Lecture 2: Digital Optical Systems 1/
2. Digital Optical Systems based on
Coherent and Direct Detection
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and Networks
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fiber-Optic Communications Systems
Govind P. Agrawal, Chapter 10, pp. 478-512, John Wiley & Sons, 2002,
Third Edition.
Optical Fiber Communications. Principles and
Practice
John M. Senior. Chapter 12, pp.700-767, Ed. Prentice Hall, 1992,
Second Edition,
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Modulation formats
Optical carrier: E(t) = A0 cos(0t − 0) ê
“1” “0” “1” “0” “1” “0”
Electric signal
(Bit sequence)
• Amplitude modulation A0: ASK, Amplitude-shift
keying
ASK
• Phase modulation 0: PSK, Phase-shift keying
• Frequency modulation 0: FSK, Frequency-shift PSK
keying
• Polarization modulation ê: PoSK, information FSK
coded by polarization state (not allowed in optical
systems based on fiber)
Most commercial systems are based on ASK (These systems are also known as on–off
keying, OOK) IM/DD (intensity modulation and Direct Detection)
First Differential PSK (DPSK) are being deployed recently
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Direct Detection
ELECTRICAL RECEPTION
Antenna weak
electric
signal
Electrical Amplifiers
E(t)=f(t)cos(t) receiver (& filter/s)
i(t)=CE(t) f(t)
OPTICAL RECEPTION
weak
electric
signal
E(t)=f(t)cos(t)
Optical Amplifier
receiver (& filter/s)
Lens
(Focusing /collimation) i(t)=C|E(t)|2 =CP(t) f2(t)
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Thermal Direct Detection: Detectors
Variation of
radiation makes a Vacuum devices
change of
temperature T As the photomultiplier tubes, which have high
(bolometers). sensitivity but require high voltages, are
They are slow for expensive, slow and large. They also have
communication difficulty operating at > 1 m
applications
Photodetectors
Photoconductors
Incident radiation causes
Semiconductors variation of carriers, which in
turn causes the modification
of the conductivity of the
material. They have low
sensitivity
Best option in Optical
Communications
fotodiodes
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Coherent Systems
ADVANTAGES:
Coherent detection can provide a potential improvement up to 20 dB in the receiver
sensivity unlike direct-detection-based systems
For a given power budget, this would allow to increase the total length of an
optical link (or spacing between repeaters/aplifiers)
Higher transmisssion rates over existing optical links without reducing repeater
spacing is achieved
Efficent use of the available bandwidth
• 6
Allows to transmit simultaneously several carriers (frequency multiplexing)
Channel spacing can be reduced to 1 - 10 GHz.
In IM/DD systems, 100 GHz – channel spacing has been proposed. Latest
recomendations (G.694.1) include 50, 25 and 12.5 GHz versions
DISADVANTAGES:
• Receivers become more complex
• Sensitivity to the optical carrier’s phase and frequency degradation in reception
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Diagram of a Coherent Detection System
Beam
combiner
Received Electronic
optical signal Detector
driver
(modulated)
CW
Local Electrical bit
oscillator secuence
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Coherent Systems
• The optical carrier carries modulated/coded information (phase and/or frequency)
• At receiver: coherent mixing between the incoming signal and optical wave generated
by a stable and reduced spectral width local oscillator.
Incoming signal: Es As exp j (0t s )
Local oscillator: EOL ALO exp j(LOt LO )
• Assuming perfect optical mixing, and recalling than optical power is proportional to the
square of the electrical field strength, we have :
P(t ) Ps PLO 2 Ps PLO cos(IF t s LO ),
Ps KAs2 PLO KALO
2
IF 0 LO
– if IF = 0, coherent system with homodyne detection
– if IF 0, coherent system with heterodyne detection
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Coherent Systems. Homodyne detection
• When the local oscillator frequency equals to optical carrier frequency: wFI = ws - wOL = 0
• The photocurrent generated by the optical detector is proportional to the optical power
(or optical intensity) :
I (t ) ( Ps PLO ) 2 Ps PLO cos(s LO )
I (t ) 2 Ps PLO cos(s LO ) This information can not be detected
in direct detection systems
(PLO >> Ps PLO + Ps PLO , where DC can be eliminated)
Assuming: s=LO , there is an improvement of SNR:
2 2
I HomodyneDetect 2 Ps PLO 4 PLO
1
I
Direct Detect Ps Ps
Main disadvantage: Very sensitive to phase variations
• Accurate control of LO and s could be a solution unless both do not fluctuate
• Solution: Phase control so that the difference between OL y s remains constant (by
using phase locked-loops)
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Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection
Typically, the local oscillator frequency is chosen so that intermediate frequency values
range from 0,1 to 5 GHz.
I (t ) ( Ps PLO ) 2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t s LO )
(following the same considerations we made in homodyne detection)
I (t ) 2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t s LO )
A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this
improvement (3dB) is lower compared to the one obtained in homodyne detection
Adventage: Simpler optical receivers
Suitable for optical communications systems
Unable to demodulate directly optical signal to baseband (it is required a previous
demodulation from intermediate frequency to baseband in the electrical domain)
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Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection
• Typically, the local oscillator frequency is chosen so that intermediate frequency values
range from 0,1 to 5 GHz.
I (t ) ( Ps PLO ) 2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t s LO )
(following the same considerations we made in homodyne detection)
I (t ) 2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t s LO )
A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this
improvement (3dB) is lower compared to the one obtained in homodyne detection
I Photocurrent which depends on the detection
process (homodyne or heterodyne)
The homodyne case (OL = s) produces an increase
of 3dB with regard to the heterodyne case
If the power level PLO dominates and can be controlled:
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Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection
Beam
Incoming combiner
optical
signal
(modulated)
Photodetector
Bandpass Lowpass
filter filter
subcarrier
CW recovery (IF) Data out
Local
Oscillator
Diagram of a coherent system based on heterodyne detection
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