-3-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 52
4-4 Slab (work 5) CSI SAFE-02-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam. 56
4-4-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 56
4-5 Slab (work 6) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab with Interior Beam by 63
Direct Design Method.
4-6 Slab (work 7) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab with Interior Beam by 69
Direct Design Method.
Chapter Five: Comparison of Method II with Direct design & (SAFE) program.
5-1 Slab (work 8) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam. 73
5-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 73
5-3 Analysis by using ACI 318M Method II. 75
5-4 Slab (work 9) CSI SAFE Analysis and Design of Slab. 78
Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations.
6-1 Conclusions. 85
6-2 From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that. 86
6-3 Recommendations 86
References

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program IV

 List of Symbols
Symbols Definitions Units
A Cross Section area of reinforcement mm2
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi Mpa
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement Mpa
L Span length m, mm
Ultimate compressive strength of concrete as Determined by
fc’ Mpa
cylinder at age of 28 days
fy The yield stress of steel Mpa
I Moment of inertia mm4
hf Thickness of slab mm
(𝑦̅) Distance from the top of the beam to it neutral axis mm
Ib The moment of inertia for the beams mm4
The moment of inertia of the gross section of the slab taken mm4
about the centroid axis and equal to h3/12 limes the slab width,
IS
where the width is the same as for α.

Represent the ratio of the flexural stiffness (EcbIb) of a beam Unit less
section to the flexural stiffness of the slab (EcsIs) whose width
∝𝑓
equals the distance between the centerlines of the panels on each
side of the beam.
The clear span in the long direction, measured face to face, of mm
ln
beams.
dimension
β The ratio of the long to the short clear span.
less
𝑀0 Total moment applied on the frame kN.m
𝑙. 𝑙 Live load kN.m
D.l Dead load kN.m
𝑊𝑢 Ultimate factored load kN.m
Shear force came from kN
𝑉𝑢@𝑑
𝑊𝑢 acting at distance=d on the slab from beam face
∅𝑉𝑐 Factored concert shear strength kN
The largest distance carry the load m
𝑊𝑢 to make maximum shear
L
𝑉𝑢@𝑑
𝑙2 Transfers length of span c/c m ,mm
𝑙1 Longitudinal length span c/c m, mm
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡 Negative moment kN.m
+𝑣𝑒 𝑀 Positive moment kN.m
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 Negative moment of column stripe kN.m
+𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 Positive moment of middle strip kN.m
b Width of section, in m, mm
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, in m, mm

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program V

 List of Tables
Table PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter Two: Method of Design and analysis.
(2-1) Coefficients of Method II. 16
(2-2) Table 9.5 (c): Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams. 18
(2-3) Distribution factors applied to static moment Mo for positive and negative 22
moments in end span.
(2-4) Column strip factored moments. 23
Chapter Three: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II.
(3-1) Geometry and Descriptions of Slabs, Beam and Column. 24
(3-2) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column. 24
(3-3) Loads Types and Calculations. 24
(3-4) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 25
(3-5) Comparison of moment by method II and Safe. 36
(3-6) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column. 36
(3-7) Concrete Prosperities of slabs, beam and column. 37
(3-8) Loads Types and Calculations. 37
(3-9) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 39
(3-10) Comparison of moment by method II and Safe. 40
Chapter Four: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Direct Design Methods.
(4-1) minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams. 43
(4-2) distribution of total static moment in end spans. 44
(4-3) column strip factored moments. 46
(4-4) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column. 46
(4-5) Concrete and Steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column. 47
(4-6) Loads Types and Calculations. 47
(4-7) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 49
(4-8) Comparison of Moments for Strip (B). 50
(4-9) Comparison of Moments for Strip (C). 51
(4-10) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 55
(4-11) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A). 55
(4-12) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 62
(4-13) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A). 62
(4-14) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 68
(4-15) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A). 68
(4-16) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 71
(4-17) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A). 72
Chapter Five: Comparison of Method II with Direct design & (SAFE) program.
(5-1) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column. 73
(5-2) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column. 73
(5-3) Loads Types and Calculations. 73
(5-4) Interpolation Program for Solving Coefficients of Method II. 74

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program VI

 (5-5) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 75
(5-6) Calculation of Moments for all slabs. 76
(5-7) Calculation of Moments for Strip A by direct design method. 76
(5-8) Calculation of Moments by direct design method. 79

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program VII

 List of Figures
Figure PAGE
Subject
No. NO.
Chapter One: Introduction
(1-1) Multi story building 1
(1-2) Flat plate system 3
(1-3) Ribbed and waffle system 4
(1-4) Flat slabs system 5
(1-5) One way slabs system 5
(1-6) Two way slabs system 6
(1-7) Slabs beam system 8
(1-8) Opening in slabs 8
(1-9) Common type of beams 9
(1-10) Exterior and interior column. 9
(1-11) Safe program 11
Chapter Two: Method of Design and analysis.
(2-1) Column strip for slab design by Direct design method. 18
(2-2) Examples of the portion of slab to be included with we beam under 13.2.4 19
(2-3) Distribution of total static moment to critical section for positive and negative 21
bending
(2-4) Final distribution of moments 22
(2-5) Torsional cross sectional dimensions for βt calculations. 23
Chapter Three: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II.
(3-1) 3*3 span slab. 25
(3-2) Multi story (3*3 span slab). 26
(3-3) Program definition for design of slabs. 27
(3-4) Entry of slab shape and size. 28
(3-5) Entry of slab and beam and column properties. 29
(3-6) Entry of load types and factors. 30
(3-7) Deformation shape of slab. 31
(3-8) Results of program (slab forces, beam forces, axial force, stresses, moment, 33
shear, reactions and punching shear).
(3-9) Results of program (slab moment, strip moment if short and long direction). 34
(3-10) Results of program (slab design and reinforcement). 35
(3-11) 3*3 span slab and strip position. 37
(3-12) Results of program (slab moment, strip moment if short and long direction). 38
(3-13) Deformation shape of slab. 39
Chapter Four: Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Direct Design Methods.
(4-1) Type of two way slabs and method of design 41
(4-2) Multi span slab 41
(4-3) Effective beam section (a-interior beam, b-exterior beam). 43
(4-4) Moment distribution. 44
(4-5) Full map for building by safe program 47
(4-6) Full map for building by Auto-cad program 48
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program VIII
 (4-7) Design strips for calculations of moments by safe program. 48
(4-8) Moment in negative and positive in slab. 51
(4-9) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program. 52
(4-10) Two way solid slab with beams 53
(4-11) Design strips and strip moment by safe program 53
(4-12) Beam sectional properties for relative stiffness calculations. 53
(4-13) Beam Sectional Properties for relative stiffness calculation. 54
(4-14) Design strips and strip moment by safe program. 56
(4-15) Moment in negative and positive in slab. 56
(4-16) Full map for building by safe program. 57
(4-17) Beam shape and position by safe program. 58
(4-18) Design strips for calculations of moments by direct design Method. 58
(4-19) Design strips and strip moment by safe program. 63
(4-20) Two way slabs dimensions. 63
(4-21) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program. 68
(4-22) Design strips for calculations of moments by safe program. 69
(4-23) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program. 72
Chapter Five: Comparison of Method II with Direct design & (SAFE) program.
(5-1) Slab span and dimensions. 74
(5-2) Slabs strip moment. 77
(5-3) Slab span and dimensions. 78
(5-4) bending moment diagram for column strip and the second for middle strip. 79
(5-5) reinforcement layout. 80
(5-6) program design preferences. 81
(5-7) program slabs design. 82
(5-8) entering of data. 82
(5-9) full bottom reinforcement of slabs from program. 83
(5-10) top bottom reinforcement of slabs from program. 84

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program IX

Chapter One

Introduction
Chapter one Introduction

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1-1Types of Slabs:
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal
slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between (100 and 500 millimeters) thick are
most often used to construct floors and ceilings. On the technical drawings, reinforced
concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "R.C.C.slab" or simply "R.C.". A reinforced
concrete slab is abroad flat plate usually with nearly parallel top and bottom surfaces and
may supported by reinforced concrete beams or directly by columns or masonry brick
wall or reinforced concrete walls (Shear walls).

Fig. (1-1) Multi-story Building.

1-2 Choice Of Type Of Slab Floor:
The choice of type of slab for a particular floor depends on many factors. Economy
of construction is obviously an important consideration, but this is a qualitative
argument until specific cases are discussed, and is a geographical variable. The design
loads, required spans, serviceability requirements, and strength requirements are all
important. For beamless slabs, the choice between a flat slab and a flat plate is usually a
matter of loading and span. Flat plate strength is often governed by shear strength at the

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 1

Chapter one Introduction
columns, and for service live loads greater than (4.8 kN/m2) and spans greater than
about (7 to 8 m) the flat slab is often the better choice. If architectural or other
requirements rule out capitals or drop panels, the shear strength can be improved by
using metal shear heads or some other form of shear reinforcement, but the costs may be
high. Serviceability requirements must be considered, and deflections are sometimes
difficult to control in reinforced concrete beamless slabs. Large live loads and small
limits on permissible deflections may force the use of large column capitals. Negative-
moment cracking around columns is sometimes a problem with flat plates, and again a
column capital may be useful in its control. Deflections and shear stresses may also be
controlled by adding beams instead of column capitals. If severe deflection limits are
imposed, the two-way slab will be most suitable, as the introduction of even moderately
stiff beams will reduce deflections more than the largest reasonable column capital is
able to. Beams are also easily reinforced for shear forces. The choice between two-way
and beamless slabs for more normal situations is complex. In terms of economy of
material, especially of steel, the two-way slab is often best because of the large effective
depths of the beams. There is a natural human tendency to want to repeat what one has
previously done successfully, and resistance to change can affect costs. However, old
habits should not be allowed to dominate sound engineering decisions.
1-3 Types of RCC Slabs:
RCC slab can be various types depending on various criteria. Such as ribbed slab,
flat slab, solid slab, continuous slab, simply supported slab etc. Today we are going to
discuss the types of solid RCC slabs. For a suspended slab, there are a number of
designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat,
and the underside is modulated:
 Corrugated, usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray.
This improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The
corrugations run across the short dimension, from side to side.
 A ribbed slab, giving considerable extra strength on one direction.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 2

Chapter one Introduction
 A waffle slab, giving added strength in both directions.
 A one way slab has structural strength in shortest direction.
 A two way slab has structural strength in two directions.
RCC solid slabs are three types depending on design criteria.
1-3-1 Flat Plate System:
A flat plate is a one or two-way system usually supported directly on columns or
load bearing walls. It is one of the most common forms of construction of floors in
buildings. The principal feature of the flat plate floor is a uniform or near-uniform
thickness with a flat soffit which requires only simple formwork and is easy to construct.

Fig. (1-2) Flat Plate System.

1-3-2 Ribbed and waffle slabs System:
Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab,
reducing the extended of foundations. They provide a very good form where slab vibration
is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band
beams running between columns with equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal
direction. A thick top slab completes the system. Waffle slabs tend to be deeper than the
equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in
both directions between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are
the same depth as the ribs. Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually
supported directly by columns. They are either one-way spanning systems known as ribbed
slab or a two-way ribbed system known as a waffle slab. This form of construction is not
very common because of the formwork costs and the low fire rating.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 3

Chapter one Introduction

Fig. (1-3) Ribbed and waffle slabs System.

1-3-3 Flat slabs:
Flat slabs are highly versatile elements widely used in construction, providing
minimum depth, fast construction and allowing flexible column grids. It is, also called as
beamless slab, is a slab supported directly by columns without beams. A part of the slab
bounded on each of the four sides by centre line of column is called panel. The flat slab
is often thickened closed to supporting columns to provide adequate strength in shear
and to reduce the amount of negative reinforcement in the support regions. The
thickened portion i.e. the projection below the slab is called drop or drop panel. In some
cases, the section of column at top, as it meets the floor slab or a drop panel, is enlarged
so as to increase primarily the perimeter of the critical section, for shear and hence,
increasing the capacity of the slab for resisting two-way shear and to reduce negative
bending moment at the support. Such enlarged or flared portion of and a capital. Slabs of
constant thickness which do not have drop panels or column capitals are referred to as
flat plates. The strength of the flat plate structure is often limited due to punching shear
action around columns, and consequently they are used for light loads and relatively
small spans. The load from the slabs is directly transferred to the columns and then to
the foundation.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 4

Chapter one Introduction

Fig. (1-4) Flat slabs System.

1-3-4 One-way slabs:
A one-way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement only in its short-direction
because the moment along long axes is so small that it can be neglected. When the ratio
of the length of long direction to short direction of a slab is greater than 2 it can be
considered as a one way slab. One way slab is supported on two opposite side only thus
structural action is only at one direction. Total load is carried in the direction
perpendicular to the supporting beam. If a slab is supported on all the four sides but the
ratio of longer span (l) to shorten span (b) is greater than 2, then the slab will be
considered as one way slab. Because due to the huge difference in lengths, load is not
transferred to the shorter beams. Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction
for one way slabs.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 5

Chapter one Introduction

Fig. (1-6) One-way slabs System.

1-3-5 Two-way slabs:
Slabs categorized into two types, in general according to load transfer. When slabs
supported on two opposite sides only which case the structural action of the slab is
essentially one–way the loads being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to
the supporting sides. There may be supports (Beams) on all four sides that two-way slab
action is obtained. Intermediate beams may be provided. If the ratio of length to width of
one slab panel is larger than about (2) most of the load is carried in the short direction to
supporting beams and one-way action is obtained in effect even though supporting
beams are provided on all sides. Two-way transfers the loaded and the slabs deflection
two directions. When a Solid RCC slab rests on four beams but long-span of slab is less
than or equal to two times of short-span then we can call that slab a “two-way slab”. In
two-way slab, main reinforcement runs both in short and long direction and stay
perpendicularly with one another.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 6

Chapter one Introduction

Fig. (1-5) Two-way slabs System.

Difference between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab:
There are some basic differences between one way slabs and two way slabs. To
clear the concept of one way and two way slabs a table is shown below.
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
One way slab is supported by beams in only 2 Two way slab is supported by beams in all four
sides. sides.
The ratio of longer span panel (L) to shorter The ratio of longer span panel (L) to shorter
span panel (B) is equal or greater than 2. Thus, span panel (B) is less than 2. Thus, L/B < 2.
L/B >= 2
Main reinforcement is provided in only one Main reinforcement is provided in both the
direction for one way slabs. direction for two way slabs.
1-4 What is the basic difference between a slab and beam?
 Slab, more precisely concrete Slab is a common structural element of modern
building. That is usually horizontal and has smaller thickness comparative of its
span. Slabs are used to furnish a flat and useful surface in reinforced concrete
construction.
 Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads
is called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of
cross-section), their length, and their material. Its a structural member constructed
to transfer the loads from slab to the column.
Slab on Beam can construct at all levels. It transfers load to beam and then on to
the columns. This can ensure differential settlement up to one point. The initial

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 7

Chapter one Introduction
construction cost is higher than slab on grade because formwork at the slab underside
and the reinforcement to join beam and slab is needed.

Fig. (1-7) Slabs-Beam System.

1-5 Openings in Slabs:
Almost invariably, flab systems must include openings. These may be of
substantial size, as required by stairways and elevator shafts, or they may be of smaller
dimensions, such as those needed to accommodate heating, plumbing, and ventilating
risers; floor and roof drains; and access hatches. Relatively small openings usually are
not detrimental in beam-supported slabs. As a general rule, the equivalent of the
interrupted reinforcement should be added at the fides of the opening. Additional
diagonal bars should be included at the corners to control the cracking that will almost
inevitably occur there.

Fig. (1-8) Opening in Slab.

1-6 Types of Beam:
Beams can be described as members that are mainly subjected to flexure and it is
essential to focus on the analysis of bending moment, shear, and deflection. When the
bending moment acts on the beam, bending strain is produced. The resisting moment is
developed by internal stresses. Under positive moment, compressive strains are

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 8

Chapter one Introduction
produced in the top of beam and tensile strains in the bottom. The most common shapes
of concrete beams are single reinforced rectangular beams, doubly reinforced
rectangular beams, T-shape beams, spandrel, the T-shape and L-shape beams are typical
types of beam because the beams are built monolithically with the slab. When slab and
beams are poured together, the slab on the beam serves as the flange of a T-beam and
the supporting beam below slab is the stem or web.

Fig. (1-9) Common type of beams

1-7 Column:
Columns support primarily axial load but usually also some bending moments. The
combination of axial load and bending moment defines the characteristic of column and
calculation method. To resist shear, ties or spirals are used as column reinforcement to
confine vertical bars. Reinforced concrete columns are categorized into five main types;
rectangular tied column, rectangular spiral column, round tied column, round spiral
column, and columns of other geometry (Hexagonal, L-shaped, T-Shaped, etc).

Fig. (1-10) Exterior and interior column.

1-8 SAFE System:
SAFE program for the analysis and design of concrete flat roofs and foundations
with different formats and multiple thicknesses designed depending on the specific
model by the investor. SAFE is special purpose software that automates the analysis and

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 9

Chapter one Introduction
design process for the structural engineer with finite element method, lending greater
sophistication to the engineering of slab systems. It is designed to minimize engineering
man-hours and processing time associated with the design of concrete slab systems. It
features a powerful graphical user interface unmatched in terms of ease-of-use and
productivity. Creation and modification of the slab model, execution of the analysis,
checking and optimization of the design and production of graphical displays of the
results are all controlled through this single interface. The SAFE program will analyze
and design slabs of arbitrary geometry including drop panels, openings, edge beams and
embedded beams subjected to vertical point, line or surface loads. Column supports,
wall supports, or soil supports for basemats can be modeled. Discontinuities in the slab
system, due to slip joints or differences in slab elevations can be included. The slab is
modeled with orthotropic plate elements. The design strip moments are obtained by
integrating the finite element stresses using an algorithm that always satisfies
equilibrium and accounts for the effects of twisting moments. The program was
produced in the US construction Specifications Institute, which is symbolized by (CSI)
after it was designed at the University of Berkeley in the state of California and is
expressed for the program name (SAFE) (Slab analysis by the finite element method).
1-8-1 The program deals in general with the following structural elements:
1-two way slabs. 2-wafle slabs. 3-ripped slabs.
4-flat slab with drop panel and /or column capitals.
The program calculates the following:
Slabs reinforcing calculate based on user define design strip.
Deflection calculates based on cracked section.
Flexural and shear design of beams.
Punching shear ratio.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 10

Chapter one Introduction

Fig. (1-11) Safe Program.

1-8-2 Safe used the following codes in design:
1-Design for ACI 318-08 2-Design for AS 3600-01
3-Design for BS 8110-97 4-Design for CSA A23.3-04
5-Design for Eurocode 2-2004 6-Design for Hong Kong CP-04
7-Design for IS 456-2000 8-Design for NZS 3101-06
9-Design for Singapore CP-65-99 10-Design for AS 3600-09
1-8-3 Input/Output Graphical Displays:
• Undeformed structural geometry
• Loading diagrams
• Deformed shapes with animation
• Slab displacement, moment, shear and bearing pressure contours
• User controlled stress averaging for contours
• Beam moment and shear diagrams
• Reaction force diagrams
• Integrated strip moment and shear diagrams
• Numerical values of results shown as pointer moves over display analysis Options
• Arbitrary geometry of slabs and basemats
• Thickness variations, drop panels and openings
• Edge beams and other beam support conditions
• Slab shear and moment discontinuities due to slip joints or slab elevations
• Column, wall or soil supports
• Point loads, line loads, surface loads, self-weight
• Orthotropic bending with thick and thin plate options
• Beam element with flexural, shear and torsional deformations
• Variations in soil modulus of subgrade reaction
• Stiffness effect of walls
• Automated cracked property calculations
• Nonlinear no-tension soil model
• Multiple load cases

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 11

Chapter one Introduction
1-9 Design for ACI 318-08:
Detail the various aspects of the concrete design procedure that is used by SAFE
when the American code [ACI ] is selected.
1-9-1 Design Load Combinations:
Various combinations of the load cases for which the structure needs to be
designed. For ACI 318-08, a structure is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live
(PL), snow (S), wind (W), and earthquake (E) loads.
1-9-2 Limits on Material Strength:
SAFE continues to design the members based on the input.
1-9-3 Strength Reduction Factors:
The strength reduction factors are applied to the specified strength to obtain the
design strength provided by a member as (ACI Code).
1-9-4 Beam Design:
SAFE calculates and reports the required areas of reinforcement for flexure, shear,
and torsion based on the beam moments, shear forces, torsion, load combination factors,
and other criteria described in this section. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at each station along the length of the beam.
1-9-5 Design Flexural Reinforcement:
The beam top and bottom flexural reinforcement is designed at each station along
the beam. In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment of a particular
beam, for a particular station, the following steps are involved:
 Determine factored moments
 Determine required flexural reinforcement
1-9-6 Determine Factored Moments:
In the design of flexural reinforcement of concrete beams, the factored moments for
each load combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the
corresponding moments for different load cases, with the corresponding load factors.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 12

Chapter one Introduction
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative factored
moments obtained from all of the load combinations.
1-9-7 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement:
The program calculates both the tension and compression reinforcement. When the
applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at this design condition, the area of
compression reinforcement is calculated assuming that the additional moment will be
carried by compression reinforcement and additional tension reinforcement.
1-9-8 Slab Design:
SAFE slab design procedure involves defining sets of strips in two mutually
perpendicular directions. The moments for a particular strip are recovered from the
analysis, and a flexural design is carried out based on the ultimate strength design
method (ACI 318-08).
1-9-9 Design for Flexure:
SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the design of
the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained by multiplying the
slab element stiffness matrices by the element nodal displacement vectors. Those
moments will always be in static equilibrium with the applied loads, irrespective of the
refinement of the finite element mesh. The design of the slab reinforcement for a
particular strip is carried out at specific locations along the length of the strip. These
locations correspond to the element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed
on either side of those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each
load combination involves the following:
 Determine factored moments for each slab strip.
 Design flexural reinforcement for the strip.
The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top and bottom of the slab within
each design strip, along with the corresponding controlling load combination, is
obtained and reported.
1-9-10 Determine Factored Moments for the Strip:

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 13

Chapter one Introduction
For each element within the design strip, for each load combination, the program
calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are then added to get the
strip moments.
1-9-11 Design Flexural Reinforcement for the Strip:
The reinforcement computation for each slab design strip, given the bending
moment, is identical to the design of rectangular beam sections described earlier.
1-9-12 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement:
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for each direction of a slab is
given by ACI Limit.
1-9-13 Check for Punching Shear:
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the
face of the support (ACI Limit for shear). For rectangular columns and concentrated
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to the sides of
the columns or the point loads. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement shall
not exceed 2d measured in a direction parallel to the column face.
1-10 Scope of Work:
The project works is concerned with the analysis and design of different slabs with
beams between interior supports and slabs with edge beam. Analysis of slab using
software program (SAFE). A hand calculation used (method II and direct design method
for analysis of slabs and compare it with computer program) to show that the safe
program is faster and easier for solution than the others method. A computer program
for the design of reinforced concrete two-way slabs made by excel worksheet used for
design the slabs by method II and direct design method.
1. To use Autocad to sketch the floor plan and the details.
2. To use Microsoft EXCEL to facilitate the computations.
3. To use Safe package for the analysis of Multi story building.
4. To familiarize with ACI Code and other codes.
5. To use Reinforced concrete design Suite for the design of slabs, beams, column.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 14

Chapter Two

Methods of Design
and Analysis
Chapter Two Design Method and Program

Chapter Two
Methods of Design and Analysis
2-1 Analysis of Slabs:
The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by columns, beams or
walls. Slabs can be categorized into two main types: one-way slabs and two-way slabs.
One-way slabs are supported by two opposite sides and bending occurs in one direction
only. Two-way slabs are supported on four sides and bending occurs in two directions.
One-way slabs are designed as rectangular beams placed side by side. However, slabs
supported by four sides may be assumed as one-way slab when the ratio of lengths to width
of two perpendicular sides exceeds 2. Although while such slabs transfer their loading in
four directions, nearly all load is transferred in the short direction. Two-way slabs carry the
load to two directions, and the bending moment in each direction is less than the bending
moment of one-way slabs. Also two-way slabs have less deflection than one-way slabs.
Compared to one-way slabs, Calculation of two-way slabs is more complex. Methods for
two-way slab design and analysis include, Moment Coefficient Method, Direct Design
Method (DDM), Equivalent frame method (EFM), Finite element approach, and Yield line
theory.
This project aims to use one of the most important programs in the analysis and
design of concrete Slabs, which is the (SAFE) program for accuracy of the solution and the
accuracy of the results provided by program. A slab may be designed by any procedure
satisfying conditions for equilibrium and geometrical compatibility. In this chapter, the
design method of a two-way reinforced concrete slab is presented. The design procedure
adopted in this work is based on provisions of ACI Code (Moment Coefficient Method and
direct design method).
2-2 ACI- Moment Coefficient for Two-Way Slab:
The values of moment coefficient are calculated for various ratios of dimensions of
two-way slabs from 0.55 to 1, and different conditions of the edges supports as shown in

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 15

Chapter Two Design Method and Program
the Tables (2-1). This method applies to solid and ribbed slabs, isolated or continuous,
supported on all four sides by walls or beams built monolithically with the slab. The
bending moments shall be computed from the formula:
𝑴 = (𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. )𝒘𝒍𝟐𝒔
w = total load per unit area. Is = length of short span, [center to center distance between
supports or the clear span plus twice the thickness of slab, whichever is smaller].
The panel may be divided to two column and one middle strips with the middle strip
occupying half the width of the panel. The average moment per unit width of the column
strip shall be two-thirds of the corresponding moments in the middle strip.
Table (2-1) Coefficients of Method II.
Long
Short Direction
Slab Direction
Position
Case Modular Ratio (m)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 All
-ve con 0.033 0.04 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
1 -ve dis --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
m=
+ve 0.025 0.03 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
-ve con 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
2 -ve dis 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
+ve 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031
-ve con 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.09 0.049
-ve dis 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025
3
+ve 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037
-ve con 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.09 0.098 0.058
4 -ve dis 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
+ve 0.044 0.05 0.065 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044
-ve con --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
5 -ve dis 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
+ve 0.05 0.057 0.064 0.072 0.08 0.083 0.05
2-3 Direct design method (DDM):
It is an approximate semi-empirical procedure for analyzing two way slab systems. It
applies to slab supported by beams or walls, flat slab, flat plates and waffle slabs. The code
provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients can be determined. The
method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis of the structure
based on (a) the estimated flexural stiffness's of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns and
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 16
Chapter Two Design Method and Program
(b) the tensional stiffness's of the slabs and beams (if any) transverse to the direction in
which flexural moments are being determined. Some types of moment coefficients have
been used satisfactorily for many years for slab design. They do not, however, give very
satisfactory results for slabs with unsymmetrical dimensions and loading patterns. Direct
Design Method (DDM) for slab systems with or without beams loaded only by gravity
loads and having a fairly regular layout meeting the following conditions:
1. There must be three or more continuous spans in each direction.
2. Panels should be rectangular and the long span is no more than twice the short span
being measured c to c of supports.
3. Successive span lengths center-to-center of supports in each direction shall not differ
by more than 1/3 of the longer span.
4. Columns must be near the corners of each panel with an offset from the general
column line of no more 10% of the span in each direction.
5. The opening shout not be of large size in slabs.
6. The live load should not exceed 3 times the dead load in each direction. All loads
shall be due gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
7. 6-If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those beams
in the two perpendicular directions, as measured by the following expression:
∝𝑓1 𝑙22
8. 0,2 ≤ ≤ 5 where Shall not be less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0.
∝𝑓2 𝑙12

The panels are divided into column and middle strips, as shown in Figure below, and
positive and negative moments are estimated in each strip. The column strip is a slab with
a width on each side of the column centerline equal to one-fourth the smaller of the panel
dimensions l1 or l2. It includes beams if they are present. The middle strip is the pan of the
slab between the two column strips. The part of the moments assigned to the column and
middle strips may be assumed to be uniformly spread over the strips. The percentage of the
moment assigned to a column strip depends on the effective stiffness of that strip and on its
aspect ratio, (where l1 is the length of span, center to center, of supports in the direction in
which moments are being determined and l2 is the span length, center to center, of
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 17
Chapter Two Design Method and Program
supports in the direction transverse to l1). Note that the Figure below shows column and
middle strips in only one direction. A similar analysis must be performed in the
perpendicular direction. The resulting analysis will result in moments in both directions.

Fig. (2-1) Column Strip for slab design by direct design method.
2-4 Depth Limitations:
2-4-1 Slabs without Interior Beams:
For a slab without interior beams spanning between its supports and with a ratio of its
long span to short span not greater than 2.0, the minimum thickness can be taken from
[Table 9.5(c) in the ACI code]. The values selected from the table, however, must not be
less than the following values (ACI 9.5.3.2):
- Slabs without drop panels 125 mm.
- Thickness of those slabs with drop panels outside the panels 100 mm.
Table (2-2) Table 9.5 (c): Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.
Without drop panels3 With drop panels1
Yield Exterior panels Interior Exterior panels Interior
panels panels
Strength fy
Without With Without With edge
MPa2 edge beams edge edge beams beams
beams
280 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/40 ℓn/40
420 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36
520 ℓn/28 ℓn/31 ℓn/31 ℓn/31 ℓn/34 ℓn/34
1-For two-way construction, (ℓn is the length of clear span in the long direction, measured
face-to-face of supports in slabs. without beams and face-to face of beams or other supports
in other cases.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 18

Chapter Two Design Method and Program
2-for fy between the values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be determined by
linear Interpolation.
3-Slabs with beams between columns along exterior edges. The value of αf for the edge
beam shall not be less than 0.8.
Very often slabs are built without interior beams between the columns but with edge
beams running, around the perimeter of the building. These beams are very helpful in
stiffening the slabs and reducing the deflections in the exterior slab panels. The stiffness of
slabs with edge beams is expressed as a function of αf , which used to represent the ratio of
the flexural stiffness (EcbIb) of a beam section to the flexural stiffness of the slab (EcsIs)
whose width equals the distance between the centerlines of the panels on each side of the
beam. If no beams are used, as in the case for the flat plate, αf will equal 0. For slabs with
beams between columns along exterior edges, αf for the edge beams may not be < 0.8.
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓 =
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

Ecb = the modulus of elasticity of the beam concrete. Ecs= the modulus of elasticity of the
column concrete. lb=the cross moment of inertia about the centroidal axis of a section made
up of the beam and the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the
projection of the beam above or below the slab (whichever is greater,) but not exceeding
four times the slab thickness (ACI 13.2.41). ls = the moment of inertia of the gross section
of the slab taken about the centroidal axis and equal to h 3/12 limes the slab width, where
the width is the same as for α. For monolithic or fully composite construction, a beam
includes that portion of slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the
projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than
four times the slab thickness.

Fig (2-2). Examples of the portion of slab to be included with the beam under 13.2.4

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 19

Chapter Two Design Method and Program

2-4-2 Slabs with Interior Beams:

To determine the minimum thickness of slabs with beams spanning between their
supports on all sides, Section 9.5.3.3 of the code must be followed. Involved in the
expressions presented there are span lengths, panel shapes, flexural stiffness of beams,
steel yield stresses, and so on. In these equations, the following terms are used:
ℓn = the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face, of beams.
β = the ratio of the long to the short clear span.
αfm = the average value of the ratios of beam-to-slab stiffness on all sides of a panel. The
minimum thickness of slabs or other two-way construction may be obtained by substituting
into the equations to follow, which are given in Section 9.5.3.3 of the code. In the
equations, the quantity p is used to take into account the effect of the shape of the panel on
its deflection, while the effect of beams (if any) is represented by αfm.
a) For αfm< 0.2, the minimum thicknesses are obtained as they were for slabs without
interior beams spanning between their supports.
b) For 0,2 <αfm< 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than 125 mm. or:
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
𝑛(0.8+
1400)
ℎ=
36+5 𝛽(𝛼𝑓𝑚 −0.2)

c) For αfm> 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than 90 mm.
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
𝑛(0.8+
1400)
ℎ=
36+5 𝛽

2-5 Distribution of Moments in Slabs:

The basic design procedure of a two-way slab system has five steps.
1. Determine moments at critical sections in each direction, normally the negative
moments at supports and positive moment near mid-span.
2. Distribute moment's transverse at critical sections to column and middle-strip and if
beams are used in the column strip, distribute column strip moments between slab and
beam.
3. Determine the area of steel required in the slab at critical sections for column and middle
strips.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 20
 Chapter Two Design Method and Program
4. Select reinforcing bars for the slab and concentrate bars near the column, if necessary.
The critical section for negative bending moment is taken at the face of rectangular
supports, or at the face of an equivalent square support. The total moment, Mo, which is
resisted by a slab equals the sum of the maximum positive and negative moments in the
span. It is the same as the total moment that occurs in a simply supported beam. For a
uniform load per unit area, qu, it is as follows:
(𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 )(𝑙1 )2
𝑀0 =
8

In this expression, l1, is the span length, center to center, of supports in the direction in
which moments are being taken and l2 is the length of the span transverse to l1, measured
center to center of the supports. The moment that actually occurs in such a slab has been
shown by experience and tests to be somewhat less than the value determined by the above
Mo expression. For this reason, l1, is replaced with ln, the clear span measured face to face
of the supports in the direction in which moments are taken. The code (13.6.2.5) states that
ln may not be taken to be less than 65% of the span l1, measured center to center of
supports. If l1, is replaced with ln, the expression for Mo, which is called the static moment,
becomes:
(𝑞 𝑙 )(𝑙 )2
𝑀0 = 𝑢 2 𝑛
8
When the static moment is being calculated in the long direction, it is convenient to
write it as Mo1, and in the short direction as Mos. It is next necessary to know what
proportions of these total moments are positive and what proportions are negative. If a slab
was completely fixed at the end of each panel, the division would be as it is in a fixed-end
beam, two-thirds negative and one-third positive.

Fig. (2-3) Distribution of total static moment Mo to critical sections for positive and negative bending.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 21

Chapter Two Design Method and Program
This division is reasonably accurate for interior panels where the slab is continuous
for several spans in each direction with equal span lengths and loads. In effect, the rotation
of the interior columns is assumed to be small, and moment values of 0.65 M0 for negative
moment and 0.35 Mo for positive moment are specified by the code (13.6.3.2).
For exterior spans, the code (13.6.3.3) provides a set of percentages for dividing the
total factored static moment into its positive and negative. These divisions, which are
shown in the Table below, include values for unrestrained edges (where the slab is simply
supported on a masonry or concrete wall) and for restrained edges (where the slab is
constructed integrally with a much reinforced concrete wall so that the little rotation occurs
at the slab-to-wall connection). 13.6.3.3 In an end span, total factored static moment, Mo,
shall be distributed as follows:
Table (2-3) Distribution factors applied to static moment Mo for positive and negative moments in end
span.
0) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Exterior edge Slab with Slab without beams Exterior
unrestrained beams between interior supports edge fully
between all Without edge With edge restrained
supports beam beam
Interior negative factored moment 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Positive factored moment 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior negative factored moment 0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65

Fig. (2-4) Final distribution of moments.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 22

Chapter Two Design Method and Program
The next problem is to estimate what proportion of these moments is taken by the
column strips and what proportion is taken by the middle strips. Factored moments in
column strips will be as the table below:
Table (2-4) Column strip factored moments.

Fig. (2-5) Torsional cross sectional dimensions for βt calculations.

where βt is calculated in Eq. (13-5) and C is calculated in Eq. (13-6).

𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶
𝛽𝑡 =
2𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝑙𝑠
𝑥 𝑥 3𝑦
𝐶 = ∑ (1 − 0.63 )
𝑦 3
The constant C for T- or L-sections shall be permitted to be evaluated by dividing the
section into separate rectangular parts, as defined in 13.2.4, and summing the values of C
for each part.
In Section 13.6.5, the code requires that the beam be allotted 85% of the column strip
𝑙2 𝑙2
moment if 𝛼𝑓1 ≥ 1.0should𝛼𝑓1 be between 1.0 and 0, the moment allotted to the beam
𝑙1 𝑙1

is determined by linear interpolation from 85% to 0%.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 23

Chapter Three

Design and Analysis

of Slabs by Program
and Method II
Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Chapter Three
Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and
Method II
3-1 Slab (work 1) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with interior Beams:
3-1-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
Table (3-1) Geometry and Descriptions of Slabs, Beam and Column.
Thickness of slab =max clear perimeter/180
=(4.7+3.7)*2000/180=93.333 mm
Use h=130 mm
Depth of beam From table (9.5 a0 ACI-318)
=L/21=5000/21
=238.09 mm
Use 500 mm
Width of beam (b) =300 mm for beams.
column 300*300 mm
Table (3-2) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column.
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Compressive strength (f'c) 30 MPa
Yield stress (fy) 400 MPa
Table (3-3) Loads Types and Calculations.
Live load (L.L) 4.79 kN/m2
Superimposed dead load (SDL) SDL=2.3 kN/m2
Dead load (D.L) =24*0.13=3.12 kN/m2
W.L=1.6*4.79=7.664 kN/m2
W.D=1.2*(3.12 +2.3)= 6.504 kN/m2
Wu=1.2*(3.12 +2.3)+1.6*4.79=14.168 kN/m2

Calculations of Moments by Method (II):

Ls=Sc/c for all panel.
MUEW=WU*LS2*CEW (C=factors from table of method II factors)
MU NS=WU*LS2*CNS

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 24

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-1) 3*3 span slab.

Table (3-4) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

Slab Ls Coef Short Middle Column Long Middle Column Panel
Direction Direction
Mu Mu Mu Mu
kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m
-ve con 0.064 14.50803 9.672021 0.049 11.10771 7.405141 5m
-ve dis 0.032 7.254016 4.836011 0.025 5.6672 3.778133
Slab 1
m=0.8 4m 4m
Case=3 +ve 0.048 10.88102 7.254016 0.037 8.387456 5.591637

-ve con 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 5m

Slab 2 -ve dis 0.027 6.120576 4.080384 0.041 9.294208 6.196139
m=0.8
Case=2
4m 4m
+ve 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 0.031 7.027328 4.684885

-ve con 0.064 14.50803 9.672021 0.049 11.10771 7.405141 5m

Slab 3 -ve dis 0.032 7.254016 4.836011 0.025 5.6672 3.778133
m=0.8 4m 4m
Case=3 +ve 0.048 10.88102 7.254016 0.037 8.387456 5.591637

-ve con 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.041 9.294208 6.196139

-ve dis 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.021 4.760448 3.173632 5m
Slab 4
m=0.8 4m 4m
Case=2 +ve 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 0.031 7.027328 4.684885

-ve con 0.048 10.88102 7.254016 0.033 7.480704 4.987136

-ve con --- 10.88102 7.254016 --- 7.480704 4.987136 5m
Slab 5
m=0.8 4m 4m
Case=1 +ve 0.036 8.160768 5.440512 0.025 5.6672 3.778133

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 25

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II
-ve con 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.041 9.294208 6.196139
Slab 6 -ve dis 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.021 4.760448 3.173632 5m
m=0.8
4m 4m
Case2 +ve 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 0.031 7.027328 4.684885

-ve con 0.064 14.50803 9.672021 0.049 11.10771 7.405141

-ve dis 0.032 7.254016 4.836011 0.025 5.6672 3.778133 5m
Slab 7
m=0.8
Case=3
4m 4m
+ve 0.048 10.88102 7.254016 0.037 8.387456 5.591637

-ve con 0.055 12.46784 8.311893 0.041 9.294208 6.196139

-ve dis 0.027 6.120576 4.080384 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 5m
Slab 8
m=0.8
Case=2
4m 4m
+ve 0.041 9.294208 6.196139 0.031 7.027328 4.684885

-ve con 0.064 14.50803 9.672021 0.049 11.10771 7.405141

-ve dis 0.032 7.254016 4.836011 0.025 5.6672 3.778133 5m
Slab 9
m=0.8
Case=3
4m 4m
+ve 0.048 10.88102 7.254016 0.037 8.387456 5.591637

Fig. (3-2) Multi story (3*3 span slab).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 26

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-3) program definition for design of slabs.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 27

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-4) Entry of slab shape and size.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 28

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-5) Entry of slab and beam and column properties.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 29

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-6) Entry of load types and factors.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 30

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-7) Deformation shape of slab.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 31

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 32

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-8) results of program (slab forces, beam forces, axial force, stresses, moment, shear,
reactions and punching shear).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 33

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-9) results of program (slab moment, strip moment if short and long direction).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 34

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-10) results of program (slab design and reinforcement).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 35

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II
Table (3-5) Comparison of moment by method II and Safe.
Slab Long Direction Short Direction
Moment by Safe Ratio Moment by Safe Ratio
Method (II) Program (Method Method (II) Program (Method
kN.m Moment II/safe) *100 kN.m Moment II/safe) *100
(DDM) (DDM)
kN.m kN.m
14.50803 -8.9269 -162.52 5.6672 -3.33715 -169.822
Slab 1 10.88102 7.746533 140.4631 8.387456 6.8919 121.7002
7.254016 -2.38197 -304.539 11.10771 -9.8323 -112.972
12.46784 -9.349 -133.36 9.294208 -9.76475 -95.1812
Slab 2 9.294208 7.109733 130.7251 7.027328 5.8759 119.5958
6.120576 -2.61887 -233.711 9.294208 -9.76475 -95.1812
14.50803 -8.9269 -162.52 11.10771 -9.8323 -112.972
Slab 3 10.88102 7.746533 140.4631 8.387456 6.8919 121.7002
7.254016 -2.38197 -304.539 5.6672 -3.33715 -169.822
12.46784 -9.00327 -138.481 4.760448 -3.42085 -139.16
Slab 4 9.294208 6.4746 143.5488 7.027328 6.3357 110.9164
12.46784 -9.00327 -138.481 9.294208 -9.4875 -97.9627
10.88102 -9.2598 -117.508 7.480704 -9.3625 -79.9007
Slab 5 8.160768 5.836833 139.815 5.6672 5.12185 110.6475
10.88102 -9.2598 -117.508 7.480704 -9.3625 -79.9007
12.46784 -9.00327 -138.481 9.294208 -9.4875 -97.9627
Slab 6 9.294208 6.4746 143.5488 7.027328 6.3357 110.9164
12.46784 -9.00327 -138.481 4.760448 -3.42085 -139.16
7.254016 -2.38197 -304.539 5.6672 -3.33715 -169.822
Slab 7 10.88102 7.746533 140.4631 8.387456 6.8919 121.7002
14.50803 -8.9269 -162.52 11.10771 -9.8323 -112.972
6.120576 -2.61887 -233.711 9.294208 -9.76475 -95.1812
Slab 8 9.294208 7.109733 130.7251 7.027328 5.8759 119.5958
12.46784 -9.349 -133.36 9.294208 -9.76475 -95.1812
7.254016 -2.38197 -304.539 11.10771 -9.8323 -112.972
Slab 9 10.88102 7.746533 140.4631 8.387456 6.8919 121.7002
14.50803 -8.9269 -162.52 5.6672 -3.33715 -169.822
3-2 Slab (work 2) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam:
3-2-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
Design slab with beam system 3*3 panels with long direction 6.35 m c/c and short
direction 5.6 c/c. The slab is to support a live load of 6 kN/m2 and a dead load of 5
kN/m2, including the slab weight. The columns are 350mm*350mm. the slab is
supported by beams along the column line, (300*350 mm), f'c=21 MPa and fy=MPa.
Table (3-6) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column.
Thickness of slab =max clear perimeter/180=(5600+6530)*2/180≅150mm
Use h=150 mm
Depth of beam From table (9.5 a0 ACI-318)=L/21=6350/21
=302.38 mm…Use 350 mm
Width of beam (b) =300 mm for beams.
Column 350*350 mm

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 36

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II
Table (3-7) Concrete Prosperities of slabs, beam and column.
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Compressive strength (f'c) 21 MPa
Table (3-8) Loads Types and Calculations.
Live load (L.L) 6 kN/m2
Super Imposed Dead load (D.L) 1.4 kN/m2
Dead load (D.L) =24*0.15=3.6
Wu=1.2*5+1.6*6=15.6 kN/m2

Fig. (3-11) 3*3 span slab and strip position.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 37

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-12) results of program (slab moment, strip moment if short and long direction).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 38

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II

Fig. (3-13) Deformation shape of slab.

Table (3-9) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.
Slab Ls Coef Short Middle Column Long Middle Column Panel
Direction Direction
Mu Mu Mu Mu
kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m
-ve 6.35 m
Slab 1 0.058268 28.5055 19.00367 0.049 23.97158 15.98106
con
m=0.8
5.6 -ve dis 0.028724 14.05244 9.368294 0.025 12.2304 8.1536
8189
m
Case= 5.6 m
3 +ve
0.043906 21.47928 14.31952 0.037 18.10099 12.06733
-ve
Slab 2
con 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.041 20.05786 13.3719 6.35 m
m=0.8
5.6 -ve dis 0.024543 12.00698 8.004652 0.041 20.05786 13.3719
8189
Case=
m 5.6 m
2 +ve
0.036906 18.05477 12.03651 0.031 15.1657 10.11046
-ve
Slab 3 con 0.058268 28.5055 19.00367 0.049 23.97158 15.98106 6.35 m
m=0.8
8189
5.6 -ve dis 0.028724 14.05244 9.368294 0.025 12.2304 8.1536 5.6 m
m
Case=
3 +ve
0.043906 21.47928 14.31952 0.037 18.10099 12.06733
-ve
Slab 4
con 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.041 20.05786 13.3719 6.35 m
m=0.8
5.6 -ve dis 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.021 10.27354 6.849024
8189 5.6 m
m
Case=
2 +ve
0.036906 18.05477 12.03651 0.031 15.1657 10.11046
-ve
Slab 5 con 0.041449 20.27743 13.51828 0.033 16.14413 10.76275 6.35 m
m=0.8
8189
5.6 -ve dis 0 0 0 0 0 0
Case=
m 5.6 m
1 +ve
0.031087 15.20807 10.13871 0.025 12.2304 8.1536
Slab 6 -ve
5.6 con 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.041 20.05786 13.3719 6.35 m
m=0.8
m
8189 -ve dis 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.021 10.27354 6.849024
5.6 m

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 39

Chapter Three Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program and Method II
Case2 +ve 0.036906 18.05477 12.03651 0.031 15.1657 10.11046
Slab 7 -ve
m=0.8 con 0.058268 28.5055 19.00367 0.049 23.97158 15.98106 6.35 m
5.6 -ve dis 0.028724 14.05244 9.368294 0.025 12.2304 8.1536
8189
m
Case=
+ve
5.6 m
3 0.043906 21.47928 14.31952 0.037 18.10099 12.06733
-ve
Slab 8 con 0.049268 24.10256 16.06837 0.041 20.05786 13.3719 6.35 m
m=0.8
8189
5.6 -ve dis 0.024543 12.00698 8.004652 0.041 20.05786 13.3719
m 5.6 m
Case=
2 +ve
0.036906 18.05477 12.03651 0.031 15.1657 10.11046
-ve
Slab 9 con 0.058268 28.5055 19.00367 0.049 23.97158 15.98106 6.35 m
m=0.8
8189
5.6 -ve dis 0.028724 14.05244 9.368294 0.025 12.2304 8.1536
Case=
m 5.6 m
3 +ve
0.043906 21.47928 14.31952 0.037 18.10099 12.06733
Table (3-10) comparison of moment by method II and Safe.
Slab Long Direction Short Direction
Moment by Safe Ratio Moment by Safe Ratio
Method (II) Program (Method Method (II) Program (Method
kN.m Moment II/safe) *100 kN.m Moment II/safe) *100
(DDM) kN.m (DDM) kN.m
12.2304 -4.52407 -270.341 28.5055 -17.1916 -165.811
Slab 1 18.10099 21.89564 82.66937 21.47928 18.54355 115.8315
23.97158 -27.297 -87.8176 14.05244 -2.09696 -670.135
20.05786 -26.5195 -75.6343 -2.6947 12.00698 -445.577
Slab 2 15.1657 15.54786 97.54206 16.83963 18.05477 107.2159
20.05786 -26.5194 -75.6347 -19.7723 24.10256 -121.9
23.97158 -27.2972 -87.8169 28.5055 -17.1916 -165.811
Slab 3 18.10099 21.89586 82.66856 21.47928 18.54355 115.8315
12.2304 -4.52425 -270.33 14.05244 -2.09696 -670.135
10.27354 -4.80132 -213.973 24.10256 -16.9285 -142.379
Slab 4 15.1657 21.61257 70.17073 18.05477 11.78346 153.2212
20.05786 -30.3491 -66.0904 24.10256 -16.9285 -142.379
16.14413 -29.3213 -55.0595 20.27743 -19.2395 -105.395
Slab 5 12.2304 13.98061 87.48118 15.20807 8.962873 169.6785
16.14413 -29.3218 -55.0585 20.27743 -19.2395 -105.395
20.05786 -30.3483 -66.0922 24.10256 -16.928 -142.383
Slab 6 15.1657 21.6115 70.17421 18.05477 11.78366 153.2187
10.27354 -4.80279 -213.908 24.10256 -16.928 -142.383
12.2304 -4.52407 -270.341 14.05244 -2.09696 -670.135
Slab 7 18.10099 21.89564 82.66937 21.47928 18.54355 115.8315
23.97158 -27.297 -87.8176 28.5055 -17.1916 -165.811
20.05786 -26.5195 -75.6343 12.00698 -2.6947 -445.577
Slab 8 15.1657 15.54786 97.54206 18.05477 16.83963 107.2159
20.05786 -26.5194 -75.6347 24.10256 -19.7723 -121.9
23.97158 -27.2972 -87.8169 14.05244 -2.096 -670.441
Slab 9 18.10099 21.89586 82.66856 21.47928 18.55797 115.7415
12.2304 -4.52425 -270.33 28.5055 -17.1923 -165.804

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 40

Chapter Four

Design and Analysis

of Slabs by Program
and Direct Design
Methods
Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Chapter Four
Design and Analysis of Slabs by Program
and Direct Design Methods

4-1 Types of Slabs and method of Calculations (Direct Design Method):

When the ratio of (L/S) is less than 2 the slab is called two way slab, bending will
take place in the two directions, the main reinforcement is required in the two directions.

Fig. (4-1)Type of two-way slabs and method of design.

Fig. (4-2) Muli-span slab.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 41

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

4-1-1 Direct design Method (D.D.M):

4-1-2 Determination of two way slab thickness:

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 42

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Case 2: interior beam are not existing, thickness can be found according to table below:
Table (4-1) minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.

4-1-3 Estimating dimensions of Interior and Exterior Beams Sections:

Fig. (4-3) Effective beam section (a-interior beam, b-exterior beam).

4-1-4 Design Procedure:

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 43

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Table (4-2) distribution of total static moment in end spans.

Static moment Mo distributed as follows:

Fig. (4-4) Moment distribution.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 44

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 45

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Table (4-3) column strip factored moments.

4-1-5 Analysis of Slabs by Direct Design Method:

This method depends on division of slabs to separated strip and every strip is
divided to column strip and middle strip. This strip depends on dimension of each slab.
Moment calculated in the end and the middle of each span by using factors depends on
charts and tables.
4-2 Slab (work 3) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab without Interior Beam
by Direct Design Method:
Building consist of 4 span with properties as shown in tables below.
4-2-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
Multi story building (residence) consist of 4 story:
Table (4-4) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column.
Thickness of slab =Ln=33=6.4*1000/33=193.94 mm
Use h=200 mm
=(7.7+6.7)*2000/180=160mm

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 46

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Use h=200 mm
Depth of beam From table ACI-Code table 9.5c
hs=Ln/33=6.4*1000/33=193.94 mm (fy=420MPa).
ACI-Code table 9.5a
hb=L/21=7000*1000/21=333.33 mm use Use
hb=500 mm.
Width of edge beam (b) =400 mm *500 for beams.
Column 400*400 mm
600*600 mm
Table (4-5) Concrete and Steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column.
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Compressive strength (f'c) 40 MPa
fy 420 MPa
Table (4-6) Loads Types and Calculations.
Live load (L.L) 3 kN/m2
Superimposed dead load (SDL) SDL=24*0.07+0.025*1275*10/1000
=2 kN/m2
Dead load (D.L) =24*0.2=4.8 kN/m2
W.L=1.6*3=4.8 kN/m2
W.D=1.2*(4.8+2)=8.16 kN/m2
Wu=1.2*(4.8+2)+1.6*3=12.96kN/m2

Fig. (4-5) full map for building by safe program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 47

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-6) full map for building by Auto-Cad program.

Strip A Strip A
Strip C

Strip B Strip D

Fig. (4-7) Design strips for calculations of moments by safe program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 48

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Calculation of constant βt:

Table (4-7) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 49

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

CS width

moments

M Beam
WuL2Ln/

Moment
negative
8(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)
positive
LN (m)
L2 (m)

MSM

Total
MCS

MCS
Strip

CS.F
Mo=

Slab

Slab
and
L.F
(m)
3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve - 0.26 39.626496 0.929 36.81301 5.521952 31.2910 2.81348 8.3354

Span
End
3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve+ 0.52 79.252992 0.75 59.43974 8.915962 50.5237 19.8132 28.729
Strip 3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve- 0.7 106.68672 0.75 80.01504 12.00226 68.0127 26.6716 38.673
A 3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve - 0.7 148.19112 0.75 111.1433 16.6715 94.4718 37.0477 53.719

Interior
Span
3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve+ 0.35 74.09556 0.7928 58.74296 8.811444 49.9315 15.3526 24.164
3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve- 0.65 137.60604 0.7928 109.0941 16.36411 92.7299 28.5119 44.876
6.
5.5 3 318.5325 ve - 0.26 82.81845 0.9335 77.31102 77.31102 0 5.50742
5

End Span
6.
5.5 3 318.5325 ve+ 0.52 165.6369 0.6 99.38214 99.38214 0 66.2547
5
6.
5.5 3 318.5325 ve- 0.7 222.97275 0.75 167.2296 167.2296 0 55.7431
Strip 5
B 6.
6.4 3 431.3088 ve - 0.7 301.91616 0.75 226.4371 226.4371 0 75.4790
5

Interior
Span
6.
6.4 3 431.3088 ve+ 0.35 150.95808 0.6 90.57485 90.57485 0 60.3832
5
6.
6.4 3 431.3088 ve- 0.65 280.35072 0.75 210.263 210.263 0 70.0876
5
0.9383

End Span
7 5.5 3 343.035 ve - 0.26 89.1891 83.6897 83.6897 0 5.4994
4
7 5.5 3 343.035 ve+ 0.52 178.3782 0.6 107.0269 107.0269 0 71.3512
Strip 7 5.5 3 343.035 ve- 0.7 240.1245 0.75 180.0934 180.0934 0 60.0311
C
7 6.4 3 464.4864 ve - 0.7 325.14048 0.75 243.8554 243.8554 0 81.2851

Interior
Span
7 6.4 3 464.4864 ve+ 0.35 162.57024 0.6 97.54214 97.54214 0 65.0281
7 6.4 3 464.4864 ve- 0.65 301.91616 0.75 226.4371 226.4371 0 75.4790
3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve - 0.65 137.60604 0.7928 109.0941 109.0941 0 28.5119

Span
End
3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve+ 0.35 74.09556 0.7928 58.74296 58.74296 0 15.3526

Strip 3 6.6 1.5 211.7016 ve- 0.7 148.19112 0.75 111.1433 111.1433 0 37.0477
D 3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve - 0.7 106.68672 0.75 80.01504 80.01504 0 26.6716

Interior
Span
3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve+ 0.52 79.252992 0.75 59.43974 59.43974 0 19.8132
3 5.6 1.5 152.4096 ve- 0.26 39.626496 0.929 36.81301 36.81301 0 2.81348
For comparison we choose (Strip B and C as interior strip) which solved by direct
design method and Program (Safe).
Table (4-8) Comparison of Moments for Strip (B).
Column Strip Moments Direct Design Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position Positon Method Moment Moment (DDM) *100
(Safe) (DDM) kN.m kN.m
CSA7 Start 77.3 70.185 110.1375
CSA7 Middle 99.38 83.3507 119.2312
CSA7 End 167.23 171.5038 97.50804
CSA9 Start 210.26 183.8408 114.3707
CSA9 Middle 90.57 100.2148 90.37587
CSA9 End 210.26 191.3519 109.8813
CSA10 Start 210.26 191.3519 109.8813

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 50

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

CSA10 Middle 90.57 100.2148 90.37587

CSA10 End 210.26 183.8408 114.3707
CSA11 Start 167.23 171.5038 97.50804
CSA11 Middle 99.38 83.3507 119.2312
CSA11 End 77.3 70.185 110.1375
Table (4-9) Comparison of Moments for Strip (C).
Column Strip Moments Direct Design Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position Positon Method Moment Moment (DDM) *100
(Safe) (DDM) kN.m kN.m
CSA7 Start 83.6897 73.1302 114.4
CSA7 Middle 107.0269 85.5006 125.2
CSA7 End 180.0934 179.5311 100.3
CSA9 Start 243.8554 192.7916 126.5
CSA9 Middle 97.54214 102.1589 95.5
CSA9 End 226.4371 200.221 113.1
CSA10 Start 226.4371 200.221 113.1
CSA10 Middle 97.54214 102.1589 95.5
CSA10 End 243.8554 192.7916 126.5
CSA11 Start 180.0934 179.5311 100.3
CSA11 Middle 107.0269 85.5006 125.2
CSA11 End 83.6897 73.1302 114.4

Fig.(4-8) moment in negative and positive in slab.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 51

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-9) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program.

4-3 Slab (work 4) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab without Interior Beam
by Direct Design Method:
4-3-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
For the two-way solid slab with beams on all column lines, shown in Figure,
evaluate the moments, using the direct design method. All columns are 300× 300 mm in
cross section, all beams are 300× 600 mm in cross section, slab thickness is equal to 140
mm. Use f'c= 28 MPa and fy 420 MPa. (L.L=4 kN/m2, D.L=1.83 kN/m2 and SD.L=3.36
kN/m2).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 52

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-10) Two way Solid Slab with beams.

Strip A

Fig. (4-11) Design strips for calculations of moments by direct design Method.
Evaluate the constants α and βt:
Beam sectional properties are shown in Figure.
Calculation of relative beam stiffness α :
Internal beams: relative stiffness of beam is calculated as follows:

Fig. (4-12) Beam sectional properties for relative stiffness calculations.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 53

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Calculation of constant βt:

Fig. (4-13) Beam Sectional Properties for relative stiffness calculation.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 54

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

3- Evaluation of moments in one of the internal beams:

For comparison we choose (Strip A as interior strip) which solved by direct design
method and Program (Safe).
Table (4-10) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.
CS width

moments

M Beam

Moment
WuL2Ln/

negative
8(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)
positive
LN (m)
L2 (m)

MSM

Total
MCS

MCS
Strip

CS.F
Mo=

Slab

Slab
and
L.F
(m)

13.63215
6 5.7 3 ve - 0.16 0.85 41.84894 6.277341 35.5716 7.3851
307.712 49.23405
63.44018
6 5.7 3 ve+ 0.57 0.75 131.5472 19.73208 111.8151 43.849
307.712 175.3963
77.90899
6 5.7 3 ve- 0.7 0.75 161.5492 24.23238 137.3168 53.849
307.712 215.399
77.90899
6 5.7 3 ve - 0.7 0.75 161.5492 24.23238 137.3168 53.849
307.712 215.399

End Span
Strip 38.95449
6 5.7 3 ve+ 0.35 0.75 80.77461 12.11619 68.65842 26.924
A 307.712 107.6995
72.34406
6 5.7 3 ve- 0.65 0.75 150.01 22.5015 127.5085 50.003
307.712 200.0133
77.90899
6 5.7 3 ve - 0.7 0.75 161.5492 24.23238 137.3168 53.849

Interior Span
307.712 215.399
63.44018
6 5.7 3 ve+ 0.57 0.75 131.5472 19.73208 111.8151 43.849
307.712 175.3963
13.63215
6 5.7 3 ve- 0.16 0.85 41.84894 6.277341 35.5716 7.3851
307.712 49.23405

Table (4-11) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A).

Column Strip Moments Direct Design Method Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position (Safe) Positon Moment (DDM) kN.m Moment (DDM) kN.m *100
CSA1 Start 13.63215 14.86 91.73721
CSA1 Middle 63.44018 51.548 123.0701
CSA1 End 77.90899 86.10 90.48663
CSA2 Start 77.90899 79.84 97.5814
CSA2 Middle 38.95449 34.2034 113.8907
CSA2 End 72.34406 79.84 90.6113
CSA3 Start 77.90899 86.10 90.48663
CSA3 Middle 63.44018 51.548 123.0701
CSA3 End 13.63215 14.86 91.73721

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 55

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Strip A

Fig. (4-14) Design strips and strip moment by safe program.

Fig.(4-15) moment in negative and positive in slab.

4-4 Slab (work 5) CSI SAFE-02-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam:
4-4-1 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
For the two-way solid slab with beams on all column lines, shown in Figure,
evaluate the moments, using the direct design method. All columns are 300× 300 mm in
cross section. Beams are (300× 500 mm) and (300× 400 mm) in cross section, slab
thickness is equal to 160 mm. Use f'c= 28 MPa and fy 420 MPa. (L.L=4 kN/m2,
D.L=24*0.16 kN/m2 and SD.L=3.84 kN/m2).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 56

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-16) full map for building by safe program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 57

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-17)beam shape and position by safe program.

Strip A

Strip A

Fig. (4-18) Design strips for calculations of moments by direct design Method.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 58

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 59

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 60

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 61

 Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

For comparison we choose (Strip A as exterior strip) which solved by direct design
method and Program (Safe).
Table (4-12) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

CS width

moments

M Beam

Moment
WuL2Ln/

negative
8(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)
positive
LN (m)
L2 (m)

MSM

Total
MCS

MCS
Strip

CS.F
Mo=

Slab

Slab
and
L.F
(m)

3.15 4.7 138.018 22.08302 19.32264 2.898396

1.5 ve - 0.16 0.85 16.42425 2.760377 5.6587

End Span
3.15 4.7 138.018 78.67076 54.28282 8.142423
1.5 ve+ 0.57 0.75 46.1404 24.38793 32.530
3.15 4.7 138.018 96.61321 66.66312 9.999467
1.5 ve- 0.7 0.75 56.66365 29.9501 39.949
Strip
A 3.15 4.7 138.018 89.71227 61.90146 9.28522
1.5 ve - 0.65 0.75 52.61624 27.8108 37.096

Interior Span
3.15 4.7 138.018 48.30661 29.53562 4.430344
1.5 ve+ 0.35 0.75 25.10528 18.77098 23.201
3.15 4.7 138.018 89.71227 61.90146 9.28522
1.5 ve- 0.65 0.75 52.61624 27.8108 37.096

For comparison we choose (Strip A as interior strip) which solved by direct design
method and Program (Safe).
Table (4-13) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A).
Column Strip Moments Direct Design Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position Positon Method Moment Moment (DDM) *100
(Safe) (DDM) kN.m kN.m
CSA1 Start 5.6587 6.655 85.0
CSA1 Middle 32.530 39.8853 81.6
CSA1 End 39.949 33.4648 119.4
CSA2 Start 37.09 33.2496 111.6
CSA2 Middle 23.20 25.365 91.5
CSA2 End 37.096 33.2516 111.6
CSA3 Start 39.949 33.4648 119.4
CSA3 Middle 32.530 39.8853 81.6
CSA3 End 5.6587 6.655 85.0

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 62

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Fig. (4-19) Design strips and strip moment by safe program.

4-5 Slab (work 6) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab with Interior Beam by
Direct Design Method:
Solving the same work (work2) but with direct design method.

Fig. (4-20) Two way slabs dimensions.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 63

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

 Assume a depth for the slab :

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒 2∗(6530+5600)
ℎ= ℎ= ≅ 150 𝑚𝑚
180 180
 Check depth limitations:
Calculate beams and slab moment of inertia :

150

350 350
350

350 All unit in mm 350

5002 1502
350∗ +350∗
𝑁. 𝐴 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝑦̅) = 2 2
𝑦̅ = 209.6 𝑚𝑚
350∗500+350∗150
𝑏 ∗ ℎ3
𝐼𝑏1 = + (𝐴 ∗ 𝑑2 )
12
(350 + 350) ∗ 209.63 350 ∗ (500 − 209.6)3 350 ∗ (209.6 − 150)3
𝐼𝑏1 = + − = 4.98 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3 3 3
1502 5002
2∗350∗ +350∗
𝑁. 𝐴 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝑦̅) = 2 2
𝑦̅ = 184.375 𝑚𝑚
2∗350∗150+350∗500

184.3753 (500 − 184.375)3 2 ∗ 350 ∗ (184.375 − 150)3

𝐼𝑏2 = (2 ∗ 350 + 350) ∗ + 350 ∗ −
3 3 3
9 4
= 5.85 ∗ 10 𝑚𝑚
Compute the value of Is in the edge strip, interior strip &∝ 𝒇 :
(6350 + 350⁄2) ∗ 1503
𝐼𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = = 0.94 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 ∗ 𝐼𝑏1 4.98∗109
∝ 𝑓1 = ∝ 𝑓1 = 0.94∗109 = 5.3
𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠
(6350 + 6350⁄2) ∗ 1503
𝐼𝑠2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 5.6 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = = 1.79 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 ∗ 𝐼𝑏2 5.85∗109
∝ 𝑓2 = ∝ 𝑓2 = 1.79∗109 = 3.27
𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗𝐼𝑠2

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 64

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

5600 ∗ 1503
𝐼𝑠3 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 6.35 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = = 1.575 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 ∗ 𝐼𝑏2 5.85∗109
∝ 𝑓3 = ∝ 𝑓3 = 1.575∗109 = 3.7
𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗𝐼𝑠3
*limitation in code:
∝𝑓1 ∗𝑙22 3.7∗5.62
= 3.27∗6.352 = 0.9 0.9 > 0.2
∝𝑓2 ∗𝑙12
5.3 + 3.2 7 + 3.7 + 3.7
∝ 𝑓𝑚 = ≅4
4
6350−350
∵∝ 𝑓𝑚 > 2.0 𝛽 = 5600−350 = 1.14
280
6000∗(0.8+ )
∴ ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛, = 1400
36+5∗(1.14)
= 143.9 < 150 𝑚𝑚 ∴ ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑,=150 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑘
Find Moments:
 Short direction /Exterior strip / Interior panel:
15.6 ∗ (3.175 + 0.35⁄2) ∗ (5.6 − .35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 180 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.65 ∗ 180 = 117 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.15 ∗ 180 = 27 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑙2 6.35 ∝ 𝑓1 = 5.3 𝑙2
= = 1.13 ∝ 𝑓1 = 6
𝑙1 5.6 𝑙1
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 117 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 27 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.72 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.72
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 117 = 84.24 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 27 = 19.44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 117 − 84.24 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 27 − 19.44 = 7.56 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 32.76 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 84.24 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 19.44
= 12.63 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 2.916 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Short direction /Exterior strip / Exterior panel
350 500∗3503 150 350∗1503
𝑐 = ((1 − 0.63 ∗ 500) ∗ ( )) +((1 − 0.63 ∗ 350) ∗ ( ) =1.72*1010 mm4 using eq.
3 3
3350∗1503 4.28∗109
𝐼𝑠 = = 0.94 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4 𝛽 = 2∗0.94∗109 = 2.27
12
15.6 ∗ (3.175 + 0.35⁄2) ∗ (5.6 − .35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 180 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
From table 13.6.3.3 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed as follows:
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 0.7 ∗ 180 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.57 ∗ 180 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 0.16 ∗ 180
= 126 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 102.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 28.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.72 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.72 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.2)=0.746
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 126 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 102.6 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 28.8 ∗ 0.711
= 90.72 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 73.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 20.47 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 126 − 90.72 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 102.6 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 28.8 − 20.47
= 35.28 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 − 73.87 = 7.32 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 28.7 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 21.48
= 0.15 ∗ 90.72 = 0.15 ∗ 73.87 = 3.07𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 9.72𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 11.8𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 65

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

 Short direction /interior strip /interior panel:

15.6 ∗ 6.35 ∗ (5.6)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 342 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.65 ∗ 342 = 222.3 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.35 ∗ 342 = 119.7𝑁. 𝑚
𝑙2 6.35 ∝ 𝑓1 = 3.27 𝑙2
= = 1.13 ∝ 𝑓1
= 3.695
𝑙1 5.6 𝑙1
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 222.3 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 119.7 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

C.s % portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.72 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.72

−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 222.3 = 160.056𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 119.7 = 86.184 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 222.3 − 160.056 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 119.7 − 86.184
= 62.244 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 33.516 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 160.056 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 86.4
= 24 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 12.96 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Short direction / interior strip / Exterior panel:
350 500∗3503 150 350∗1503
𝑐 = ((1 − 0.63 ∗ 500) ∗ ( )) +((1 − 0.63 ∗ 350) ∗ ( ) =1.72*1010 mm4
3 3
(6350 + 6350⁄2) ∗ 1503
𝐼𝑠 = = 1.79 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
4.28 ∗ 109
𝛽= = 1.195
2 ∗ 1.79 ∗ 109
15.6∗6.35∗(5.6)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 342 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
From table 13.6.3.3 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed as follows:
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 0.7 ∗ 342 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.57 ∗ 342 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 0.16 ∗ 342
= 239.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 194.94 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 54.72𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.72 C.s %
portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.72 portion(table13.6.4.2)=0.65
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 239.4 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.72 ∗ 194.94 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 54.72 ∗ 0.65
= 172.368 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 140.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 35.568𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 194.94 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠
= 239.4 − 172.368 − 140.4 = 54.72 − 35.568
= 67.032 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 54.54 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 19.152 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
= 0.15 ∗ 172.368 = 0.15 ∗ 140.4 = 0.15 ∗ 35.568
= 21.06𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 21.06𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 5.335𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Long direction /Exterior strip / Interior panel:
15.6 ∗ (5.6⁄2 + 0.35⁄2) ∗ (6.35 − 0.35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 208.845 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.65 ∗ 208.845 = 135.74𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.35 ∗ 208.845 = 73.09 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑙2 5.6 ∝ 𝑓1 = 3.27 𝑙2
= = .88 ∝ 𝑓1 = 2.88
𝑙1 6.35 𝑙1
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 135.74 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 73.09𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.786 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.786
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 135.74 = 106.69𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 73.09 = 57.45 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 29.05𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 15.636 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 106.69 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 57.45 = 8.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 16 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Long direction /Exterior strip / Exterior panel:
350 500∗3503
𝑐 = ((1 − 0.63 ∗ 500) ∗ ( ))
3

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 66

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

150 350∗1503
+((1 − 0.63 ∗ 350) ∗ ( ) =1.72*1010 mm4
3
(5600⁄2+350⁄2 )∗5600∗1503 4.28∗109
𝐼𝑠 = = 0.836 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4 𝛽 = 2∗0.836∗109 = 2.559
12
15.6 ∗ (5.6⁄2 + 0.35⁄2) ∗ (6.35 − 0.35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 208.845 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
From table 13.6.3.3 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed as follows:
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 0.7 ∗ 208.845 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.57 ∗ 208.845 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑒𝑥𝑡.
= 146.19 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 119.04 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 0.16 ∗ 208.845 … … . .
= 33.4𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % C.s % C.s % portion(table13.6.4.2)=
portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.786 portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.786 0.786

−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 146.19 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 119.04 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 33.4 ∗ 0.786

= 114.9𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 93.56 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 26.25𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 58884. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 7.14𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 47.953 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
= 0.15 ∗ 114.9𝑘 = 0.15 ∗ 93.56 = 0.15
= 17.235𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 14.034𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∗ 26.25
= 3.93𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Long direction / Interior strip / Interior panel:
15.6 ∗ 5.6 ∗ (6.35 − 0.35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 393.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.65 ∗ 393.12 = 255.528𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.35 ∗ 393.12 = 137.592 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑙2 5.6 ∝ 𝑓1 = 3.27 𝑙2
= = .88 ∝ 𝑓1 = 2.88
𝑙1 6.35 𝑙1
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 255.528 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 137.592 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.786 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.786
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 255.528 = 200.8𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 137.592 = 108.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 54.68𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 29.44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 200.8 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 108.14
= 30.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 16.221𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 Long direction / Interior strip / Exterior panel:
350 500∗3503 150 350∗1503
𝑐 = ((1 − 0.63 ∗ 500) ∗ ( )) +((1 − 0.63 ∗ 350) ∗ ( ) =1.72*1010 mm4
3 3
5600∗1503 4.28∗109
𝐼𝑠 = = 1.575 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4 𝛽 = 2∗1.575∗109 = 1.349
12
15.6 ∗ 5.6 ∗ (6.35 − 0.35)2
𝑀𝑜 = = 393.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
From table 13.6.3.3 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed as follows:
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡. = 0.7 ∗ 393.12 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 = 0.57 ∗ 393.12 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑒𝑥𝑡. = 0.16 ∗ 393.12
= 275.184 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 224.0784 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 62.89𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
C.s % C.s % portion(table13.6.4.4)=0.786 C.s % portion(table13.6.4.2)= 0.786
portion(table13.6.4.1)=0.786
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 275.184 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 0.786 ∗ 119.04 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 = 33.4 ∗ 0.786
= 216.29𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 93.56 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 26.25𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 58884. 𝑚 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒. 𝑠 = 47.953 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝑠 = 7.14𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
−𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 +𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 −𝑣𝑒 𝑀 𝑐. 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 ∗ 26.25
= 0.15 = 0.15 ∗ 93.56 = 3.93𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∗ 114.9𝑘 = 14.034𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
= 17.235𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 67

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

 Short direction /interior strip /interior panel:

Table (4-14) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

CS width

M Beam
Moment

Moment
WuL2Ln/

factored
8(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)
LN (m)
L2 (m)

MSM

Total
MCS

MCS
Strip

Mo=

Slab

Slab
(m)
136.04 86.2524
6.35 5.6 3.175 342 222.3 ve - 160.056 24.0084 62.244
76
73.256 46.4436
Strip 6.35 5.6 3.175 342 119.7 ve+ 86.184 12.9276 33.516
4
136.04 86.2524
6.35 5.6 3.175 342 222.3 ve- 160.056 24.0084 62.244
76
Table (4-15) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A).
Column Strip Moments Direct Design Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position Positon Method Moment Moment (DDM) *100
(Safe) (DDM) kN.m kN.m
CSA1 Start 86.2524 97.725 88.26032
CSA1 Middle 46.4436 41.612 111.6111
CSA1 End 86.2524 97.725 88.26032

Fig. (4-21) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 68

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

4-6 Slab (work 7) CSI SAFE-04-Analysis and Design of Slab with Interior Beam by
Direct Design Method:
Design slab with beam system 3*3 panels. The slab is to support a live load of
2.728 kN/m2 and a dead load of 4.82 kN/m2, including the slab weight. The columns are
(250mm*250mm). The slab is supported by beams along the column line, (250*600
edge beam and 250*500mm internal beam).

Fig. (4-22) Design strips for calculations of moments by safe program.

 Frame A

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 69

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 70

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program

 Frame B

Table (4-16) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

CS width

moments

M Beam

Moment
WuL2Ln/

negative
8(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)

(kN.m)
positive
LN (m)
L2 (m)

MSM

Total
MCS

MCS
Strip

CS.F
Mo=

Slab

Slab
and
L.F
(m)

3.1 3.7
1.5 55.75562 ve - 0.16 8.920898438 0.8 7.136719 1.070508 6.066211 1.78418

End Span
25 5 2.854688
3.1 3.7
1.5 55.75562 ve+ 0.57 31.78070068 0.6 19.06842 2.860263 16.20816 12.71228
25 5 15.57254
3.1 3.7
1.5 55.75562 ve- 0.7 39.02893066 0.6 23.41736 3.512604 19.90475 15.61157
Strip 25 5 19.12417
B 3.1 3.7
1.5 55.75562 ve - 0.65 36.2411499 0.6 21.74469 3.261703 18.48299 14.49646
25 5 17.75816
Interior
3.1 3.7 Span
1.5 55.75562 ve+ 0.35 19.51446533 0.6 11.70868 1.756302 9.952377 7.805786
25 5 9.562088
3.1 3.7
1.5 55.75562 ve- 0.65 36.2411499 0.6 21.74469 3.261703 18.48299 14.49646
25 5 17.75816
3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve - 0.16 17.128125 0.8736 14.96313 2.24447 12.71866 2.164995
End Span

5 4.409465
3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve+ 0.57 61.01894531 0.6 36.61137 5.491705 31.11966 24.40758
5 29.89929
Strip 3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve- 0.7 74.93554688 0.6 44.96133 6.744199 38.21713 29.97422
A 5 36.71842
3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve - 0.65 69.58300781 0.6 41.7498 6.262471 35.48733 27.8332
Interi

Span

5 34.09567
or

3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve+ 0.35 37.46777344 0.6 22.48066 3.3721 19.10856 14.98711
5 18.35921

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 71

Chapter Four Calculation by Direct Design Method and Compare with Program
3.7
6 3 107.0508 ve- 0.65 69.58300781 0.6 41.7498 6.262471 35.48733 27.8332
5 34.09567
Table (4-17) Comparison of Moments for Strip (A).
Column Strip Moments Direct Design Safe Program Ratio (DDM/safe)
Position Positon Method Moment Moment (DDM) *100
(Safe) (DDM) kN.m kN.m
CSA1 Start 4.409465 -6.04 -73.0044
CSA1 Middle 29.89929 28.3617 105.4214
CSA1 End 36.71842 -37.2311 -98.623
CSA2 Start 34.09567 -37.0584 -92.0052
CSA2 Middle 18.35921 18.6121 98.64126
CSA2 End 34.09567 -37.0677 -91.9822

Fig. (4-23) Column Strip Moment by Safe Program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 72

Chapter Five

Comparison of
Method II with
Direct design &
(SAFE) program
Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Chapter Five
Comparison of Method II with Direct design &
(SAFE) program
5-1 Slab (work 8) CSI SAFE-Analysis and Design of Slab with Beam:
5-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs:
Table (5-1) Geometry and descriptions of slabs, beam and column.
Thickness of slab =max clear perimeter/180
=(7.7+5.7)*2000/180=148 mm
Use h=200 mm
Depth of beam From table (9.5 a0 ACI-318)
=L/21=8000/21
=380 mm
Use 600 mm
Width of beam (b) =300 mm for beams.
column 300*300 mm

Table (5-2) Concrete and steel Prosperities of slabs, beam and column.
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Compressive strength (f'c) 25 MPa
Yield stress (fy) 400 MPa

Table (5-3) Loads Types and Calculations.

Live load (L.L) =5 kN/m2
Superimposed dead load (SDL) =3 kN/m2
Dead load (D.L) =24*0.2=4.8 kN/m2
W.L=1.6*5= 8 kN/m2
W.D=1.2*(4.8 +3)= 9.36 kN/m2
Wu=1.2*(4.8 +3)+1.6*5=17.36 kN/m2

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 73

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Fig. (5-1) slab span and dimensions.

Table (5-4) Interpolation Program for Solving Coefficients of Method II.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 74

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

5-3 Analysis by using ACI 318M Method II:

Table (5-5) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.

Slab Ls Coef Short Middle Column Long Middle Column Panel
Direction Direction
Mu Mu Mu Mu
kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m kN.m/m
-ve con 0.0675 42.1848 28.1232 0.049 30.62304 20.41536 8m
Slab 1
m=0.7
5
6m -ve dis 0.034 21.24864 14.16576 0.025 15.624 10.416 6m
Case=3
+ve 0.051 31.87296 21.24864 0.037 23.12352 15.41568

-ve con 0.0508 31.74797 21.16531 0.041 25.62336 17.08224 7m

Slab 2
m=0.8 0.0252 15.74899 10.49933 0.041 25.62336 17.08224
6
6m -ve dis
6m
Case=2
+ve 0.038 23.74848 15.83232 0.031 19.37376 12.91584
-ve con 0.049 30.62304 20.41536 0.049 30.62304 20.41536
-ve dis 0.025 15.624 10.416 0.025 15.624 10.416
6m
Slab 3
m=1 6m 6m
Case=3 +ve 0.037 23.12352 15.41568 0.037 23.12352 15.41568

-ve con 0.06725 29.1865 19.45767 0.041 17.794 11.86267

Slab 4 -ve dis 0.06725 29.1865 19.45767 0.021 9.114 6.076 8m
m=0.6
25
5m 5m
Case=2 +ve 0.05075 22.0255 14.68367 0.031 13.454 8.969333

Slab 5 -ve con 0.05402 23.44468 15.62979 0.033 14.322 9.548

m=0.7 -ve con 0.05402 23.44468 15.62979 0.033 14.322 9.548 7m
14
Case=1
5m
5m
+ve 0.0403 17.4902 11.66013 0.025 10.85 7.233333

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 75

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program
-ve con 0.05269 22.86746 15.24497 0.041 17.794 11.86267
Slab 6 -ve dis 0.02601 11.28834 7.52556 0.021 9.114 6.076 6m
m=0.8
33 5m 5m
+ve 0.03935 17.0779 11.38527 0.031 13.454 8.969333
Case2

-ve con 0.0675 18.7488 12.4992 0.049 13.61024 9.073493

Slab 7
-ve dis 0.034 9.44384 6.295893 0.025 6.944 4.629333 8m
m=0.5 4m
Case=3 +ve 0.051 14.16576 9.44384 0.037 10.27712 6.851413
4m

-ve con 0.0738 20.49869 13.66579 0.041 11.38816 7.592107

Slab 8 -ve dis 0.0371 10.3049 6.869931 0.041 11.38816 7.592107 7m
m=0.5
4m
7
+ve 0.0556 15.44346 10.29564 0.031 8.61056 5.740373
4m
Case=2

-ve con 0.0738 20.49869 13.66579 0.049 13.61024 9.073493

Slab 9 -ve dis 0.0372 10.33267 6.888448 0.025 6.944 4.629333 6m
m=0.6
4m
66
+ve 0.056 15.55456 10.36971 0.037 10.27712 6.851413
4m
Case=3

For comparison we choose (Strip A which concluded of slab 1-2-3 in long

direction as exterior strip with width of (L2=3.15m, Ln=7.7, 6.7 and 5.7 m) which
solved by Method II and direct design method and Program (Safe).
Table (5-6) Calculation of Moments for all slabs.
Slab Long Direction Ratio Ratio Ratio
Moment in Moment in Safe (Method (DDM/safe) (Method
strip A by strip A by Program II/safe) *100 II/ DDM)
Method Direct design Moment *100 *100
(II) kN.m Method (DDM)
kN.m kN.m
-ve con 49.2156 14.521878 14.0059 351.3919 103.684 338.9066
Slab 1 +ve 72.83909 69.013572 79.625 91.47766 86.67325 105.5431
-ve dis 96.46258 84.753509 96.4349 100.0287 87.88676 113.8154
-ve con 80.71358 70.193998 93.4655 86.35655 75.10151 114.9864
Slab 2 +ve 61.02734 57.157970 49.0565 124.4021 116.5146 106.7696
-ve con 80.71358 70.193998 69.4896 116.152 101.0137 114.9864
-ve con 96.46258 56.354169 70.9413 135.9752 79.43775 171.172
Slab 3 +ve 72.83909 45.888394 58.9074 123.6502 77.8992 158.731
-ve dis 49.2156 9.1055012 11.5358 426.6336 78.93255 540.504

Table (5-7) Calculation of Moments for Strip A by direct design method.

(-ve and +ve CS. MCS M M Slabs
Strip L2 Ln Mo L.F MCS MSM
moment) F Slab Beam total
3.1 405.276 ve 59.2028
7.7 0.16 64.8442872 0.913 8.880425 50.32241 5.641453 14.521878
Strip 5 8 - 3
A 3.1 405.276 ve 190.581
7.7 0.57 231.0077732 0.825 28.58721 161.9942 40.42636 69.013572
Exteri 5 8 + 4
or 3.1 405.276 234.047
7.7 ve- 0.7 283.6937565 0.825 35.1071 198.9402 49.64641 84.753509
5 8 3
Strip 3.1 306.845 ve 170.115
6.7 0.7 214.7919165 0.792 25.51728 144.5979 44.67672 70.193998
A 5 6 - 2
Middl 3.1 6.7 306.845 ve 0.57 174.9019892 0.792 138.522 20.77836 117.744 36.37961 57.157970

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 76

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program
e 5 6 + 4
3.1 306.845 170.115
6.7 ve- 0.7 214.7919165 0.792 25.51728 144.5979 44.67672 70.193998
5 6 2
3.1 222.085 ve 116.594
5.7 0.7 155.4597765 0.75 17.48922 99.10561 38.86494 56.354169
Strip 5 4 - 8
A 3.1 222.085 ve 94.9415
5.7 0.57 126.5886752 0.75 14.24123 80.70028 31.64717 45.888394
Exteri 5 4 + 1
or 3.1 222.085 31.0919
5.7 ve- 0.16 35.5336632 0.875 4.663793 26.42816 4.441708 9.1055012
5 4 6

Fig. (5-2) Slabs strip moment.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 77

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

5-4 Slab (work 9) CSI SAFE Analysis and Design of Slab:

Design of two way slab with no edge beam with interior column of 400*400 mm
and exterior column of 300*300 mm and live load of 3 kN/m2, super imposed dead load
=3 kN/m2 use f'c=28 MPa and fy 420 MPa.

Fig. (5-3) slab span and dimensions.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 78
Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

 Calculate the slab thickness:

 Calculate the factored moment on the slab:

wu=1.2(5.28+3)+1.6*3=14.75 kN/m2
 Calculate the strip moment in short direction:
Width of intermediate strip =7000vmm and width of column strip is the smaller (l1/2)
and (l2/2) taken ad (6000/2) mm
 Total factored moment:

 Distribute the total factored moment into positive and negative moment.
 Distribute the positive and negative moment to column and middle strip:
Table (5-8) Calculation of Moments by direct design method.

Fig. (5-4) bending moment diagram for column strip and the second for middle strip.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 79

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

 Design of reinforcement:
 (column strip reinforcement)
Design of section at maximum positive and negative moments as rectangualr sections,
where d=180 mm and b=300 mm f'c=28 MPa and fy=420 MPa

 and half middle strip reinforcement

Design of section at maximum positive and negative moments as rectangualr sections,
where d=180 mm and b=400 mm f'c=28 MPa and fy=420 MPa

Fig. (5-5) reinforcement layout.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 80

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Example for calculations:

∅= 0.9 d short = t- cover – db/2 (cover =20 mm , db = 12mm)
=220-20-12/2=194 mm ……d long = d short – db = 194– 12 = 182mm
Short direction
𝑚
R=∅∗𝑏∗𝑑2 ∗𝑓𝑐 ′ =85.7*1000000/0.9*400*194*194*28= 0.2259

1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
ω= = 0.2684045 ρ=ω*fc'/fy=0.0644073*28/400=0.01789363
1.18

As = ρ*b*d =0.00402546*1000*175=1388.546 mm2

As min= 0.0018 * b * t As > As min =0.0018*1000*220=396 mm2

Number of bars = As req / Asbar=1388.546/113.04=12

As pro= n * Asbar=12*113.04=1356.48 mm2

S req = Asbar * 1000 / Aspro=113.04*1000/1388.546=81.4089

Smin=40 mm and Smax= minimum of [3*t], (600mm) or 500 mm; use 500mm.

The program shows that the operation of calculation of moments and reinforcement
very easy and simple and faster than the hand calculation which use many formulas and
charts and table to calculate and need a programs to drawings the maps which program
safe give full maps for moments, stresses, shear, axial forces, reinforcement maps,
deformation shapes and gives drawings in (xy plan) and 3D).

Fig. (5-6) program design preferences.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 81

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Fig. (5-7) program slabs design.

Fig. (5-8) entering of data.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 82

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Fig. (5-9) full bottom reinforcement of slabs from program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 83

Chapter Five Comparison of Method II with Direct design and program

Fig. (5-10) top bottom reinforcement of slabs from program.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 84
Chapter Six

Conclusions
&
Recommendations
Chapter Fix Conclusions and Recommendation

Chapter Six
Conclusions & Recommendations
6-1 Conclusions:
Slabs come in a wide amount of shapes, and have been adapted throughout history
for a wide number of factors. RCC slab can be various types depending on various
criteria. Such as ribbed slab, flat slab, solid slab, continuous slab, simply supported slab
etc. There are many methods for design of two way slabs provided by ACI like (method
II, The equivalent frame method, (EFM) and the direct design method (DDM). In this
project we used Method II and the direct design method for calculation of Moment.
The direct design method gives rules for the determination of the total static design
moment and its distribution between negative and positive moment sections, then divide
the moments found between the middle strip and column strips of the slab and the beams
(if any), while method II uses factors to calculated the moments in the middle of strip
and then multiplying it with 2/3 to calculated the column strip. A slab may be designed
by any procedure satisfying conditions for equilibrium and geometrical compatibility if
shown that the design strength at every section is at least equal to the required strength,
and that all serviceability conditions, including specified limits on deflections, are met.
The methods of elastic theory moment analysis such as the Finite Element satisfies.
In this part we talk about the results that calculated from safe program and the
results from method II and Direct design method for moment. From compare the results
between hands calculate and the program we find that, the program very fast and
accurate while the hand calculating is take long time. The degree of agreement of the
results is good. Accuracy of the results depends upon the inputs accuracy. It's very easy
for user while the hand calculate should be have more information for slab design and be
more accrue in calculate .
In the present study we take many two way slabs and analyzed by method II and
Direct design method (Slabs with interior beam and without interior beam) by
comparing moment in (middle strip and column strip), the program gives the design of
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 85
Chapter Fix Conclusions and Recommendation

slabs with complete map instead of drawing it by AUTOCAD. We can choose ready
shape slabs with different dimension or we can draw and entered our shape of building
slabs. It gives complete shape in 2-D direction and 3 directions. From model button we
can inter any model with different dimensions and column and beam shapes. The display
bottom shows (unreformed shape, loads type, deformation shape, reaction forces, beam
forces/stresses, slab forces/stresses, strip forces, slab design, beam design and punching
shear design) depending of chosen code (ACI, BS Code, Euro code…etc).
Safe deals with many codes and units (SI units and US). It gives detailing map for
general notes, rebar shape, slabs (framing table, rebar table, bill of quantity….etc),
reinforcement plan for top and bottom and middle and column strip, and beam framing
and design and reinforcement.
6-2 From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that:
 The programs very fast and time consuming so that the results show according a
minute while the hand calculating take a long time.
 In this project we design and analysis of slabs depending on equations chart and
tables to design and analysis and solving which take along time.
 The degree of agreement of the results is good and accuracy of the results depends
upon the inputs accuracy.
 It's very easy for user while the hand calculate should be have more information
for slab design and be more accrue in calculate.
 Method II gives very large value which is not accurate and takes only two way
slabs with beams and direct design method is very difficult to calculate.
6-3 Recommendations:
1- Design and analysis of different type of slabs (ribbed slab and waffle slabs…etc).
2- Design and analysis of slabs with other codes not just ACI codes and compare the
results.
3- Design and analysis of footings (single footing, combined footing ..etc).

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program 86

References
 References
1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-14) and

Commentary (ACI 318R-14), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094,

Farmington Hills, Michigan.

2. Arthur H. Nilson, (Design of concrete structures), Tenth edition.

3. 2. D. Fanella, I. Alsamsam, “The Design of Concrete Floor Systems”, PCA

Professional Development Series, 2005.

4. SAFETM (Design of Slabs, Beams and Foundations Reinforced and Post-

Tensioned Concrete), Copyright © 1978-2009 Computers and Structures, Inc,

SAFE is a trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc. Computers and

Structures, Inc. 1995, University Avenue Berkeley, California 94704, USA,

e-mail: [email protected], web: www.csiberkeley.com.

5. AUTO-CAD, Autodesk, 2013, http://www.autodesk.com.

6. Ali Ammar, et all., (A program to Design of two way slab by direct design

method), A Report Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineer at Al-

Mansour University College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, May 2015.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix

A-1 Slab (work 1) (Method II) Program results:

Strip Slab Position Moment Moment Strip Slab Position Moment Moment
kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m
CSA1 Span 7 Start 2.4448 -2.1898 CSB1 Span 7 Start 2.7536 -1.4365
CSA1 Span 7 Middle 4.189 3.9748 CSB1 Span 7 Middle 3.9248 1.0135
CSA1 Span 7 End 0.5346 -6.3679 CSB1 Span 7 End 0.9893 -5.0394
CSA1 Span 8 Start 0.4126 -6.2285 CSB1 Span 4 Start 0.5875 -4.9497
CSA1 Span 8 Middle 3.3245 2.5533 CSB1 Span 4 Middle 2.9596 1.2098
CSA1 Span 8 End 0.4126 -6.2285 CSB1 Span 4 End 0.5875 -4.9497
CSA1 Span 9 Start 0.5346 -6.3679 CSB1 Span 1 Start 0.9893 -5.0394
CSA1 Span 9 Middle 4.189 3.9748 CSB1 Span 1 Middle 3.9248 1.0135
CSA1 Span 9 End 2.4448 -2.1898 CSB1 Span 1 End 2.7536 -1.4365
CSA2 Span 7-4 Start 2.7271 -4.8064 CSB2 Span 7-8 Start 2.9252 -3.6447
CSA2 Span 7-4 Middle 5.9161 5.6784 CSB2 Span 7-8 Middle 5.1213 2.2985
CSA2 Span 7-4 End 1.6031 -14.4186 CSB2 Span 7-8 End 2.2414 -11.9657
CSA2 Span 8-5 Start 0.1063 -13.9507 CSB2 Span 4-5 Start 1.1174 -11.5272
CSA2 Span 8-5 Middle 3.3288 1.5675 CSB2 Span 4-5 Middle 2.7313 -0.9678
CSA2 Span 8-5 End 0.1063 -13.9507 CSB2 Span 4-5 End 1.1174 -11.5272
CSA2 Span 9-6 Start 1.6031 -14.4186 CSB2 Span 1-2 Start 2.2414 -11.9657
CSA2 Span 9-6 Middle 5.9161 5.6784 CSB2 Span 1-2 Middle 5.1213 2.2985
CSA2 Span 9-6 End 2.7271 -4.8064 CSB2 Span 1-2 End 2.9252 -3.6447
CSA3 Span 4-1 Start 2.7271 -4.8064 CSB3 Span 8-9 Start 2.9252 -3.6447
CSA3 Span 4-1 Middle 5.9161 5.6784 CSB3 Span 8-9 Middle 5.1213 2.2985
CSA3 Span 4-1 End 1.6031 -14.4186 CSB3 Span 8-9 End 2.2414 -11.9657
CSA3 Span 5-2 Start 0.1063 -13.9507 CSB3 Span 5-6 Start 1.1174 -11.5272
CSA3 Span 5-2 Middle 3.3288 1.5675 CSB3 Span 5-6 Middle 2.7313 -0.9678
CSA3 Span 5-2 End 0.1063 -13.9507 CSB3 Span 5-6 End 1.1174 -11.5272
CSA3 Span 6-3 Start 1.6031 -14.4186 CSB3 Span 2-3 Start 2.2414 -11.9657
CSA3 Span 6-3 Middle 5.9161 5.6784 CSB3 Span 2-3 Middle 5.1213 2.2985
CSA3 Span 6-3 End 2.7271 -4.8064 CSB3 Span 2-3 End 2.9252 -3.6447
CSA4 Span 1 Start 2.4448 -2.1898 CSB4 Span 9 Start 2.7536 -1.4365
CSA4 Span 1 Middle 4.189 3.9748 CSB4 Span 9 Middle 3.9248 1.0135
CSA4 Span 1 End 0.5346 -6.3679 CSB4 Span 9 End 0.9893 -5.0394
CSA4 Span 2 Start 0.4126 -6.2285 CSB4 Span 6 Start 0.5875 -4.9497
CSA4 Span 2 Middle 3.3245 2.5533 CSB4 Span 6 Middle 2.9596 1.2098
CSA4 Span 2 End 0.4126 -6.2285 CSB4 Span 6 End 0.5875 -4.9497
CSA4 Span 3 Start 0.5346 -6.3679 CSB4 Span 3 Start 0.9893 -5.0394
CSA4 Span 3 Middle 4.189 3.9748 CSB4 Span 3 Middle 3.9248 1.0135
CSA4 Span 3 End 2.4448 -2.1898 CSB4 Span 3 End 2.7536 -1.4365
MSA1 Span 7 Start 8.6193 -6.6743 MSB1 Span 7 Start 18.9927 -7.1459
MSA1 Span 7 Middle 13.7838 13.7348 MSB1 Span 7 Middle 23.2396 1.6504
MSA1 Span 7 End 0.0308 -19.6646 MSB1 Span 7 End 1.5367 -26.7807
MSA1 Span 8 Start 2.6927 -19.5295 MSB1 Span 4 Start 0.249 -27.0098
MSA1 Span 8 Middle 11.7518 10.559 MSB1 Span 4 Middle 19.4238 10.4963
MSA1 Span 8 End 2.6927 -19.5295 MSB1 Span 4 End 0.249 -27.0098
MSA1 Span 9 Start 0.0308 -19.6646 MSB1 Span 1 Start 1.5367 -26.7807
MSA1 Span 9 Middle 13.7838 13.7348 MSB1 Span 1 Middle 23.2396 1.6504
MSA1 Span 9 End 8.6193 -6.6743 MSB1 Span 1 End 18.9927 -7.1459
MSA2 Span 4 Start 6.7552 -6.8417 MSB2 Span 8 Start 16.5253 -7.8566
MSA2 Span 4 Middle 12.6714 11.4447 MSB2 Span 8 Middle 21.3292 2.7354
MSA2 Span 4 End 2.4885 -18.975 MSB2 Span 8 End 2.6123 -28.047
MSA2 Span 5 Start 1.1125 -18.725 MSB2 Span 5 Start 1.1144 -27.7794
MSA2 Span 5 Middle 10.2437 7.664 MSB2 Span 5 Middle 17.5105 7.9611
MSA2 Span 5 End 1.1125 -18.725 MSB2 Span 5 End 1.1144 -27.7794
MSA2 Span 6 Start 2.4885 -18.975 MSB2 Span 2 Start 2.6123 -28.047
MSA2 Span 6 Middle 12.6714 11.4447 MSB2 Span 2 Middle 21.3292 2.7354
MSA2 Span 6 End 6.7552 -6.8417 MSB2 Span 2 End 16.5253 -7.8566
MSA3 Span 1 Start 8.6193 -6.6743 MSB3 Span 9 Start 18.9927 -7.1459
MSA3 Span 1 Middle 13.7838 13.7348 MSB3 Span 9 Middle 23.2396 1.6504
MSA3 Span 1 End 0.0308 -19.6646 MSB3 Span 9 End 1.5367 -26.7807
MSA3 Span 2 Start 2.6927 -19.5295 MSB3 Span 6 Start 0.249 -27.0098
MSA3 Span 2 Middle 11.7518 10.559 MSB3 Span 6 Middle 19.4238 10.4963
MSA3 Span 2 End 2.6927 -19.5295 MSB3 Span 6 End 0.249 -27.0098
MSA3 Span 3 Start 0.0308 -19.6646 MSB3 Span 3 Start 1.5367 -26.7807
MSA3 Span 3 Middle 13.7838 13.7348 MSB3 Span 3 Middle 23.2396 1.6504
MSA3 Span 3 End 8.6193 -6.6743 MSB3 Span 3 End 18.9927 -7.1459

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix
A-2 Slab (work 2) (Method II) Program results:
Strip Slab Position Moment Moment Strip Slab Position Moment Moment
kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m
CSA1 Span 7 Start 9.0332 -13.1194 CSB1 Span 7 Start 10.4412 -8.3638
CSA1 Span 7 Middle 24.0708 16.979 CSB1 Span 7 Middle 17.6981 17.1778
CSA1 Span 7 End -3.8037 -36.7389 CSB1 Span 7 End 0.8263 -25.9299
CSA1 Span 8 Start -4.4988 -34.1912 CSB1 Span 4 Start 1.2659 -24.7701
CSA1 Span 8 Middle 16.6084 10.9533 CSB1 Span 4 Middle 13.115 10.5801
CSA1 Span 8 End -4.498 -34.1902 CSB1 Span 4 End 1.2659 -24.7701
CSA1 Span 9 Start -3.8012 -36.741 CSB1 Span 1 Start 0.8263 -25.9299
CSA1 Span 9 Middle 24.0742 16.9818 CSB1 Span 1 Middle 17.6981 17.1778
CSA1 Span 9 End 9.0387 -13.1095 CSB1 Span 1 End 10.4412 -8.3638
CSA2 Span 7-4 Start 17.575 -34.556 CSB2 Span 7-8 Start 16.8706 -24.1381
CSA2 Span 7-4 Middle 54.7691 31.483 CSB2 Span 7-8 Middle 36.9807 28.3005
CSA2 Span 7-4 End -18.6204 -99.2951 CSB2 Span 7-8 End -5.9328 -73.9773
CSA2 Span 8-5 Start -21.4414 -92.4441 CSB2 Span 4-5 Start -11.2677 -70.3107
CSA2 Span 8-5 Middle 33.3228 19.1765 CSB2 Span 4-5 Middle 15.8816 14.3943
CSA2 Span 8-5 End -21.4404 -92.4454 CSB2 Span 4-5 End -11.2677 -70.3107
CSA2 Span 9-6 Start -18.6234 -99.2925 CSB2 Span 1-2 Start -5.9328 -73.9773
CSA2 Span 9-6 Middle 54.7652 31.4797 CSB2 Span 1-2 Middle 36.9807 28.3005
CSA2 Span 9-6 End 17.569 -34.5662 CSB2 Span 1-2 End 16.8706 -24.1381
CSA3 Span 4-1 Start 17.575 -34.556 CSB3 Span 8-9 Start 16.8725 -24.1365
CSA3 Span 4-1 Middle 54.7691 31.483 CSB3 Span 8-9 Middle 36.9874 28.3029
CSA3 Span 4-1 End -18.6204 -99.2951 CSB3 Span 8-9 End -5.9308 -73.9791
CSA3 Span 5-2 Start -21.4414 -92.4441 CSB3 Span 5-6 Start -11.2681 -70.3102
CSA3 Span 5-2 Middle 33.3228 19.1765 CSB3 Span 5-6 Middle 15.8816 14.3945
CSA3 Span 5-2 End -21.4404 -92.4454 CSB3 Span 5-6 End -11.2681 -70.3102
CSA3 Span 6-3 Start -18.6234 -99.2925 CSB3 Span 2-3 Start -5.9308 -73.9791
CSA3 Span 6-3 Middle 54.7652 31.4797 CSB3 Span 2-3 Middle 36.9874 28.3029
CSA3 Span 6-3 End 17.569 -34.5662 CSB3 Span 2-3 End 16.8725 -24.1365
CSA4 Span 1 Start 9.0332 -13.1194 CSB4 Span 9 Start 10.4402 -8.365
CSA4 Span 1 Middle 24.0708 16.979 CSB4 Span 9 Middle 17.7523 17.177
CSA4 Span 1 End -3.8037 -36.7389 CSB4 Span 9 End 0.8258 -25.9278
CSA4 Span 2 Start -4.4988 -34.1912 CSB4 Span 6 Start 1.2661 -24.77
CSA4 Span 2 Middle 16.6084 10.9533 CSB4 Span 6 Middle 13.1156 10.5804
CSA4 Span 2 End -4.498 -34.1902 CSB4 Span 6 End 1.2661 -24.77
CSA4 Span 3 Start -3.8012 -36.741 CSB4 Span 3 Start 0.8258 -25.9278
CSA4 Span 3 Middle 24.0742 16.9818 CSB4 Span 3 Middle 17.7523 17.177
CSA4 Span 3 End 9.0387 -13.1095 CSB4 Span 3 End 10.4402 -8.365
MSA1 Span 7 Start 32.445 -12.6674 MSB1 Span 7 Start 44.5742 -7.4442
MSA1 Span 7 Middle 61.3078 39.754 MSB1 Span 7 Middle 65.8296 54.1911
MSA1 Span 7 End -6.8677 -76.4316 MSB1 Span 7 End 10.3784 -61.0302
MSA1 Span 8 Start -7.8464 -74.2547 MSB1 Span 4 Start 7.7586 -60.0961
MSA1 Span 8 Middle 43.534 29.345 MSB1 Span 4 Middle 41.8313 39.4136
MSA1 Span 8 End -7.846 -74.2543 MSB1 Span 4 End 7.7586 -60.0961
MSA1 Span 9 Start -6.8671 -76.4322 MSB1 Span 3 Start 10.3784 -61.0302
MSA1 Span 9 Middle 61.3084 39.7546 MSB1 Span 3 Middle 65.8296 54.1911
MSA1 Span 9 End 32.4454 -12.6679 MSB1 Span 3 End 44.5742 -7.4442
MSA2 Span 4 Start 31.3733 -13.4437 MSB2 Span 8 Start 39.8714 -9.5662
MSA2 Span 4 Middle 60.5152 37.7343 MSB2 Span 8 Middle 59.7807 49.605
MSA2 Span 4 End -8.3677 -84.9775 MSB2 Span 8 End 9.7975 -70.1918
MSA2 Span 5 Start -15.0862 -82.0995 MSB2 Span 5 Start 0.7339 -68.3001
MSA2 Span 5 Middle 39.1457 25.3057 MSB2 Span 5 Middle 31.8182 30.822
MSA2 Span 5 End -15.0875 -82.101 MSB2 Span 5 End 0.7339 -68.3001
MSA2 Span 6 Start -8.3706 -84.9752 MSB2 Span 2 Start 9.7975 -70.1918
MSA2 Span 6 Middle 60.5122 37.7314 MSB2 Span 2 Middle 59.7807 49.605
MSA2 Span 6 End 31.3698 -13.4478 MSB2 Span 2 End 39.8714 -9.5662
MSA3 Span 1 Start 32.445 -12.6674 MSB3 Span 9 Start 44.5784 -7.4408
MSA3 Span 1 Middle 61.3078 39.754 MSB3 Span 9 Middle 65.8808 54.1966
MSA3 Span 1 End -6.8677 -76.4316 MSB3 Span 9 End 10.3826 -61.0326
MSA3 Span 2 Start -7.8464 -74.2547 MSB3 Span 6 Start 7.7596 -60.0945
MSA3 Span 2 Middle 43.534 29.345 MSB3 Span 6 Middle 41.832 39.4141
MSA3 Span 2 End -7.846 -74.2543 MSB3 Span 6 End 7.7596 -60.0945
MSA3 Span 3 Start -6.8671 -76.4322 MSB3 Span 3 Start 10.3826 -61.0326
MSA3 Span 3 Middle 61.3084 39.7546 MSB3 Span 3 Middle 65.8808 54.1966
MSA3 Span 3 End 32.4454 -12.6679 MSB3 Span 3 End 44.5784 -7.4408

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix
A-3 Slab (work 3) (Direct design)

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix
A-4 Slab (4) (Direct design)

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix
A-5 Slab (work 5) (Direct design)

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 Appendix
A-6 Slab (work 8) (Direct design)

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs by Safe Program

 ‫خالصة البحث‬
‫ألبالطات الخرسانية هي جزء مهم من أنظمة الهياكل بما في ذلك المكاتب‪ ,‬المباني‬
‫التجاريه والسكنية‪ ,‬الجسور‪,‬والمرافق االخرى‪ .‬المهام الرئيسية للبالطات حمل االوزان والقوى‬
‫المسلطه على المنشأ التي تتمثل بالوزن البشري‪ ,‬البضائع‪ ,‬االثاث وغيرها من االحمال التي‬
‫تسلط سواء كانت احمال حية او احمال ميتة‪ .‬كما تلعب دورا مهما في مقاومة االحمال الخارجيه‬
‫التي تتثمل بالرياح‪ ,‬الزالزل وقوى التربة الجانبية‪.‬‬

‫تصميم البالطات يعتمد في ما اذا كانت ذات أتجاه واحد (‪ )one way‬او اتجاهيين ( ‪two‬‬
‫‪ )way‬وقابليتها على تحمل االوزان المسلطه عليها والتصمييم اليتطلب الخيال والحسابات فقط‬
‫وانما التفكير الصحيح ومعرفة الجوانب العلمية المهمه التي تتمثل بالرموز‪ ,‬القوانيين‪ ,‬مدعومه‬
‫بخبرة وافره والحكم وفق المعايير والغرض من ذلك هو ضمان وتعزيز السالمة اضافة الى ذلك‬
‫الحفاظ على التوازن بين كلفة المشروع االكثر اقتصاديه وكفائته‪.‬‬

‫برنامج )‪ (SAFE‬هو برنامج يحتوي على واجهة مستخدم تفاعليه جدا تسمح للمستخدم‬
‫وبسهوله من رسم البالطات والبنايات وادخال كمية االحمال المسلطه واالبعاد اضافة الى‬
‫خصائص المواد وفق معايير محدده تعتمد على تحليل الهيكل او المنشأ اوال ثم تصميمه مع‬
‫تفاصيل التسليح ‪.‬‬

‫الهدف الرئيسي من هذا المشروع هو تحليل وتصميم بالطات مختلفة االشكال واالبعاد‬
‫والعتبات‪ ،‬واألعمدة باستخدام برنامج ( ‪ )safe‬باالعتماد على (‪. )ACI Code‬‬

‫هناك العديد من الطرق المختلفة لتحليل البالطات الخرسانية المسلحة ذات االتجاهين‪.‬‬
‫تعتمد األساليب األكثر الكفاءة في استخدام عوامل معينة بالنظر في رموز مختلفة من تصميم‬
‫الخرسانة المسلحة التي تعتمد على معامالت مأخوذة من الجداول الخاصة المتاحة في المدونات‪.‬‬
‫الطرق األخرى لتحليل البالطات ذات االتجاهين هي طريقة التصميم المباشر‪ .‬ولكن هذه‬
‫األساليب عادة ما تحتاج وقتا طويال لتحليل البالطات‪ .‬وهذه األساليب هي تقريبية ولكن عملية‬
‫وتعتبر هذه الطرق طرق متحفظة ألن هذه األساليب أهملت العديد من العوامل الهامة للحصول‬
‫على العزوم الموجبة والسالبة بطرق بسيطة وسريعة دون تعقيد‪.‬‬
‫في هذا البحث‪ ،‬تم استخدام برنامج جديد لتحليل البالطات ذات االتجاهين وهو برنامج‬
‫(‪ ،)safe‬حيث تم تحليل العديد من البالطات و نتائج التحليل النهائي للعزوم لبعض األمثلة تم‬
‫مقارنتها مع عزوم الطرق المختلفة األخرى الواردة‪ .‬والمقارنة اثبتت أن هذا البرنامج بسيط‬
‫وقادر على تحليل البالطات ويعطي نتائج جيدة ويمكن استخدامه في تحليل البالطات المختلفة‬
‫بدال من الطرق اليدوية‪ .‬تم تحليل العديد من البالطات الخرسانية ذات تقسيمات عديدة‪ ،‬وتحليلها‬
‫من قبل (الطريقة الثانية‪ ،‬وطريقة التصميم المباشر والبرنامج) ( ‪Method II, direct design‬‬
‫‪ .)method and safe‬تمت المقارنة بين التسليح المعتمد على معادالت الكود و الخريطة‬
‫الناتجة من البرنامج حيث أن هذا البرنامج له القدرة على اعاطاء نتائج سريعة وخرائط كاملة مع‬
‫تفاصيلها بدال من إضاعة الوقت في الرسومات‪ .‬تم تصميم برنامج اكسل لحساب العزوم في‬
‫البالطات مع الزيادات في العوامل‪.‬‬
‫تنقسم هذه الدراسة إلى ستة فصول‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل األول مقدمة وانواع البالطات‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الثاني طريقة تصميم البالطات‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الثالث رسم البالطات وتصميم وتحليل البالطات بطريقة المعامالت‬
‫)‪ (Method II‬وتحليل البالطات ببرنامج )‪(SAFE‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الرابع تصميم وتحليل البالطات بواسطة طريقة التصميم المباشر‬
‫‪ (direct design).‬وتحليل البالطات ببرنامج )‪.(SAFE‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل الخامس مقارنة بين الطريقة الثانية مع تصميم المباشر والبرنامج‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتضمن الفصل السادس استنتاجات وتوصيات هذه الدراسة‪.‬‬
 ‫كلية المنصور الجامعة‬

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬

‫تصميم السقوف الخرسانية باستخدام برنامج ‪Safe‬‬

‫مشروع مقدم لقسم الهندسة المدنية في كلية المنصور الجامعة كجزء من متطلبات نيل‬
‫شهادة بكلوريوس هندسة في الهندسة المدنية‪.‬‬

‫اعداد‬
‫ابراهيم ثامر‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫حارث مثنى‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫اسراء علي‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫حوراء عالء الدين‬ ‫‪-4‬‬

‫اشراف‬

‫د‪ .‬عال عادل قاسم‬

‫‪1436‬هـ‬ ‫بغداد‬ ‫‪2016‬‬

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