GRANTA i ces 2010 enuUPRa< Exercises With Worked Solutions Professor Mike Ashby Department of Engineering University of Cambridge 1CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Adeples rom te Solten Meno Meters selection mechanical desig, 4° edtion, Prot. te Ashby Engineering Deparment Universty of Cambridge, CB2 182. Exercises with worked solutions contents Et. Introductionto exercises 2, Material evolution in products 3, Devising concepts EA, Using material properties ES. Using material selection charts 6, Translation: constraints and objective ET. Deriving and using material indices EB. Mltple constraints and objectives 8, Selecting material and shape E10. Hybrid materials Ett, Selecting processes E42, Materials and the environment ME. Ashby 2080 2 ww grantadesign.comeducationtesourcesEt Introduction to exercises ‘These exercises are designed io develop factynselectng imate, processes ana shape, andin ceva hyoris materia when fo menalthe mateal compatly mets the ceignrequrement Each exercise ecorpaned bya worked solution. They are Drgaizedinto the twelve sections ited on te fret page ‘The sary exis ao easy, Those hat fll lad the reader through the use of mete properties and spi soln io Imechanes problems, cawg on data and resus contaned nthe ES Eduoace andthe heat Usatl Approximate Souten= to ‘Standard Problems" (UASSP — whieh sane found ae an open aesese resource onthe teaching rsouree webske) the ube of mail ‘property charts teenies forthe trenslaon of descn requirement to ‘Gentiy contents and objectues th deivabon of dees. semoning nd ranking mubiabpen opimeatin couples cle of material and shape doving nyo, and the ehole of matrals o meet ‘nwonmenal eters ‘Trew imporant pots 1 Selection problems are open-ended an, generally under Specied. ere seldom 3 sng, cect answe The proper shewer a sensbie translation ofthe desgn requirements nto Iatosal consrants and ojeetes,appledt gue a shot of Potenalcancastec wah commentary euggesing wat supporting Infrmaton would be reededto nanaw the shoe futher 2. The positioning of seletonsnes on chasis a mater of |uagement The goals to place the ines such at tey leave an fdequtey are shot ist of candidates (ar fer €or) cram, ifpoteble, tom more than ene sass of mater ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 3. Areaiesttor a selection based on one materi nde alone (such as 1s £'/? /p) is comecty answoredby Istngthe subse of ‘ators that maximizes incex. Buta requast ora selection of ‘mates fora component = ving spar, fortance (whlch sa pi, stir beamforwhich the index is = £7 /p ) regis more: omamaterials wit high !/? / puch a scan cab, Sreuncutabla for obvious eabons, Rie a poor anower that Iiores common sense and experience and fas oad futher onatraints to earporate hem. Sucets shouldbe encouraged {ocdscuss the Impleaons of er seledton andto suggest futher Selection age ‘the materials slestonproems cane sohedusing he ‘Standard databeees te C£S EduPack otware ution Paula effectve when mutipecrteca and unusual indices are frvohed This version of te sokzion merual hasbeen wen Such that ean be complsted wthout having freer fo ts Doo Maar s Selecton in MechaneaY Design, # eaten. Te egal soution ‘anval forthe book san Be fund onthe Granta Design web, Hine When using the CES EduPack you ean aveld manually Calouating the average vales of mater properties hey tena Span arange) by gong to Tool» Opsonshumbers and cheek ‘he "isla data anges 25 average vale" checebos. a ww grantadesign.comeducationtesourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions EZ Material evolution in products ZA" Use Google to researeh te history and uses of one of he Fetowing mates ote Ghee 2 Cement 2 Sanam Catton foer Present the rebut as a shor report of about 100-200 wer roughly alfa page) Specimen answer tn, Tin sel a), a siverofite metal nas iemghitry. Knas racac in the chats o he Me derranean a8 ‘ay a 1500 BC the Old Testament of the Chetan bible eonaine many referances tof, Is importance at that tne ayn fs aly to arden copper to gue bronze coppe”cataring abeut 10% tn). Be key Iateal for weapons, tools and statuary athe Bronze age (1800 8C~ 500.86) Today tn tl used to mane bronze for selae and as 3 fomerion restart coatng on see ehest tn piste’) for food and rnc Containers a "bane" to en Ausbalian isa can ofbeer. Plate assis made by foating olin glass ona bed of buid tn the Pangton Process), Thn deposits etn compounds on gass give vancparent, Bcnealy conducting coats vee fr oat Pee wndanel an for paneling £22 Research the even of materia sein + hing inglement haroa "ese" (aghte) ail pens sel nena gles mum pens, beams.) + Waterngcans (wood = galanze on = plone) + Bigces (yosd bamboo ~ steel, aluminum, magnesium, leanumy -CFRP) + Smallboat bing (wood ~ aluminum = GFRP) + Baoketindng (Weed lather — cardboard ny) ME. Ashby 2080 4 ww grantadesign.comeducationtesources3__Devising concepts These vo examples Huta the way in which concepts are (oneratd. The lf-tand part ofeach clagram describes» physical ‘rnp By whic the need might be mat the right hand port ‘borates, suggesting ow the price might Be ses, ESA Concepts and embodiments fr dust removers. Theneed for 2 cous toramave avsenad dust nae many semblsned foes, You ean rea about te vars ways hi prosiom Nas bean solvedin telat 100 ar more years by searching the Intemet Nos tetine for mare ereatvethnkng. Devise as many oneept to meet this need a you can, Nothing at he concept tage iatoo frets: dosionesboutprowtoasty and cost, Come later, atthe dead stage. Uist concepts and outing fmbodenent a black agra tke this = ‘Answer. Design problems are open-ended; ter ae aay fStematve cokers. Here are some for dust removers ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions = = 5 worn grantadesign.comfeducationtesourcesER2 Cooling power electronics, Mirootips,pateulanythace for ‘power eleezonss, gather Iihey got ton het hey cease fo incon, The need scheme for remove heat fm power rnitrochis. Devise conceptsto meet the need and seat an {Embodiment of ne of mem, laying out your dessin the way suggestedin execice £31 ‘Answer. Four waking principles ae sted below: thermal conduc, ‘Convection by heat wansferto 3 uid meaum evaporation bepetng te latent neat of evapration of fd, andraciation, best aoneved witha suravs wth hig enact “Thebes! sottions maybe found by combining two ofthese: Condon coupled in eonvecon (a nthe Skee Used combination) ralaten coupled wth evaporation (a Possbiy for shot Ife epace seusture). ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions == _, ea] a 7 a ug Coreen Pre oe 5 worn grantadesign.comfeducationtesources4 Using material properties “UseulApproxinte Solutions to Standard Probles' UASSP) sa bookie! avellaboto srttors ane stogerts vs Granta’ Teaching Resources. The and the data in tne CES Eau ach con be used 12 sate the questions itis copter. E41 A cantilever beam has 2 length L = S0.mm, a weth 5 «5 mm and S thesness '=1 mim. Rismade ofan alminum ally. 8y howimuch ‘al the end dest under ang onload of SN? Use cata fom the CES EduPack forthe mean) vale of Youngs moduli of aursnum alloy, the equaton forte este defection ofa caniever tom UASEP. 9 tnd rte Second moment ofa bear fom UASSP, 20 find od ‘newer. The dein & of cath ase, under an ended i, fem uET “Tae mean Younssmodvs © for aluminum ie 75 GPa, Inserting he datarom the queston resus an end defection 5 = 67 mm. wah E42 A speng, wound fram stainless coe wie wih a wire lamer ‘i= tmym has v= 201ums ofradus © = 101mm. How much valk vend when loaded wtn amass of kg? Assume the shear tmosius « ofetanlese tel tebe 36 here © f Young's mocuue (fom the data in tre CES EeuPack,anduse the expression othe tetension of pings fiom UASSP, 6x0 ndout Answer, The extension» ofa spingunder a forse Inere c leme accelarton cue to gravy) = ie = O8IN “Pan Youngs modus or stainless ste! s 200 GPa, so shear modulus (Gu 76.GPa, Insertng te data Qves a Getlection v = 10.4 mm ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions E49 A ticked hasan immer rads = 19mm and an outer racus r, = 15mm. Ris ade tom pelyewborate, PC. Whats the ‘mariramterqus thatthe ube can cary vitae onset of yi? Revieve te (rasa) yi srength cof PO the expression er tre tora a enst of yd torn ASSP, 6 acta ete polar moment ofa thikwaledtue em UASEP, 2 find cut. Answer. The org at the onset ya fr shiek wate ube ty wine Bef ty “The mean yd strength of ¢, of PC tam he CES EauPackis 65 MPa Insoirg he cts Fon he question ges torque a te cst of yl ot Ppa taenm, E44 found bar, 20.mmin dame, has x shal creurferental rnoich thw depth ow Ten wih ot aus y= 10 one The br [Grmade flow cabor stealth yale wengih of 2, © 250s, Rie loaded nay wih a navina 035, cay (hea lod diy the nated aes). Ahat va of jy ily et eamerence a he ‘oot of he noteh? Us the seers concnmion estimate of ASSP, 9t0 frou “Answer. The euasscencanbatencauced by rtehof dept © and ect ages is wth a2 fortenion 5. Insringthe data rom he question dresarremnal sbeee br fest yield 1.0 MPa. Stoseconcenbaons ‘an be very damaging —i ths earoe eyee sess of ony 1 2Ma ‘Umea eats ebgue cack ethene ra. 7 ww grantadesign.comeducationtesourcesEA. An aenyle (PMMA) wncow i tarped in alow carbon seal frame at? = 20.0. The tmparaurs falta =-20. puting the ‘window unde tension beoause the thermal expansion coset of PAIMAs lrgerthan tat estate window was ares ree a 200, what tess doesit carry at-20 0? Usethe osu thatthe Bria Stress eausedby abaxial stan aference Is where 2 fs Young's modulus fr PMA and Petsson’ aio = 223 You wl fn data for expansion coetfcens in Table A7. and for modu ‘5 UaSSP.5. Use mean valves, ‘Answer. The stain erence cause by cierence in thermal bepansion, wen he temperature changes by a> a6 =lenacs ~ @cov cod HE From the CES EauPack, ana WAI aNd eiaycoes 28X10 ving ac = 42 10% The modus of PAMA tom te CES EduPackis 2 ~ 30GPa, The equation given in he question then predits a tensio set inthe window of = 19 MPa EA The PMMA window described in Exercise 4.5 has a contained tvaekoflengh 22'= 05mm. fthe maximum tenste sess thats ntopated nthe windows c= 20 MPa, wltheerack propagate? CCheose an appropiate equation for crack papagaton fr UASSP, 10 and data forthe acture toughness 1, of PUMA fom the CES EduPack to caleulate te length of eaoktha just unstable uncer this tensile sess ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions “Answer. The erack ent smal empared with the with of the ‘indow 20 te sppropnate choice of equation deserbing cack lnstabanys colFa2 ri. wih c=10 Inseting the cata we fete eng ofthe shortest eack thats just neta 2( Fi 22.4 memusng (ic) pyaaa 1415 MPa? “Thus the O.Srim era wil not propagate ELT AMyuheotwth a rads & = 200 mm Ie desgnesto spn upto £8000 pm. ts proposed te make tout of cast ran, but the eacing ‘shop oan guarantee only hat til have no crackle dae greater thane "2 mmin length, "Use the expression forthe maximum sess na spinning dskin UASS®, 7, that fore srs tens at 2 ral enclosed eras tem UAsso, {Oand sta for ‘CES EdaPacktoestabtsh tthe yunel esa. Ta for eastcon to be 033. Annet Te inane tins gi fora contines ersk, Hove w= 2517/0 raanshoe when Wie the cational vlc in rm. Inserting the data rom the question ang mean vatee for densly p= 7150 gh and. =38 MPa {fom the CES EduPack, we fate maximum that the rotational ‘elety that wi ust caus ths crake fo propegete 24950 radians, 141800 rm. The yea eal 8 ww grantadesign.comeducationtesources[E48 You wih o 220020, approvimatly the thermal oncutvty 2 of| poljetylene (PE). To de so youblock ane end ofa PE ppe wi a val ‘hess of = = 3mm and dameter of 30mm andi wh bollng, water ule satching te ote with your omer mand, You note that ‘he outer surface athe pipe rst becomesapprasialy tate me 18 seconds afer ling the msde wih water. Use this infomation, plus dataforspeciicheat C, and density p of PE to estimate 2 for PE How does your resut compare wth thlisted vale in the CES ediPec Answer. The dtance « tat hes fuses atime I ‘pproxmately Py o tethe thermal stsiey,ingering the data em the question ane ‘themean vales p = 950KoMn” and C7, = 1850 UKgIK, we fd 4 = 044 Wink, Theresut given in the CES EduPack forte thermal conaustviy of PIs ODS ~ 0435 Wn K 40 tts propoced to replace the cast ron cating ofa power tal wth ‘one wh precsely the same dimension molded fom non. Wl the Iateal cos oftne nylon casing be greater oes han that made of {astran? Use data fom tha CES EsvPack ofa out Answer, H the dmensions ofthe cast ion and nylon cases are te Sane, the volume of matfalrequrea tomate them ae equal Thus the ‘eapereptin Te he one wth lower materia coe per unt volume Gy where ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions and p isthe materi danty and c., the material cost perk. Data ‘fom the CES EduPack are assemble below, using the means ofthe ranges. ‘Densiy | Prise | Comper ai hr | stig_| vol San" Caetion ris | oss | 4719 yon v130_| 345 | 3000 “Suprsingly the nylon easing has 2 lower material cost than that made of east ion 8 ww grantadesign.comeducationtesources5. Using material selection charts ‘The 20 exercises itis section vols the sinpe use of the chats that canbe created usg the CES EduPach 1 fd materials wt? von reper profes. Ts nvalves fst eretng the cha, then epoijing the Sppropte boxe In colocton nd racing of th materi hat 16 ‘onthe appropriate ofthe ine. sa good Hes ta precen the resus a e fbi. You car copy this table rom the CES EduPack The sofware ofers Inks to processes, alows 2 iter sareh by using the Lovel3 databace, and gues access to supporting nermaton va the Search Web fonction, 51. A-componentis at present made om a brass, a copper aly. Use a Young's modulus — Density (Ep) chat to suggest hee ver metals that te same shape, wuld be sifer. "Site" meane a ngher value ot Young's mosis, ‘Answer. Metals that are ser han brass are Sse inthe able, Seat ‘Th peat i aong usa nai sony use, iia ee epee a see Tungses ays [Refactor caphelig) 2 waiver ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 65.2 Usea Young's moguls Denety (Ep) chat to aantty materi wn baths modules €> 50 GPa ana deny >< 200 koi ‘Anewer. Ther are only thee mater wth modulus E*80 GPa and densy 0 2000 kgin3, ater corm Sat ona Writ | Woareson se tet oa common egeesumsson | satire melas) bergen cle, bat very eens nate odes [ceRP car | GER? mba er nd eer ar ow rehéereed | magresgn. Tha oe reson see pie {eanplion sara 5.2 Use a Young's Meculue-Donsity (Ep) chat ofr (a metale ‘hat ae stile and less dense than steels and @) materi (not, Just metals tat ae bey stiferanaiess cense than steel Answer. (a) No metal in Figure 43 are bot ster and lees dense ‘han see though nickel loys corte case. (2) Several ceramics (qual: Boron carbide, B,C, sion ctede SIC, steon nie SEN, alomnium nttide AN and aura 8:0, Tara Camera ons a Runina se wos woe wed oa Stizon ce SIN —| tee ctans cpa ups cet [Bosna B.¢—| bonds) Ancarmis ar oro = ey Sion ee) SC) have ow vas ease ougess us sna egress, 0 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesE54 Usea Expehartto identity metals wh beth E> 100 GPa and p> 0.02 GPakign®) ‘Answer, The chart shows he selection, The metas that le i the ‘eae aoa are Istana. CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions E55 Use Expchartoiéentty materials wt both E> 100 GPa and 21° /p> 0008 (6Pa)!®iggin®), Remember tat on taking loge the index 1° 8/9 p becomes Lea} = Stapip)+3ta(185 and atts pots a ane of slope 3 on the chat, passing — a {trough be point E= 27 when p= 1000 i Be unt on the chart Sie aie Wa SARS HIT Bone Tare spars ha el Answer. The chart shows the selection. The materials that en the nm as —[ ean Se sy pO Search area ae sted nthetable. Nometals sue re Caan be composes lw SE Youngs mu, (GP) " wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesE56 Use Ep charttoestablsh ether woods have a higher specie sess Ep tan eposies, ‘Ancwor. Paralelto he grain, woods have much higher spose ‘ihess than epowes. Perpendicular tote gran, woods have ‘bout the same vale as epoies CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions E58 Useamodibsstrengm 2c rena to fra materia mat have E> 10GPa and o © 1000 Pa, ‘Answer. The srongest sts, stanium aloys (Thaloys) and carbon ‘thor renoreeapojymers(GFRP) re Tear Parga Naar ‘Woods para ne am 3-28 igang aie ods ranevere tern orto Fig suengh rae anos] A bve cy above 1000 Pa Epoxies 18-25 iar eryiage vate 5.7 Dotan aloys havea higher or lower speste strength (evenghidenety,e-/7p}than the bes stele? Thee portant hen you vant trang at ar weight dancing gear af aera, mountain tikes) Use a cy’ char to decide, ‘Answer. The guide ine for &/p onthe strength -densty chart of gute 4.4, dawn though tanlum loys shows that they havea much the higher spectc srengih than any steel, even tough the Dest tel ae a song Waa oto rae Te Taran seg a3 ME. Ashby 2010 5.9 _Avetme tacture toughness, Kye, ofthe common polymers polycarbonate, ABS or polystyrene anges or smal tan he ngneeting ceramic alumina, ALO? Ae thelr toughness LE /6 lrgerorsmale? A Kj Ech vlna, Answer, Mostgebmershave slower facture cugess Ke han alumina, Thee toughness, = 2./5, ewer a much larger. Even the mast ile of polymers, polystyrene, has 2 toughness Gi. thats neatyten times greater tan tat of lumina, The vabes inthe table ae ead using the reed of vaues of acureeuginess and te 0, = 2/2 contours to esd value of ougness ster Ke cara) [Ox ane Posten, 5-07 uring 503 Tot=00r 2” wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources510 Use a facture toughness-moculus hart to find materia that have. facture toughness £greatertan 100 MPam!"anda toughnee® 0), greater than 10 kl ‘Answer. The abe sts te esuts. Only metals have bat igh eturetoughness £,, andhigh toughness 2, Thats one reason that they are use for pressure vessels (ales, submarine Ful gs entaners et). Mater Comment grag iol Tabara Fgh Ferd nah OT. [High sengh nee ays S11. The elas deflection at facture (he “esilence’ ofan easto- ‘niles ie proporionatthefalure sean, yp ep 2 ahere cz tthe sacs that wl cause a erackto propaga: Wee Here 2: isthe facture toughness and cis the length ofthe longest cack te mater may cantsin. Thus «B(4) teas that can detect ese wou aun ae Sate tare enevaeee Cros Boot he chat reoutyoe saeetcttaeth £1 NPamSmagh wued eve ‘Answer, Payers ana foams batvhave large J, / allowing them to fox whout facturing. Theyhave much higher values. = than metas orceramies, and hus large facture strains. Oly ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions polymers have, addoally,.> 1 MPa.m!. This makes them atracve or snaptogether pas that must ex tout ang, Leatherhas a parculary high value orestence, = £5.12 One ction for design ofa safe pressure vesslis hat t Should leak beloretbreaks: he lai'can be detected andthe prostre rlesces. Thee achieved ssigningtne veselto {oleate sack ofngth equal the hicks £ ofthe pressure ‘esse wal thou fing by fast ature. The sale presare bi a where oy be east lit, Isthe facture toughness, Ris the vescelradus. The pressure is maximized by chosing the Matera wh te greatest valve of i Usea xi. ~e charto identi thre atoysthathave particulary high values of “Answer. loys ity hgh vies of 2, 8a tom the ea, ae ltedbetow stra “comment aw ay sesi_|Wadtonal waeiator presse wei Stones eels [Used truer pesur vense oper says —| Smal soler are mace copper re is wedi tape lane lo pramaae chen sens Haase [Reacts or hence arena aa ure "7 Eomourien cromoeraremate etl baa sz 8 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources6513 Amaterarequeestor the blade of oar lawn ‘mover. Coss a consideration. For safty reasons, he designer Specie a minenum facture toughness forthe blade: Ris. > 0 MPa n!, The ther mechanical requirement ifr high hardness. #.to minimize bude weer. Hardness, n appleatons Tike th one is eat to tren here oy isthe stength. Usea &,,~o' chartto entity three rmateals that have 1.7 30 MPa m!® and the highest possible strength, Todo this, poston a *,." selection ne at 30 MPa m1? and then agus “strength selection Ine such that tusk {Tani thre candidates. Use a stergth — ost pe volume chat {orank your sleslon by materaleost hence masang shal Socton ‘newer Apple the propecy tnt £),>20MPam 2, anceesing fmaterale ih > 800 Pa, vee tres groupe of materale (Ghat 4.19 ents the pie ofeach ofthese per un volume ‘he steels are lar cheaper an the ake vo, Higrsrengh soos | Tacional moter ade Netley eels requrerone, bulma pense then ee Tian aos Vets te reqrerers, ba HUGH oe ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions E514 Usea Thermal conductity-Eleetrealresitity (4) chart to Ain thee materials wah high thermal concuetity, 2, and gh electra resistivity, 2, Anever. Suminum nie ls the best choee, The next best sre ‘stamina ana seen cara ra et aaa nie, ANT | Favored mel heat ai ong ——— bis conainaion ot properties Sean S| Mest eutemets E535 Thewindow trough union the beam emerges om 2 high- ‘owaredlassr must obovsly be ransparent igh Even thn, some tthe energy ofthe beam absorbed te window and can cause Ro heat and emck. Ths rolem is minimized by choosing a window ‘materi ith aig themalcencuctly 2 conduct he heat avay) anda low expansion coffcent « toretuce thermal san), thati, by ing wridowmateral wih atigh vate of Usea a4 chart identity he bast material or an ulrehigh powered 2nd 1" wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources‘Answer. Te chat shows thee ransparent mates wih Nigh 2/a Soa lass, sia glass and alin, wich, n singe eystal em {sapphire orutra-tne granes frm (Lucalor is tasparen and hare Datond, nat enown onthe shart nas_anexceponaly igh vale # has bee used fr ua high-powered iver vandowe, erat oman Soda goss | 235 10° Win: poor esitance thermal pase ‘Sica Gait |= 251 wim men beternan soca pose ‘aioe BRT) | a 3 10 alse Btn shies ese (Danend [w= 95 1a? wine otieng 5.18 Use Macmum senice temperate (Tn) chat tad pobmers hat san Be used ab0¥8 200°C ‘Answer. Te chart shows ustiwo classes of polymer wih maximum ‘ervse trnperatres grater han 200° They ae Istd below. Pajetosuceene. | PTEE (eto is usec as ronaice Pre Ecangso oaing ware. ety sng ie tenperrer of 9g andy. ‘icone daroners | hones are pohmers win aS-0-8 ch poyolae Tay emer sable han Eabor based pols. bl pence. ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ESA7 (a)Usea Young's moduls-Reative cost (E~C,») chat to fd the cheapest materials wih 2 modus, E, greater than 100 GPa, (b)Use a Strength Relative cost (2--Cgchatto fn cheapest mmateals vith a strength, ©, above 100 Answer (2) The to cheap clases of material that meet ne ‘onetains a cat rene and caren snes (@)Castiron and steels reagan the best choice. ho besause bf theirhighstiess and strength at low cost ta they are $0 dey used 16 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources6, Translation: constraints and objectives Translations the task of r-expressng design requvements terms that orabie matora/ and process soleton.Tackl tho exercises by fomulating the answers fo the questions mths tabi. Don ty to ‘modelthe behavior at this pont that comes intr exerelses), Just {hin ou what te corporert does, ad st the constants tat his Inposes on naire chats, neluing processing requenerts Function |» What dose component do? Constraints | + What essen condone mst bo ‘net ‘Objective |» What is tobe mexinizodor ‘ninmied? Free “What parameters ofthe problem i variables | the deciner tre to change? Horo tis important to recognize ho distntion between constins an objectives. Ashe able says constrain an escent conden tt ‘aust be mot. usuallyaxpressed asa lini on a matral or process Strbute. abject san quartyforwhich an extremum (2 Imaxmum or miu) is sought, Requenty coe, mass or veure, but {hare ar thor, several of whch appoa”in the exareses boc. Take the exam of bevels fame, Rimustheve a certain sftnoss ond Srongl I 81s ts and stony enough nil ot work. bt HS inverted to have nite stitnecs oranges and ‘rongl aro therfore sontais that becom hits on odie ‘ktelink and chapo. Ito Boje for sre racing, # shout bo as ligt as possible ~ you coutd rake € intel Wg tet woul be best fall Binencing mass ore, te objective, perhaps wi an upper lint (¢ constant) an cost Winstead ts a shopang bktete be sais Iiough sypemaretsf shoul be as cheao a8 posse the cheaper 1s the more wil bo 01. Ths tne minmeing cast to objective, ‘ossible with en upper ft (a contrat) on mass, Formos kes, of ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions course, miinzing mass ond os oe both obpetives, an then ade Of methods ae needed They come ater. For now use fadgemen fo choose the single most Ipartant ebetve and make al eters eto consents Tworulesotthunt, ustulinmany *ransltion' exercises. Many ppleatons requre suticlertfecture toughness forthe companert {an survive mishandling ad actlrtal impact ring sere. aly ‘rte material ike un fouphaned glass) is unsutable. Then ncessary consti ha of adequate toughness” Ths echeved by ting thatthe factre toughness. > IsitPem!"?, Other {ppleatans require some cutiy,sufoent i alow stress ‘edsinbuin under xding pots, and some aby to bend or shape {he mater pasioaly. This acheved by requ that the ons) cuety 2296 The CES EayPack ctware can be used to imgase the constants and o rank he survivors using te objective, ‘6 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources541 _ Amstell required forthe winsngs ofan elect ak-umace capatle oftemperaurec up to T000°C. Thnk out wnat ables 9 Imateal must have ts to be made ite windings snd une Dropedyin furnace. Lst the uncon and he cena. sl the Gojeciefo"minimize ost” anlthe re variables choce of mater Answer. Hf the materials tobe used 28 windngs it must be abe tobe ‘avn te vie and wount acl. R must conaus lett and beable to operate at T000°C Ina. The cones ae tabula below Funeton [+ igh partir rare winding {Censrais—/+urum sore ronpertr. Tn > 10006 "enpertire ‘Obyeeive [+ nines mater Fe vatales + Chote of mater 6. 2Amatefal is required to manufactur foe sessors. Paperis an ‘brace materia and asesorseometmes enesunter har Gostacls ae staples. List function and sonstains oot 82 bjeetie to minima cost andthe re valablesto "ehoce of imateral ‘Answer. Teresi abrasive wea the selssrs must have blades of Tigh nardness. In euting they wil sconer orale encounter a ‘Supe or atherharécbsructan tat would nip abe lade — Some ougnness Is required. These tw paramaters hep recuce ‘wear, butters are ober favor et ntuenzes, co tis seneole to seely good wea esstanee. Finally the saueors must be formed tre hanales ae intgral wih ie blades rey mustbe {ged sumed ton Sheet, ruin teat to be processed ini ay ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Foncion [= Sesto ‘Constraints | + Hig hardens + beat toughness Hy.» isan? 1 patonerogee ‘jective [+ hie mater coat Free vaable + Chace of mater! 6.3 Amateral ic require fora het changer to extact heat ‘tom geothormaly heated, cal, water a 120 (and tue under pressure), List fincton and sonsirants; set te ebective {0 mnmge 2st andthe fee varalasto oles ofatera ‘Answer. The oknious constants here ste those on service temeraiue, comosion essance, the abit fo conduct heat ‘wel andstengin. There are manisacinng constant ‘he neat exchange isto Berace rom tubes or foded sheet. the ‘tera must be svarable these form, andhave sueent ‘dct o allon manuacture, Foneton [= Hea eicargor ‘Consraiis | + Atzinum seve emperati, Tox > 8 © ‘poderotert| 2 Satie stent sept te pressor of ney e odio set rte + Asequat city aon sping, £236 ‘Objective + me mars ost Fros variable) Choee of mater) ” wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesE64 _AC-clamp required tr the processing of letoni ‘compnonts at temperatures upto 40 ic coset that he ‘lamp has as ow athernal ner as possible so tat reaches thattemperturequcKy, and t must net charge-p when exposed toan cecron beam. Theme ft takes a component ofthceness ‘to reach thera gull when the teperatre ie eudenly Changed (a vansiont het flow problem) f= here the thermal fusiity o=2/ pC) and 2 i the thermal conduct, p te densty and che speci heat Us funtion, constraiis and objective; Sethe ee variables to “ehole of ata ix Fire ‘Answer. the C-camp isto reach temperature quik must 'etordng othe ecuaton ven the question, be made of ‘materal wth ae ngha thermal tusuy. ae possi, kcaies Toads, so must have aaequatestengih and must nt charge Up, so must be an elec eonducter, ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Funeion [= Can oa tomate ‘Constraits | + htnarum serves temperature, To. = 20.6 {Sui sreagn to cary clamping ase ‘oto atre 2 Mere conductor 0 pevet charg ‘Objective + msn th eran. 2 ote ‘nator 65 _Atumace is required te sintr powder-metalpars. ‘operates continuously at 60 © vile the parts ae fed through ‘ona moving alt. You are asked to select a mateal forfumace ‘allaton © minimae neat oss and tus to make te funace as ‘coegy-etiient st posable Forreatons of space the ‘Soulaton irtato a macenur these of 02m. Ust ‘he unston constants, jective ana tee variable ‘Answer. Thisis2 problem invavng steady-state heat fow. The het los! by conduction per utara cfinsustion per seco, where 2 isthe thermal conduct, the insulation thickness ‘andar the tomparatureatforence betweon the mtorr atthe fumace adits surroundings. The am so minimize leading ‘athe equation tothe objective of minimizing te thermal ‘ondlcoly ofthe nsulabon matenal "There are two onstalns ene on thiskness, he other on serie temperature, ® wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesFunction [+ havaton rener-atir mace ‘Censranis | + hevirum son ener Ty > 680 ‘Objective [= mine ternal conduct 2 s.6Ltra-pecse bearings that afow a rocking mation make use of ee-eages er pvts. Ae be bearng rocks, tals, ¥ansiting etewaysby a astace tat depends on the rads of onal ‘The turer rol the ess precisa postening. so te smaller theradus of contact R te beter. Butthe smaer fe radus of ‘onact. the grate isthe contact pressure (7/8). Its exceeds the maranass Hof ether ‘ace ofthe beanng, tv be damaged. laste deformation badteo Halen he contact erasing the contact area andthe ro ‘rocking Bearing freed to operate ina miro-chip fabrication Uintusingfuorne gas st 10°C, flomedby © beam processing requrng that al suctrl pars ofthe equipment san be eae te pravent say charges. Translate te requremons inte matoal Selection clea, stg function consrants,atjectve ad ree vanatle Figure &? ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Anower, The sje a minnie he ras of cana ae ‘ntact The le lmteaby the hardness H anc mode Ef te Tatts. The obecive met by seeking mattis vith Imasimum hardests Ho enable he smatest possble are ot contact wineut damage, and masimum modus Eto mine ‘laste fatening afte contac. In alate exerace we raum fo ths problem oftue objectives, eating ty tade-of methocs Here we shoose maximizing harass as te mary dete, ‘ace defioney here rest na damages bearing. We then ‘Feat modulus aba constant together wth the otter obvious constraints suggested by the design reqrerent, Funston [+ — Pek beara ‘constants | + num sree Tempero, Ta, TOOE 1 Gondleta contactor 1 Sondreastnceto morme gs 1 piph mau ‘Objective | + Navin ares 1 bean aces Free varibler | + Choe of rte E67 The standard. CO (Jewel case) cracks easly and broken, an seratch the CD, Jevel cases are made of nection molded Polsyrone, chosen because ts anepare, cheap anc easy to fois. Amati s sought make CO eases that do not eraek so faely, The case must ble transparent, ale tobe injection Imolde, andable te compete wth polysyrene cos. Answer. The question expresses constraints co transparency, Tmaidabity and Facure toughness (tmust be greater tan that of Pojslyrene) Gwen Mese.tne cheapest materal iste best jioa [+ inprowed CD case ‘onsale + Opteslyrorsparnt racine foginess grater than that of Doaovere fe ope mpcton moed ‘Sbjeetve [+ darter cost 1° wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 6.8 A torage neater capures neat over a period of time, then Tolaaces usually fo an a seam, when recured. "These or ‘omestc heating store soar energy or enegy fom cheap offre ectity andrelease slowly cinng the cad part ofthe dy. {Those fr researensase ne heat fo 2 supersone sr sren t leat eyetom befavorm supercon fight, What fa good rate forthe sore ofa eompact storage materal capable of temperatures upto 120°C? ‘Answer. When a ate is heated fom room temperature T.t0 8 ‘ering temperate 7. absorbs neat @ per unt vlume where Q=Cpper=Te) and ©, sh specie neat ofthe materi ofthe cor KG) and p ists donsty (in kal’). Thus the mest compact storage heaters one made fom a materal tha high Cp. Even ‘smal storage heater eomains a considerate quantity of ore that Isvey ey are neavy) solic propabe tat an cbjestve wil be to ‘minmiae cost peramt volume. i however space wee ena, Imaximizng ©, might become the objective Funeéon | + Coe ferconpact straps heer ‘Constants | maximum sence emperstre. Tox > 120 + iret capac per ane vote ©, ‘Objective | aimee matere/oe par unt voume Fe valabes |» Choe of mater ME. Ashby 2010 2 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources7. Deriving and using material indices. The exereises inthis section gv praciee n derive idees (a) Stan each by ising tet, constants, objecives and ree ‘arabios without having these aight jou wil gt na mess. Thon wre dou an equstion forthe objective. Consiser whater & conta ae verabiv other then materia choke, #i does, ‘ont ib consrat hat its Substtite, and read of fe mater noes. (0) the CES EduPack sofware i avaiabe, use 210 app) the constants ard ak the survivors using the index (tr wt the over? datanase). Arete resuts sensible? tf ot what const hasbeen overnaked or near tormuatog? 7.1 Aperture grils for cathode ray tubes (Figure E3). There are Iwotypes ofcatode ay tude (ORT). Inthe older tezhotegy, {oleur separations acheved By using a shadow mask 3 hn etal ite wit agri of holes that alow ony the corect bear to Sie a tea, ree 0: blue hese A'shadow mask ean heat up and stor at high brigtnes levels (coming) eausng fe beans Tormiss eirtargts. and ging aboteny mage ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions “To avo thi, shasowmasks are made of var, ane aby vot amearara expansion coefisiert between room temperature ‘and 130°C. his a consequence of shagowmask technology tat the dave soren ofthe GRT cures nvard onl four ecgee, sereasngthe probatityof elected gare Senys ‘Trntrn’techrelogy overcame tis problem and allowed _greaterbighiness by replacing We shadow mask by an spenure [ri of Fre versal res, each about Z00 mn hee that ‘Bows te tended beam to tne efmerthe red the geen arte ‘Bue phosphor to ereatetne mage. The ass face ofthe “Teniton ube was cued ms ane plan ony, recueng glare. “The wires ofthe aperture gil are tight stretched, sothat they ‘aman taut even shen hot e's this tension hat alos the ‘eater bight, Wat des gad the ence of ratral to ‘rake them? The table summarees the requrements, CRT re nner cig ate tes con/petenon bet ate ‘Atetooearintouse “et at nas Fee Voie [+ Crocs ome ‘Obyecive Answer. ‘The model. thin, taut ee stckens and sage en the stan {Ase 0 tiem expansion, ‘exceed the elas strain caused by the pretension, a wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesHere a isthe thermal xpansion cosficont ofthe wire, av he temperature rise caused by he eecvon bears that she t 0 te tensie pesvess m tte wre ana etsmeculs. We wish to masinizethe brightness, ana tus a> “The tensions med bythe laste mt ofthe wire, ©. lnsreng this ana wring the conden thatthe wire remains tat gives ‘The rest sould hardy be snpler. To maximize the bigness, =8E, Fe There 6 & second requement. The wes must conduct otrersise they would charge up, dstoting the image. We ‘therefore requ, also, that he materal be good electneal ‘sonduetor and that Ris capable of being rote or cravn to wre, The selection. Applying the eoneantsletedin the table above tothe CES EsuPack Lee! tof 2 database andrankngthe Ssumdvos by he index feeds to the selection Isted below. High Carbon seat | Cabanaleel fre moqnee. sw are ‘en searing mgr sre. ‘Conmertahy pure Eating anion fom fe ado det “tarsi ‘mang tn expensive opon Tngien alge Alogeal choca — tungsten has ain mating batt encisroiney poaied ase ure itarbaed loys | Mary rk abye ae wos foronogale= {ej same reson ot con se ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Te fal chove, using this database, ie tanoss soe or lungsten Ihe seewton i repeated using te more detailed Level database carbon fer emerges as a potential eancate (Carbon foe o he dese clare avatable; cond wa Doth leetealyanetermaly. Ras Nigh srongh an best 1 SI thas almost ar thermal expansion long te “rection 7-2Material indices forelastc beams wth difering constraints (Figure Ea). Start eaeh of te four pars of his problem by ftng te tuncton the objectve andthe consrarts You wil ed re ‘oqultons forthe defection of sntiever bear with ¢ square Srosesoctontx!, even n UASSP 3. Tho brotha mater ae {at othe defection of @ beam of engin L under and bad 7 and tra forte detection ofa beam undera dstbited toad f perunt eth the donsty ofthe matoal of the beam, Ais erss-sectone area and gihe seceleraton due to gravy. (@)_ Showthat he best material fora cankiover beam of oven length E'tna gwen te. feed) square eosesoston (x1) tal vil Gefect leas under a gven endload Fis that veh te argest vale ofthe mdex M= E,vhere E ls Young’s modus (negieet SeFeweigh. igure Eta) (0) Stowthat he best material hole fora cantilever beam of gen length Lana wth a given section 1) that wi defect eas Linders on setae is that ah the largest value of = Eip.wiere p fhe density. (Figure Edb) 2 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources(6) Show tat tne material index forte Hahest canter beam of iengin and equere secion (not gven Lethe area safes ‘arable thal wi nt cee by mare Wan © underls Onn Weg Is a=8/p2. (Figure E4e) (@ Show'tat te ightest cantilever beam oflengh L and square ‘soon (area fee) ht wl no ie! by mere than 5 uncer an fend lend F i that made of ie mater wih the argestvelue of 2p (najec so wight) (Figure Eéa) Figure E4 ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Answer “The model. The point ofthis problem i thatthe material index depends onthe mode of lading, onthe geometric constants lndien the design objective (a) The table its the design ecurements for pat (a ofthe problem ‘constants + ang L apecreo Seaton txt speci ‘Objective + mane re cna, 5 Free variables + Chokwofmate ony “The objecvefueton san eauaton forthe defeston of the beam. An endload F prosuees a detecton 3 of where E isthe modus ofthe bear rate and ‘othe secons mamen ofthe ara, sothat ne detacton “Themagniice oie load F and the dimensions and tare All gen” The dfocson ie mnimzea by maximising mee (@) The design ecutemensforpart(t) ate sted below Funeton Seb bade artoer bean ‘Constante + eng | apocteo ‘beste + Mimi the detection, reeves + Choke of metr ony a wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources‘The beam cams a dstibutes ion, poruna length, where £ pet were p ihe density ofthe beam material and gisthe acceleration due to gravy, Such load eroduces a defection asse.3) «2 (0) ag (the objective function). Asbefre, and Lave gven. The Gefection sminimizecby maximizing we (6) The design cequkement fo pat (2) ar ted Below Function + Selbadedcactover bm Constants + Long L spect + Maxum detecton,& speed ‘bjectve + binmeetbe mass, m Foca valet + Choke of maton + Secton are 4 ‘Te beam deflecs under its um weight but now the section can be varedto reduce the veight provided tne detection does not ‘ccoed 3. 26in the ure. The objective funebon ae evant to bbe minnie) isthe mass om ofthe beam matip tr aya CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Substutng or # (he fee variable) fom the sesond equation Fro the fst, gives 8 () ‘The quanties Land 5 are ven. The massis minimized by miming () The esign equtemensforpart 6) a0 ste elow Funetion + Endibaiedconioverdeom ‘Constante + engin L species + eneioas Fapetes + acinum etecton, 8. pected ‘Object + Anite he ass, Fro variable = Chote of moti “Tho cestio is square, but the dimencion te fee. The sbjectve function ‘The detection i, a in pat (a) Using histo etminte te foe variable, tives eer Py ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources‘The quanties FS and Lare given. The masse minimized by maxing Fram a selection standpoint My and Ms are equivalent ‘The selection, plying the thee indies tothe CES Esuack Level or 2 database gues he top-ranked cancdatesInted below CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 7.8 Material index fora light, strong beam (Figure ES). In ‘sifneso lite appeatons, t's alas defecton tat isthe ‘ete constant mts performance. Insvength-imited ‘pplication, ceflcion sacceptable provides the component ‘oes aot fal: seengh isthe artve constant. Devethe matenal ‘nex for eietng msteral fora beam offengts L, species ‘eng and minimum weight. For senpicty.aesume he beam to Ihave a sll square cross-section xt You wi edie equation {or the fur oad of a beam (UASS®, 4). his indo ater ehoee here ac the dtance between he neutral ais ofthe bear Tela aga ey nel tse = on Caramer Se, ShN. 8.0 ALO and AN tt ands cuter lament and = /12 = 47/12 othe second seus a ite ‘moment oft eroresecton The able Remzes he cen ea sium, meaeson el ane euenens | Wishvioyesnd'uccs anos anew ict = 5 | Seen ote L am ‘teat cer —_— WY Tisai sna nd nagresun Saye peST ' igh My easne nea Sanponio CPR scl Fie ES Ewamce SE SIN Bie ALO and AN fioh ata = ME. Ashby 2010 ‘Constamiz—[ + Length Lie spaced + sama sport bending ot “wehct torre ‘jective [ieee mas fhe aa Foe varalos | + Cronesecion ae, A {Chote ef mato 2 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Oye nest waa objective isto minimize the mass, giving the ‘The selection. Applying the constraint on ©, and ranking by the Same pesarpetetcerereaen ree = cate ct ae ieeeonpaatzoerceguaningeuenan —— fast" — lara ima CMUMURTEERAR amare me "i er 1 a 23 Sana, sisters sin Sano scoeragromrmere £74 a tg cen og no ron ean ene e ee reate : Be cekate rhino EP Fao nerutaeectcn Semana rere epracamesysesimisimnenen ge aacinenamenrt mcrae ‘valves ofthe Index ‘cost. So here is an example involving cost. D Couns suppor compressive lads: the legs of abe the pars ofthe Pathenon, Derive the index for alecengmateral forthe ‘Cheapest cyndicalcclumn of specifed height tha vl safely eect tee anteater Suppor aad Fwtvowt buckling watealy. You wa need the 3 cantlver spat ofa mecharical sytem is important tha equabon fore load, at which a slender column buckles. tie have sufiiet facture toughness fo survive aclgetal pact sf “ Iced. For hs we adathe requirement of adequate toughness Eye > 15ub an! ‘where nis constant that depends onthe end constraints and Pes! /<= 4° / isthe second moment otarea ofthe column(see UASSPfr bah), Te able ts the requtements ME. Ashby 2080 26 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources+ Funeéon [= Gare coun ‘Consrais + Lenat (pect 1 atin at . ‘iotng 7 ‘Objective = te mater cout “tthocoum Freevarabes "+ Ceossvacton aa A ‘choee otters! Fgure 6 Answer. : The model. A slender column ueee lees mata hana fat one, fnsthue'scheaper-but tue not beso sender that wl Bue tnderthe design oad, Fhe objectve function she cost Hy Whore cy iothe costhg ofthe materi ofthe columa, Eval sie estat Foxcoeds the Euler 080, #3, 9N0N 8 NE ‘question, Elmiating A between the wo equations, usingthe ee (2) ‘The maori sot ofthe clurn i minimized by choosing imaterals wth the largest vale ofthe index gion te peso, amar a oa ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘The selection. The loading hare fs compressive sobrile imaterals are viable canalstes Shoe some are also vey ches, {hey dominate the saecton. Applyg teindec Mio the CES EauPack Level tor? database gues the top-ranked canaiates teabelow, ‘Cras bk, | Tha ar lad ly igh oe Sera cenetand_ | mastered conte, ‘weed ‘reap sess praia ean, snaceap ‘Corb sled cetan | Sele pains al aa? weak when Seong ew cas sug. ET. Indices for si plates and shells Figure £7). Ara and space tucures make use of lates and sells. Te Index ‘oponas onthe confguraton Hore you ave ake to deci the imatenal dex for (@)a ceca plate ofradus a caring a contal oad With 2 Dresenbedstnass 0/5 and of mut mass and (0) a hemispherical shell ofracus «carving centalload Wwth ‘a prorenbed stness 7.8 and af minimum mass, a8 shown the Sues. a wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesUse the two recut tea belo forthe mia pont defection & of 2 Plat or spheroal shell under aload i ped over a small Senal crear area Crear plate 6 Hemissericashel 5 inion 4.025 je a constant. Here Eis Youngs modulus, tis the miciess ofthe plate or shel and » s Psson's at. Piss ratio amost he same fer al etal materi and tanbe vested as constant The table summarzes he requirements, Fane > Sie ite a ‘Canara [+ sinoss 5 unoerconal ad W spect asus a of lator sa sowed ‘pec [= vine the mas offer sa ice vtabes | «Pat or shod ncines answer (@)The plate. The objectives to minimize themass, nace p the densty oft mater of whieh he pate ema, ‘The tieeness ts fe, but must be suteient to meet he Consainton stfess. vein he fst equation mn he question (gves, forthe pate, bere (is simpy a tncion of» andthus a constant ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Insering his io the equation forthe mass ves a rH [elo “The ghost pat is that made from a materi wth lange vale of theinces (@) The hamicphereal shell The objasve again sto minimize the me2eclep Invering the second equation inthe question ges, forthe het, where j3(0)asheforeis a function of v,andthus 2 constant Inserting this itt equation forthe mass gives nevrcasd fe “The lest shel isthat made fom a material wth alrge vate of theinces 8 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources“Tye index ote shel ers tom tat othe plate requeing a ‘ferent ehoie afar. Thats because the Sa plete, nen loaded, tefomsby bending. The hemishercel shel by conras, cares rembrane sresses (lesion ard compression in he plane ofthe shell ‘Wan andbecaues offs much sitar Singy-urved ones behave Ike the pate doubly curved ave ike the nemphers. ‘The selection, Acpyingthe bres nies othe CES EduPock Level or 2 detabase gues he topranked candies Isied below ‘Naira aerated and pwd ‘Composter CFR ‘ia: auminan a magresin alloys ‘Speorte at er ea CCompostes: CFR {Cromes SC, SM, B.C and ANL E76 The Clamp in more detail (Figure 8). Exersze EAA Ineducedtne Clamp for processing of eecenic components, ‘The clamp has a square cose-sectn af width x and given Sept 2's essa ha he clamp have low thermal inera so that t reaches temperature cucky The tine ftakes a component of fRieoss to reach thermal equlfocum when the temperature suddenly changed (a transiet heat flow aablen) is uberethethemal dusty o=4/ pc, and 2 othe thermal conduct, p te densty and che speci hea ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Figure Es ‘The veto reach thermal equisum|s reduced by making the Sesion xthnne’ du & must nt be 3 thin that fas in service Uses cansranttoelminte xin the equation above, thereby (denving& mstaal nde forthe camp. Use the fact tna the ‘among fore Fereates a moment on the body ofthe tmp of Iu 2 andthal the peak stress in the body gen Dy lahere £2. /12 isthe second memento are ofthe body. ‘The table summaries the requierent Function [+ Clenp ofr ermal ‘Consanis [+ Depth pwc 1 _wostcay clamp as ou re ‘ajeetve | + nme tine rach tometer Fre vases | + ah ofp dx choles of mart 2 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources‘Anewer. The camp vl alte sees in Roxcveds He ate limit <> Equatng the peak stesso 2 and solvag fer ives oe Leserting is it te eatin fore tne each equim ms eattl | ‘The sme is minimized by choosing materials wah large values of the indoe Ft ‘Acltona sonstranf on Radiue E> 50 GPa Co ensure thatthe clamp i sufiianty ton facture toughness Zr, > Pan? (to grard agains accidental impact) and on formabity win pratice, Beneecea ‘The selection. Appiyngthe constraint on Zi. and trmabiiy andranking by he Index: Musing the CES EduPack Level or2 Gatabase gives the top-arked candidates ised baow. CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ET.7 Springs for trucks, In vehicle suspension desig itis desabie tomiinize the mass ofall components. Youve been asked to ‘Selec a material and dmensions fora ligt speng to repace the Soe eating of an exsangttuck suspension The wustng leatspeng sa beam, shown sehematcaly nthe igure. The nev sping must have the same length Lan sifhess Sas he ‘vit one and mut cefect rough a masonum sae Sspacemert do, vehouflire. The wath band wickness rare eo vorabies, Figure Eo Darve a matealindex forthe selection of mate fortis appleaton, Note thats sa prbiam wh two free vanabes: ‘and and there are tw consti, one cn sae dfiacton dy. and the oberon stifess 5. Use te to contains to fee ‘aliables. The abe catalogs the requirements, a Funation [+ Leatspngorack "ae 3 us candle — 20d mal ‘stains = (atc a gn oy 1 sitpoes Sopsctes ‘Copper aays | Here gh heal sy ef apperis + _ Maram dphcement nar SFr Sonia te ecto ‘jective | + nines te mace Fre varabes | + Sprngtnciresst + Springmetno ME. Ashby 2010 oo wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources‘You wit need the equation er the mia; defection fan eae beam oflngih loaded i Bee-port bending by 9 cena load F e andthat forthe defetion at wah fle oocure here {isthe second moment of ares for a beam ofrectanguar sean, £=b1° #2 and €and are the modus ane abire ‘iran ofte materal ofthe beam. (See UASSP ) Answer ‘The modi. The objective fneton the quantty tobe minenzes “isthe mace mot Be oping: ne erap o here ists densiy. The length Ls fied. The dmensions b fant are fee, There aretwo constrains. The Sats a required Sihess,S. From the st equation given in the question ® ‘The second constants that of maximum allowable aspacement 5, waht damageto the sprng. ven the ueston as ° ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Etqutins (2) and) can now be saved for t and, and these substtuted back nto (1), The reste m= 95bha (| SF, ‘The mas of epg mined by masimig the de we oe ‘Adeonal constants on facture toughness > 158Ram!/? (te guaréagainet acsidentl impact) ana on formabity wi prttee, beneeded ‘The selection. Appiying the constant on, and formabiy, and enkingby theindex Musing the CES EduPack Level tof 2 Gatabase gives tne tpcanked cancaaes Ista below lars ube) | Gopal we ve mised container tomer ecto gh spnge tu ne catarton filets en opin rine ‘Sepeaton raises vis euaon @) roo 80 aes Tain sioys | An expense slaon buon Tat ahr crn CRP males exeplonaly good sps. gh avon seel Te tancar selon, but neal av ” wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources7.8 Fin fora rocket (Figure E10), A tube launched rocket nae stablizing fs atts ear. Durnglaunch the fe experience hot (gasat rz = 1700'C fora time F= 0.3 seconds, Ris important that the ns survive aunen without surface meléng. Suggest a Iateral index for sectng a ator forthe tas. The abe Summarize the requrements Figure E10 Funcion [+ High heattantorrockt fins Constraints + Alcimension specfed + Must rt sufersuace mating dug “exposure to gas 211700 or 0.3 see Objective + Minmize the surtacetepersture rie ‘during fing + Maxinze te mating pont of he material Free + Chote of materia! ‘arable ‘hiss thy. Heat enters the surface ofthe f by eansfer am te gas. ite heat ransfercoefcen the heat ux pe unt a7 MTy—Te) here, is the surface temperature ofthe fn =the cel Canty we wish to mnimize, Heat ie efu-sesint the fe surace Bytnemal conduction, ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions rte neat tne is sal compared withthe characteris te formeattoaftze trough ines 9 aul seaoy-state exten hoch the ertace temperature adjust el such tha the heat fentenng forthe gas sequal to that using Ivars by anduton. Ths seconds equal tO whore isthe thermal conduct. 7 isthe temperature ofthe (cold) interior of he i, and = isa characteristic heat-fuson length When the heaeigtmeis short (2s here) te ternal Font ‘er atime has penevateds stance oo Gory? where 54/20, lathe teal sMusity. Subetutng the ‘vali of « in the prvieus equation gives where p i te density ans onthe Proceed by equating the two equations for solving forthe suracetemperatre 7, to gvethe abjesive hncion. Read of ‘he combination ofpropettes that minimizes, isthe index for the pablo. ‘Te selection is mace by seeking materials wt large values of the nges anc wan a high meting pot. Ht CES soare Is avaliable, make a chart wa these wo-as aces and ident ‘ateras wih high vals fhe side hat also have high meting points, 2 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Aner, Equtingthe eqn and sling fo 7, ges Arg i+ inp 7 hen Otte suse tment r= andthe nis completely cola. Wen sage, 7,7, and he surce emporio the gas temperature. Fara gven', 1, is minimized by maximeng Ape. Tres strate Mi = Aecp and index that oten appears in preblems volving wansient heat ow ‘Meting is also made less hey by choosing a mater wih 3 high meting poet The secondindox is tereere ‘The selection. The fgure shows the two indices, crated using the ng ace (CES EduPack Level 2 databace. The top-ranked canddates a7 ise bebw ‘Seconds, SC) Shean sab sina cep “ington and is muc gh usee fonete nouns ob ratoned wth “The ercopborl etal aac of appe? [Semnaing here is abl coe! et [Ty ore satace qu hn he | Stee eating ‘Rumi aloe An aracve cole see Arby a aS ton "Ruan — Gen Tis aa al ap Gnbecne ‘Tea nny Sar a ec na sronger ME. Ashby 2010 2 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesMutiple constraints and objectives Cver-constraned problems are normal n materials seecton, Oten k |S bs a case of appying each constraint tun eating ony ese outions tht mest ham al) But vien canta ae used 0 lina ee varlabes an objet ancien the ‘ctv constraint ‘motiod must be used. Theft hee exorees thi sect lustte robles wt mute constr, The remaining to concem mute objectives and vade-off methods ‘hon 2 problem has Wo objectives ~ mninting beth mass mare cost C ofa component for instance — a conf ars: the cheapest Soitin fs not the ightest and vce vasa The best corbinaton S0ugh by constucig a tado-oF pt using mass as ore als. ae) {oa a the other The lover envotope ofthe ports on the plot defines the ade. surface. The solitons tat cer the best compromise fe ton this cutace, To get fariher we need a penshy functon Define the ently tunction whore a is an exchange constant deserbing the penaty associated ‘eth unt esse n mass, or gual, he value associated With 3 Unk decrease, The beet sottions ae found where the ine Cefined by tis equaton tangential to tho rade-of surace. (Ramomter that objectives must be expressed in # fom soe theta mnrnum & sough, thon a lew vale of Z desirable 4 high one 0) ‘non 2 subetute sought for an euting mater is beter to work with ras, Then the pert fonction becomes in which the subset“ means properties ofthe esting mater ana tha.asterah “an end isa reminder that bth are ren ‘imonsionless. The ave exchange constant « measures the fractional gain i value fora gon rastional gain n performance. ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ERA Multiple constraints: gh, sti, strong te Figure). [Ate,oflongth Lleadedin tension, sto support lad Ft ‘mintnum weg without fling (pling constraint on Srength) ‘orexerding easieatyby more han 3 (melying a const on sites, £13). Thetable eunmates the requremeats, aook —k{[l———==> ad Figure Ett Funeton [= Teed Conaainte ‘Banta iy yng nd fro F ‘Must have pected tts Fs Long Lara a pecmes nese moss {hoe of mae (2) Eden two perfrmance equations fr te ase one for ‘Slot cotrane tom wich wo mata ndces andohe coping Stunion nang tema ented. Show atte two nicer ar aye B om ae andtnaa mime sug reat, {© Ure he CES EasPack to produce a raph which has the Indes os aces tice consoate ata ore Athen S25 10" snd@yunen f= 10" mem Pre 2, u ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Figue E12 Answer. The detvaon of perermance equatens and te incees they conan sai out hee: Objective Constraints Performance equation index tins constant De mB) m2 o Strength constraint = ME. Ashby 2080 38 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources(The symbole nave ther usvalmeannge: A= 20a, C=Iengh, p- densty. Fls=attess E= Young's meculs. 2, =yiekd streath or elate link) ‘The couping equations found by equating, t0-m: ging (é)-46 ioe 10 (earespencingto the required value of nthe question) andthe mates hat ate the best ehace foreach ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘couping | Matra choice oman ‘7s= 00 | Geramie-baran card, | These nator ae 1750000 | Conpstes CRP: ater | rave ad ogress ‘hat TAT ane atays | Sra requred tm inlaw Sat Soe, “Tne use of ceramics fora i, which must cary tension normally ued ot by ther low facture uginess~ evens small ‘avr can ea to tle ature. Sutin he frm of foes both boron Carbide andsllconearbide are used as relfercenent in ompostes, where they ae loaded tension, ane Hei sithess sd srengh alow waignt are sxpleted The CES EduPack sofare alos the constuction ofcharts wth axesthat are combinations of propertes, te tase of 2 and 0, shown her, and ihe application of sobctin Box 10 dently the optinum eho of materia. 6 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesEE.2 Mutiple constrains: alight, ste, pressure vessel (Figure 213) When a pressure vosoal has tobe moble: te waht becomes important. Arca bodes, racket cashgs and bois aural gas ontames are examples: they must belt. and at the Same ime they must be sefe,andthat means hat ey must rat falby yong orby fst facture. What are the best mater for teeanetructon?” The able summnanzes the recurement Figure E19 Constraints esse vows ‘ms nt 9 yng tt ot lf toi Diameter 2R and posse “anoronce“bspeciod ‘Objective + Wininae mse Fre variables + Watimetness Chote mater! (a) Wht fst, a performance equation forthe mass m ofthe pressure vessel Assume, or simply that ts spheieal. of posted raqus f and Wat te waltieiness, (he Fee arable) IS mat compared win 2 Then te tensde sas inthe Walls eee! ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Uihere 4p, the pressure dference across his wal, fred bythe Gesign. The frst constraints thatthe vessel should not itd — that that he ens sess n the al shoul nat exceed. The second ie that should not fly fast raeture: the requres that the wal-srecebeleasthan fj. / r= where Z ithe rate toughness ofthe material of ion te pressure vessels made nee Belen the onan rach hal he wal pt oti ce eaen oftheae tnt sine tin Ne ecuatn for muse the ess to ent two material indees and a ccupingelaten between tem. It antl the crack nat, (@) Use te EduPack to produce a raph wh the two materia Indes as aces, ken Fgura 4. The ceuping equation txpreccet the felatonshp between M1 and M2 and therefore Log Mi andog M2 and canbe plated as sagt ine on he Log ‘MiLog M2 chat Oster the gralet and tescept ofthis ne {ne lat for text o= Sm an tnene= 8 ya. Iden the ght Candidate matorale fore vers! foreach cate, and M2 need tobe maimed tnd te gntest ma a wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Flt Petynes Foam (LO) oan} N 8 imalloys M2 Density Fracture toughness, (koim*S)(MPam0.5) 3 “hana toys M1 = Density veld strength, (kolm*3)MPa Figue E14 ME. Ashby 2080 oe ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Answer. The cbjetve funtion the mace ofthe pressure vesce matey “The tense tees inte wa of thin-walled prescue vese!(UASSP, 1) ¢ we Eating Ws sto te ed sng, ent the ase strength A= snasubstung ern ‘he objective Sinetonleade othe perfomance equations andindoes fd cutblow onjectve Cconswaints Performance equaton Index. ee eee om eo so wi The poston ofthe couping ine depends onthe detection Im for eras, through the term (re), ME. Ashby 2080 Py ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources‘The Sure shows the approprate chart th wo coupling nee ene fore= 5mm andthe ater fore Sum. “The resating selection fs summarsedin the abe eg eet Emre one | Seaateanie cxamen [ten [paeat amas ceumm [grin aon [oar Seeiie, Tous sent Ships a crore /EERaaT | REE tec, aor |e ‘maintairang them wah no he Note using the EduPack wl raveal a wider ange of candcate Imateals along te couptng ines. In large engheeeng structures tis ficult to ensure that there are np ereos of engi eater than 1mm: then the tough engheeing Boys tased on see! almnum and tani are te safe choce. In ‘re fle of MENS (mora eactr-mecraneal sytem) in whieh Sins Df msronthekness are deposted on abststes, elohodto shapes and hen loaded in vancus ways, is possble~ even wth bre Caramies—to make components wth no fewsgteter han 1 mn $e. inti regime, the Second selecon ven above has relevance. aa) ME. Ashby 2080 as oat Facts eu, KoA) CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Mt =Denaity ld sent, oi 2HMPo ” ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesEB. A cheap column that must not buckle lorerush (Pgure E15). The best chace of maleral for # lg song colurn depends Dns aspect rat. heat of height tosaameterD This ebeeause shan at olimns fall by crushing tal lender ‘olimns bude instead Desire Derermance ecuaton othe materi cost bia colamn of soldier secten and Spactednalght A designedto suppor a lead Flarg compare tos setflod, one omg the contri hat the con st foteush, te athe that must ao buck, ‘The tate summarizes the nec. Fue E15 Funetion ——[- Cova ‘Const + Mest not iy somes cing 1 tbat mate 1 tet H ond compressive bod spectos ‘Sajecive [+ amo matoracont¢ Free varsbes (+ Diarter (a) Proceed as follows (1) Wate down an expression forthe material ost othe oun —s mass times ts cot per Unk mass, Cy (2) Expres te two constalns a equations, anduse them to Substitute lr the fee varabe,D to tad te cost oft cola ‘hat wl jst suppor te oaavwthout fing by ater mechan @)idonty the material inc Mand that onter te two equations forthe mass, showing tha ey are ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ( [es were Cy fs te mate cost perka. p the material densty. Is erushin strength and & is modules (b) Data for six posse candidates forthe column are sedi the Tani Use eset deny eandiate mateals when F= 10° Nand M=3m. Ceramics are admieseio here, because Mey nave high srengtn in compression, Data for candidate materials forthe column, wastage pe Toul | Sat | Bis | age 2s STE) s se, s seam [ie | [se] (6) Use ite EaPeatto produce agrpn uth the two ncices 25 ses, Brpress Men ter of My an pl Selocing materas fora cola wit F= 1 jing ines for Wane ame Same condions as above), and fora second coum wat F = 10° Nanay=20m a wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources° By eat i | a ca ee Figure E18 ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Answer. This, and exerises€ 8.1 and E8,2ihstate the mathod of “ling verconrines problems. Tie ene soncems materials for a Tight column wah crewar secton which must neti buske nr erst Under a design bod F “The coe, tobe minimised ‘where Isthe ameter ee fee variable) and H the eight ote Column, Cis the cost pec kof he matral and pis ts dens. The lum mda ot cash, requ ht “The right hand sid isthe Euler bucking loadin which Eis Yeung’s modulus, The seeend momen of area fora eur coun “The subsequent steps inthe dervaton of performance equatons are Ind out on te net page: 2 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions oopceve conetain Prtomance equation Fy of > o t_[mmenn emcee 81 =O) Tretntorimance etn atin te nde; =A? tne sean tender (: “which site ater (ax) of Cand C. Te te perfomance equations ae evauatedn the Table, which also ats © = mac cy.cy J fora colin ofheigh =m, caring lead F= 10°. The cheapest choices concrete “Tis isa min-max problem: we seekthe material vith the lowest (nin) cost & ‘atest | Denaty > | Cotte | Moaaus [Compresio | @ | GT dom) | ces | Enea) | On e] 3 a stent : SMe) Wossepuay | Tos) as tama | Bae br noo | bs | atom | Se | 33) tat | dea Poaredcorere | on sco, | domo |) | 43S |e ‘tal 66% woo | 92 | sow | eo | ee | 395 | Ses. ME. Ashby 2010 “ wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesi : i (Gin ra 33) Me ens CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘The couping equations fund by uatng ©; to Ce gen My Dog AL, wlog AF, +g Gf it comains the strutural loading coeficent FH. Tyo positon fer the coupng ne are shown, one Comrorpending ow vale of PAF =0007 Hin’ (F= 10'N, H'=3 mand toa sgh one FHP 2EMNIn' (= 10'N,H=2 m) wth assorted solticns. Remember fat since Eand 2, are measured i MPa the lad Fmust Be expressed in uns of MN. The selection ie ted tet, NvetDenaha “rcedtConpresive stent nea ME. Ashby 2080 “ ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesEEA An ai eylinder for a truck Figure E17) Trucks ely on ‘ompreceedarfor braking and oer power actuated oysems. Tho eit is stered n one or custer of enced pressure tanks Ike tat shown hore (engin, eamater 28 hemispherialencs) Mos are made lewscoroon seh and they ate neavy” Thetask to mepore e potential of ateratve materi for ghter ar tanks, recogning the ‘rere must be atmado-of between maze and cost~fisoo expensive, the truck owner wilnt want Keven f(s glen Thetable Summarzesthe design requirements Fane = Aint ‘Consrans [+ etror toy yortrg 1 blamstr Rane ong spected so the ‘mt 02 ae ‘Objcties | + stninze mats Free variables [+ Wamerness a Prossurep [aR Aspertrato = 2Rt. Figue E17 (4) Show tat he mass and materi cost ofthe enk relative to one mace oftow-aroon ste! ae given by cul) ero 8, boners ele ici CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions wheres the densty the eld strength and Cy the cost perk ‘tte mateal andthe eubserpt"o" meats valles fr mila tea (©) Explore te rae.of between relative cst andelative mass, considering te replacement of amid steal tank wit one mace, {tet of ow alloy soe, ane, second, one made of arent wound ‘GFRP, using te matotal propertes the table below. Define 2 ‘elatve penal function wore af aelative exchange constant, and eaate Z for a= Vand fr a= 100 awa | Gens | Vena | Pree png om tana "Cs ‘aa 7os0 ie O66 tow atey see) | Tea ca oss cer 1388 no a (@) Useme Eaacciepoduen a gap ih axes of min, and C1 ‘Skeich a trade-off surface and pot contours ofthat are approuiatoly tangent fo he race surface for a= 1 andor a Winat eletone do these sugge="? 4 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcestrang et it * cice- beri 780/ i ont sate tit) (ee 188) Fue E18 Anewer (2) The nase m ofthe tankie mes zante orate = 2aR20/ 140 ‘where Q the aspect ratio 22s fred the design requroments. The stress in the wal of te tak caused by hepressure p must ot exceed, isthe yea strengm ofthe material ofthe tank wa, meaning that a ‘Suosttutng fort te tee variable, gives ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack - Exercises with Worked Solutions me seis +ofZ) ‘The mate cost Cia enply the mess memos the cos perk ofthe rater, Co ung Gynt = 288? 5p raf a) (Gibserpe'o are are =) ~ (e125) (©) To get tutberwe needa pena tuncton:. The reatve pen fineton ‘Tpit ovauted for Low aly stel and or CFRP in the abe blo. or {2 ean tat wight casa cst rei) ~ Lae 33) ‘Soa has by ate lavest But hen erate fr = 100 ireenng tatters alge cot rerum), CFRPa oe loves (2 The feure shows he bade-of sulace. Mates one rear this Surace hve atvacive crbinalors of maze sndcost Sever are beter lowenton sea fo contours 02 te us foun he ao! linear shou, tne ot 2'= 1, hw oer oa = 100 they recurved because ofthe garth aes. ‘The ete «= iets Nhe eng tel as god chee ‘Thins because thee hgh skength allows nner ter wal The roar fo = 100 toes near CFR®, lumina and agree Sloe eg savngis ney pv ese Deore act 6 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Wateial | Baneiy > | Vesteraiy | Price per kg am) | sea) | Cnc) ad seal 7850 oH O66 Low atoysted | 7050 m5 oes Zi with ot #12 with a = 100 Coe bane /780/ Stave anh ate merce /055) ME. Ashby 2080 ” ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesEES Insulating walls for teezers (Figura E10). Freezersand retigerated rvs have pane allel provide thermal Insulation ang at ne some time are et, tong and bgt (stitess to suppres vibration Sirenath to tolerate ough Usage). To achieve tthe anal are usualy of sanautct Eonatton, wah two skins of ‘Soo, aluminum 2° GRP (brovdig the sent) Separated by, anabonde to ‘low denstysulatng care tn shoeing the core we seek CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Use the CES EauPack to pet the thermal cnductity 4 of Teams aganet ter elastic compliance 1/2 the reciprocal of ther Youngs modu E since we must express the abectvesin & {erm that requtesminizaton). Te rumbersin brackets are ‘he denstes ofthe foams tpi’ The far wh he lowest thecal conaucty are te leet site stnestnave tne highest conaustvey. plan the reasonng you would Use to ‘ec foam forte tuck panel using a pena funtion, nia SC 6 ‘etal foams Aaning C85) to mnie thermal conduct, anda the Same tne tomacmae Sess, bacauoe ts awe thinner see! faces, ana thus = lighter panel. wie ta rmabaning ine overa panel Sess. Tne able Summarzes the design requrement, Figure E19 Function [+ Roa or pretation ‘Constant | + Pafwlkwes ected. ‘bjocties | inns foam hrm conduct, 1 emg ar sess, meaning Youngs ‘Answer. The sepsin making a reasoned choke are as flows. ME. Ashby 2010 “Thermal Conductty (mK) {S79 ‘eins =) Pema) wees men rec aeg Prentice pue Tamas moc (uGPa) Faure £20 ‘Ceramic foams are bite, This probably las them out forth tuck body besause is exposedto impactloads. But cher apleatons ‘ceramic fas ~parbouaty lass foams are vable. wr grantadesign.comeducationtresources(1) Sketen me race-off sutae: hel Avs. low YE fervelpe ofthe cata, as shown below. The foams that ie on near the surface ae abate cole tan thse ar rom t ‘Tis areacywlmsats a large numberof foams and etter the famay Fom uni 3 chow should be made, Noto tht, ‘most meta feams are nots good chee only the hghest ‘tess fs wanted she metal foam Alurnum-SC (1-0)an atracive cee. (2) tis desired to go turher itis nesessaryte construct penaty tineton. zead + aa[ Zistabemininized, 20 2; fe a meacur ofthe value associated wtn reducing eat ow, a @ measure ofthe value associated win reducing core compliance. Rearanging the ‘auatons gies tthe aces were near, this equation woul be that ofa fy of slg, parallel nes onthe 4x8, 7 dagram, of lope cai each Be saresponding ta vale of 2). In et the sales are logattnmic, and that eas instead to a set of Cuwed nes. One such ines selehes bel fo values (@,/¢, 0.01 (eaneg that thermal noun is considered voryimportant, ane sts ess inprtant) ane for a> a 100(meaning he opposite). Te foam nearest the pos. vient penaty sows are tangent oe vade-off sure Is be best ehcae. Ia the fst example PVC foam wih 2 deny of about 0.1 Mi isthe best choc, but nthe seconde Ceramic or even a metal eam ira beter cies, ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions aa hina IC same Oh ‘ruminm sc 09 [ eit oma ee 9 ams = | geapena Yes SNES Oy amine 9 falas, ) ona 88)—\ , [ramer roxy s 8 ss Peatyine femmes | wceh ; hoes j 1 emi) pnon ee Fivoung mods (uP) 49 wwn.gratadesinconvedveationtesouces8. Selecting material and shape ‘The examples nthe section rat othe analyst mata and Shape of Ghapers 9 and 10 of Mates Seton for Mechanical Cosign 3” Eaton They do ret use the CES EouPack, Put help Aovelop mparart knowledge of te fuer of spe on materia) Sakon and so have been ft inher for completeness, They cover the deruston of shape factors, of dees that combine male and Shape, andthe use ofthe 4-qudrant chr rays to explore material and shape combinations 8.4 Shape factors for tubes (Figure E21), (a) Evaluate me snap fate 65 for stterssmted design a bending ofa square bx secion of outer edge length = 100mm andvaltheknecs = 3mm. lbs shape more efloent than one ‘ade ofthe seme mateal nthe form fe ube of ameter r= {men and walters (= 82 mm (Qing tthe same mass Derunt length: mil)? Trea bath as Winsvales shapes, (b) Make the came comparison forthe shape factor of fr strenghsited design, [+ 4 ‘ Figure E21 tr aya CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Anewer. {@) The shape-ffcency factor ‘or elastic bending forthe square Dox seeton ‘Tat forthe tube Wy- 22-5 ‘The boxis moce effelent than the ibe of the same mt, and both are much stferin bending than a sold square secon ofthe same {rea (anatus mae po unt ent, (©) The shape-eeency factor for bending Fabre for be square Socseionss = Fess ove Tratortetube i yo oi ‘The boxis moce afin han te ibe, an bat are roegly S| times stenger bending than a coke square secon ote same sea (andthus mas pe unt ena, 0 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources8.2 Deriving shape factors for sttesssmited design (Figure E22), Derve te expression forthe shape-ettcency factor of, for sifhoss mite design fra beam loadedin bending wih each of the thee secon lsteabelow Do not assume thatthe thin wa approxnationsf vase (a) a ened oreuar tube ofouter rave Stand waltiiness (b) a channel section ofthekness foveal ange width Stand ‘verll depth 10%, bent about ts mar ans. and (o) a boc seetion of wal hiekness& ans heght and we y= 10, Figure £22 a) The shape fate fr elas bending of tubular bear (t= hang gue) is defined by mp et here is the second moment of area and A isthe area The Second mementofare, oF tube about the 2s shown 35 a otec nels r= Lot Lay cross section areas fom whic % ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions (©) The second moment of ara, ofthe channel contra! Sou) about the axis shown ae dotedine uc, : te oro section area ie from wien (6) The second moment of ara, ofthe square box section (ight tour) about the avs shown as 2 dated ines ‘Assambing these resuts, andinsering hy = 10 ghes th st wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources8.3 Deriving shape factors for strengthaimited design. (@).0)and (© Deemine he stapeaicinoy for or strength Imted design n bending, fr te same tee secbons Shogn as Figure 28 of Exorese 69.2. You ml need he resuts ‘orl orth seetone anvedin E82 (@ Abeam ofleng J loaded in bending, must supper a Species bending moment Mf wahout fang and be as bgt as posse. Shourthato miami the mast of te bean per une Tengtn, mt, ane shoul elect a maternal nda sectonenape to maximize tie quant 2 here cf the falure stress and the densty ofthe mater of ™ thea and 9f fe shapefile ero farela bending Ansver “ET easton node, 2, ct ube abet te ae ston st hcdine z 2s saasee® (ere ox Ithe distance ofthe cuter surface from the neu 25) fom ich (©) The second moment, 2 ofthe channel about the ais chown asa dotedine's ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions tonnes of = 2 waar (©) The secendé moment, Z ofthe box-sacton about the ans shown 262 cated ine & fram hon (2) Te beam offengh Leased in bencing, must suppor a Spf ed F whut ining nde ahgitas poss. Me meal o here is the area of te eros section, Faure cccurs the lead ‘xceeds the moment “ze, @ ‘here 2 isthe seston meduls . Replasng Z bythe shape. factor of = 62/42"? gues we Lapa ° _Svoatuing sit equation 1) forthe mass gues mn OM PTL. (of2s) ” ‘Th beste an shape cantante Touaceaibebant (her) 52 wn ganiadesigncomleductontesoucesEO Determining shape factors from stifness data. The ast shape factor measures the gin In estes by shaping ralatve to a sold square secon of he same afea. Shape factors can be determined by expecrrent. The mass m ef a beam of length Land presonbed benang sitness Sp wth 2 section of (ai! (5 \uhereC; is @ constant that depends onthe detibubon of oad onthe Beam. Invern he eauaton ves ae |e] ‘Thus the bending stfness =, mass mand engi are measured, andthe modus E and densty p ofthe material of the beam are known, # ean be calculates (@) Calculate the shape factor o, fom the folowing ‘experimental data, measured on sn minum aley beam, foagea in point bending (erwin Cy = 48 see UASSP, ‘Susi te cata Shown Inthe table “aebte Value Bear stthess Se | 72x10°Nm Masshinit length Tigin mt Bear ength in ‘Beam mater 0st abminam aay Materal densi 2870 koi Materal moduus E [69 GPa ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions (©) Astea tus bridge shown in Figure E29 nasa span Landis simply supported at both ends. weighs m tonnes. Ae are ofthumb, bntdges ar designed wit a stfnese Se such that fe central fiction 2 ofa span under is sleveight sles han 17800 of te length L thus Se 2 300mg/E where gethe acceleration duet gravy, 8.8 m/s) Use tis infomation to caleulte the minimum shape factor ofthe three steal truce bridge epans iced’ the table, Take the densty p of stoelto be 7000 kg’ and ts modus E tobe 205 GPa, The constant {C= 38485 = 768 for unfomly dstrted load (UASSP. 3) igo and eonsrucin ie” Sant | as | tl | Homes) Royal Abed ge Toner SaPesnUK TES 139) ‘1080 {Crqunee sat tage, calor 1327) ia | eco Chetpeaka Gay Dede, ManansUSA 95D) eB ‘aaatan retrain Figure E23 88 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources(a) Inserting the data gen in the question into the equation for 6 ven inthe ecample aves os m0 (©) The enape factors gven terms of m Land So bythe feauation given in the question. Substiting 2 = 300me /£ ves wf Inserting C= 384 (UASSP, 3) anche data fom the tale gives the resuts shown below, sca ¢ i ‘age ane constuction ate io | gs 00D | any : oye me wipe, Taner, 1s) 0a7 | aa Saban UK C987) gett [toe a. Cexgunee Set tage, {esters 1827) es | om | rae Chesapeake bay aie Nanfone UBA 1852 ‘The results show that “structured structures” dsses,nbstifened structures) ean ofer very larg shape efieienies. Note now te (ticionoy nas gram varie. ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions E85 Deriving indices for bending and torsion. (2) Abeam,loadedin bending, mus support a specie bending moment wfneut fallg and be a gt 36 possbie. Section Shape Is @vanabo, and Yasue’ here meare heft onset of pte. Detvethe mate Indes ‘The table summarizes the Fequierents Function | Ligteit eae ‘constrains + pected faire moment + Longin spectea ‘objective + nium mass m 1 Secon shape ae scale (@)A shattoflongin loadin torsion, must suppor a spcifed teraue "without fling andbe as cheap as pessble. Secton shape | @vatabe and flute’ again means te fst onset of Piste Devote mater indee Th ate summaries the Fequrements Funeton + Cheap shat constraints + Species ae orare 2 Longin specter Objective Sum materia cout Fe vases + Choco of moors! 1 Seton shape ee sale ss wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesAnswer (@) The mase m ofabeam oflength Land secon area A is map o lihere_p ethe densty ofthe material of which the beam le made Fare cecus ithe bending moment exceeds the valle Mnoey o Replaong Z bythe shapeactor @ forbending ofa beam oves we Ligh a? a) “Lo of o ‘Substtuting tis into equation 1) forthe mass ofthe beam gives wear Yo] 2 ‘ (odes) ‘The best mateiahanshape combinations tha withthe greatest vate ofthe ede vga ee ° (oye sna ede nen mut speedo F SRN taeda cen ke vere Cw cox erkg and» ithe dens the matt fiche shat ie made, Fale oosure the torque. T ‘canes he moment Tory 6) nace Ie te shear sos at which lately rt tat ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Approximating # by 21/2, we finthat ombinton wth the lavest ascites mater coat that wth the greatest vale ofthe incex 55 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources0.6 Use ofthe four segment chart for stnessdimited design (a) Use the segment chat fr stfesstnited design on the next pape to compare te mass per un length vf. of section ‘seh = 1 made ere () stustral tel vtha shape factor 9 of 20, modulus B= 210 (GPa and danity = 7900 kg? (i carbon ber renoroed plat win a shape factor oof 10, ‘modus £=70 GPs and densty p= 1800 Kn’, and (i) stucural umber wit 2 shape factor oof 2, modus = 9 (GPa and density 520 kgf “The sehorate Figure E24 hates the mates be Figure E24 (®)_ Stow: by dct calculation, tat he concusions ofp (a) are Consltent wth fees tat fo minmize maze fora gven sites tne sedans YE" ln £°-2/45 sd = ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Answer. (@) The metods shown nthe question, The resus appear on the chat onthe fotowingpage. The CFRP beam win mot ‘bout kg ie sigiscany ete sbout 2 gher an one made Statelorsotwooe. (©) Direct eaeulaton of Ve" vp" with 2° gant is stom athewbe mas Peed | deve 9mm) | umn?) "ian sare] = % |v | a ‘Te hier tno vaue ot VE" pth Egheris the beam. The ‘ankngisthe same asthatarved atin Patt). 86 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ME. Ashby 2010 sr wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Sttness-imited design in bencing ME. Ashby 2010 88 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesES Use ofthe four segment chart for strength (a) Use the 4sogment chat fr strengh-rites dosgn on the avg page to sompare te mass per unt eng mf. of a secion ith 20 18 tm here 2 the secton modulus) made fom (@ milésteet wah a shape factor of of 10, srongth «= 200 MPa and densty = 7800 Kain? (0 8 rae auminum aay wh ashepe acter off strength op = 200 MPa and éensty p= 270DKghn’. and (i) a anu atey win a shepe ater of 10, seen ey 480 MPa and density = 4420 kgm’. Te sheat Figure £25 sates he metho. Figure (©) Show, by dct caloulatn, tat he cancusion af part (a) ar consistent wth the desta to riers nas fora given (es) " simoss one shouldmaxmae =) ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Answer, {@) The metnod is shown nthe question. The resus appear on the char on the nest page. The sto ection she heaviest (nL Skah). The tanum lois the latest eZ 28 atm) (©) Dret clean of (af0,)) ip aves he vaies shownin thot vera ele cure) | se) costaiaoy | ime | 200 | Tair” | S80 | 3 | we Thehighertne vate (ofa) he gers te beam. “Theranking the same, 80 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions Strengtt-Amited design in bending ME. Ashby 2010 0 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Strength-Iited design in bending = i 7 Dans pg) Secon mos 2) Mess wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesES Aight weight ceplay stand (Figure E26). The gure howe a concept ore Eghveight dopay stand. The stake must Suppor a mass af 100k, to be paced on supper surface ata height hyatrou fling by elasc bucxing. tis tobe made ct ‘Sock wing and must be as ont as posse. Use te methods of Chapter 11 to sonve'a mate index orth ubuat mater ofthe ‘lund that meets these requremerts.andithatinaldes the ohape ofthe setion, described by he shape factor i: ‘eco isthe second mament of area and @ Tethe secon aren ‘The abe summansee the equrement, Figure E25 + Larne ction + Spec uctog fad + Hetw speed + Coes of mato {Sesto shape ar sate Cylneealtubing's aval frm stock inthe folowing materials Snsizes Use thie infomation and the mata ndest Sei te bet sts matenal forthe col ofthe stand ME. Ashby 2080 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘re) rn Aummonaion 69) mm 907 025 Coppa atoye tao | zonm ——arsteot Vetnwoot | 7:2 | dam | sider secre ‘ny Anewer. The objet tnevon the mses, Themase mothe tubular talkie mane o ere p isthe dansty and A me secton ara of the be, The onstant is that te tall should not buske “The king las fare slender coli ofheight fe @ here E is Young)s modus, 1 is the second moment ofarea of ‘hatube and. fs constant that depen on te end eonstaet 2 tie stance - UASSP, 8). Substutng fr A om o “The best choice oftubing forthe stalks that wth the greatest, may 8 en srutnegcndsan cos‘Te shape factor fora thin-walled tube east rom the Dancing moment of eri! (UASSP. 2}: beset ® here ri the tube rade andthe wal ekness the area A ofthe Seeton is rit he shape factor ie ° (tote that fora sold secon, = 025 « 1). The eelacton ean bemade by evaluating ané comparing the quay ‘Aurinum offers the ighestn dx and thus the hos stl ‘Stelis te next best hoe. hen woos ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 6 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources8.9 Microscopic shape: tube arays (Figure E27). Calculate the asin n bending eficeny, wf. when a soldis formed into small thn-valectubes ofadhs rand wal thickness ¢ that frethen assembieg and bonded tas lrge ary. part len Ieenown m me fgure. Lette sold of wich the bes are made have modus , and densiy.p,. Exress the resutin tems ofr ane t =3 6 Figure £27 ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions “Answer. The unt cel of he suture hom a8 a hexagen onthe | Tighchand pat ofthe fgue. The area, ofscin te unt el ‘equeltetretetve density p/2,.8 andthe elatvedensty ofthe ara, p74 Bae at Pe Sameaye 8 fon aly oo, square section, beam of eye length bf fonmedinta an ay ike tat f te Sure, wth an oe, square, piotle the edgedengih afi new squares ‘The apparent mecs ofthe tube stray paral t the as ofthe a eh bes andthe second moment of area of the tude array fs -(£}% ‘Thus the bending effelency is Br 6 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources£9.10 The structural efficiency of foamed panels (Figure £28), ‘Caetate he crange nsrucurl eisaney for bah bending ‘tess and sengtn when a sold et panal of unt area and thskness 1 i foamedto aves foam pane! ofunt area and Uiokness fh ateonstant mase. The mosulue End strength ‘foams sale wit eat ceny pp. a8 a2) ana or-[2y ane here E cy and p are the moduli, srngth and densty ofthe foam and 5,07, and_p,those ofthe soll pane set I Foamag pend ot Figur E28 tr aya CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Answer. The panel, aly sold and ofthekoess ts oamed to 8 height at constant area. "Theensty fs fom to en at andthe modulus and stength fall to 2. (Fo ore” ‘The bending sithess per unt area changes fom S, 10 8,50 that ein tea eee Bet” Bad (sig 1, <0 712 ant 1 = 48,12 pec unk wath). Fesring imparts & shapeefemncyfatr fr stfiness equal tothe ‘esbrecal ofthe rete denaty, Folovingthe seme procedure fer stength slg 212 ons F = 12 1s perunit wath) ges E ve wo? ‘The shape-efclency factor for stength Is equal tothe reeoroel ofthe square rot ofte relative densty 65 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesourcesE10, Hybrid materials The examples inthis section eee the design of hybrié ters \escrbed mn Chaptrs 11 and 12. The fst ree nvoke the use of bounas tor evaluating the potential of composts ssteme. The fourth {an example of hyd desi foi foes property space. Then comes ‘no mvohing a zarawch pane. The ran treo make use ofthe ‘hart for ature ators. The lst ia chalenge to expire the Potential of hyriing two very aoret raters E04 Concept For light, sti composites. Figure £28 achat for exploring sti composites wah ght alloy Dr payer matices. Aconsiucion Fk that alows the potent botany gen matacreinterement combination tobe aces, Four mathe materials are sown highlghted in red. The ate ‘show gray are avalale ss fibers (7), whiskers (or parisies (p). Te eters of eccetence theindees £9.27 /p and 5177p terug, st eructurs) are shown: trey nereace vale towards the top lt. Use the chart compare the Pevermance of arlum matnx compost enforced vith (2) _Eeconium eabide, 2°, b) Sal umn Toes an fe) Weston ‘Shcon eats fees. Keep t ample use equations 11.1 11.2 to calla the densiy anduppes and lover bounds for be modus at avolume taclonaf¥= 05 andpll these pants, ‘Then sketch ares of ees rm the mat othe rentoreement to passthrough them. Inmakng your juagement, assume tat f= D's tre maximum prastealramfercerent ove, ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ae a Tommy 7) Z ‘oo Ri a 3 i 7 ; rn of 6 GREE Density» (kgim®) Figure £20 6 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesAnswer. The adjacent gure shows the resu. The guid nes have ‘Been moved to pass trough want, allow te perfomance teach compost system t be assessed. Avetcal brake, line trrough each ofthe Bounsenvelopes marks the f= 0.5 ont. The ThZrC compost oystem ofers ie or no gai in Derkrmance becouse he compost baectory bes almost paralelte He gudesnes. By corral, TrSam campostes offer bars. Sestotthelat is Tinsion “These composts haves ajecioy tat les anest nomal fo the gude-ines, oeing Me (gestectncrezce in alte crara of exeelence 10.2 Usethe chart of Figure E20 to explore the rlatve potential of ‘Magnestum ~Eglass-tber composes an Megnesum = Beryl crpostes forint se sbucture. ‘Answer. The acacent gure shows the resuk Ma~ Eas oes “post ne gain perfomance. Mg Be. could be made, ters very considerable ges ME. Ashby 2010 Young's modulus & (GPa) CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions cy con ae St Density p (kgm?) or wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources10.8 Concepts For composites with llores thermal properties, Figure £90 achat for experng the deslan of compostes wa Udeored combinations efthernalconcuctviy and expansion. using lightly or palmer mates. A constucton ike tat slows the patent oF any ven mata ontorcement coment tobe Essoosed. One eteton of excollnce dhe dx or materials to Iminmze thermal disorvon 21) son tinceases i value ‘wards te bosom ng. Lise te chat compare he Derermance ofa magnesiim AZ63 aley mathe compose Feinfrced with (a aloy stool bers, (0) size cabie fers, SC (fan ()damoncestucired carbon particles. Use the equations below a calelate te upper and lower Dounas for @ and 4 ata ‘volume fasbon off = 0. and pltthece pits. Then skate ‘Curves inking matixto renfreement to pase trough the butemost ofthe points. In making your judgement. assume that f os Tee masimum precicalrenforeemet level ‘Thermal Expansion Gootlent feL+¥) + (1 fool) of HC1- fm] Bool + Boanll—f) f+ Elf) Thermal Conductty Par fae jt Bde 2fo~ 2) Bi DAct SAA) ME. Ashby 2010 a Linear expansion coefcient « (10°5K) CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Thermal conductivity 2. (Wim K) Figure B30 * wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Answer, The figure chows the resut. gal steel compostes. 1000 = iene litn negon at Breeches — conga sme Semler eo ene = (reese | See a dace see a nan ™ Ss aaa cymes aol Gano a / frodicedn large uanttes fret tol, rock ils, gang g Ea Beptinne Datactra ceca hs oe Ev Sema B 5 i & : £ ‘Thermal conductivity 2. (Wim K) ME. Ashby 2010 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources10.8 Sandvich panee. An aera qualtysandeh pane! hae ‘he charastente lst inthe table. (a) Use the data belowt culate the equivalent deny. ‘erural modus and srengih (se the plastic seton rmoduiu. (b) Plottiese ona modules densty and a modules / ‘tteagth char. Bote flexural properties oe panel Fe Ina regen of propery space nt led by monte CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions rmateras? ita for gas fer! suminumshoneyeom® sandwich panel Face ati (3 mm Gass er ep ore mater ‘2m eo 378 gin. 9052 As hanecm Papel veigh serait aea, as | 265Kah ‘10mm ‘tm Pana einer, wane esol stars £7 ern Fale moment 2 ¢ eae Answer (a) THe equivalent density is. ‘The equivalent modus “Tne equivalent stengin pis By (b) See opposite. Yes, the tesural properties ofthe panellein an brea of propery space net ocupiad by monalzhie material ME. Ashby 2010 7 wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresources10.5 Natural hybrid that ae ght, st and strong. Fortis project use te CES EéuPack Level 3 Database, and under ‘subse selec ’Al matotas”Crstead ofA bukmateials’). Then rate a custom Sunset which neues naturel matenals (under Hyocds), natural Nears ad parvulates ante rat featured inthe queston (@) Plot etuminum ays, sees, CFRP and GFRP onto a =p char for {he custom subset of matrias you crested above. where Es ‘Yeung'smodils and isthe Gensiy. Hw do they compare sing the foxral stthess index £”/? /p ascterion of excelence? (©) othe samething for strength using the exurl strength index 2p ¢ohere os te fer stress) as erteria of excelence ‘The abe Sts the necessary data, ‘awit | Youngs mow | benety » | Seng Sera | Mam | er Taare oey | ___¥6 an | 3 ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Answer, The comparisons are shown in two the fgues onthe next age (a) The comparison for eimes, using te eteron of eccalence, £°/7/p ie highightd. The nearer a matrl Kes tothis ine, the beter sts perormance. Natural materas are ‘ecracranarty eet byt meacure. CFRP ie comparable ath the boc ef thom, bul he over man-made material Compare pooty wih ose of nature. (0) The comparicn for strength, using ontario af excelnce, 7p \shighlghtes. Agan, natural materas excel, CFRP aioe competes wth weed, bamboo and palm n wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ME. Ashby 2010 n wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesCES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions 10.6 Natural hybrids that act as eprings. For this project use the CES EéuPack Level 3 Database, ad under ‘Subset Select Al mateals"(nsteae of Al Luke materais) Then Create a custom subet which neludes natural materale (under Hyer) nara fers and parteulats, andthe mater feturd in the question The abe ss te modu and strengths of sping materials. Pet these onto copy ofthe © a cha forthe materaisin the custom suet you erated above, and compare ther energy-soing perfomance with ‘hat of natural materals,using the o? /¢ asthe citron of cic. Here «ste fare stress, Es Young’smodulus and p isthe density ata Woauue | Seng | Density (ora | “(way | team Shing see 206 | 90 | 780 Coppes2Neraion | 100 i) ‘Answer, The comparisons shown on the acfacent gure. The citron of excelnce, 22, is ighightes. The nearer a rataral ie othe the beterie te performance, The bet ‘manmade sping mates have a perfomence ha Compare wth that of are, but as srt of at ofered by sms ofveovs yes, the eeson ora shan 2/95 seinen, he natural matelsankeven more hy. ME. Ashby 2010 nm wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesE07 Finding a substitute for bone. Find an engneedng mater ‘at most dosely resembles the long dna trengi f compact bone (corte bone (0) ints stengthiveight (cp chaacterstes by oting data for this material orto @ c-—p cha for engneerng Imatale, Here eho fare srs and p ithe density ME. Ashby 2010 CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions “Answer. The mosis and ensty of compact bone match closely ‘hose of magnesium and glass Aber eorced spony, GFRP. ‘These mateate work wel for extemal braces. For prostheses, ble-compatbiey important. This eads tothe {sed of cabal andbtanur-based alys even tough he ‘match of echanial properties svar oer Mets ae Ungersay t develop 2 bo-compatble Bebetiylenehydronapatte composites wah a near perfect Imalch of ropes. Hygena a natural ceramic that 'Stound teal bone ~ appears onthe chars fr natural smaterale 10.8 Creativity: what could you do with X? The CES EduPack can poauce a wade variety of mates property chars. These an be used as be starting pos for wat I 7" exeroes, AS a thalenge, use ay cha ot combintn of arts exciore ‘al mat be possble by hyrdng any pa ofthe materials sted below, many configuration you care to choose (a) coment (6) Wood (6) Podpropyene @) eet (@) Copper. ™ wr grantadesign.comfeducationtresourcesE11, Selecting processes The exercises otis section use the process sebcton fetue othe CEseduPack Each exercise has wo parts, labeled (a) and (b)_ The est involes| tansiaton (ia convening 2 descr of needs and wars ino 2 ist of go no-go orera The savond uses the CES EeuPack fo sole! Spproprate procesces for tho raspecive function (Uso tho Treo finction to match processes fo ther epropiate matress). E111 Elevator contol quadrant Figure E31) The quastant ‘katched nee par oftne contol systam fre wing elevator of ‘cornmeal ara. Isto bemade of ight ly eluminam er ‘aghesurn wis he shape shown nthe igre. It weighs about 5 [cp "Themmnmum sector thes som and - span tom he barng suraces~ te requirements on surface fis and precision ae nt sit surface fish - 1D yn and prison <0 Frm. The bearing suraeesrequre a surtae ansh'= tm anda pression £005 mm. Aprocution run of 100 ~ 2001s planned (@),amize ne fuetion and contrat, eave ne objactive blank 5nd ener “choee ofprocese" rte re variate, (b) Use the CES EduPack to apply the constrains and Ident n mere deta he vale proceece. ‘The presses suviving te sutoessveappieations of the contains on te Figur E31 aera: tr aya CES EduPack ~ Exercises with Worked Solutions ‘Answer. (2) Te fneton and constrats ae sted nthe table + Shape a vor avait + ter cass amin ormagsi aby 2 Shape cass sso 3 ame 54g ‘Tebrance 05mm, (208mm on bearing sees! ‘Sofae roughness: 1pm men Deamg sca ‘ajo ‘Choke apace (b) These constr are appledn he CES EduPack. Te Iatoalconsrant brit he ssc to ose shown heft Coun ofte next tabla. The shape constant etmnates vo, leaving those inte second column. Alla these can mect the Consrantsonsze and secton hich rena esbcive. The {elrance and roughness constants on the body are not met by $andeastng gh tie worn aking they have Bean vee Spestied. Those on tiebeznng surfaces are much more restive ~ ony machining fram sold achieves them. The Aansiver hee oto reject he others, but oad a fishing ‘ep shown at he bottom of Mass ange and Tolerance chats, ‘Tho eeutsheie shonn nthe ined oun Economies 378 imporant here the Esonomie bato-saa chart uggerte fat ‘only the thee sted nthe ast clam are econere at a batch see of 100200, “The concsion: exper investmart casting th atonal maging sep) an nmercly como mchg Fem 18 ww grantadesign.comeduestiontesources