ITUJournal

ICT Discoveries
Volume 1, No. 1, March 2018

First special issue on

The impact of
Artificial Intelligence
on communication networks
and services
 









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The ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries publishes original research on
telecommunication/ICT technical developments and their policy and
regulatory, economic, social and legal dimensions. It builds bridges
between disciplines, connects theory with application, and stimulates
international dialogue. This interdisciplinary approach reflects ITU’s
comprehensive field of interest and explores the convergence of
telecommunication/ICT with other disciplines. It also features review
articles, best practice implementation tutorials and case studies.

Publication rights
© International Telecommunication Union, 2018

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Inquiries should be addressed to

Alessia Magliarditi at: [email protected]
 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Foreword
The International Telecommunication Union is proud to
have launched the new, scholarly and professional ITU
Journal: ICT Discoveries, and published its first special
issue.
This Journal was established to encourage the
participation of universities and research institutions
from different fields in the work of ITU. It identifies
emerging technical developments, including their
policy, regulatory, economic, social and legal
dimensions, in information and communication
technologies (ICTs).
The ITU Journal builds bridges between disciplines,
connects theory with application, and promotes the
critical role that ICTs will play in the pursuit of United
Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
The interdisciplinary scope of the ITU Journal reflects
the inclusive character of ITU.
ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for ICTs. We are a public-private partnership, given life by a
membership of 193 Member States, over 800 members from industry, international and regional organizations
and academia. Researchers participate alongside industry-leading engineers and policymakers in ITU expert
groups responsible for radiocommunication, standardization and development.
The long-term vision of academia helps ITU to prepare for the future. The ITU Journal matches research on
technical innovation in ICT with analysis of associated transformations in business and society and the related
complexities of governance in the digital era. It will help industry players and policymakers to prepare for the
impacts of major breakthroughs in research.
The ITU Journal is a peer-reviewed, open access, freely available digital publication.
This first special issue of the ITU Journal forecasts how Artificial Intelligence (AI) will improve user
experience by enhancing the performance and efficiency of communication networks. It will assist ITU
members in their preparations for AI’s expected influence on their work, providing the context for this
influence from the perspectives of technology as well as law, ethics, society and regulation.
I express my gratitude to all contributors to the ITU Journal and I would especially like to thank the ITU
Journal’s Editor-in-Chief, Professor Jian Song of Tsinghua University, for the great dedication with which he
has led the curation of this first special issue.

Houlin Zhao
Secretary-General
International Telecommunication Union

– iii –
ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Foreword
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are certain
to influence a broad scope of ITU’s technical work. This first
special issue of the ITU Journal provides the context for this
influence from the perspectives of technology as well as business,
law and ethics.
Standardization experts contributing to ITU-T Study Groups are
accelerating their studies of AI’s potential to assist their
preparations for the 5G era.
These studies are looking to AI to bring more automation and
intelligence to network design, operation and maintenance,
introducing greater efficiency with network self-optimization.
Automated virtual assistants are expected to support the
customization of multimedia services, and learning algorithms are
playing an increasing role in the development of video
compression algorithms and algorithmic tools to monitor quality
of service and user experience. Cities of the future will be built on
the smart use of data, with AI and machine learning delivering
data-driven insight to assist cyber-physical systems in adapting
their behavior autonomously in the interests of efficiency.
A new ITU Focus Group on ML for 5G is offering essential support to these studies by proposing technical
frameworks to assist machine learning in contributing to the efficiency of emerging 5G systems.
Machine Learning is expected to assist the ICT industry in meeting the challenges brought on by 5G and the
Internet of Things, shifts representative of considerable increases in network complexity and the diversity of
device requirements. The new ITU Focus Group on ML for 5G will define the requirements of machine
learning as they relate to technology, network architectures and data formats. Key to this work will be the
definition of required data formats and associated mechanisms to safeguard security and privacy.
The AI for Good Global Summit is the leading United Nations platform for dialogue on AI, aiming to ensure
that AI accelerates progress towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
The 2nd AI for Good Global Summit at ITU Headquarters in Geneva, 15-17 May 2018, will continue to
formulate strategies to ensure trusted, safe and inclusive development of AI technologies and equitable access
to their benefits. The action-oriented 2018 summit will identify practical applications of AI and supporting
strategies to improve the quality and sustainability of life on our planet. It builds on the success of the ground-
breaking AI for Good Global Summit in June 2017, the first event to launch inclusive global dialogue on the
actions necessary to ensure that AI benefits humanity.
ITU’s standardization sector will continue to play an important role in ITU’s expanding set of activities on AI.
This first special issue of the ITU Journal, the AI and Machine Learning studies of ITU-T Study Groups and
our new Focus Group – alongside the AI for Good series – will be of great value to ITU standardization experts
in their efforts to determine how their work could be of most value to AI innovation.

Chaesub Lee
Director
ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau

– iv –
 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Editor-in-Chief Message
The research community works in service of the public
interest. We hope to ensure that our work supports social
and economic development on a global scale. We share
these ideals with the United Nations.
The ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries is a prime example of
how ITU and academia are enhancing collaboration to
our mutual benefit. In the ITU Journal, the research
community sees a valuable new opportunity to serve the
public interest. We see a new opportunity to make our
research known to public and private-sector decision-
makers worldwide.
The ITU Journal looks at both technical and social
aspects of ICTs’ influence on business, governance and
society. It will find new connections between technical
and social sciences, as well as new connections between
various industry sectors and public-sector bodies. We are
certain to uncover new opportunities to work together.
This first special issue of the ITU Journal demonstrates the interdisciplinary scope of this publication.
The issue highlights the potential of Artificial Intelligence to support communication networks and services in
fields including cognitive radio, automated driving and the monitoring of our environment. It also explores
design principles for AI systems sensitive to human values as well as the ethical implications of advancing AI
capabilities as they relate to data security.
I would like to thank the ITU Secretary-General, Houlin Zhao, for entrusting me with the role of ITU Journal
Editor-in-Chief. I also thank the Director of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau, Chaesub
Lee, for the outstanding support that I have received from his bureau.
I would like to express my gratitude to all contributors to this first special issue of the ITU Journal as well as
the Outreach Chairman, Stephen Ibaraki and my Associate Editors-in-Chief: Rajkumar Buyya, University of
Melbourne, Australia; Jun Kyun Choi, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Xiaolan Fu,
University of Oxford, UK; Urs Gasser, Harvard University, USA; Alison Gillwald, Research ICT Africa,
South Africa; Terry Kramer, University of California, Los Angeles; and Mostafa Hashem Sherif, AT&T, USA.
For their significant contribution to the review process, my special thanks go to all the reviewers and Guest
Editors: Antoine Bigomokero Bagula, University of Western Cape, South Africa; Loreto Bravo, Universidad
del Desarollo, Chile; Urs Gasser, Harvard University; Larry Holder, Washington State University, USA; Deyi
Li, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China; Kazuo Sugiyama, NTT DOCOMO, Japan; Daniel Zeng,
University of Arizona, USA; Jun Zhu, Tsinghua University, China.
I look forward to feedback from our readers and our continued work together to stimulate this exciting new
direction in ITU-Academia collaboration.

Jian Song
Tsinghua University
China

–v–
 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Editor-in-Chief Antoine Bigomokero Bagula (University of

Western Cape, South Africa)
Jian Song (Tsinghua University, China)
Jie Bai (Institute of Automation, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China)
Associate Editors-in-Chief Christopher Bavitz (Harvard Law School &
Rajkumar Buyya (University of Melbourne, Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society,
Australia) USA)
Jun Kyun Choi (Korea Advanced Institute of Dario Bottazzi (Altran, Italy)
Science and Technology, South Korea) Loreto Bravo (Universidad del Desarollo,
Xiaolan Fu (University of Oxford, UK) Chile)
Urs Gasser (Harvard University, USA) Ryan Budish (Berkman Klein Center for
Internet & Society and Harvard University,
Alison Gillwald (Research ICT Africa, South USA)
Africa)
Eleftherios Chatziantoniou (Queen's
Terry Kramer (University of California, Los University Belfast, UK)
Angeles, USA)
Jun Kyun Choi (Korea Advanced Institute of
Mostafa Hashem Sherif (AT&T, USA) Science and Technology, Korea)
Sandra Cortesi (Berkman Center for Internet
Guest Editors & Society & Youth and Media Project, USA)
Antoine Bigomokero Bagula (University of Nathalie Devillier (Grenoble Ecole de
Western Cape, South Africa) Management, France)
Loreto Bravo (Universidad del Desarrollo, Ramon Ferrús (Universitat Politècnica de
Chile) Catulunya, Spain)
Urs Gasser (Harvard University, USA) Urs Gasser (Berkman Klein Center for
Internet & Society and Harvard University,
Larry Holder (Washington State University, USA)
USA)
Alison Gillwald (University of Cape Town &
Deyi Li (Chinese Academy of Engineering, Research ICT Africa, South Africa)
China)
Phillip Griffin (Griffin Information Security,
Kazuo Sugiyama (NTT DOCOMO, Inc, USA)
Japan)
Jairo A. Gutierrez (Auckland University of
Daniel Zeng (University of Arizona, USA) Technology, New Zealand)
Jun Zhu (Tsinghua University, China) Wei Han (Institute of Microelectronics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
Outreach Chairman Suhaidi Hassan (Universiti Utara
Malaysia, Malaysia)
Stephen Ibaraki (Founding Managing Partner
REDDS Venture Investment Partners, Larry Holder (Washington State University,
Co-Chairman ACM Practitioner Board, USA)
Founding Chairman IFIP Global Industry Liwei Huang (Beijing Institute of Remote
Council, Canada) Sensing, China)
Parikshit Juluri (Akamai Technologies, USA)
Reviewers Rafal Kozik (University of Science and
Rui L Aguiar (University of Aveiro & Instituto Technology, Poland)
de Telecomunicações, Portugal) Terry Kramer (UCLA Anderson School of
J. Amudhavel (KL University, Lebanon) Management, USA)
Dhananjay Kumar (Anna University, India)

– ix –
ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Gyu Myoung Lee (Liverpool John Moores Kazuo Sugiyama (NTT DOCOMO Inc.,
University, UK) Japan)
Guopeng Li (Tsinghua University, China) Fengxiao Tang (Tohoku University, Japan)
Jun Liao (ChinaUnicom Network Institute, Ikram Ud Din (Universiti Utara
China) Malaysia, Malaysia)
Li Linjing (Institute of Automation, Chinese Haining Wang (China Telecommunications,
Academy of Sciences, China) China)
Hope Mauwa (University of Western Cape, Jintao Wang (Tsinghua University, China)
South Africa)
Guibao Xu (China Academy of Information
Luzango Mfupe (Council for Scientific and and Communication Technology, China)
Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa)
Daniel Zeng (University of Arizona, USA)
Angelos Michalas (Technological Education
Chao Zhang (Tsinghua University, China)
Institute of Western Macedonia, Greece)
Jun Zhu (Tsinghua University, China)
Yubo Mu (China Academy of Information and
Communication Technology, China)
Tomoyuki Otani (DOCOMO Technology, ITU Editorial Team
inc., Japan)
Alessia Magliarditi, Executive Editor-in-Chief
Jordi Pérez-Romero (Universitat Politècnica
de Catulunya, Spain) Erica Campilongo, Managing Editor

Leah Plunkett (Berkman Klein Center for Nolwandle Simiso Dlodlo, Editorial Assistant
Internet & Society at Harvard & UNH School Emer Windsor, Administrative Assistant
of Law, USA)
Amanda Pauvaday-Rush, Copy Editor
Oriol Sallent (Universitat Politècnica de
Matt Dalais, Communications Officer
Catulunya, Spain)
Rae Paladin, Web Manager
Mostafa Hashem Sherif (AT&T, USA)
Pascal Borde, Promotional Support
David Simmons (University of Oxford, UK)
Chris Clark and Regina Valiullina, Outreach
Zheng Siyi (Chinese Institute of Command
Team
and Control, China)
Jian Song (Tsinghua University, China)

–x–
 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword by the ITU Secretary-General .............................................................................................. iii
Foreword by the TSB Director ............................................................................................................. iv

Editor-in-Chief’s message .................................................................................................................... v

Editorial Board ..................................................................................................................................... vii
List of abstracts..................................................................................................................................... xiii

Part 1: Invited Papers

1. Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Designing AI for Human Values .............................. 1
Virginia Dignum
2. Reconfigurable Processor for Deep Learning in Autonomous Vehicles ........................... 9
Yu Wang, Shuang Liang, Song Yao, Yi Shan, Song Han, Jinzhang Peng, Hong Luo
3. Real-time Monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef Using Internet of Things with Big Data
Analytics ............................................................................................................................ 23
Marimuthu Palaniswami, Aravinda S. Rao, Scott Bainbridge
4. Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence in Communication Networks and Services ................ 33
Xu Guibao, Mu Yubo, Liu Jialiang
5. Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Understanding, Visualizing, and Interpreting Deep
Learning Models................................................................................................................ 39
Wojciech Samek, Thomas Wiegand, Klaus-Robert Müller
6. The Convergence of Machine Learning Communications ............................................... 49
Wojciech Samek, Slawomir Stanczak, Thomas Wiegand
7. Application of AI to Mobile Network Operation .............................................................. 59
Tomoyuki Otani, Hideki Toube, Tatsuya Kimura, Masanori Furutani

Part 2: Selected Papers

8. On Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Path Loss Prediction in the VHF Band .................. 67
Nazmat T. Surajudeen-Bakinde, Nasir Faruk, Muhammed Salman,
Segun Popoola, Abdulkarim Oloyede, Lukman A. Olawoyin
9. Beyond MAD?: The Race for Artificial General Intelligence ........................................... 77
Anand Ramamoorthy, Roman Yampolskiy
10. Artificial Intelligence for Place-Time Convolved Wireless Communication Networks ... 85
Ambuj Kumar
11. Bayesian Online Learning-Based Spectrum Occupancy Prediction in Cognitive Radio
Networks ............................................................................................................................ 95
Ahmed Mohammed Mikaeil
12. The Evolution of Fraud: Ethical Implications in the Age of Large-Scale Data Breaches
and Widespread Artificial Intelligence Solutions Deployment ......................................... 101
Abhishek Gupta
13. Machine Intelligence Techniques for Next-Generation Context-Aware Wireless
Networks ............................................................................................................................ 109
Tadilo Endeshaw Bogale, Xianbin Wang, Long Bao Le

– xi –
ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

14. New Technology Brings New Opportunity for Telecommunication Carriers: Artificial
Intelligent Applications and Practices in Telecom Operators............................................ 121
Wei Liang, Mingjun Sun, Baohong He, Mingchuan Yang, Xiaoou Liu, Bouhan Zhang,
Yunato Wang
15. Correlation and Dependence Analysis on Cyberthreat Alerts ........................................... 129
John M. A. Bothos, Konstantinos-Georgios Thanos, Dimitris M. Kyriazanos, George
Vardoulias, Andreas Zalonis, Eirini Papadopoulou, Yannis Corovesis, Stelios C.A.
Thomopoulos
Index of authors .................................................................................................................................... 138

– xii –
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 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

Application of AI to Mobile Network Operation

Pages 59-65
Tomoyuki Otani, Hideki Toube, Tatsuya Kimura, Masanori Furutani
With the introduction of network virtualization and the implementation of 5G/IoT, mobile networks will offer
more diversified services and be more complex. This raises a concern about a significant rise in network
operation workload. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is making remarkable progress and is
expected to solve human resource shortages in various fields. Likewise, the mobile industry is gaining
momentum toward the application of AI to network operation to improve the efficiency of mobile network
operation. This paper will discuss the possibility of applying AI technology to network operation and presents
some use cases to show good prospects for AI-driven network operation.
View Article

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RESPONSIBLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

DESIGNING AI FOR HUMAN VALUES


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Abstract – Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly affecting our lives in smaller or greater ways. In order to
ensure that systems will uphold human values, design methods are needed that incorporate ethical principles and
address societal concerns. In this paper, we explore the impact of AI in the case of the expected effects on the
European labor market, and propose the accountability, responsibility and transparency (ART) design principles
for the development of AI systems that are sensitive to human values.

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 ITU JOURNAL: ICT Discoveries, Vol. 1(1), March 2018

RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSOR FOR DEEP LEARNING

IN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES

Yu
Wang1
2,
Shuang
Liang3,
Song
Yao2,Yi
Shan2,
Song
Han2
4,
Jinzhang
Peng2
and
Hong
Luo2

1
Department
of
Electronic
Engineering,
Tsinghua
University,
Beijing,
China

2
Deephi
Tech,
Beijing,
China
3
Institute
of
Microelectronics,
Tsinghua
University,
Beijing,
China
4
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Stanford
University,
Stanford
CA,
USA

"CTUSBDU

The
rapid
growth
of
civilian
vehicles
has
stimulated
the
development
of
advanced
driver
assistance
systems

(ADASs)
to
be
equipped
in-car.
Real-time
autonomous
vision
(RTAV)
is
an
essential
part
of
the
overall
system,
and
the

emergence
of
deep
learning
methods
has
greatly
improved
the
system
quality,
which
also
requires
the
processor
to
offer
a

computing
speed
of
tera
operations
per
second
(TOPS)
and
a
power
consumption
of
no
more
than
30
W
with

programmability.
This
article
gives
an
overview
of
the
trends
of
RTAV
algorithms
and
different
hardware
solutions,
and

proposes
a
development
route
for
the
reconfigurable
RTAV
accelerator.
We
propose
our
field
programmable
gate
array

(FPGA)
based
system
Aristotle,
together
with
an
all-stack
software-hardware
co
design
workflow
including

compression,
compilation,
and
customized
hardware
architecture.
Evaluation
shows
that
our
FPGA
system
can
realize

real-time
processing
on
modern
RTAV
algorithms
with
a
higher
efficiency
than
peer
CPU
and
GPU
platforms.
Our

outlook
based
on
the
ASIC-based
system
design
and
the
ongoing
implementation
of
next
generation
memory
would
target
a

100
TOPS
performance
with
around
20
W
power.
Keywords - Advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), autonomous vehicles, computer vision, deep learning, reconfig-
urable processor

1. INTRODUCTION

If you have seen the cartoon movie WALL-E, you will re-
member when WALL-E enters the starliner Axiom following
Eve, he sees a completely automated world with obese and
feeble human passengers laying in their auto driven chairs,
drinking beverages and watching TV. The movie describes
a pathetic future of human beings in the year of 2805 and
warns people to get up from their chairs and take some exer-
cise. However, the inside laziness has always been motivat-
ing geniuses to build auto driven cars or chairs, whatever it
takes to get rid of being a bored driver stuck in traffic jams.
At least for now, people find machines genuinely helpful for Figure 1. The market pattern of automotive cars.
our driving experience and sometimes they can even save
peoples lives. It has been nearly 30 years since the first In current ADASs, machine vision is an essential part; it is
successful demonstrations of ADAS [1][2][3], and the rapid also called autonomous vision [10]. Since the conditions of
development of sensors, computing hardware and related weather, roads and the shapes of captured objects are com-
algorithms has brought the conceptual system into reality. plex and variable with little concern for safety, the anticipa-
Modern cars are being equipped with ADAS and the num- tion for high recognition accuracy and rapid system reaction
bers are increasing. According to McKinseys estimation to these is urgent. For state-of-the-art algorithms, the number
[4], auto-driven cars will form a 1.9 trillion dollars mar- of operations has already increased to tens and hundreds of
ket in 2025. Many governments like those in the USA [5], giga-operations (GOPs). This has set a great challenge for
Japan [6] and Europe [7][8][9] have proposed their intelli- real time processing, and correspondingly we need to find a
gent transportation system (ITS) strategic plans, which have powerful processing platform to deal with it.
drawn up timetables for the commercialization of related
technologies.

© International Telecommunication Union, 2018 9

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Fig. 1 shows a pattern of the current market of automotive

cars. NVIDIA is leading the market with its Drive series
GPU platforms, and has already built cooperation with car
manufacturers like Audi, Tesla, Daimler, etc. Intel is also
focusing on this area. It has acquired many relevant compa-
nies such as Mobileye, Nervana, Movidius and Altera, and
has collaborated with BMW and Delphi to build its ecosys-
tem circle. It has also released products such as Atom A3900
for the automotive scene[11]. Another chip giant Qualcomm
is also trying to make inroads in this market. It has release
dedicated processors like Snapdragon 602A and 820A chips
[12], and it has bought NXP to strengthen its impact in the
ADAS market. Figure 2. A block diagram for ADAS system description.

Many ADAS solutions have chosen graphic processing unit

(GPU)-based systems to carry their autonomous vision al- 2. TRENDS IN AUTONOMOUS VISION
gorithms, not only because of their powerful computational
ability since GPU-based systems can offer massive paral- 2.1. An overview of an ADAS system
lelisms in datapaths and the latest GPU processors can offer a
throughput of several TOPS such as the NVIDIA Drive PX2 An ADAS system collects data of the surrounding envi-
system [13] with Xavier chips, but also because of the robust ronment from sensors and remote terminals such as cloud
and efficient developing environment support such as CUDA servers and satellites, and makes real-time recognition of
[14] and cuDNN [15]. surrounding objects to assist drivers or automatically make
judgements for a better driving experience and avoid poten-
While GPU can offer a computing speed of TOPS, the power tial accidents. A typical system is depicted in Fig. 2. As we
consumption can often be the bottleneck for in-car system can see, there could be a series of sensors on vehicles such
implementation as some modern GPUs can cost 200-300 W. as cameras, radars, LIDAR and ultrasonics to get input for a
One solution is to improve the power efficiency, and this can real-time surrounding condition description, and processors
be achieved through the dedicate logic customization, and will react to give driver warnings or control the mechanical
reconfigurable processors can be a suitable choice. One rep- system of the vehicle in some certain circumstances with
resentative reconfigurable processor is FPGA. FPGA suppli- the trained algorithm models stored in the memory. Com-
ers Xilinx and Altera have already introduced their FPGA munication interfaces can help to locate cars with map data,
products into ADAS scenarios such as Zynq-7000 [16] and and can obtain traffic information from datacenters and even
Cyclone-V [17] series SoC. While the power is around 10 offload some compute-intensive tasks to cloud servers, and
W, FPGA can also get a peak performance of around 100 this can be even more powerful in the future as much faster
GOPS. Together with the features of multi-threading, paral- communication protocols like 5G is already on the way.
lel processing and low latency, FPGA could be expected to Various functions can be achieved with an equipped ADAS
be a favorable choice for autonomous vision systems. system, and autonomous vision has taken up a great portion
of this. As we can see from Fig. 3, functions such as vehi-
cle detection (VD), lane departure warning (LDW), forward
Naturally, we can convert an FPGA design into an application-
collision warning (FCW), pedestrian detection (PED), traffic
specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and the circuit system can
sign recognition (TSR), etc. are achieved by the autonomous
further improve its efficiency by at least one order of mag-
vision system itself or together with audio and radar systems.
nitude with its reconfigurability maintained, which makes
Hence, it is important to find an efficient solution for au-
ASIC another mainstream ADAS solution. Suppliers in-
tonomous vision processing. Next, we will take an overview
cluding Qualcomm, Intel, Infineon, and Texas Instruments
of the vision algorithms, and present an analysis of potential
have released their ASIC-based SoC products for ADAS.
hardware carriers.
One representative product is Intel Mobileyes EyeQ4 chip
[18], which will be released in 2018 and can get a 2.5 TOPS
performance drawing only 3-5 W. The low power feature 2.2. Traditional algorithms of autonomous vision
makes it quite suitable for in-car supercomputing.
For most autonomous vision functions such as PED, VD,
Both the chances and challenges for reconfigurable in-car LDW, TSR, etc., the kernel algorithm can be generalized into
systems lie ahead. This article will firstly analyze the de- a 2D object detection question. As shown in Fig. 4, a tradi-
velopment of modern RTAV algorithms, then evaluate the tional detection process consists of the following stages: im-
performance of each hardware platform, and finally discuss age preprocessing, region of interest (ROI) selection, feature
how we can build a more efficient reconfigurable system for extraction and classification.
RTAV. For traditional algorithms, usually steps like gain and expo-

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Figure 5. A typical CNN architecture.

number of layers that run in sequence as shown in Figure 5.

Convolutional layer (CONV layer) and fully-connected layer
(FC layer) are two essential types of layer in CNN, followed
by optional layers such as pooling layers for down-sampling
Figure 3. Common functions in ADAS system. and normalization layers. The first CONV layer takes an
input image and outputs a series of feature maps, and the
following CONV layers will extract features to higher lev-
els layer by layer through convolving the input feature maps
with filters. After CONV layers, FC layers will classify the
extracted features and output the probability of each category
that the input image might belong to.
State-of-the-art CNN models have achieved outstanding per-
formance in computer vision areas. Take image classification
as example, in 2012 Krizhevsky et al. announced an 8-layer
CNN model AlexNet [29] which achieved 84.7% top-5 ac-
curacy on ImageNet [30], which was far beyond the perfor-
mance of conventional algorithms. Five years have passed,
many organizations such as Google [31][32][33][34], Ox-
ford [35], Microsoft [36] have been focusing on novel CNN
model designs with more complex computing patterns, and
Figure 4. Workflow of traditional detection algorithms. the accuracies of the top models have already surpassed the
human vision level [37].
sure adjustment and image rectification would be performed The excellent performance of CNN is because the generic
to preprocess the collected images. ROI selection methods descriptor extracted from CNN that trained on large scale
depend on the type of task, such as vanishing point detection datasets is much richer than the traditional manually de-
(VPD) [19] and piecewise linear stretching function (PLSF) signed features, and can be used for various tasks with some
[20] are used in LDW, and sliding window methods are taken fine tuning [38]. Hence for object detection problems, CNN-
in PED, VD and TSR. It would be time consuming to execute based algorithms can get a much better performance than the
an exhaustive ROI search, so various optimizations are also traditional ones.
taken for ROI selection. Broggi et al. [21] use morphological The workflows of different detection algorithms are shown in
characteristics of objects and distance information. Uijlings Fig. 6. R-CNN was first proposed [39]. It generates a set of
et al. [22] propose a selective search approach to efficiently region proposals with selective search, warp/crop each region
generate ROIs. For feature extraction, various manually de- into a static size, then extracts the feature maps with CONV
signed features such as Scale-Invariant-Feature-Transform layers, and finally completes the classification with FC and
(SIFT) [23], Histogram-of-Oriented-Gradients (HOG) [24], SVM layers. Since R-CNN needs to run CONV layers for
Haar [25], etc. have been widely used in detection tasks. For every region proposal which is very expensive in computa-
classification, combined simple classifiers like AdaBoost tions, SPP-net has appeared [40]. It merely needs to com-
[26] and support vector machines (SVMs) [27] are popular pute CONV layers only once with spatial pyramid pooling to
to work with traditional features. Some part based method- transfer feature maps into fixed length vectors for FC layers.
ologies also appear to reduce the complexity of the overall Based on SPP-net, Fast R-CNN was designed by Girshick et
task, such as Felzenszwalb et al. [28] proposes a deformable al. [41] which used multi-task loss to train the classifier and
part model (DPM) to break down the objects into simple bounding-box (BB) localizers jointly, with single-sized ROI
parts. pooling to the feature maps of the last CONV layer which
are projected with region proposals. Then Ren et al. [42]
2.3. The rise of convolutional neural network (CNN) proposed Faster R-CNN, using the region proposal network
(RPN), which was actually a Fast R-CNN network, to gener-
In recent years, the rise of CNN has set off a revolution in ate region proposals and to get rid of the large computations
the area of object detection. A typical CNN consists of a of traditional region proposal methods, and reused the Fast

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Figure 6. The processing flow of typical CNN-based detection methods.

R-CNN model to train the classifier and BB localizers. Un-

Table 1. Top-ranked detection algorithms on KITTI.
like the former algorithms which could only get satisfying
Target object (Moderate level)
mean Average Precision (mAP) performance with the weak- Algorithm
Car Pedestrian Cyclist
ness of slow speed, Faster R-CNN can achieve real-time pro-
cessing since it benefits from RPN and can get a 5fps speed MS-CNN [46] 89.02% 73.70% 75.46%
with one NVIDIA K40 GPU. Redmon et al. designed YOLO SubCNN [47] 89.04% 71.33% 71.06%
[43] which directly took the whole input images to train the SDP+RPN [48] 88.85% 70.16% 73.74%
model, and classifies each pixel in the output feature maps. 3DOP [49] 88.64% 67.47% 68.94%
This equals to dividing the input image into several cells and Mono3D [50] 88.66% 66.68% 66.36%
doing the classification inside each cell, which avoids the ex- SDP+CRC [48] 83.53% 64.19% 61.31%
pensive process for proposals and can be around seven times Faster R-CNN [42] 81.84% 65.90% 63.35%
faster than Faster R-CNN to realize a more feasible real-time
detection with acceptable accuracy drop.
Table 2. Comparison of CONV layers in classic CNN mod-
These detection algorithms have shown outstanding perfor- els.
mance on a PASCAL VOC dataset [44]. However, for the AlexNet VGG-16 Inception v1 ResNet-50
autonomous vision scene, the detection mission would be Model
[29] [35] [31] [36]
much tougher since the objects will be presented in much Top-5 Error 19.8% 8.8% 10.7% 7.0%
worse quality for the big variance of object scale and the in- # of Weights 2.3M 14.7M 6.0M 23.5M
complete captured object shape. Therefore, we need to opti- # of MACs 666M 15.3G 1.43G 3.86G
mize the way we obtain proposals during our detection algo-
rithms. The corresponding representative benchmark for au-
tonomous vision is KITTI [45], and various algorithms have computing speed could reach 10-100 TOPS. To build such a
been proposed for the dataset. We have selected some top powerful processor with programmability and a power con-
ranked detection algorithms and have listed them in Table. 1. sumption of less than 30 W is a challenging task, and we will
Actually, most of these algorithms have taken CONV layers discuss the contenders in the next section.
to extract the features based on the classic CNN models with
small revisions followed by application dependent FC lay-
ers. We compare the CONV layers of classic CNN models 3. PROCESSORS FOR REAL-TIME AUTONOMOUS
in Table. 2. As we can see, giga MACs need to be solved VISION
for each input frame. Together with FC layers and consider-
ing the number of region proposals, in order to realize real- 3.1. Heterogeneous platforms for CNN acceleration
time processing, the hardware needs to provide a throughput
speed of over 100-1000 GOPS. With the growing number As the CNN algorithm rapidly develops, so have the related
of image data collected from cameras, future requirement of hardware accelerator designs, in recent years. The work of

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Figure 7. Hardware designs of CNN accelerators on different platforms and development route for RTAV accelerator in
ADAS.
(Source by:https://nicsefc.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/projects/neural-network-accelerator/)

[51] shows the comparison between neural network acceler- less than FPGAs, and the dynamic power consumption ratio
ators, as depicted in Fig. 7. We can see from the image that is approximately 14 for FPGA to ASIC, while the average
GPUs are among the top tier of computing speeds, but the chip area of ASIC is also 18 times smaller than FPGA. This
power consumption is also very high. The freshly released means we can realize a much better performance with ASIC
NVIDIA Tesla V100 can get an astounding computing speed within a given hardware area. ASIC designs have the rela-
of 120 TOPS [52], with a power consumption of 300 W. This tively better energy efficiency, mostly between 100 GOPS/W
can be useful in datacenter scenarios for cases like model to 10 TOPS/W. They have shown excellent performance in
training where power is not the main concern. There are low-power area, and as we can see from Fig. 7 some repre-
also some GPUs designed for low-power embedded environ- sentative designs such as DianNao [55], Eyeriss [56] and En-
ments, like NVIDIA Jetson TX1 mobile GPU, which brings vision [57] are showing a performance of around 100 GOPS
a 300 GOPS speed on VGG-16 and a peak performance of with only milli-watt level power consumption. The efficiency
1 TOPS with only a 10 W cost [53]. The large general pur- can even reach 10 TOPS/W at extreme low voltage status.
pose stream processors on chip might bring a considerable To the other side, those ASICs with larger chip sizes are
parallelism, but the efficiency remains a question. With the capable of offering more abundant PEs and memory band-
technology of 28nm, the NVIDIA TITAN-X and TX1 GPU width, which can lead to a faster throughput speed, such as
can only get an efficiency of 20-100 GOPS/W. Googles TPU [58] which can get a peak performance of 86
TOPS. From the business aspect, a large quantity production
To improve the efficiency, we need to customize the inside
of ASIC could also reduce the overall cost. However, note
logic of processing elements (PEs) to enhance processing
that the deep-learning algorithms for RTAV have a quite short
parallelism and optimize memory access patterns. FPGA
evolving cycle, usually within six to nine months. Moreover,
could be a suitable initial selection, since it can provide
the benchmarks for RTAV are also far from perfect and new
a large amount of computing and memory resources and
tasks appear nearly every year. While ASICs time to market
enough reconfigurability with programmable interconnec-
is no less than one year, there is a potential risk of incom-
tion to map common algorithms on. In Fig. 7 we can see
patibility between hardware processors and fresh algorithms
that there have been many FPGA designs. The top designs,
and application scenes. Solution providers need to make a
including our Aristotle system on the Xilinx ZU9 FPGA plat-
risk-return analysis.
form, can get a throughput speed at around 2 TOPS, which
is quite close to the same technology generation NVIDIA
Recently, some breakthroughs have taken place in the area
TITAN-X GPUs, but of almost 10 times better efficiency.
of near-memory and in-memory computing. The 3-D mem-
This proves the capability of FPGA of being a strong com-
ory can offer an order of magnitude higher bandwidth and
petitor.
several times power consumption than 2-D memory, such
As we can see, most CNN layers consist of MAC operations as Hyper Memory Cube (HMC) proposed by Micron [59],
and have similar computing patterns which could be possibly which uses through silicon vias (TSV) to stack the dynamic
generalized and parameterized. Therefore, with mature hard- random-access memory (DRAM) on top of the logic cir-
ware architecture and processing flow, it is feasible to harden cuit. Through this method, the memory bandwidth can be
the original FPGA accelerator design into an ASIC chip with increased by an order of magnitude from 2-D memory, and
a programmable interface for reconfigurability, which can the power consumption can be five times less. There have
further improve performance. Kuon et al. [54] have mea- already been some designs combining the CNN accelerator
sured the performance gap between FPGA and ASIC. It is architecture with HMC [60][61]. Another technology is to
said that the critical-path delay of ASIC is three to four times embed the computation inside memory, such as memristor

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[62]. It can realize a MAC operation through the summation specialized controllers could be introduced to deal with ir-
of currents from different memristor branches. This avoids regular sparsity inside the models.
the data movement and can save energy. Recent simulation 7) Multi-thread processing. For ADAS systems, it would
works such as ISAAC [63] and PRIME [64] have evaluated be best for different algorithms to be processed simultane-
the efficiency of memristors in CNN acceleration. ously, such as LDW would work on grayscale images while
An ideal ADAS system should be able to offer a comput- PD would process RGB images. Reconfigurable processors
ing speed of over 200 GOPS with no more than 40 W, and can provide vast spatial parallelism for algorithms to work in
hence we can mark the sweet zone for ADAS systems as the individual channels.
red painted area in Fig. 7. Inside this sweet zone, we can However, challenges remain for the wide use of reconfig-
sketch a development route for the reconfigurable processors urable processors such as:
for RTAV acceleration, shown as the dark red curve. Starting
1) Programming language gap: Most developers use high-
from the FPGA design, we can climb up through logic hard-
level programming languages to build their project, while for
ening for an efficiency of above 1 TOPS/W, and with the help
reconfigurable processors they need to start from the bottom-
of the implementation of next generation memory technol-
level hardware and describe the logic with register-transfer
ogy, the bandwidth can be broaden and the memory access
level (RTL) hardware description language (HDL) such as
cost could be reduced, which can lead to an even higher effi-
Verilog and VHDL.
ciency, to more than 10 TOPS/W. We use the yellow star to
indicate our target in Fig. 7. With a larger die size, a through- 2) Limited on-chip resource: There is limited area for on-
put speed of over 100 TOPS could be expected, which can be chip arithmetic and memory resource to map the tiled algo-
a suitable choice for an ideal RTAV system. rithm on spatially. This might form a bottleneck for some
large-scale algorithms.
3) Limited off-chip bandwidth: To communicate recon-
3.2. Chances and challenges for reconfigurable proces- figurable processors with off-chip memories like DDR, the
sors bandwidth is often limited by the clock frequency of the con-
troller and the width of data wires.
In the area of RTAV, chances and challenges coexist for a
wide application of reconfigurable processors. The follow-
ing features of reconfigurable processors will bring them op- 3.3. Related reconfigurable processors
portunities:
1) Programmability. Reconfigurable processors can offer a There have been many excellent reconfigurable processor de-
pool of logic and memory resources on-chip. Considering signs for deep learning models. Initial designs are mostly
the fast evolving RTAV algorithms, it is not hard for users based on FPGAs. Chakaradhar et al. [65] proposed a run-
to update the on-chip functions after they bought it from the time reconfigurable architecture for CNN on FPGA with ded-
supplier. icated switches to deal with different CNN layers. Zhang
et al. [66] used a nested loop model to describe CNN and
2) Reliability. For example, the industrial grade FPGAs
designed the on-chip architecture based on high-level syn-
can stably work in a temperature range between −40◦ C ∼
thesis optimizations. Suda et al. [67] presented an OpenCL-
100◦ C. This makes them able to satisfy the requirement of
based FPGA accelerator with fully-connected layers also im-
standards AEC-Q100 and ISO 26262.
plemented on-chip.
3) Low-power. The power consumption for reconfigurable
ASIC-based reconfigurable processors have appeared in re-
processors is no more than 30 W. Low-power consumption is
cent years. The representative work is Diannao [55] and its
suitable for the in-car environment.
subsequent series [68][69][70], which focused great efforts
4) Low-latency. Since algorithms mapped onto reconfig- on memory system optimization. Eyeriss [56] focused on
urable processors provide deterministic timing, they can of- the dataflow optimization and used smaller PEs to form a
fer a latency of several nanoseconds, which is one order of coarse-grained computing array. ENVISION [57] utilized
magnitude faster than GPUs. A quick reaction of ADAS sys- a dynamic-voltage-accuracy-frequency-scaling (DVAFS)
tems is essential to dealing with sudden changes on the road. method to enhance its efficiency and reached 10 TOPS/W
5) Interfaces. Unlike GPU which can only make commu- with low voltage supply. Googles TPU [58] has been the
nication through the PCI Express protocol, both ASIC and recent star with large on-chip memories and has reached a
FPGA designs can provide huge interface flexibility, which similar throughput speed to peer GPUs withdrawing much
can be very helpful for ADAS system integration. less energy.
6) Customizable logic. Recently there has been great Most of these precedent reconfigurable processors have their
progress in the area of model compression, including data own features with partial optimization of the entire flow, but
quantization and sparsity exploration. For general purpose few consider the entire flow of the neural network acceler-
processors like CPU and GPU, only fixed data types could be ator system. Therefore, the on-chip utilization rate of dif-
supported and the memory access pattern would be regular. ferent CNN layers will eventually fluctuate [58] which may
Reconfigurable processors can offer fine-grained customiz- drag down the overall efficiency of the system, and there has
ability which can support data type as low as to 1 bit, and been a large space left for improvement from the aspect of

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Figure 8. The software-hardware co-design workflow of our

system.

software. With this motivation, we will introduce our system

design in the following section.

4. SOFTWARE-HARDWARE CO-DESIGN FOR A RE- Figure 9. Quantization results for different CNN models.
CONFIGURABLE AUTONOMOUS VISION SYSTEM

4.1. The overall system workflow Table 3. Comparison of compression ratio between quanti-
zation, pruning and matrix transformation methods at differ-
What we have already achieved is an FPGA-based system ent accuracy loss levels (baseline 32-bit floating-point).
called Aristotle to target CNN acceleration, which can deal Accuracy Quantization Pruning Quantization
SVD
with various CNN-based applications and can be conve- Loss Only Only and Pruning
niently mapped onto different FPGA platforms. For a better 0% - 5.8x 10.3x 27.0x
processing performance, we should reduce the software 1% 5.4x 14.1x 15.6x 35.7x
workload and improve the hardware utilization rate. Accord- 2% 6.5x 14.9x 19.1x 37.0x
ingly, we design the software hardware co-design workflow 4% 6.9x 15.4x 22.9x 37.7x
of our Aristotle system depicted in Fig. 8. To reduce the
workload, we compress the models using software methods
like quantization, pruning and matrix transformation. To
loss and the loss can be further healed by retraining. Table
improve the utilization rate, the compiler will take the com-
3 has shown that if we combine pruning and quantization to-
pressed model and hardware parameters of different FPGA
gether, the compressed model size would be the smallest with
platforms as inputs, and execute a task tiling with dataflow
negligible accuracy loss. Together with Huffman coding, the
optimizations to generate instructions for the hardware. The
model size of AlexNet can be reduced by 35 times, and that
hardware architecture will exploit the parallelism on-chip
of VGG-16 can be reduced by 49 times. We should notice
for higher throughput with proper granularity choice and
the randomness of sparsity from pruning, which is tough to
datapath reuse. The details will be introduced as follows.
be efficiently used for hardware execution. To deal with this
case, we add some constraints to limit the pruned connec-
4.2. Compression methods tions in regular patterns, and this can increase the number
of all zero channels for more skips during the acceleration
Usually, an algorithm model is trained in floating-point form, process.
but there exists redundancy. Previous work has shown that it
is not necessary to represent every datum with 32-bit, and Moreover, we can see that inside the basic MAC operations
an appropriate data quantization would not hurt the overall of CNN, multiplication is always the most resource consum-
accuracy of the model. In Fig. 9 we have made an experiment ing operation, so reducing the number of multiplications can
of quantization on state-of-the-art CNN models, and as we also enhance the hardware performance. Matrix transforma-
can see from an 8-bit quantization brings little loss to the tion like Winograd [72] and FFT [73] can achieve this goal
accuracy. A lower bit-width can directly compress the size by targeting different sizes of filters. Take Winograd trans-
of memory footprint, and can bring chance to share datapath formation as example, if we tile the input feature maps into
consists of integrated DSP blocks. We can implement two 6 × 6 blocks and convolve it with 3 × 3 filters, through trans-
multipliers for 8-bit inputs with one 25 × 18 DSP block on formation we can reduce the number of multiplications by
Xilinx platform. 2.25 times and replace them with cheap add and shifting op-
erations.
Another method is to implement a pruning process to the pre-
trained model, in order to decrease the number of connec- With all these compression methods above, we can reduce
tions inside a model [71]. It has been proved that some of the the workload of the original model, which will benefit the on-
connections that have weights close to zero will make a small chip memory and arithmetic resources and system through-
impact on the output pixel, and can be pruned without much put speed.

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Figure 11. Evaluation results of YOLO-tiny on mobile

GPUs and different FPGA platforms.

Table 4. Evaluation results of SSD on CPU, GPU and FPGA

platforms.
Intel Xeon NVIDIA GTX Xilinx ZU9
Platform
E5-2640 v4 1080TI GPU FPGA
SSD (YOLO)
Task SSD (YOLO)
Figure 10. Our CPU+FPGA system architecture. Pruned
Operations
16.6 7.4
(GOPs)
fps 4.88 183.48 9.09 20.00
4.3. Hardware architecture design Power (W) 90 250 14
Efficiency
0.054 0.734 0.649 1.429
(fps/W)
Our Aristotle hardware architecture design [74] is given
in Fig. 10. A CPU+FPGA accelerator design is adopted,
which consists of two parts: the processing system (PS) and 4.4. Performance evaluation
the programmable logic (PL). PS contains the low-power
CPU processors and the external memory, which offers We use the YOLO algorithm to evaluate our Aristotle sys-
programmability and data capacity. Instructions will be tem, which is the most popular real-time detection algorithm
transferred into PL and decoded to implement the control of in the RTAV area. Fig. 11 shows the comparison of per-
PL. PL is the on-chip design where the majority of the CNN formance on different platforms. We can see that compared
accelerator logic is located, and can be scalable due to the with the same level mobile GPU platforms our system can
chosen FPGA platform. PEs are placed inside PL for parallel reach a similar performance. However, the power consump-
MAC operations, which can complete the convolving pro- tion of our Zynq-7020 and ZU2 based systems are around 3
cess through multiple iterations. Some functions that cannot W, while the power of GPU is 15 W. Moreover, the peak per-
be efficiently accelerated with PE, such as several kinds of formance of TK1 is 326 GOPS and that of TX1 is 1 TOPS,
pooling and an element-wise dot product, will be contained while the peak performance of our FPGA platforms is only
inside a MISC calculation pool for optional use. On-chip around 100 GOPS. These can prove a much better efficiency
buffers will be provided to offer data reuse opportunities of our system design.
controlled by a scheduler, and communicate with external
We also use the YOLO version SSD [75] algorithm to com-
memories using a data mover such as a direct memory ac-
pare our larger FPGA systems with CPUs and GPUs. SSD
cess controller (DMAC). Such hardware architecture design
is an optimized algorithm based on YOLO with multi-scale
can be easily shared between layers which are friendly to
feature extractions which can improve the ability to capture
instruction generation and high-level programming.
small objects. Table. 4 lists the results on different platforms.
Instead of combining every multiplication of one filter win- We can see that both GPU and FPGA solutions can reach a
dow together, we split the computing kernel into smaller faster performance than the Intel Xeon CPU. The power con-
granularity, which can avoid the waste of arithmetic resource sumption of the NVIDIA GTX 1080TI GPU can get up to
while dealing with a large filter size or window stride, and 250 W, while the value of FPGA is only 14 W. From the per-
can ensure a regular data access pattern for easier control. spective of efficiency, with the pruning method implemented,
Furthermore, a smaller granularity of PE can increase the our design can get an efficiency almost twice that of 1080TI
chance of skipping for sparsity, which can save the overall GPU.
execution time of the system. Furthermore, we have tested a Densebox [76] model on our

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which ensure an efficient execution with programmability.

Table 5. Evaluation results of Densebox on GPU and FPGA
Evaluation shows that our system can get the best efficiency
platforms.
among peer processors with a satisfying real-time processing
NVIDIA GTX Xilinx ZU9
Platform performance. An ASIC-based solution can further exploit
1080TI GPU FPGA
the efficiency, which means a similar throughput speed with
Input Size 640x360 the FPGA-based Aristotle system and an energy cost of one
Task Densebox Densebox Pruned order of magnitude less.
Operations (GOPs) 28 1.2
There are some other deep learning models utilized in RTAV
fps 150 330 300
applications. Recurrent neural network (RNN) is one of
Power (W) 250 14
them, and the long-short term memory (LSTM) model [77]
Efficiency (fps/W) 0.60 1.32 21.43
shows excellent performance in classifying, processing and
Recall 0.875
predicting time series. This feature can be helpful for object
tracking and action predicting functions in ADAS systems.
We have not expanded on this topic in this article, but we
platform and a peer GPU. Densebox is an end-to-end fully
have already released a similar design based on our Aristotle
convolutional network (FCN) which has been widely used in
system framework [78], which has proved the capability of
face detection applications, and face detection is an essen-
processing various deep learning models.
tial part of the in-vehicle driver status recognition, such as
drowsiness detection. We have pruned the model with the Future RTAV processors need to offer a 10-100 TOPS
method mentioned in clause 4.2 from 28 GOPs to 1.2 GOPs, throughput speed with less than 30 W power, and to re-
with the recall rate staying the same. Table. 5 shows that with alize this we could count on the rapid development of
the help of pruning, our ZU9-based platform can reach twice workload compression such as extreme low-bitwidth CNNs
the speed of the 1080TI GPU. The GPU can also get a 330 fps [79][80][81][82] and novel pruning ideas [83][84], hardware
with the pruned model, but the utilization rate of model spar- design such as dataflow optimization [85][86] and sparsity
sity is quite low considering the peak performance of 1080TI supported architecture [87][88], and emerging memory tech-
is almost 10.6 TOPS, which results in an efficiency which nology implementation [60][89]. We are confident that with
is 16 times worse than our ZU9 FPGA, reflecting the fit be- all those mentioned above, the reconfigurable products will
tween our compression methods and our hardware system. thrive in the ADAS market.

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Abstract –The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) of Australia is the largest size of coral reef system on the planet stretching
over 2300 kilometers. Coral reefs are experiencing a range of stresses including climate change, which has
resulted in episodes of coral bleaching and ocean acidification where increased levels of carbon dioxide from the
burning of fossil fuels are reducing the calcification mechanism of corals. In this article, we present a successful
application of big data analytics with Internet of Things (IoT)/wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology to
monitor complex marine environments of the GBR. The paper presents a two-tiered IoT/WSN network
architecture used to monitor the GBR and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms with big data analytics
to detect events of interest. The case study presents the deployment of a WSN at Heron Island in the southern GBR
in 2009. It is shown that we are able to detect Cyclone Hamish patterns as an anomaly using the sensor time series
of temperature, pressure and humidity data. The article also gives a perspective of AI algorithms from the
viewpoint to monitor, manage and understand complex marine ecosystems. The knowledge obtained from the
large-scale implementation of IoT with big data analytics will continue to act as a feedback mechanism for
managing a complex system of systems (SoS) in our marine ecosystem.

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efficiency and user experience. At this time there is no total solution or complete framework to do so. One
contender in the steps towards a solution is a FINE framework, which can be illustrated by the example of an
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THE CONVERGENCE OF MACHINE LEARNING AND COMMUNICATIONS



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Abstract - The areas of machine learning and communication technology are converging. Today’s communication
systems generate a large amount of traffic data, which can help to significantly enhance the design and
management of networks and communication components when combined with advanced machine learning
methods. Furthermore, recently developed end-to-end training procedures offer new ways to jointly optimize the
components of a communication system. Also, in many emerging application fields of communication technology,
e.g. smart cities or Internet of things, machine learning methods are of central importance. This paper gives an
overview of the use of machine learning in different areas of communications and discusses two exemplar
applications in wireless networking. Furthermore, it identifies promising future research topics and discusses
their potential impact.

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APPLICATION OF AI TO MOBILE NETWORK OPERATION

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Abstract – With the introduction of network virtualization and the implementation of 5G/IoT, mobile networks
will offer more diversified services and be more complex. This raises a concern about a significant rise in network
operation workload. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is making remarkable progress and is
expected to solve human resource shortages in various fields. Likewise, the mobile industry is gaining momentum
toward the application of AI to network operation to improve the efficiency of mobile network operation
[1][2].This paper will discuss the possibility of applying AI technology to network operation and presents some
use cases to show good prospects for AI-driven network operation.

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1. INTRODUCTION x $QDO\]HWKHWLPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHGDWDDQG
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ON ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY MODEL FOR PATH LOSS PREDICTION

IN THE VHF BAND


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RODZR\LQOD^#XQLORULQHGXQJ`


Abstract – Path loss prediction models are essential in the planning of wireless systems, particularly in built-up
environments. However, the efficacies of the empirical models depend on the local ambient characteristics of the
propagation environments. This paper introduces artificial intelligence in path loss prediction in the VHF band
by proposing an adaptive neuro-fuzzy (NF) model. The model uses five-layer optimized NF network based on
back propagation gradient descent algorithm and least square errors estimate. Electromagnetic field strengths
from the transmitter of the NTA Ilorin, which operates at a frequency of 203.25 MHz, were measured along four
routes. The prediction results of the proposed model were compared to those obtained via the widely used
empirical models. The performances of the models were evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE),
Spread Corrected RMSE (SC-RMSE), Mean Error (ME), and Standard Deviation Error (SDE), relative to the
measured data. Across all the routes covered in this study, the proposed NF model produced the lowest RMSE
and ME, while the SDE and the SC-RMSE were dependent on the terrain and clutter covers of the routes. Thus,
the efficacy of the adaptive NF model was validated and can be used for effective coverage and interference
planning

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BEYOND MAD?: THE RACE FOR ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE



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Abstract – Artificial intelligence research is a source of great technological advancement as well as ethical
concern, as applied AI invades diverse aspects of human life. Yet true artificial general intelligence remains out
of reach. Based on the history of deeply transformative technologies developed by multiple actors on the global
stage and their consequences for global stability, we consider the possibility of artificial general intelligence
arms races and propose solutions aimed at managing the development of such an intelligence without increasing
the risks to global stability and humanity.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR PLACE-TIME CONVOLVED WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS


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Abstract – Previous works have brought to light that the dynamic and variable motions of potential network users,
and other environmental factors, are the eternal threat to present and future wireless communications. One of my
earlier works discusses this perennial and perpetual challenge as the place-time dependent functions. The
phenomena was coined in my work as place time capacity (PTC), and place time coverage (PTCo), with both
collectively known as place time coverage and capacity (PTC2), are derived as the outcomes of dynamics that can
be expressed as the functions of place and time. These phenomena degrade the efficiency of any wireless
communication network (WCN) to that lowest point, from where, a network service provider (NSP) may not have
any choice but to revamp the network. Artificial intelligence (AI), on the other hand, has been striding profoundly
for the past several decades, fanning out its influence in various sectors of scientific and technological
developments. However, AI is almost absent in the area of WCN dimensioning and optimization, especially for
place–time events. This paper revisits the two place-time functions as WCN phenomena and, with the backdrop
of these aspects, shall investigate the inevitable need for AI in WCNs, as well as demonstrating how AI can be
part of present and future wireless communications.

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BAYESIAN ONLINE LEARNING-BASED SPECTRUM OCCUPANCY PREDICTION

IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS


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Abstract – Predicting the near future of primary user (PU) channel state availability (i.e., spectrum occupancy)
is quite important in cognitive radio networks in order to avoid interfering its transmission by a cognitive
spectrum user (i.e., secondary user (SU)). This paper introduces a new simple method for predicting PU channel
state based on energy detection. In this method, we model the PU channel state detection sequence (i.e., “PU
channel idle” and “PU channel occupied”) as a time series represented by two different random variable
distributions. We then introduce Bayesian online learning (BOL) to predict in advance the changes in time series
(i.e., PU channel state.), so that the secondary user can adjust its transmission strategies accordingly.
A simulation result proves the efficiency of the new approach in predicting PU channel state availability

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THE EVOLUTION OF FRAUD: ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE AGE OF

LARGE-SCALE DATA BREACHES AND WIDESPREAD ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE SOLUTIONS DEPLOYMENT


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Abstract – Artificial intelligence is being rapidly deployed in all contexts of our lives, often in subtle yet
behavior-nudging ways. At the same time, the pace of development of new techniques and research
advancements is only quickening as research and industry labs across the world leverage the emerging
talent and interest of communities across the globe. With the inevitable digitization of our lives, increasingly
sophisticated and ever larger data security breaches in the past few years, we are in an era where privacy
and identity ownership is becoming a relic of the past. In this paper, we will explore how large-scale data
breaches coupled with sophisticated deep learning techniques will create a new class of fraud mechanisms
allowing perpetrators to deploy “Identity Theft 2.0”.

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MACHINE INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR NEXT-GENERATION
CONTEXT-AWARE WIRELESS NETWORKS


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(PDLOWDGLORERJDOH#HPWLQUVFD,[LDQELQZDQJ#XZRFD
DQGORQJOH#HPWLQUVFD

Abstract – Next generation wireless networks (i.e., 5G and beyond), which will be extremely dynamic
and complex due to the ultra-dense deployment of heterogeneous networks (HetNets), pose many critical
challenges for network planning, operation, management and troubleshooting. At the same time, the
generation and consumption of wireless data are becoming increasingly distributed with an ongoing
paradigm shift from people-centric to machine-oriented communications, making the operation of future
wireless networks even more complex. In mitigating the complexity of future network operation, new
approaches of intelligently utilizing distributed computational resources with improved context
awareness becomes extremely important. In this regard, the emerging fog (edge) computing architecture
aiming to distribute computing, storage, control, communication, and networking functions closer to
end users, has a great potential for enabling efficient operation of future wireless networks. These
promising architectures make the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) principles, which incorporate
learning, reasoning and decision-making mechanisms, natural choices for designing a tightly integrated
network. To this end, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the utilization of AI integrating
machine learning, data analytics and natural language processing (NLP) techniques for enhancing the
efficiency of wireless network operation. In particular, we provide comprehensive discussion on the
utilization of these techniques for efficient data acquisition, knowledge discovery, network planning,
operation and management of next generation wireless networks. A brief case study utilizing the AI
techniques for this network has also been provided.

Keywords – $UWLILFLDOPDFKLQHLQWHOOLJHQFHFRQWH[WDZDUHZLUHOHVVPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJRQWRORJ\


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NEW TECHNOLOGY BRINGS NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR

TELECOMMUNICATION CARRIERS:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT APPLICATIONS AND PRACTICES
IN TELECOM OPERATORS


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Abstract– In the era of “computational intelligence, perceptional intelligence and cognitive intelligence” as the
main direction for the future, telecom operators are on their way to building their own artificial intelligence (AI)
ecosystem. In terms of developing AI technology, telecom operators have unique resources and technology
advantages: big data resources, superior computing power, lots of investment in AI algorithmic research, broad
government and enterprise customer resources. By making full use of these strengths, they have carried out a
series of effective practices in the various field and achieved constructive results.
This report will be arranged as follows. In the first part the history and the development status of AI has been
introduced, as well as the Chinese powerful policy which was released to support its development. In the second
part, the unique advantages for operators to develop AI have been introduced, whilst in the meantime, the AI
development idea for telecom operators has been provided. In the third part, in order to be more persuasive, the
practice of AI by telecom operators in multiple fields to satisfy internal requirements and meet customer needs,
has been described. Finally, based on the current development trends of AI, its future prospects are made by
this report. Undoubtedly, in the future, operators will further use their advantages to explore more AI
development opportunities.

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CORRELATION AND DEPENDENCE ANALYSIS ON CYBERTHREAT ALERTS



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Abstract – In this paper a methodology for the enhancement of computer networks’ cyber-defense is presented.
Using a time-series dataset, drawn for a 60-day period and for 12 hours per day and depicting the occurrences of
cyberthreat alerts at hourly intervals, the correlation and dependency coefficients that occur in an organization’s
network between different types of cyberthreat alerts are determined. Certain mathematical methods like the
Spearman correlation coefficient and the Poisson regression stochastic model are used. For certain types of
cyberthreat alerts, results show a significant positive correlation and dependence between them. The analysis
methodology presented could help the administrative and IT managers of an organization to implement
organizational policies for cybersecurity.

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 International
Telecommunication
Union
Telecommunication
Standardization Bureau (TSB)
Place des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland

ISSN 2616-8375

Published in Switzerland
Geneva, 2018