Mode of Cooling the Human Body and Effect of Various Cosmetics INTRODUCTION The aim of this project is to study the body_and.the efficiency of various cosmeti quantitative. a Cosmetics have mainly two modes of action in cooling: 1. A thin layer of the cosmetic on the skin acts as an absorbent. Water absorbed from the skin evaporates and thus the body heat is dissipated. Such materials ‘(aleum powieny eee category I of the materials studied. 2. The cosmetic evaporates on the skin and this promotes cooling as body heat is absorbed in the Process. These materials constitute category II of the materials studied. The effect of the former type is longer lasting and they are more widely used, e.g. talcum powders. — Q Various volatile’ liquids based on acetone, alcohol, etc. fall under the second category, but usually the emphasis in such cosmetics is laid on perfume or their antiseptic quality rather than on cooling. For the former type of coolant, the various factors that play a part are: 1. Thickness of the layer involved, 2. materials’ composition, and 3. size of particles. If the layer of material applied on the skin is too thick, it becomes nonporous. Tf thus stops water~ ton-and does not dry up due to the low amount of surface area. For. using these cosmetics, a very thin layer is most efficient. The materials used in this category are not of great variety. The most common’ is talcum powder which is a type of rock crushed into powder. Various perfumes are added for commercial appeal. The size of the particle is also vital. If it is too small, it blocks up the pores, and if it is too large, the skin: is irritated. Thus the particles should be of an intermediate size. However, a layer of talcum powder does not Stay in its original state’and after a certain period of time a solid im- permeable layer is formed. Thus the layer has to be changed frome inte to time. In these (or any other) cosmetics the materials used should no! be reactive. . In humid conditions a layer of talcum powder 1s only effective for at the most 6 h. P i The second category of cosmetics, as mentioned earlier, are used mainly for perfume. However, some are used to cool persons with re they are As their mode of cooling is based on direct cya radvantages: much more effective. However, they have the following disa 1, They are applied in wet form. mode of cooling of the human in aiding this. The study isire ; E Tey. do not have. the of being general apoortents, Keeping the sh nie the ist etegor) re mach more expensive ss they ae Us 4 TAB (enlike talcum powders Which are of mineral fanous causes, such. as high ila Two creams have they are very common! constitute category PROCEDURE In the experiment a porous vessel logous to the human body) covered by a layer ofthe material {o be studied Ss used. The porous vessel i ‘filed with ‘hot water and vervals for temperatuce drops ofa fixed o€cooling.) The experiment was conducted at an cnvironmental tem ralure of 52°C. Ths was the control emiperature~ After taki and dried thoroughly. uniformly‘on the vessel through: 1m) and the above procedure was then sandpapered gently The procedure was repeated w the experiments were cond IEORY ‘Stefan's law states that AE aa(t'-T)) : (6) where E=Heat energy/m* o=Stefan’s constant=5.73X 10-* W m=? Kt T=Initial temperature (K) To=Environment temperature (K) For very small drops in temperature, T=7, > rr = (TT) (P+T?T y+ MoT?+ 73) 62) wat 47-7) (os PoP Tox tTenTe) AK E=meT-273) where k is the rate constant given by PosT? ke ne aT kd, to Ty (T_>T) in time inte In (T,— To) —In(T. To-T)=(T— Te Rlaive eperateree? "ANd (TT) by Try) where r stands for relative temperature, T(r)=T(r) in body temperature relative to the environment is ex- of cooling can be compared by comparing the rate constant In this experiment, T(r), 7(r)) and constant is determined by the formura 2308 jo her, XP lee [FE] have been determined. The rate 6a) OBSERVATIONS the bse a aelandard set of temperatures bas been used in each f the observations. They are as follows, a T= 19°C Ty=32°C Tables 6.1 to 6.12 give the observations of the experiments performed, Table 6.1. Obs Temperature interval (°C) TN Mode of Cooling the Human Body 28 temperature measured in the absolute scale Cis the s scale. where T temperature in the Cel 2. In the observa tama (Table 6.2) the time column (N) shows temperature of IC and t columa et as taken from the starting. Ke=2,303 ZX 10-4 18,5696 x10" s* ———————Table 6.7 Gokul Talcum Powder Table 6.4 Caticura Talcum Ponder 1 2 2 30 x 50 0 “ 12 3 5 205 3 & 215 70 x 38 $0 8 101 3 563 107 10. ‘ors 10 a a 100 i 1033, 200 a 1236 303 Avera ‘Table 6.8 Misty Talcum Powder —eOO—~—Se ee Category UIT Ame 23635 23682 23665 Dene 23669 23679 23686 23637 33673 23684 23689 2.3688 23557 —_ Averagen 2 3664 K=SASx10 Category I ‘Table 6.11 Old Spice after Shave Lotion SS eee ni Sere Laon! ca + i = a x — a # a8 3 B 33500 38 sae a0 2 53526 = 2 aan # & peed . ase 399 37 9.2874 as s 9.3608 a % ee @ 1B Sas = M6 ja Average =9.2845 Kew21.3822x10- 5? Table 6.12 Afghan Snow Cream S.No, ? W in 2g Fe 226 ten is HB: ia iy 3b we. & poo PRECAUTION AND SOURCES OF ERROR ng out the expe ns to be observed while cs ‘The precaul follows: 1, The thickness of the ensure effective cool procedure adopted in the apy it has been assumed that ness of the covering, reat care has to be taken to preve from becoming wet as this leads to the formation of me paste emulsion that seriously affects the observations: 3. The humidity and temperature in the experiment should be constant. Constancy of the environment temperature (32°C) was maintained. As the experiment was conducted in a closed room and in.a period, with no-marked changes in weather, the humidity was assumed to be constant. 4. The approximation made in the formula can also affect the result, though very minutely. (©) The formula asit affects the observations minut jing points should also be seen to: 5. Inthe experiment the fol (i) The thermometer bulb should “not touch the sides of the vessel The level of water filled should be same in each test. ions from the expected value have been observed in the case of Ponds and Cuticura talcum powder due to the above reasons. RESULTS ‘The results of the experiment are: . 1. The cooling of the human body is exponential with respect to the ‘environment, and 2. the rate constants of cooling of various materials are as given in Table 6. For cooling purposes the materi though they have various disadvantages. Powder increase the rate constant to almost rate average for powders =Pave=2.86.) 'As expected, cooling is slower when cream being only nine-tenths of the or is because the cream forms an imperm: ble layer on evaporation and heat loss : Figure 6.1 shows the relative cooling graph for the varus “Sm tested as against letters A-J in Table 6.14——— ‘30 Investigatory Projects In Chemistry Table 613 Rate Coastaats of Cooliag of Varloas C Relative rare n ‘Sample Rove constant Ss. Ne. x10-¢s-* P Category I 1 3.1787 z ius z 3 2'3936 5 4 23406 a 3 23019 | 6 Dimas 3 7 2.0573 5 Category It Liquids: 8. Old spice after shave 21,3822 3.5215 Category IL Creams: Butterfly Cream 1500 0.8976 ‘Afghan Snow Cream — 5.1190 8431 1.0000 Ginthol Nowe: Relative rate, Pa were Ae she rate coottant of contol experiment Table 6.14 Relative Cooling of Various Cosmetics Lauer code ‘Sample Caresory Cosmetic type ‘A Old Spice after Shave I Liquids B é 1 D B 1 Powders F i a J 1 Butterfly ut Creams I ‘Afghan snow.