MAKALAH
PHOBIA
Oleh:
Nama : Rudi Zulfitri
NIM : 2024045
Fakultas : Dakwah dan Komunikasi Islam
Program Studi : Psikologi Islam
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI
SYAIKH ABDURRAHMAN SIDDIK
BANGKA BELITUNG
2021
PREFACE
Praise be to God who has helped his servant finish this paper with great ease. Without help
she may not be able to complete the author well.
The paper is organized so that readers can find out how much influence the school library
for the quality of education that we provide based on observations from various sources. This
paper set up by the compiler with various obstacles. Whether it came from self constituent or who
come from outside. But with patience and especially the help of God finally this paper can be
resolved.
This paper includes on “PHOBIA” and deliberately chosen because the authors draw
attention to scrutiny and need support from all parties who care about education.
Authors also thank the lecturers who have helped making up for studyto finish this paper.
Hopefully this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper has
advantages and disadvantages. Authors beg for advice and criticism. Thank you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background ................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. What Is It? .............................................................................................. 4
B. Symptoms ............................................................................................... 5
C. Diagnosis ................................................................................................ 6
D. Expected Duration .................................................................................. 6
E. Prevention ............................................................................................... 6
F. Treatment ................................................................................................ 6
G. When To Call A Professional ................................................................. 7
H. Prognosis ................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER III FINAL
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 9
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an
object or situation. Phobias typically result in a rapid onset of fear and are present for more than
six months. Those affected will go to great lengths to avoid the situation or object, to a degree
greater than the actual danger posed. If the object or situation cannot be avoided, they experience
significant distress. Other symptoms can include fainting, which may occur in blood or injury
phobia, and panic attacks, which are often found in agoraphobia.[6] Around 75% of those with
phobias have multiple phobias.
Phobias can be divided into specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Specific
phobias include those to certain animals, natural environment situations, blood or injury, and
specific situations. The most common are fear of spiders, fear of snakes, and fear of heights.
Specific phobias may be caused by a negative experience with the object or situation in early
childhood. Social phobia is when a person fears a situation due to worries about others judging
them. Agoraphobia is a fear of a situation due to a difficulty or inability to escape.
It is recommended that specific phobias be treated with exposure therapy, in which the
person is introduced to the situation or object in question until the fear resolves. Medications are
not useful for specific phobias. Social phobia and agoraphobia are often treated with some
combination of counselling and medication. Medications used include antidepressants,
benzodiazepines, or beta-blockers.
Specific phobias affect about 6–8% of people in the Western world and 2–4% of people
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in a given year. Social phobia affects about 7% of people in
the United States and 0.5–2.5% of people in the rest of the world. Agoraphobia affects about 1.7%
of people. Women are affected by phobias about twice as often as men. Typically, the onset of a
phobia is around the ages of 10–17, and rates are lower with increasing age. Those with phobias
are at a higher risk of suicide.
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. What Is It?
A phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or
situation. It is a type of anxiety disorder. A person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that
triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress.
Some phobias are very specific and limited. For example, a person may fear only spiders
(arachnophobia) or cats (ailurophobia). In this case, the person lives relatively free of anxiety by
avoiding the thing he or she fears. Some phobias cause trouble in a wider variety of places or
situations. For example, symptoms of acrophobia (fear of heights) can be triggered by looking out
the window of an office building or by driving over a high bridge. The fear of confined spaces
(claustrophobia) can be triggered by riding in an elevator or by using a small restroom. People
with these phobias may need to alter their lives drastically. In extreme cases, the phobia may
dictate the person's employment, job location, driving route, recreational and social activities, or
home environment.
There are three major types of phobia:
Specific phobia (simple phobia). With this most common form of phobia, people may
fear specific animals (such as dogs, cats, spiders, snakes), people (such as clowns, dentists,
doctors), environments (such as dark places, thunderstorms, high places) or situations
(such as flying in a plane, riding on a train, being in a confined space). These conditions
are at least partly genetic (inherited) and seem to run in families.
Social anxiety disorder (formerly called "social phobia"). People with social anxiety
disorder fear social situations where they may be humiliated, embarrassed or judged by
others. They become particularly anxious when unfamiliar people are involved. The fear
may be limited to performance, such as giving a lecture, concert or business presentation.
Or it may be more generalized, so that the phobic person avoids many social situations,
such as eating in public or using a public restroom. Social phobia seems to run in families.
People who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or
negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder.
Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a fear of being in public places where it would be difficult
or embarrassing to make a sudden exit. A person with agoraphobia may avoid going to a
movie or a concert, or traveling on a bus or a train. Many people with agoraphobia also
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have panic symptoms or panic disorder (which involves intense fear plus uncomfortable
physical symptoms, such as trembling, heart palpitations and sweating).
Childhood phobias occur most commonly between the ages of 5 and 9, and tend to last a
short while. Most longer-lasting phobias begin later in life, especially in people in their 20s. Adult
phobias tend to last for many years, and they are less likely to go away on their own, unless they
are treated. Phobia can increase an adult's risk of other types of psychiatric illness, especially other
anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse.
B. SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of phobia are:
Excessive, unreasonable, persistent feelings of fear or anxiety that are triggered by a
particular object, activity or situation.
Feelings are either irrational or out of proportion to any actual threat. For example,
while anyone may be afraid of an unrestrained, menacing dog, most people do not run
away from a calm, quiet animal on a leash.
Avoidance of the object, activity or situation that triggers the phobia. Because people
who have phobias recognize that their fears are exaggerated, they are often ashamed or
embarrassed about their symptoms. To prevent anxiety symptoms or embarrassment, they
avoid the triggers for the phobia.
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Anxiety-related physical symptoms. These can include tremors, palpitations, sweating,
shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea or other symptoms that reflect the body's "fight or
flight" response to danger. (Symptoms such as these may lead to a diagnosis of panic
disorder.)
C. DIAGNOSIS
A mental health professional is likely to ask about current symptoms and family history,
particularly whether other family members have had phobias. You may want to report any
experience or trauma that may have set off the phobia – for example, a dog attack leading to a fear
of dogs.
It may be helpful to discuss how you react – your thoughts, feelings and physical
symptoms – when you are confronted with the thing you fear. Also, describe what you do to avoid
fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily life, including your job and your personal
relationships.
Your doctor will ask about depression and substance use because many people with
phobias have these problems as well.
D. EXPECTED DURATION
In children, specific phobias can be short-term problems that disappear within a few months.
In adults, about 80% of new phobias become chronic (long-term) conditions that do not go away
without proper treatment.
E. PREVENTION
There is no way to prevent a phobia from starting. However, treatment can reduce the
negative impact of the disorder.
F. TREATMENT
Treatment usually includes some combination of psychotherapy and medication
depending on the type of phobia:
Specific phobia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help, especially a procedure called
either desensitization therapy or exposure therapy. This technique involves gradually
increasing your exposure to the thing you fear, at your own pace, under controlled
circumstances. As you are exposed to the object, you are taught to master your fear through
relaxation, breathing control or other anxiety-reducing strategies. For short-term treatment
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of phobias, your doctor may prescribe an antianxiety medication. If the phobia is
confronted only occasionally, as in a fear of flying, the use of medication can be limited.
Social anxiety disorder. If your social phobia centers on one particular performance (for
example, giving a lecture or playing in a concert), your doctor may prescribe a medication
called a beta-blocker such as propranolol (Inderal). This medicine can be taken just prior
to the performance. It dampens the physical effects of anxiety (pounding heart or trembling
fingers), but usually does not affect the mental sharpness needed for speaking or the
physical dexterity needed for playing an instrument. For more generalized or long-term
forms of social phobia, your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant, usually an SSRI
(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) such as sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil) or
fluoxetine (Prozac). If an SSRI is not effective, your doctor may prescribe an alternative
antidepressant or antianxiety medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy also works well for
many people with social phobia, in both individual and group settings.
Agoraphobia. The treatment for this disorder is similar to the treatment for panic disorder.
Drug treatment includes SSRI antidepressants, and a variety of other types of
antidepressants, such as mirtazapine (Remeron), venlafaxine (Effexor), clomipramine
(Anafranil) and imipramine (Tofranil). A doctor may also suggest benzodiazepine
antianxiety medications, such as clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium) and
lorazepam (Ativan). Psychotherapy is also helpful, particularly cognitive-behavioral
therapy.
G. WHEN TO CALL A PROFESSIONAL
Make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible if you are troubled by fears
or anxieties that are disturbing your peace of mind; interfering with your personal relationships;
or preventing you from functioning normally at home, school or work.
H. PROGNOSIS
The outlook is very good for people with specific phobia or social phobia. According to
the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, about 75% of people with specific phobias overcome
their fears through cognitive-behavioral therapy, while 80% of those with social phobia find relief
from medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination.
When agoraphobia occurs with panic disorder, the prognosis is also good. With
appropriate treatment, 30% to 40% of patients become free of symptoms for extended periods,
while another 50% continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect
daily life.
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CHAPTER III
FINAL
A. Conclusions
A phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or
situation. It is a type of anxiety disorder. A person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that
triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress.
There is no way to prevent a phobia from starting. However, treatment can reduce the
negative impact of the disorder.
The outlook is very good for people with specific phobia or social phobia. According to
the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, about 75% of people with specific phobias overcome
their fears through cognitive-behavioral therapy, while 80% of those with social phobia find relief
from medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination.
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REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/phobia-notes-on-phobia-types-symptoms-theories-and-
treatment-of-phobia/12837
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