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Polar To Rectangular and Vice-Versa

The document describes the polar coordinate system. Key points: - Polar coordinates represent a point P using an ordered pair (r, θ) where r is the distance from a fixed point called the pole and θ is the angle from the polar axis. - A point's location depends on the sign of r: if r > 0 it lies on one side of the axis, if r < 0 on the other, and if r = 0 it is at the pole. - Points can have multiple representations due to the periodic nature of the angle θ. - Conversions between polar and Cartesian/rectangular coordinates are given using trigonometric functions.

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Michael Densing Inso
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234 views

Polar To Rectangular and Vice-Versa

The document describes the polar coordinate system. Key points: - Polar coordinates represent a point P using an ordered pair (r, θ) where r is the distance from a fixed point called the pole and θ is the angle from the polar axis. - A point's location depends on the sign of r: if r > 0 it lies on one side of the axis, if r < 0 on the other, and if r = 0 it is at the pole. - Points can have multiple representations due to the periodic nature of the angle θ. - Conversions between polar and Cartesian/rectangular coordinates are given using trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

Michael Densing Inso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polar Coordinates

 The foundation of the polar coordinate


system is a horizontal ray that extends to
the right.
 The ray is called the polar axis.
 The endpoint of the ray is called the pole.
 The point P in the polar coordinate system
is represented by an ordered pair of
numbers 𝑟, 𝜃 .

 r is a directed distance from the pole to P.


(it can be positive, negative, or zero.)

 𝜃 is an angle from the polar axis to the


line segment from the pole to P.
The point 𝑃 = 𝑟, 𝜃 is located 𝑟 units from the
pole.
-- 𝑟 > 0, the point lies along the terminal n
side of 𝜃.
-- 𝑟 < 0, the point lies along the ray opposite
the terminal side of 𝜃.
-- 𝑟 = 0, the point lies at the pole, regardless
of 𝜃.

The Sign of r and a Point’s


Location in Polar Coordinates
(2, 135°)

Plot the point.


3𝜋
(−3, )
2

Plot the point.


−𝜋
−1,
4

Plot the point.


If n is any integer, the point (𝑟, 𝜃) can be
represented as

𝑟, 𝜃 = (𝑟, 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋) or

𝑟, 𝜃 = (−𝑟, 𝜃 + 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋)

Multiple Representations of
Points.
𝜋
(2, )
3
a. r is positive and 2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 4𝜋

b. r is negative and 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋

c. r is positive and −2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 0

Find 3 representations
𝜋
(5, )
4

a. r is positive and 2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 4𝜋

b. r is negative and 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋

c. r is positive and −2𝜋 < 𝜃 < 0

Find 3 representations
𝑟=2

Graph of a Circle
𝜋
𝜃=
6

Graph of a Line
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
r 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
y 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
x
𝑥=
𝑦=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃=

Relations between Polar and


Rectangular Coordinates
3𝜋
(2, )
2

Find the rectangular coordinates


𝜋
−8,
3

Find the rectangular coordinates:


(3, 52°)

What if it’s not on the Unit Circle?


(4, −168°)

Not on Unit Circle


1. Plot the point (𝑥, 𝑦).
2. Find r by computing the distance from
the origin to 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
𝑦
3. Find 𝜃 using 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = with the terminal
𝑥
side of 𝜃 passing through (𝑥, 𝑦).

Converting a Point from


Rectangular to Polar Coordinates
−1, 3

Find the Polar Coordinates


(1, − 3)

Find the Polar Coordinates


(0, -5)

Find the polar coordinates


(−3, 2)

Not on Unit Circle


(−4, 7)

Not on Unit Circle


(4, −6.2)

One More
Use one or more of these equations:
𝑥
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑦

Convert to a rectangular equation: 𝑟 = 10

Equation Conversion from Polar to


Rectangular
𝜋
𝜃=
3

Convert to a rectangular equation


𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 7

Convert to a rectangular equation


𝑟 = 6𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

Convert to a rectangular equation


𝑟 = 8𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Convert to a rectangular equation


𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 4

Convert to a rectangular equation


To convert a rectangular equation in x and
y to a polar equation that expresses r in
terms of 𝜃:

--replace x with 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

--replace y with 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Equation Conversion from


Rectangular to Polar
𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 8

Convert to a polar equation


𝑦=3

Convert to a polar equation


𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

Convert to a polar equation


𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 3 2 =9

Convert to a polar equation


𝑥 2 = 6𝑦

Convert to a polar equation

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