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Guide To The Use of Gratings

The document is a guide to the use of steel gratings published by the Italian Association of Electro-Welded and Pressed Steel Grating and Fencing Manufacturers (Assogrigliati). It provides an overview of Assogrigliati, which aims to establish standards for steel gratings. The guide discusses Italian standards for steel gratings (UNI 11002) and provides manufacturers' technical specifications. It also outlines criteria for sizing grating steps for public and private use.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

196 views74 pages

Guide To The Use of Gratings

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Filip Stojkovski

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MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER

Member

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS
THE FEDERATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATIONS
QUALITY AND SAFETY QUALITY AND
OF MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING SAFETY
INDUSTRIES

GUIDE TO THE USE

OF GRATINGS
GRATINGS,
STEPS,
FORKLIFT TRUCKS,
CROSSBAR BEAMS.

The load tests for the capacity tables were performed at the Politecnico di Milano

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

1
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

What is Assogrigliati

In 1998, several grating manufacturers decided to establish a national Association of Italian manufacturers of electro-welded and/or pressed gratings
in steel and aluminium alloys. The Association is called “ASSOGRIGLIATI” and operates within ANIMA (Federation of National Associations of Mechanical
and Engineering Industries).

Assogrigliati brings together qualified and prestigious manufacturers of electro-welded and/or pressed gratings, a sector that employs about 400 wor-
kers and has developed an output of 125 million Euro.
In order to obtain a reference standard, in 1999 the associates drew up the “technical specifications” and delivered to UNI (Ente di Normazione Ita-
liano // National Italian Agency for Standardisation) to promote Work Group n. 5 “electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels” of sub-commission 1
“External/internal partitions, windows, doors and stairs” that worked on the development of the standards UNI 11002-1-2-3 published in August 2002
and subsequently reviewed in 2009.

With the disclosure of this publication, Assogrigliati intends to provide the industry with the most suitable instrument for choosing, producing and in-
stalling grating panels in compliance with the standards in force and with adequate respect for safety standards and product quality.
Technical evaluations of the data contained in this Guide have been elaborated by Assogrigliati on the basis of the tests performed at the Politecnico
di Milano.

Note: The information given has been drafted and checked with the greatest attention. However Assogrigliati assumes no responsibility for eventual errors, omissions or inaccuracies due to technical
and graphic needs. Assogrigliati reminds everyone that the present guide does not replace the mentioned standards and that the client is required to consult them.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

2
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Updated list of members – June 2015

C.M.D. S.R.L.
Via E. Novati 6/8 - 20832 Desio (MB)
Tel. +39 0362308939 - Fax +39 0362308930 | [email protected] - www.cmdgrigliati.it

CONTE S.R.L.
Via Privata delle Industrie 4 - 20834 Nova Milanese (MI)
Tel. +39 0362450810 - Fax +39 0362450778 | [email protected] - www.conte-af.it

I.M.I. INDUSTRIA METALLURGICA IRPINA S.R.L.

Via Nazionale 142 - 83013 Mercogliano (AV)
Tel. +39 082773558 - Fax +39 082773478 | [email protected] - www.imigrigliati.com

ITALIANA KELLER GRIGLIATI SCRL

S.S. Flaminia Km 89 - 05035 Narni (TR)
Tel. +39 0744760711 - Fax +39 0744715696 | [email protected] - www.kellerit.com

MEC MASTER GRIGLIATI S.N.C.

Via Degli Artigiani 6 - 31035 Crocetta Montello (TV)
Tel. +39 0423639111 - Fax +39 042383359 | [email protected] - www.mecmastergrigliati.com

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

3
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Updated list of members – June 2015

OFFICINE FABRIS S.R.L.

Via Industria 20 - Località Arzerini - 30010 Camponogara (VE)
Tel. +39 041410797 - Fax +39 0414196190 | [email protected] - www.officinefabris.it

OMAF S.R.L.
Via Luigi Cazzola 22 - 36015 Schio (VI)
Tel. +39 0445575664 - Fax +39 0445575815 | [email protected] - www.omaf.it

SCARICA ALFREDO S.P.A.

Via Nazionale Ovest 56 - 43044 Collecchio (PR)
Tel. +39 0521802641 - Fax +39 0521802009 | [email protected] - www.grigliatiscarica.it

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

4
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Indice

1.0 UNI STANDARDS FOR ELECTRO-WELDED AND/OR PRESSED GRATINGS 5.0 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE SIZE OF GRATING STEPS FOR PUBLIC AND
1.1 Standard UNI 11002-1 PRIVATE USE STAIRWAYS
Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and/or steps 5.1 Loads acting on the steps pag. 40
Terminology, tolerances, requirements and testing methods for panels 5.2 Collaboration bars pag. 40
for application in walkways and driveways pag. 6
5.3 Bolted step constraints pag. 41
1.2 Standard UNI 11002-2
5.4 Dimension and load characteristics of the steps pag. 42
Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps
Terminology, tolerances, requirements and testing methods for steps pag. 8 5.4 Calculation examples (L=1200 mm) pag. 43

1.3 Standard UNI 11002-3 5.5 Calculation examples (L=1800 mm) pag. 46
Step capacity table pag. 49
Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps
Sampling and acceptance criteria for panels for application in walkways,
driveways, and steps pag. 9 6.0 FORKLIFT TRUCKS
Capacity classes pag. 52
Table: Capacity Class FL1 pag. 54
2.0 GLOSSARY pag. 10
Table: Capacity Class FL2 pag. 56
Table: Capacity Class FL3 pag. 58
3.0 TECHNICAL SELECTION CRITERIA FOR GRATING PANELS Table: Capacity Class FL4 pag. 60
3.1 Use of capacity tables pag. 15 Table: Capacity Class FL5 pag. 62
3.2 “Collaboration bars” method pag. 15 Table: Capacity Class FL6 pag. 64
3.3 Load calculations examples for Classes 1-2-3-4 pag. 19
7.0 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF THE LOAD BEARING BARS AND CROSSBARS
4.0 USE AND INSTALLATION OF GRATING PANELS 7.1 Electro-welded grating pag. 66
4.1 Measuring a pit pag. 25 7.2 Pressed grating pag. 67
4.2 Installation of panels pag. 26
4.3 Grating fasteners pag. 27 8.0 ELECTRO-WELDED AND PRESSED GRATINGS WEIGHT TABLES
4.4 Grating for flooring pag. 28 Electro-welded grating pag. 68
Pressed grating pag. 70
4.5 Empty/full ratio for grating panels pag. 29
4.6 Capacity classes and tables (loads and load concentration on grating area) pag. 30
Table Capacity Class 1 pag. 31 9.0 SECTION BREAKER BEAMS
Table Capacity Class 2 pag. 33 Load diagrams for section breaker beams calculation pag. 73
Table Capacity Class 3 pag. 35
Table Capacity Class 4 pag. 37

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 1 – UNI Standard regarding electro-welded and/or pressed gratings

1.0 STANDARD UNI 11002 ON ELECTRO-WELDED AND/OR PRESSED GRATINGS

The standard UNI 11002 “Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps, promoted by Assogrigliati and published in August 2002 and subse-
quent reviews, has the purpose of establishing definitions, materials, tolerances, load classes, and tests as well as samples and acceptance criteria
for these products.

1.1 STANDARD NUMBER: UNI 11002.1:2009

• Title: Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps – Part 1: Terminology, tolerances, requirements and testing methods for panels for
applications in walkways and driveways.
• Summary: The standard regards the electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels for walkways and driveways. The purpose of the standard is to
establish definitions, materials, tolerances, capacity classes and tests for electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels. The standard applies to
electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels consisting of bars.

Standard Index:
Dynamic load on load Load concentration on
1. application purpose and scope
Class Use concentration on grating grating area
2. regulatory references area (daN) (mm x mm)
3. terms and definitions
4. materials
5. tolerances 1 Dense crowd 600 1000x1000
6. capacity classes - loads - load concentration on grating areas
(an excerpt of which is reported in the table) 2 Automobiles 1000 200x200
7. capacity tests on panels
8. test results 3 Light weight lorries 3000 400x200

Lorries and articulated

4 9000 600x250
trucks

Note: capacity class 4) includes W.F. vehicles

The table in the appendix of the hereby guide specifies he ground mass of the vehicles and the dynamic load with
the relative load concentration on grating area.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

6
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 1 – UNI Standard regarding electro-welded and/or pressed gratings

To determine the dynamic load working on the load concentration on grating area of the various types of vehicles the following procedure was used:
this load includes the weight of the grating itself and the dimensional tolerances of the load bearing bars (§5.3 of the UNI Standard)
• Class 1 (dense crowd) reference M.D. 14.01.2008
• Class 2 (automobiles) reference M.D. 14.01.2008
• Class 3 (lightweight lorries) total ground mass up to 6000 kg.
• Class 4 (lorries/ articulated trucks) reference Highway Code

Compact crowd (class 1)

The dynamic load of 6 kN / m2 complies with M.D. 14.01.2008 section 3.1.4, Table 3.1.II, Category E

Automobiles (class 2)

The dynamic load of 10 kN on the 200 x 200 mm load concentration on grating area complies with the M.D. 14.01.2008, section 3.1.4, Table 3.1.II,
Category F

Lightweight lorries, Key (class 3)

Dynamic load on load concentration on grating area 400 x 200 mm

Front axle 2000 kg: 2 x 1.5 = 1500 kg ~ 1500 daN
Rear axle 4000 kg: 2 x 1.5 = 3000 kg ~ 3000 daN 1 kg = ~ 1 daN Note: 1 kg
g
1 daN
It was considered the ground mass of the front and rear axles of the vehicles in circulation multiplied by an average coefficient K equal to 1.5 (stop or acce- kg 4000 kg 2000

leration effect) in accordance with the usual technical specifications. Mass on the front and rear axles

Lorries (class 4) and articulated trucks

The Highway Code, Article 63, Item 5, specifies that, regardless the type of vehicle, the mass weight on the most heavily loaded axle shall not exceed
12 tonnes. Therefore:
g
Dynamic load on load concentration on grating area 600 x 250 (mm) 12000 km: 2 x 1.5 = 9000 kg ~ 9000 daN Note: 1 kg 1 daN 12 t

It was considered the ground mass of the front and rear axles of the vehicles in circulation multiplied by an average coefficient K equal to 1.5 (stop or acce-
leration effect) in accordance with the usual technical specifications.
GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS
7
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 1 – UNI Standard regarding electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps

1.2 STANDARD NUMBER: UNI 11002-2:2009

• Title: Electro-welded and/or pressed grating steps – Part 2: Terminology, tolerances, requirements and testing methods for steps
• Summary: The standard deals with electro-welded and/or pressed grating steps. The purpose of the standard is to establish definitions, materials,
tolerances, capacity classes and tests for electro-welded and/or pressed grating steps. The standard applies to electro-welded and/or pressed
grating panels consisting of bars.

Standard Index:
1. application purpose and scope
2. normative references
3. terms and definitions secondary private main private public pubic public

4. materials
5. tolerances
6. loads and load concentration on grating areas
7. capacity test on steps
8. test results

public pubic
1.2.2.
It specifies that when gratings for stairs and landings are chosen, a preliminary analysis must be conducted to determinate the type of anchorage to
the support structure.
In compliance with the UNI standards 10803, 10804, and 10812 currently in force for steps in prefabricated stairways, the intended use of the step is
clarified. The legislation in force divides stairways into two groups: public use and private use.

Private use is subdivided according to the following criteria:

• principal private use, with the function of providing the main link between usable and completely inhabitable spaces.
• secondary private use, with the function of providing a secondary link between uninhabitable spaces or a second link.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

8
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 1 – UNI Standard regarding electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps

1.3 STANDARD NUMBER: UNI 11002-3:2002

• Title: Electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps – Part 2: Terminology, tolerances, requirements and testing methods for steps.
• Summary: The standard deals with electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps. The purpose of the standard is to establish definitions,
samples and criteria for accepting electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and/or steps whenever they are subjected to a hot-dip galvani-
sing treatment. The standard applies to electro-welded and/or pressed grating panels and steps consisting of bars.

Standard Index:
1. purpose and scope of the application
2. normative references
3. terms and definitions
4. samples
5. lot acceptance criteria

1.3.3.
Regarding the properties of the zinc coating, section 5.2 of Standard UNI 11002-3 constitutes a necessary clarification for the correct application of the
standard UNI EN ISO 1461 (Hot-dip galvanised coatings on finished ferrous products and steel articles) in the specific case of grating panels and steps.
It should be noted that on sample pieces two or three sections have been identified (according to the length of the article) and the bars on which to
perform the measurements of the zinc coating thickness (§5.2.2 – fig. 1).
Several other elements have also been identified, such as: the measurement area, the reference area, local thickness and average thickness of the
coating (§5.2.3 – fig. 2)
The §5.2.3 of standard UNI 11002-3, developed in collaboration with the Technical Committee of the Associazione Italiana Zincatore (Italian Association
of Galvanisers) specifies the visual aspect of the zinc covering and the respective tolerances to the presence of zinc lumps and accumulations on panels
and steps.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

9
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 2 – Glossary

In order to carry out a correct sizing of the grating panels and to avoid possible misunderstandings, below are some of the terms usually used in the
client-supplier relationship.

Standard UNI 11002-1 defines:

• ELECTRO-WELDED AND/OR PRESSED GRATING A “network structure consisting of load bearing bars perpendicularly connected to crossbars (see
figure 1A and 2A. 1B and 2B of the present section). The connection of points between the two types of bars are called ‘knots’”.

• ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING “The load bearing bars are joined to the crossbars through the combined action of electro-welding – without using
additional material – and pressure, concentrated on all the knots. This procedure determines the penetration of the crossbars into the load bearing
bars”.

• PRESSED GRATING “The load bearing bars are joined to the crossbars by means of the pressure exerted on the crossbars to wedge them into the
preformed slots on the load bearing bars. In some case the crossbars also have pre-formed slots”.

• Load bearing barS ( h x s ) Elements arranged parallel to each other, able to bear the load acting on the grating. They are defined by the height (h)
and the thickness of the bar (s). (see figures 1A and 1B of the present section).

• CROSSBARS Elements arranged transversally to the load bearing bars. They have the function of connecting and maintaining a constant distance
between the load bearing bars and to trasversally divide the load (see figure 1A and 1B of the present section).

• Load bearing bar DISTANCE (A) Distance between the centre lines of two consecutive load bearing bars (see figures 1A and 1B of the present
section)

• CROSSBAR DISTANCE (B) Distance between the centre lines of two consecutive crossbars (see figures 1A and 1B of the present section)

• MESH It indicates (A x B). (see figures 1A and 1B of the present section). The distance between parallel bars (A) is always indicated first. Example:
distance between bars (A) = 25 mm distance (B) = 76 mm mesh = 25 x 76 mm

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 2 – Glossary

• PANEL LENGTH (X) Maximum size measured in the direction of the load bearing bars. (see figures 2A and 2B of the present section)

• PANEL WIDTH (Y) Maximum size measured in the direction of the crossbars. (see figures 2A and 2B of the present section).

• PANEL SIZE Indicated by (X x Y). (see figures 2A and 2B of the present section). The length (X) is always indicated first.

• LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA Surface of the grating directly interested by the load. Defined by the dimensions (u x v). (see drawings
section 4.6)

• LOAD EVENLY DISTRIBUTED Load distributed uniformly over the whole surface of the panel.

• LOAD CONCENTRATED ON THE LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA Load exerted directly on the load concentration on grating area.

• SAG (f) Vertical offset with respect to the horizontal plane of a point on the panel due to the acting load. Maximum sag: 1/200 of Ln; Maximum sag:
5 mm) For further information refer to the standard UNI 11002-1.

PANELS ON CONSECUTIVE SUPPORTS

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

11
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 2 – Glossary

PANELS ON A FRAME

Also defined

• CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCE BETWEEN SUPPORTS (Ln) Measurement of the centre-to-centre distance between two adjacent support structu-
res, measured in the direction of the load bearing bars.
• SERRATED GRATING The serrated grating is a grating obtained by using as components load bearing bars and/or crossbars in laminate or sheared
material which are provided on the surface with suitably shaped teeth that work as slip resistance.

Gratings for civilian use

• HEEL-PROOF GRATING “There are no reference standards, even though if it is usually define a grating as “heel-proof” when it has either the load
bearing bars or the crossbars with a centre distance equal to or less than 15 mm”.
• “ANTI-SPHERE” OR “ANTI-MARBLE” GRATING Gratings inserted into a flooring made of mesh which cannot be crossed by a sphere measuring 2
mm in diameter. (see MD 14/6/89 n. 236 article 8.2.2)

Gratings for industrial use

• GRATINGS FOR WORK PLATFORMS AND TRANSIT CORRIDORS Gratings that satisfy the requirements described in standard UNI EN 14122-2.
• OFFSHORE GRATINGS Gratings with serrated load bearing bars, obtained by alternating flat and round, which cannot be crossed by a sphere me-
asuring 15mm in diameter.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

12
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 2 – Glossary

ELECTRO-WELDING GRATING “KNOT” DIAGRAM

FIGURE 1A
barra
loadportante
bearing bar P
crossbar
barra trasversale
B
E

dir
edcir
tieoz
nioonf h
elob
adar
brea On “every knot” (the connection point between the load bearing bars and the crossbars) an electro-
aprio A S
nrgta de comes down to apply pressure (P) simultaneously. The next passage of electricity (E) develops
bnate
rs heat, causing a localised fusion of the components in contact. The combined action of pressure-
crossbar
barra trasversale
electro-welding without adding any material produces the penetration of the crossbar into the load
barra portante
load bearing bar
MAGLIA(A
MESH (A x xB) B) bearing bar.
nodo YYlarghezza
width
knot
XX lunghezza
length

FIGURE 2A

A
Dimensioni
Panel pannello
dimensions (X(Xxx Y)
Y)
GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS
13
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 2 – Glossary

PRESSED GRATING (GP) “KNOT” DIAGRAM EXAMPLES

FIGURE 1B 1) 2)
P P

B
dir
ecd
tiiore
n zoi
folnoe
adba
brera
arip h The “knot” is the support bond of each joint between the support elements and the connecting
nogr
btaan elements. This is achieved by fitting the crossbars into the slots predisposed on the load bearing
rste
A S bars by applying high pressure (P).
crossbar
barra trasversale
barrabearing
load portante
bar
MAGLIA(A
MESH (A x xB) B)
nodo
knot YYlarghezza
width
XXlunghezza
length

FIGURE 2B

Dimensioni
Panel pannello(X(Xxx Y)
dimensions Y)
GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS
14
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

| BACK TO TOP |

GRATINGS

GUIDE TO
GUIDA ALL’UTILIZZO
THE USE OFDEL
GRATINGS
GRIGLIATO
15
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

3.1 USE OF CAPACITY TABLES

The basic elements for the technical choice of gratings are:

• il tipo di sovraccarico che grava sul pannello. Il Committente deve sempre precisare la Classe di portata

that is:
pedestrian load (distributed) Class 1
road vehicle load (concentrated on the load concentration on grating area) Classes 2-3-4.

• the centre-to-centre distance between two consecutive supports.

To optimize the choice of the grating, it is also important to take into consideration ulterior factors such as: the distance between the load bearing bars
and the distance between the crossbars (the mesh), the height and the thickness of the load bearing bar, and the possible use of “section breaker
beams”.

3.2 COLLABORATION BARS METHOD

The electro-welded and/or pressed grating is a reticulated structure formed of bars connected together orthogonally crossbars. The latter has a dual
function:
1. to determine the constancy of the distance between the load bearing bars to give linearity to the panel.
2. to distribute the load acting on a surface larger than the load concentration on grating area, to improve the capacity conditions of the panel.

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

Based on laboratory tests conducted at the Politecnico di Milano, Assogrigliati has elaborated the following table:

COLLABORATION BARS TABLE

for loads concentrated on grating areas

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING PRESSED GRATING Impronta

Load =V
concentration on grating area = V

MESH (mm) n’ = number of bars in collaboration MESH (mm) n’ = number of bars in collaboration

11x76 2,7 11x66 2,7

15x76 2,5 15x66 2,5
17x76 2,4 22x66 2,3
22x76 2,3 25x66 2,1 A distance
interassebetween load bearing bars
barre portanti
25x76 2,1 30x66 1,9
30x100 1,9 33x66 1,7
34x76 1,7 44x44 1,5 1° plate always on the border of the Load concentration on gra-
ting area
44x44 1,5 66x33 1,3
n = bar below load concentration on grating area = v/A (consider
88x33 0 the whole +1)
99x33 0 n’ = collaboration bars (noted in the table)
N = number of load bearing bars = n + n’ = v/A (whole) + 1 +
n’
Note: the numbers of cooperation bars shown in the two tables are valid for the load concentration on grating areas of the various capacity classes. For load concentration on grating areas that are
different due to special concentrated loads, the Client must contact the Technical Office of the Supplier Company. In particular the n’ value of the collaboration bars are only valid when:
Example:
• for the electro-welded grating, all the panel knots have a complete penetration into the load bearing bars using the procedures described on page 13 of the present Guide
centre distance between bars A = 30 mm
• for pressed grating, the complete wedging for all the knots of the crossbars and load bearing bars is done by applying high pressure, as indicated on page 14 of the present Guide.
load concentration on grating area v = 200 mm
NUMBER OF Load bearing barS = 200/30 + 1 + 1.9 = 8.9

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

The tables have been calculated according to Ministerial Decree of 14 January 2008

The testing is performed:

1.) according to the criteria of the latest limits state, elasticity method (E) with the following coefficients:

• Multiplying coefficient of the load  Qi

= 1,5
M.D. 14 January 2008, 2.6.1, table 2.6.1

Safety coefficient for the resistance of the sections for the classes 1-2-3-4  M0
= 1,05
M.D, 14 January 2008, 4.2.4.1.1, table 4.2.V

• Material S235JR

• Sigma enervation (ơsn )= 23,5 daN/mm2

• Sigma comparison (ơsn /  M0

)= 22,38 daN/mm2

2.) calculating the sag caused by the net real load of the multiplying coefficient of the load  Qi

• f  1 Ln
200
• f  5 mm

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

3.3.1 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR EVENLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

DATI:

Evenly distributed dynamic load (class 1) Q = 600 daN/m2

Centre-to-centre distance between supports Ln =1500 mm

Electro-welded grating 30x3 - 15x76

Pressed grating 30x3 - 15x66 1500

Resistance modulus W = 450 mm3
centre-to-centre
luce nettadistance
Inertia moment J = 6750 mm4

Elasticity modulus E = 21000 daN/mm2

Material S235JR Sigma enervation ơsn = 23,5 daN/mm2

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Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

CALCOLI:

Amplified load Q1 = Q · Qi = 600 · 1,5 = 900 daN/m2

Number of load bearing bars in 1 metre width N= 1000 = 66,67

15
Load on a load bearing bar per Sigma calculation q1 = Q1 · Ln · 1 = 900 · 1,5 · 1 = 20,24 daN
N 66,67
Bending moment M= q1 · L n = 20,24 · 1500 = 3795 daN · mm
8 8

Sigma comparison ơc = __ ơsn _ = _ 23,5 _ = 22,38 daN/mm2

 M0
1,05

Unitary bending stress ơ= M = 3795 = 8,4 daN/mm2 < ơc = 22,38daN/mm2 verified

W 450
Load on a load bearing bar for sag calculation q= Q · Ln · 1 = 600 · 1,5 · 1 = 13,49 daN
N 66,67
3 3
Elastic sag f = __ 5 · q · Ln__ = _5 · 13,49 · 1500 _ = 4,18 mm < 5 mm verified
384 · E · J 384 · 21000 · 6750

Sag/ centre-to-centre distance Ratio _ f__ = 4,18 _ = 1 _ < 1_ verified

Ln 1500 359 200

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Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

3.3.2 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR LOAD ON LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA

(LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA SMALLER THAN CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCE)

DATA:

Dynamic load on load concentration on grating area (class 3) Q = 3000 daN U = 400
Centre-to-centre distance between supports Ln =700 mm 700
centre-to-centreluce netta di appoggio
distance between base di appoggio
Load concentration on grating area v x u = 200x400 mm support base
supports
Electro-welded grating 60x4 - 25x76

Pressed grating 60x4 - 25x66

direction of load bearing
senso barra portante
Resistance modulus W = 2400 mm3

Inertia moment J = 72000 mm4

Elasticity modulus E = 21000 daN/mm2

V = 200
senso di percorrenza
Collaborative bars (see § 3.2) n’ = 2,1 direction of vehicle
del veicolo
Material S235JR Sigma enervation ơsn = 23,5 daN/mm2 U = 400 traffic
700
luce netta di appoggio
centre-to-centre distance base di appoggio
support base
between supports
Note: for capacity classes with a rectangular load concentration on grating area, the capacity verification should be done in the two way
direction of the vehicle movement (parallel and perpendicular to the load bearing bars direction).
Schema di scheme
Calculation calcolo

U = 400

700
luce netta
centre-to-centre distance

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Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

CALCULATIONS:

Amplified load Q1 = Q · Qi = 3000 · 1,5 = 4500 daN

Number of load bearing bars under load concentration on grating area n = __200___ +1 = 9 (intero + 1)
25
Total number of load bearing bars N = n + n’ = 9 + 2,1 = 11,1

Load on a load bearing bar per Sigma calculation q1 = Q1 = 4500 = 405,4 daN
N 11,1
Bending moment M= q1 · (2 · Ln- u) = 405,4 · (2 · 700- 400) = 50675 daN · mm
8 8

Sigma comparison ơc = ơsn = 23,5 = 22,38 daN/mm2

 M0
1,05

Unitary bending stress ơ= M _ = ___50675_ = 21,11 daN mm2 < ơ = 22,38 daN/mm2 verified
c
W 2400
Load on a load bearing bar for sag calculation q= _ Q____ = 3000 = 270,27 daN
N 11,1
Elastic sag f= q · (8 · Ln3- 4 · u2 · Ln + u3) = 270,27 (8 · 7003 - 4 · 4002 · 700 + 4003) = 1,09mm < 5 mm verified
384 · E · J 384 · 21000 · 72000

Sag/ centre-to-centre distance Ratio _ f__ = 1,09 _ = 1 _ < 1_ verified

Ln 700 642 200

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Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

3.3.3 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR LOAD ON LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA

(LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREA LARGER THAN THE CENTRE-TO-CENTRE DISTANCE)

DATA:

Dynamic load on load concentration on grating area (class 4) Q = 9000 daN

Centre-to-centre distance between supports Ln =330 mm 330

luce netta di
centre-to-centre appoggio
distance between basesupport
di appoggio
base
Load concentration on grating area v x u = 250x600 mm supports

U = 600
Electro-welded grating 40x4 - 25x76

Pressed grating 40x4 - 25x66

direction of loadportante
bearing bar
Resistance modulus W = 1067 mm3 senso barra

Inertia moment J = 21333 mm4

Elasticity modulus E = 21000 daN/mm2

V = 250
Collaborative bars (vedere § 3.2) n’ = 2,1
senso diofpercorrenza
direction vehicle traffic
Material S235JR Sigma enervation ơsn = 23,5 daN/mm2 del veicolo

330
luce netta di
centre-to-centre appoggio
distance between base di appoggio
support base
supports
U = 600
Note: for capacity classes with a rectangular load concentration on grating area, the capacity verification should be done in the two way
direction of the vehicle movement (parallel and perpendicular to the load bearing bars direction).

Schema di calcolo
Calculation scheme

330

600

centre-to-centre distance

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Chapter 3 – Technical selection criteria for grating panels

CALCULATIONS:

Dynamic load on effective load concentration on grating area Q1 = __ Q · Ln ___ = 9000 · 330 = 4950 daN
u 600
Amplified dynamic load on effective load concentration on grating area Q2 = __ Q · Ln _ _ · Qi = 9000 · 330 · 1,5 = 7425 daN
u 600
Number of load bearing bars under load concentration on grating area n = __250___ +1 = 11 (whole + 1)
25
Total number of load bearing bars N = n + n’ = 11 + 2,1 = 13,1

Load on a load bearing bar per Sigma calculation q2 = __ Q2____ = 7425 = 566,7 daN
N 13,1
Bending moment M = __ q2 · Ln ___ = 566,7 · 330 = 23376 daN · mm
8 8

Sigma comparison ơc = __ ơsn _ = _ 23,5 _ = 22,38 daN/mm2

 M0
1,05

Unitary bending stress ơ= M = 23376 = 21,9 daN/mm2 < ơ = 22,38 daN/mm2 verified
c
W 1067
Load on a load bearing bar for sag calculation q1 = Q1 = 4950 = 377,8 daN
N 13,1
3 3
Elastic sag f = __ 5 · q1 · Ln __ = _5 · 377,8 · 330 _ = 0,39 mm < 5mm verified
384 · E · J 384 · 21000 · 21333

Sag/ centre-to-centre distance ratio _ f__ = 0,39 _ = 1 _ < 1_ verified

Ln 330 846 200

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

4.1 MEASURING A PIT

The measures needed to determine the size the covering panel for a pit are specified in the figures.

ello (x)
lunghe gthnn(x)
zza delnpa
Panel le

nce
distnaco
free fra

lar
gh
Peza
znae
dl ew
l ipd
atnh
n(ey
ll)o
(y)

nnettrtea
ar e oc-cee
=-tlu
n
s st
=a cfoe
idhtehzz e
e saiztelaio
pitlawrg al fram tern
franco intme isura in
r n
s izlaeio
free distance mnea te
e r m raal efsrater
t
exmis u

The free distance or free space is determined by the radius of curvature “R” of the support structure that can be found in the manuals. The grating
panel base of the load bearing bars on the frame should not be less than 2/3 of the height of the load bearing bars and therefore larger than 20 mm.
The area covering is done by using a series of panels in standard company widths plus an eventual panel for completion.

Note: The indicative design is valid for both electro-welded and pressed gratings.

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

m
poanrttebea
uprt
n orrfaspo
ctiooba
irens
dse
4.2 INSTALLATION OF PANELS
4.2.1 CORRECT INSTALLATION

All load bearing bars are laid at both ends. The connecting bars are facing upwards, that is, turned to-
wards the surface in contact with the vehicles and/or pedestrians.
Special attention is required for squared panels.

SI bagsgeio
s u p
d pi oarptpo
base
anti
port bars
b abrerearing
load

di
serec
nstio
o bn
4.2.2 INCORRECT INSTALLATION aorrf
asuppo
The ends of the load bearing bars are not positioned on the support structure, and therefore proper prota
rnt te
be
support is missing. am

NO
NO ggio
o rdt ibaapspeo
e
Note: The drawings are indicative and are valid for both electro-welded and pressed grating panels. subpaps ti
rtan
e po rs
barirnr g ba
bea
load

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

4.3 GRATING FASTENERS (FIXING HOOKS)

In the standard UNI 11002-1 – section 3.14 – the appropriately shaped elements to use for technical
reasons and/or safety reasons to anchorage the grating panels to support structure and/or fix them to
each other are mentioned.

Whenever the intended use of the grating fasteners is particularly difficult (example: shopping centres,
freefranco
distancepannelli-telaio
between panels-frame free distance
francobetween panels-frame
public roads, etc. …) it is necessary to provide suitable devices to prevent unscrewing (example: self- pannelli-telaio
locking nuts, anchorage with perforated plate screws between the support plates, welding between franco
free trabetween
distance pannelli
panels freefranco
distancetra pannelli
between panels

panel and support, etc. …) and to increase the check-ups frequency of the grating fasteners state.

To fasten the panels to the support structure, it is recommended to use at least four grating fasteners.
centre-to-centre centre-to-centre centre-to-centre
luce netta
distance luce netta
distance luce netta
distance

grating fastener
posizione postion
dei fermagrigliati

free distance between panels

franco tra pannelli
centre-to-centre centre-to-centre centre-to-cen-
distance
luce netta distance
luce netta tre
lucedistance
netta

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

4.4 GRATING FOR FLOORING

STANDARD

4.4.1 The use of grating for flooring panels, in specific applications, must comply with the requirements of M.D. n. 236 of 14.06.1989 “Technical re-
gulations necessary to guarantee accessibility, adaptability, and visibility of private buildings and subsidised and assisted housing, in order to overcome
or remove architectural barriers”.

In particular the indications given in section 8.2.2 of M.D. 236 of 14/689 should be followed:
[…] The gratings inserted into the flooring must be elaborated with a mesh that cannot traversed by a 2 cm diameter sphere: the gratings with parallel elements must
be in any case placed orthogonally in the traffic direction.

4.4.2 The capacity class 1 of the standard UNI 11002-1 does not refer to any other applications of local concentrated loads (cabinet stoppers,
shelves, etc.) for which it is necessary to provide a specific manual verification.

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

4.5 EMPTY/FULL RATIO FOR GRATING PANELS

The opening of natural ventilation for garages, in accordance with section 3.9.1 of M.D. 01.02.1986 (Fire Safety standard) must have a surface of not
less than 1/25 of the floor area in the compartment. Therefore, when using grating panels for covering aeration zones, it is necessary to keep in mind
the “empty / full ratio” of the various types of gratings for these items, as shown in the following tables:

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING
MESH (mm)
Load bearing Crossbar
bar thickness thickness
11x76 15x76 17x76 22x38 22x76 25x24 25x76 30x50 30x100 34x38 34x76

2 4 0,78 0,82 0,84 0,81 0,86 0,77 0,87 0,86 0,90 0,84 0,89

3 4,5 0,68 0,75 0,77 0,76 0,81 0,72 0,83 0,82 0,86 0,80 0,86

4 5 0,59 0,69 0,71 0,71 0,76 0,67 0,78 0,78 0,82 0,77 0,82

5 5 0,51 0,62 0,66 0,67 0,72 0,63 0,75 0,75 0,79 0,74 0,80

PRESSED GRATINGS
MESH (mm)
Load bearing bar Crossbar
thickness thickness
11x66 15x66 22x22 22x66 25x66 33x33 33x66 44x44 66x11 66x33

2 2 0,79 0,84 0,83 0,88 0,89 0,88 0,91 0,91 0,79 0,91

3 2 0,71 0,78 0,79 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,88 0,89 0,78 0,90

4 3 0,61 0,70 0,71 0,78 0,80 0,80 0,84 0,85 0,68 0,85

5 3 0,52 0,64 0,67 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,81 0,83 0,67 0,84

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Chapter 4 – Use and installation of grating panels

1000
4.6 CAPACITY CLASSES (LOADS AND LOAD CONCENTRATION ON GRATING AREAS)

1000
dense crowd
class 1 (pedestrian capacity)
dynamic load 600 daN/m2

limited transit to automobiles

v
class 2 total ground mass (static)
dynamic load up to 3000 kg 1000 daN on load concentration on grating areas
u u = 200
200X200 mm v = 200

limited transit to lightweight lorries

class 3 total ground mass (static)
dynamic load up to 6000 kg 3000 daN on load concentration on grating areas

v
400X200 mm

u
transit of lorries and articulated trucks u = 400
v = 200
class 4 total ground mass (static)
dynamic load up to 45000 kg 9000 daN on load concentration on grating areas
600X250 mm

v
Note:
For capacity classes with rectangular load concentration on grating areas the verification of the capacity must u
u = 600
be made in both directions of vehicle traffic (parallel and perpendicular to the load bearing bars). v = 250
The capacity classes and the load concentration on grating areas indicated in the prospectus refer to vehicles
with pneumatic tyres. This does not refer to construction or earthmoving vehicles.
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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 1 – Dense crowd (pedestrian capacity) – according to UNI 11002-1

• M.D. 14 January 2008 – 3.1.4 – table 3-1-II – Category E

• Dynamic load 600 daN/m2
• Steel material S235JR – Sigma enervation = 23.5 daN/mm2 – Sigma comparison = 22.38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 di Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66

Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

20 x 2 1129 5,00 1045 5,00 1013 5,00 933 4,65 894 4,46 842 4,21 815 4,06 807 4,02 741 3,70 633 2,96

25 x 2 1335 5,00 1235 5,00 1197 5,00 1123 5,00 1087 5,00 1039 5,00 1014 5,00 1007 5,00 926 4,62 792 3,71

30 x 2 1531 5,00 1417 5,00 1373 5,00 1287 5,00 1247 5,00 1191 5,00 1163 5,00 1154 5,00 1082 5,00 950 4,44

35 x 2 1718 5,00 1590 5,00 1541 5,00 1445 5,00 1400 5,00 1337 5,00 1306 5,00 1296 5,00 1215 5,00 1098 5,00

40 x 2 1900 5,00 1758 5,00 1704 5,00 1597 5,00 1547 5,00 1478 5,00 1443 5,00 1432 5,00 1343 5,00 1214 5,00
Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 2075 5,00 1920 5,00 1861 5,00 1745 5,00 1690 5,00 1615 5,00 1577 5,00 1565 5,00 1467 5,00 1326 5,00

50 x 2 2246 5,00 2078 5,00 2014 5,00 1888 5,00 1829 5,00 1747 5,00 1706 5,00 1694 5,00 1588 5,00 1435 5,00

25 x 3 1478 5,00 1367 5,00 1325 5,00 1242 5,00 1203 5,00 1150 5,00 1123 5,00 1114 5,00 1045 5,00 926 4,62

30 x 3 1694 5,00 1568 5,00 1519 5,00 1425 5,00 1380 5,00 1318 5,00 1287 5,00 1278 5,00 1198 5,00 1082 5,00

35 x 3 1902 5,00 1760 5,00 1706 5,00 1599 5,00 1549 5,00 1480 5,00 1445 5,00 1434 5,00 1345 5,00 1215 5,00

40 x 3 2102 5,00 1945 5,00 1885 5,00 1768 5,00 1712 5,00 1636 5,00 1597 5,00 1585 5,00 1486 5,00 1343 5,00

45 x 3 2296 5,00 2125 5,00 2060 5,00 1931 5,00 1870 5,00 1787 5,00 1745 5,00 1732 5,00 1624 5,00 1467 5,00

50 x 3 2485 5,00 2300 5,00 2229 5,00 2090 5,00 2024 5,00 1934 5,00 1888 5,00 1874 5,00 1757 5,00 1588 5,00

60 x 3 2850 5,00 2637 5,00 2556 5,00 2396 5,00 2321 5,00 2217 5,00 2165 5,00 2149 5,00 2015 5,00 1821 5,00

70 x 3 3199 5,00 2960 5,00 2869 5,00 2690 5,00 2605 4,99 2489 5,00 2430 5,00 2412 5,00 2262 5,00 2044 5,00

80 x 3 3536 5,00 3272 5,00 3171 5,00 2973 5,00 2880 5,00 2751 5,00 2687 5,00 2667 5,00 2500 5,00 2259 5,00

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
For availability of load bearing bar and the centre distance between load bearing bars, contact the manufacturer. The capacity table has been developed applying a single load concentration on grating area on the centre line of the panel.

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Class 1 – Dense crowd (pedestrian capacity) – according to UNI 11002-1

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66

Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

90 x 3 3862 5,00 3574 5,00 3464 5,00 3248 5,00 3146 5,00 3005 5,00 2935 5,00 2913 5,00 2731 5,00 2468 5,00

100 x 3 4180 5,00 3868 5,00 3749 5,00 3515 5,00 3404 5,00 3253 5,00 3176 5,00 3152 4,99 2956 5,00 2671 5,00

30 x 4 1821 5,00 1685 5,00 1633 5,00 1531 5,00 1483 5,00 1417 5,00 1383 5,00 1373 5,00 1287 5,00 1163 5,00

40 x 4 2259 5,00 2090 5,00 2026 5,00 1900 5,00 1840 5,00 1758 5,00 1716 5,00 1704 5,00 1597 5,00 1443 5,00

45 x 4 2468 5,00 2284 5,00 2213 5,00 2075 5,00 2010 5,00 1920 5,00 1875 5,00 1861 5,00 1745 5,00 1577 5,00

50 x 4 2671 5,00 2471 4,99 2395 5,00 2246 5,00 2175 5,00 2078 5,00 2029 5,00 2014 5,00 1888 5,00 1706 5,00

60 x 4 3062 5,00 2834 5,00 2746 5,00 2575 5,00 2494 5,00 2383 5,00 2327 5,00 2309 5,00 2165 5,00 1956 5,00

70 x 4 3437 5,00 3181 5,00 3083 5,00 2890 5,00 2800 5,00 2675 5,00 2612 5,00 2592 5,00 2430 5,00 2196 5,00
Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 3800 5,00 3516 5,00 3408 5,00 3195 5,00 3094 5,00 2957 5,00 2887 5,00 2865 5,00 2687 5,00 2428 5,00

90 x 4 4151 5,00 3841 5,00 3722 5,00 3490 5,00 3380 5,00 3230 5,00 3154 5,00 3130 5,00 2935 5,00 2652 5,00

100 x 4 4492 5,00 4157 5,00 4029 5,00 3777 5,00 3658 5,00 3495 5,00 3413 5,00 3388 5,00 3176 5,00 2870 5,00

110 x 4 4825 5,00 4465 5,00 4327 5,00 4057 5,00 3929 5,00 3754 5,00 3666 5,00 3639 5,00 3411 5,00 3083 5,00

120 x 4 5150 5,00 4766 5,00 4619 5,00 4331 5,00 4194 5,00 4007 5,00 3913 5,00 3884 5,00 3642 5,00 3290 5,00

40 x 5 2389 5,00 2210 5,00 2142 5,00 2009 5,00 1945 5,00 1859 5,00 1815 5,00 1801 5,00 1689 5,00 1526 5,00

50 x 5 2824 5,00 2613 5,00 2533 5,00 2375 5,00 2300 5,00 2197 5,00 2146 5,00 2130 5,00 1997 5,00 1804 5,00

60 x 5 3238 5,00 2996 5,00 2904 5,00 2723 5,00 2637 5,00 2519 5,00 2460 5,00 2442 5,00 2289 5,00 2069 5,00

70 x 5 3635 5,00 3363 5,00 3260 5,00 3056 5,00 2960 5,00 2828 5,00 2762 5,00 2741 5,00 2570 5,00 2322 5,00

80 x 5 4018 5,00 3718 5,00 3603 5,00 3378 5,00 3272 5,00 3126 5,00 3053 5,00 3030 5,00 2841 5,00 2567 5,00

90 x 5 4389 5,00 4061 5,00 3936 5,00 3690 5,00 3574 5,00 3415 5,00 3335 5,00 3310 5,00 3103 5,00 2804 5,00

100 x 5 4750 5,00 4395 5,00 4260 5,00 3994 5,00 3868 5,00 3696 5,00 3609 5,00 3582 5,00 3358 5,00 3035 5,00

110 x 5 5102 5,00 4721 5,00 4575 5,00 4290 5,00 4155 5,00 3970 5,00 3876 5,00 3847 5,00 3607 5,00 3259 5,00

120 x 5 5446 5,00 5039 5,00 4884 5,00 4579 5,00 4435 5,00 4237 5,00 4138 5,00 4107 5,00 3850 5,00 3479 5,00

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GRATING CAPACITY TABLE AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 2 – Automobiles – according to UNI 11002-1

• M.D. 14 January 2008 – 3.1.4 – table 3-1-II – Category F

• Dynamic load 1000 daN/m2 on an load concentration on grating area 200 x 200 mm total ground mass up to
3000 kg
• Steel material S235JR – Sigma enervation = 23.5 daN/mm2 – Sigma comparison = 22.38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 di Ln

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66

Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

20 x 2 272 0,54 231 0,39 214 0,34 197 0,28 187 0,26 168 0,21 166 0,20 156 0,18 143 0,15 129 0,12

25 x 2 369 0,77 305 0,54 279 0,45 252 0,37 238 0,33 210 0,26 208 0,26 195 0,22 179 0,19 162 0,15

30 x 2 488 1,09 395 0,73 357 0,60 320 0,49 298 0,43 259 0,33 255 0,32 237 0,27 216 0,23 194 0,18

35 x 2 628 1,51 502 0,99 450 0,80 399 0,64 370 0,55 316 0,41 312 0,40 287 0,34 258 0,28 229 0,22

40 x 2 790 2,05 625 1,31 558 1,06 491 0,83 453 0,71 383 0,52 376 0,50 345 0,42 306 0,34 268 0,26
Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 974 2,73 764 1,71 680 1,37 595 1,06 547 0,90 458 0,65 450 0,62 410 0,52 361 0,41 313 0,31

50 x 2 1179 3,55 920 2,20 816 1,75 711 1,34 652 1,14 542 0,80 532 0,77 482 0,64 423 0,50 363 0,37

25 x 3 504 1,39 407 0,93 368 0,77 329 0,62 307 0,54 265 0,41 262 0,40 243 0,35 221 0,29 198 0,23

30 x 3 682 2,06 543 1,34 486 1,08 430 0,86 398 0,74 339 0,55 333 0,53 306 0,45 274 0,36 242 0,29

35 x 3 893 2,97 703 1,88 626 1,50 549 1,17 505 1,00 425 0,72 418 0,70 381 0,59 337 0,46 293 0,35

40 x 3 1136 4,13 887 2,56 787 2,04 687 1,57 629 1,33 524 0,94 515 0,91 467 0,75 410 0,59 353 0,44

45 x 3 1360 5,00 1097 3,43 970 2,70 843 2,06 770 1,73 637 1,21 625 1,16 565 0,96 492 0,74 420 0,55

50 x 3 1510 5,00 1330 4,48 1174 3,52 1017 2,66 928 2,24 763 1,53 749 1,48 674 1,21 584 0,92 495 0,67

60 x 3 1811 5,00 1653 5,00 1580 5,00 1421 4,24 1292 3,53 1056 2,39 1034 2,29 927 1,86 798 1,39 669 0,99

70 x 3 2111 5,00 1928 5,00 1842 5,00 1748 5,00 1690 5,00 1401 3,54 1372 3,40 1225 2,73 1050 2,02 874 1,42

80 x 3 2412 5,00 2202 5,00 2105 5,00 1997 5,00 1930 5,00 1794 5,00 1761 4,83 1570 3,86 1341 2,84 1112 1,98

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GRATING CAPACITY TABLE AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 2 – Automobiles – according to UNI 11002-1

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

90 x 3 2713 5,00 2477 5,00 2367 5,00 2246 5,00 2171 5,00 2017 5,00 2002 5,00 1922 5,00 1671 3,88 1381 2,68

100 x 3 3014 5,00 2752 5,00 2630 5,00 2495 5,00 2412 5,00 2241 5,00 2224 5,00 2135 5,00 2018 5,00 1681 3,53

30 x 4 877 3,34 690 2,11 615 1,69 540 1,32 497 1,13 418 0,81 411 0,79 375 0,66 332 0,52 289 0,40

40 x 4 1331 5,00 1150 4,22 1016 3,32 883 2,54 806 2,13 666 1,48 653 1,42 590 1,18 513 0,90 437 0,66

45 x 4 1496 5,00 1366 5,00 1260 4,48 1091 3,39 994 2,83 817 1,94 800 1,87 720 1,53 623 1,16 527 0,84

50 x 4 1661 5,00 1517 5,00 1450 5,00 1323 4,43 1204 3,69 985 2,51 965 2,41 865 1,95 746 1,47 627 1,06

60 x 4 1992 5,00 1819 5,00 1739 5,00 1650 5,00 1595 5,00 1374 3,97 1346 3,82 1202 3,07 1031 2,28 859 1,61

70 x 4 2323 5,00 2121 5,00 2027 5,00 1924 5,00 1859 5,00 1728 5,00 1715 5,00 1601 4,59 1367 3,37 1133 2,35
Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 2655 5,00 2423 5,00 2316 5,00 2198 5,00 2124 5,00 1974 5,00 1959 5,00 1881 5,00 1755 4,80 1449 3,31

90 x 4 2986 5,00 2726 5,00 2605 5,00 2472 5,00 2389 5,00 2220 5,00 2203 5,00 2115 5,00 1999 5,00 1808 4,53

100 x 4 3317 5,00 3028 5,00 2894 5,00 2746 5,00 2654 5,00 2466 5,00 2447 5,00 2350 5,00 2221 5,00 2075 5,00

110 x 4 3649 5,00 3331 5,00 3183 5,00 3020 5,00 2919 5,00 2712 5,00 2691 5,00 2584 5,00 2443 5,00 2282 5,00

120 x 4 3980 5,00 3633 5,00 3472 5,00 3294 5,00 3184 5,00 2958 5,00 2936 5,00 2819 5,00 2664 5,00 2489 5,00

40 x 5 1433 5,00 1308 5,00 1245 4,92 1078 3,73 983 3,12 808 2,14 792 2,06 712 1,68 617 1,28 521 0,93

50 x 5 1789 5,00 1634 5,00 1561 5,00 1482 5,00 1432 5,00 1206 3,70 1181 3,56 1057 2,87 908 2,14 758 1,51

60 x 5 2146 5,00 1959 5,00 1872 5,00 1777 5,00 1717 5,00 1596 5,00 1584 5,00 1478 4,58 1263 3,38 1048 2,35

70 x 5 2502 5,00 2284 5,00 2183 5,00 2072 5,00 2002 5,00 1861 5,00 1847 5,00 1773 5,00 1676 5,00 1391 3,49

80 x 5 2859 5,00 2610 5,00 2495 5,00 2367 5,00 2288 5,00 2126 5,00 2110 5,00 2026 5,00 1915 5,00 1787 4,98

90 x 5 3216 5,00 2936 5,00 2806 5,00 2662 5,00 2573 5,00 2391 5,00 2373 5,00 2278 5,00 2153 5,00 2012 5,00

100 x 5 3573 5,00 3262 5,00 3117 5,00 2958 5,00 2858 5,00 2656 5,00 2636 5,00 2531 5,00 2392 5,00 2235 5,00

110 x 5 3930 5,00 3587 5,00 3428 5,00 3253 5,00 3144 5,00 2921 5,00 2899 5,00 2783 5,00 2631 5,00 2458 5,00

120 x 5 4287 5,00 3913 5,00 3740 5,00 3549 5,00 3429 5,00 3186 5,00 3162 5,00 3036 5,00 2870 5,00 2681 5,00

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 3 – Lightweight lorries – according to UNI 11002-1

• Dynamic load 3000 daN/m2 on an load concentration on grating area 400 x 200 mm total ground mass up to 6000 kg
• Steel material S235JR – Sigma enervation = 23.5 daN/mm2 – Sigma comparison = 22.38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 di Ln

Tabella parte 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

20 x 2 205 0,31 176 0,23 167 0,21 150 0,17 142 0,15 129 0,12 124 0,11 120 0,11 110 0,09 93 0,06

25 x 2 264 0,41 222 0,29 209 0,26 187 0,21 177 0,18 162 0,15 156 0,14 150 0,13 138 0,11 117 0,08

30 x 2 321 0,51 276 0,37 257 0,32 227 0,25 213 0,22 194 0,18 187 0,17 180 0,16 165 0,13 140 0,10

35 x 2 375 0,59 327 0,45 305 0,39 273 0,31 255 0,27 229 0,22 219 0,20 211 0,19 193 0,16 164 0,11

40 x 2 430 0,68 374 0,52 349 0,45 323 0,39 302 0,33 268 0,26 255 0,24 245 0,22 222 0,18 187 0,13
Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 491 0,79 421 0,58 393 0,51 363 0,43 345 0,39 309 0,31 297 0,28 283 0,26 254 0,21 211 0,15

50 x 2 559 0,91 473 0,66 438 0,57 403 0,48 383 0,43 343 0,35 339 0,34 319 0,30 290 0,24 237 0,16

25 x 3 328 0,63 283 0,47 264 0,41 232 0,32 218 0,28 198 0,23 191 0,22 184 0,20 169 0,17 143 0,12

30 x 3 394 0,77 343 0,58 321 0,51 290 0,41 270 0,35 242 0,29 231 0,26 222 0,24 202 0,20 172 0,15

35 x 3 464 0,91 401 0,68 374 0,59 346 0,51 328 0,45 293 0,35 279 0,32 266 0,29 240 0,24 201 0,17

40 x 3 545 1,08 462 0,79 429 0,68 395 0,58 375 0,52 336 0,42 332 0,41 313 0,36 283 0,29 232 0,20

45 x 3 637 1,30 532 0,92 490 0,78 447 0,65 423 0,59 378 0,47 374 0,46 352 0,41 323 0,34 267 0,23

50 x 3 739 1,55 610 1,07 558 0,91 505 0,75 476 0,67 421 0,52 416 0,51 391 0,45 359 0,38 306 0,27

60 x 3 977 2,19 790 1,46 715 1,21 640 0,98 597 0,86 518 0,65 511 0,64 475 0,55 432 0,46 389 0,37

70 x 3 1257 3,03 1004 1,98 901 1,61 799 1,28 741 1,11 633 0,82 624 0,80 575 0,69 516 0,56 458 0,44

80 x 3 1581 4,11 1250 2,62 1116 2,11 983 1,66 906 1,42 766 1,04 753 1,00 690 0,85 613 0,68 537 0,53

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GRATING CAPACITY TABLE AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 3 – Lightweight lorries – according to UNI 11002-1

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

90 x 3 1893 5,00 1529 3,42 1360 2,74 1191 2,13 1094 1,81 917 1,29 900 1,25 820 1,05 723 0,82 627 0,63

100 x 3 2100 5,00 1841 4,40 1632 3,49 1423 2,69 1304 2,27 1085 1,60 1065 1,55 965 1,28 846 1,00 727 0,75

30 x 4 459 1,04 396 0,77 370 0,67 342 0,57 325 0,52 289 0,40 275 0,37 263 0,34 237 0,28 199 0,20

40 x 4 660 1,56 550 1,10 505 0,93 461 0,78 435 0,70 388 0,56 384 0,54 361 0,48 332 0,41 276 0,28

45 x 4 782 1,91 643 1,32 586 1,10 530 0,91 498 0,81 439 0,63 433 0,61 406 0,54 373 0,46 322 0,33

50 x 4 919 2,34 747 1,58 677 1,31 607 1,06 568 0,94 495 0,72 488 0,70 455 0,61 415 0,51 374 0,39

60 x 4 1236 3,42 987 2,23 887 1,82 787 1,45 729 1,26 624 0,93 615 0,91 567 0,78 510 0,63 453 0,50

70 x 4 1610 4,86 1272 3,10 1135 2,49 999 1,96 921 1,68 778 1,22 765 1,18 700 1,00 622 0,80 544 0,62
Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 1852 5,00 1600 4,20 1422 3,35 1244 2,60 1142 2,21 955 1,57 938 1,52 853 1,27 751 1,00 649 0,75

90 x 4 2081 5,00 1901 5,00 1746 4,42 1521 3,39 1392 2,86 1156 2,01 1134 1,94 1027 1,60 898 1,24 769 0,93

100 x 4 2310 5,00 2110 5,00 2017 5,00 1831 4,36 1672 3,66 1380 2,53 1353 2,44 1221 2,01 1062 1,54 902 1,13

110 x 4 2539 5,00 2319 5,00 2217 5,00 2105 5,00 1981 4,61 1628 3,16 1596 3,04 1435 2,48 1243 1,89 1050 1,37

120 x 4 2768 5,00 2528 5,00 2417 5,00 2294 5,00 2217 5,00 1899 3,89 1861 3,74 1670 3,04 1441 2,29 1212 1,65

40 x 5 775 2,12 637 1,46 581 1,22 526 1,01 494 0,90 436 0,70 430 0,68 404 0,60 371 0,51 320 0,37

50 x 5 1099 3,28 883 2,17 796 1,78 709 1,43 660 1,25 568 0,94 560 0,91 519 0,79 469 0,65 419 0,52

60 x 5 1495 4,92 1184 3,15 1059 2,55 934 2,01 862 1,73 731 1,26 719 1,22 659 1,04 587 0,83 516 0,65

70 x 5 1748 5,00 1540 4,46 1369 3,56 1199 2,77 1101 2,35 922 1,68 906 1,63 825 1,36 728 1,08 630 0,82

80 x 5 1994 5,00 1822 5,00 1727 4,86 1505 3,74 1377 3,15 1144 2,22 1123 2,14 1016 1,77 889 1,37 762 1,03

90 x 5 2240 5,00 2046 5,00 1957 5,00 1851 4,94 1690 4,15 1395 2,87 1368 2,77 1233 2,27 1072 1,74 911 1,28

100 x 5 2486 5,00 2271 5,00 2171 5,00 2061 5,00 1993 5,00 1675 3,67 1642 3,53 1476 2,88 1277 2,18 1078 1,58

110 x 5 2733 5,00 2496 5,00 2386 5,00 2265 5,00 2190 5,00 1985 4,63 1945 4,45 1744 3,61 1503 2,71 1263 1,95

120 x 5 2980 5,00 2722 5,00 2602 5,00 2469 5,00 2387 5,00 2219 5,00 2203 5,00 2038 4,46 1751 3,33 1465 2,37

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GRATING CAPACITY TABLE AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 4 – Lorries and articulated trucks – according to UNI 11002-1

• Highway Code – Article 62. Mass limit - Section 5. For every type of vehicle, the heavier mass on the most loaded axle shall not exceed 12 t
• Dynamic load 9000 daN/m2 on an load concentration on grating area 600 x 250 mm total ground mass up to 45000 kg
• Steel material S235JR – Sigma enervation = 23.5 daN/mm2 – Sigma comparison = 22.38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 di Ln

Tabella parte 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

20 x 2 159 0,19 138 0,14 130 0,12 115 0,10 109 0,09 100 0,07 95 0,07 93 0,06 82 0,05 70 0,04

25 x 2 199 0,23 173 0,18 162 0,15 144 0,12 136 0,11 125 0,09 119 0,08 116 0,08 103 0,06 88 0,05

30 x 2 239 0,28 208 0,21 195 0,19 173 0,15 164 0,13 150 0,11 143 0,10 139 0,09 124 0,08 106 0,06

35 x 2 281 0,33 242 0,25 228 0,22 202 0,17 191 0,15 176 0,13 167 0,12 163 0,11 144 0,09 123 0,06

40 x 2 329 0,40 278 0,28 260 0,25 231 0,20 218 0,17 201 0,15 191 0,13 186 0,13 165 0,10 141 0,07
Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 371 0,45 319 0,33 296 0,29 260 0,22 246 0,20 226 0,17 215 0,15 209 0,14 186 0,11 159 0,08

50 x 2 412 0,50 359 0,38 337 0,33 292 0,25 274 0,22 251 0,19 239 0,17 233 0,16 206 0,12 176 0,09

25 x 3 244 0,35 212 0,27 199 0,23 177 0,19 167 0,16 154 0,14 146 0,13 142 0,12 126 0,09 108 0,07

30 x 3 297 0,43 254 0,32 239 0,28 212 0,22 201 0,20 184 0,17 175 0,15 171 0,14 152 0,11 129 0,08

35 x 3 353 0,52 301 0,38 280 0,33 248 0,26 234 0,23 215 0,19 205 0,18 200 0,17 177 0,13 151 0,10

40 x 3 404 0,60 352 0,46 328 0,39 285 0,30 268 0,26 246 0,22 234 0,20 228 0,19 202 0,15 173 0,11

45 x 3 455 0,68 396 0,51 374 0,46 328 0,35 306 0,30 278 0,25 263 0,23 257 0,22 228 0,17 194 0,12

50 x 3 505 0,75 440 0,57 416 0,51 376 0,41 349 0,35 314 0,29 296 0,26 288 0,24 253 0,19 216 0,14

60 x 3 606 0,90 528 0,69 499 0,61 452 0,50 433 0,46 395 0,38 372 0,33 360 0,31 310 0,24 259 0,16

70 x 3 717 1,08 616 0,80 582 0,72 528 0,59 505 0,54 460 0,45 434 0,40 434 0,40 376 0,29 308 0,20

80 x 3 845 1,30 713 0,93 669 0,83 603 0,67 577 0,61 526 0,51 496 0,45 496 0,45 437 0,35 364 0,24

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GRATING CAPACITY TABLE AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class 4 – Lorries and articulated trucks – according to UNI 11002-1

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm) - f = elastic deflection (sag) (mm)
Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f Ln f

90 x 3 990 1,56 823 1,10 767 0,96 684 0,77 651 0,69 592 0,58 559 0,51 559 0,51 491 0,40 413 0,28

100 x 3 1152 1,87 946 1,29 876 1,11 774 0,88 734 0,79 661 0,64 621 0,57 621 0,57 546 0,44 459 0,31

30 x 4 350 0,60 298 0,44 277 0,38 245 0,29 232 0,27 213 0,22 202 0,20 197 0,19 175 0,15 149 0,11

40 x 4 467 0,81 406 0,61 384 0,54 339 0,42 316 0,36 286 0,30 271 0,27 264 0,26 234 0,20 199 0,15

45 x 4 525 0,91 457 0,68 432 0,61 391 0,50 367 0,43 330 0,35 310 0,31 301 0,30 263 0,23 224 0,16

50 x 4 583 1,00 508 0,76 480 0,68 435 0,56 416 0,51 378 0,41 353 0,36 342 0,34 296 0,26 249 0,18

60 x 4 709 1,23 610 0,92 576 0,82 522 0,67 500 0,62 456 0,51 430 0,46 430 0,46 371 0,33 304 0,23

70 x 4 856 1,52 722 1,09 676 0,96 609 0,78 583 0,72 532 0,60 502 0,53 502 0,53 441 0,41 369 0,28
Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 1027 1,88 851 1,31 792 1,15 704 0,91 670 0,83 608 0,68 573 0,61 573 0,61 504 0,47 424 0,33

90 x 4 1220 2,32 998 1,59 923 1,37 812 1,07 769 0,96 690 0,78 647 0,69 647 0,69 567 0,53 477 0,37

100 x 4 1436 2,85 1162 1,90 1069 1,63 932 1,25 879 1,12 781 0,89 728 0,78 728 0,78 631 0,59 530 0,42

110 x 4 1674 3,46 1343 2,28 1230 1,93 1064 1,46 1000 1,30 883 1,03 818 0,89 818 0,89 701 0,66 583 0,46

120 x 4 1936 4,18 1541 2,71 1407 2,28 1210 1,71 1133 1,51 993 1,18 917 1,01 917 1,01 777 0,74 637 0,50

40 x 5 522 1,01 454 0,76 429 0,68 389 0,56 364 0,48 327 0,39 308 0,35 299 0,33 262 0,25 223 0,18

50 x 5 655 1,27 568 0,95 537 0,85 486 0,70 466 0,64 425 0,53 401 0,48 397 0,45 339 0,34 281 0,23

60 x 5 811 1,60 687 1,16 646 1,03 584 0,84 559 0,77 510 0,64 481 0,57 481 0,57 423 0,44 349 0,29

70 x 5 995 2,02 828 1,43 771 1,24 687 0,99 654 0,90 595 0,75 561 0,66 561 0,66 493 0,51 414 0,36

80 x 5 1208 2,56 989 1,75 915 1,51 805 1,18 763 1,07 685 0,86 643 0,76 643 0,76 564 0,59 474 0,42

90 x 5 1450 3,22 1172 2,15 1078 1,83 940 1,42 886 1,26 787 1,01 734 0,88 734 0,88 635 0,66 533 0,47

100 x 5 1720 4,01 1377 2,63 1261 2,22 1090 1,69 1023 1,49 902 1,18 836 1,02 836 1,02 714 0,75 592 0,52

110 x 5 2018 4,94 1603 3,18 1463 2,68 1256 2,01 1175 1,77 1028 1,37 948 1,18 948 1,18 801 0,85 654 0,57

120 x 5 2205 5,00 1851 3,84 1684 3,21 1437 2,37 1342 2,08 1167 1,60 1071 1,36 1071 1,36 896 0,97 721 0,64

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| BACK TO TOP |

STEPS

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AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS
Chapter 5 – Criteria for determining the size of grating steps for public and private use stairways
QUALITY AND SAFETY
(steel S235JR UNI EN 10025)

5.1 LOADS ACTING ON STEPS

The UNI 11002-2 § 6.1 figure 5 specifies the dynamic loads on stairway steps for public and private use, from the weight of the grating to the dimensional
tolerances of the load bearing bars. This considers their circular load concentration on a 120 mm diameter on the grating area and a position flush with
the front edge of the step at 600 mm modular distance.
To calculate the capacity refer to the load patterns indicated in section §1.2 of the present manual.

5.2 COLLABORATION BARS

Based on laboratory tests conducted at the Politecnico di Milano, Assogrigliati has drafted the following table that shows the number of collaboration
bars (n’) per step:

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING PRESSED GRATING

MESH (MM) n’= number of collaboration bars MESH (MM) n’= number of collaboration bars

11x76 1,7 11x66 1,7

15x76 1,6 15x66 1,6
17x76 1,5 22x66 1,4 Note: the numbers of collaboration bars n’ shown in the
table are valid for a load concentration on grating circular
22x76 1,4 25x66 1,2 area with a diameter of 120 mm. For other load concen-
25x76 1,2 30x66 1,1 tration on grating areas due to special loads, the customer
must first contact the Supplier’s Technical Office. The num-
30x100 1,1 33x66 1,0
ber of load bearing bars N taken into consideration to de-
34x76 1,0 44x44 0,9 termine the size is: n (bars below the load concentration on
44x76 0,9 66x33 0,7 grating area) = (load concentration on grating area – nose):
Distance (considering the entire+1), n’(collaboration bars)
88x33 0,0 = see table, N = n + n’

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5.3 BOLTED STEP CONSTRAINTS

The constraint of the steps bolted to the sides cannot be considered a simple support nor an interlocking assembly. On the base of the results of the
tests carried out at the laboratories of the Politecnico di Milano, the coefficient reductions for the elastic sag K1 and the bending moment K2 were
calculated with respect to a calculation made by considering the steps tied to a simple support.

STEP WIDTH 1200 (mm) WIDTH 1800 (mm)

Type of grating Electro-welded gratings Pressed gratings Electro-welded gratings Pressed gratings
Coefficient K1 sag reduction 0,62 0,75 0,79 0,70
Coefficient K1 bending moment 0,73 0,82 0,82 0,74

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5.4 DIMENSION AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEPS

BASE ELEMENTS FOR CALCULATION

Load concentration on
Dimensions Use Type of load Constraint coefficients
grating area
Width mm (daN) Sag K1 Bending moment K2
600-799 Secondary Private 100 Pointy 0,75 0,82
800-1200 Main Private 100 Pointy 0,75 0,82
=1200 Public 200 Pointy 0,75 0,82
1201-1800 Public 200+200 Pointy 0,79 0,82
1801-2400 Public 200+200+200 Pointy 1 1
2401 - 3000 Public 200+200+200+200 Pointy 1 1

The capacity table has been calculated taking into account:

• Loads determinated by UNI 11002-2 standard.
• Number of collaboration bars as shown in the table on page 40 (§5.2) of the “Guide to the Use of Gratings”.
• Nose in “L” profile in height equal to the grating support plate height, in thickness equal to the grating support plate thickness, and with a wing
profile of 30 mm wide.
• The constraint coefficients K1 and K2 used are those imposed for the most extreme calculation conditions.
• Elastic sag  5 mm;  1/200 of the centre-to-centre distance.
• Unitary enervation solicitation 23.5 daN / mm2
• Steel material S235JR UNI EN 10025.
Note: If for company requirements it is necessary to use a nose different than those considered in the table, a verifying calculation making reference to the procedures indicated on page 43 of
the “Guide to the Use of Gratings” must we done.

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5.5 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR STEPS OF 1200 MM Vertical bars area A1 = N · s · h = 9,6 · 2 · 30 = 576 mm2
5.5.1 STEP INERTIA CALCULATION ELECTRO-WELDED GRATINGS
30X2 – 15X76 / PRESSED GRATINGS 30X2 – 15X66 Horizontal nose area A2 = s · (LR - s) = 2 · (30 - 2) = 56 mm2

improntaon=grating
Load concentration 120 area = 120 Inertia moment of vertical bars J1 = N · s · h3 = 9,6 · 2 · 303 = 43200 mm4
12 12

Inertia moment of horizontal nose J2 = (LR - s) · s3 = (30 - 2) · 23 = 18,7 mm4

12 12
h s 30 2
h = 30

Barycenter position YG = A1 · 2 + A2 · 2 = 576 · 2 + 56 · 2 = 13,76 mm

A1 + A2 576 + 56
S=2 i = 15 LR = 30
Inertia moment JG = J1 + A1 · ( h - YG)2 + J2 + A2 · (YG - s )2 =
2 2
DATA:
= 43200 + 576 · (30 - 13,76)2 + 18,7 + 56 · (13,76 - 2 )2 = 53222 mm4
2 2
Plate centre distance i = 15 mm
Plate height h = 30 mm Elasticity modulus WG = JG = 53222 = 3277 mm3
Plate thickness, nose thickness s = 2 mm h - YG 30 - 13,76
Circular load concentration on grating area d = 120 mm
Nose width LR = 30 mm
Plates under load concentration on grating area n = 7,0
Collaboration plates n’ = 1,6 (see table § 5.2)
Nose vertical plate 1,0
Total plates N = 9,6

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5.5.2 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR STEPS OF 1200 MM

DATA:

Electro-welded grating 30x2 - 15x76

Pressed grating 30x2 - 15x66

Nose L 30x30x2 mm

Load P= 200 daN

Circular load concentration on grating area d = 120 mm

Step length L = 1200 mm

Collaboration bars n’ = 1,6 (vedi tabella § 5.2)

Step resistance modulus W= 3277 mm3

Step Inertia moment J = 53.222 mm4

Elasticity modulus (steel S235JR) E = 21.000 daN/mm2

Coefficient of sag reduction K1 = 0,75 (see table § 5.4)

Coefficient of moment reduction K2 = 0,82 (see table § 5.4)

Material S235JR ơsn = 23,5 daN/mm2

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CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR STEPS OF 1200 MM

CALCULATIONS:

Bending moment M = K2 · P· qi · L = 0,82 · 200 · 1,5 · 1200 = 73.800 daN · mm

4 4

Sigma comparison ơc = __ ơsn _ = _ 23,5 _ = 22,38 daN/mm2

M0 1,05

Uniform bending stress ơ= M = 73.800 = 22,52 daN/mm2 < ơc = 22,38 daN/mm2 ơ ≈ ơc verified
W 3277
3
Elastic sag f = K1 · __ P · L__ = 0,75 · 200 · 12003 = 4,8 mm < 5mm verified
48 · E · J 48 · 21.000 · 53.222

Sag/centre-to-centre distance ratio _ f__ = 4,8 _ = 1 _ < 1_ verified

Ln 1200 250 200

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5.6 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR STEPS OF 1800 MM

5.6.1 STEP INERITA CALCULATION ELECTRO-WELDED
GRATINGS/PRESSED GRATINGS 50X3 – 15/76

Vertical bars area A1 = N · s · h = 9,6 · 3 · 50 = 1440 mm2

h = 50

Horizontal nose area A2 = S · (LR - s) = 3 · (30-3) = 81 mm2

Inertia movement of vertical bars J1 = N · s · h3 = 9,6 · 3 · 503 = 300000 mm4

S=3 i = 15 LR = 30 12 12

Inertia movement of horizontal nose J2 = (LR-s) · s3 = (30-3) · 33 = 60,8 mm4

12 12
h s 50 3
Barycenter position YG = A1 · 2 + A2 · 2 = 1440 · 2 + 81 2 = 23,75 mm
Plate centre distance i = 15 mm A1 + A2 1440 + 81
Plate height h = 50 mm
Plate thickness, nose thickness s = 3 mm Inertia moment JG = J1 + A1 ( h - YG)2 + J2 + A2 (YG - s )2 = 300000 + 1440
Circular load concentration on grating area d = 120 mm 2 2
Nose width LR = 30 mm ( 50 - 23,75)2 + 60,8 + 81 (23,75 - 3 )2 = 342411 mm4
Plates under load concentration on grating area h = 7,0 2 2
Collaboration plates n1= 1,6 (see table § 5.2)
Nose vertical plate 1,0 Resistance modulus WG = JG = 342411 = 13043 mm3
Total plates N = 9,6 h-YG 50-23,75

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5.6.2 CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR STEPS OF 1800 MM

DATA:

Electro-welded grating 50x3 - 15x76

Pressed grating 50x3 - 15x66

Nose L 30x50x3

Load P1 = P2 = 200 daN

Circular load concentration on grating area d =120 mm

Step length L = 1800 mm

Collaboration bars n’ = 1,6 (vedi tabella § 5.2)

Step resistance modulus W= 13.043 mm3

Step inertia moment J = 342.411 mm4

Elasticity modulus (steel S235JR) E = 21.000 daN/mm2

Coefficient of sag reduction K1 = 0,79 (see table § 5.4)

Coefficient of moment reduction K2 = 0,82 (see table § 5.4)

Material S235JR ơsn = 23,5 daN/mm2

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CALCULATIONS:

Bending moment M = K2 · (RA · 900 - P1 · 300) · Qi = 0,82 (200 · 900 - 200 · 300) · 1,5 = 147.600 daN · mm

Sigma comparison ơc = __ ơsn _ = _ 23,5 _ = 22,38 daN/mm2

M0 1,05

Uniform bending stress ơ= M = 147600 = 11,31 daN/mm2 < ơc = 22,38 daN/mm2 verified
W 13043
3 2 2
Elastic sag f = 2 · K1 · P L C (1- C - X ) X =
6EJL L2 L2 L

= 2 · 0,79 200 · 18003 · 600 2 2

(1- 600 - 900 ) 900 = 4,5 mm < 5 mm verified
6 · 21000 · 342411 · 1800 1800 18002 1800
2

Sag/centre-to-centre distance ratio _ f__ = 4,8 _ = 1 _ < 1_ verified

Ln 1800 375 200

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Step capacity table

• Material steel S235JR – Sigma enervation = 23.5 daN/mm2 – Sigma comparison = 22.38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Colori:
• green = secondary private use 100 daN on circular load concentration on grating areaØ 120 mm
• red = main private use 100 daN on circular load concentration on grating areaØ 120 mm
• black = public use 200 daN on circular load concentration on grating area Ø 120 mm

Table part 1
Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)
11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 1097 1040 984 872 748 737 622 622 611 481

25 x 2 1200 1200 1200 1200 1145 1129 951 951 935 735

30 x 2 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1038

35 x 2 1290 1233 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
Load bearing bar section

40 x 2 1436 1368 1330 1289 1239 1235 1200 1200 1200 1200

45 x 2 1583 1506 1462 1414 1357 1352 1294 1294 1288 1200

50 x 2 1733 1645 1595 1541 1476 1471 1405 1405 1398 1279

25 x 3 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1073

30 x 3 1272 1216 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

35 x 3 1439 1371 1333 1291 1242 1238 1200 1200 1200 1200

40 x 3 1609 1530 1484 1436 1378 1373 1313 1313 1308 1233

45 x 3 1780 1690 1638 1582 1515 1510 1441 1441 1435 1349

50 x 3 1800 1800 1793 1730 1655 1648 1571 1571 1563 1466

60 x 3 2013 1919 1865 1807 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1702

_______________________________________________________________________________________
For availability of load bearing bar and the centre distance between load bearing bars, contact the manufacturer.

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Step capacity table

Table part 2
Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)
11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44 66
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

70 x 3 2281 2168 2103 2033 1950 1942 1857 1857 1849 1800

80 x 3 2486 2400 2346 2264 2166 2157 2057 2057 2047 1921

90 x 3 2724 2593 2518 2438 2385 2375 2260 2260 2249 2103

100 x 3 2966 2818 2733 2641 2532 2522 2410 2410 2400 2288

30 x 4 1370 1307 1271 1232 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

40 x 4 1746 1658 1607 1552 1487 1482 1415 1415 1408 1324

45 x 4 1800 1800 1778 1715 1641 1634 1558 1558 1550 1454

50 x 4 1882 1800 1800 1800 1796 1788 1702 1702 1693 1584

60 x 4 2175 2069 2009 1944 1866 1859 1800 1800 1800 1800
Load bearing bar section

70 x 4 2417 2347 2275 2196 2103 2095 1999 1999 1990 1869

80 x 4 2678 2551 2478 2400 2344 2334 2222 2222 2211 2070

90 x 4 2944 2798 2714 2624 2516 2506 2400 2400 2400 2273

100 x 4 3153 3006 2954 2851 2729 2718 2592 2592 2580 2422

110 x 4 3396 3231 3137 3035 2945 2932 2791 2791 2778 2600

120 x 4 3600 3460 3355 3242 3107 3096 2993 2993 2978 2780

40 x 5 1800 1765 1710 1650 1579 1573 1500 1500 1492 1400

50 x 5 1993 1900 1847 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1683

60 x 5 2312 2197 2131 2059 1974 1967 1880 1880 1871 1800

70 x 5 2557 2439 2400 2334 2232 2223 2119 2119 2108 1976

80 x 5 2842 2703 2623 2538 2435 2426 2361 2361 2350 2195

90 x 5 3080 2972 2880 2782 2664 2653 2532 2532 2520 2400

100 x 5 3340 3180 3088 3000 2896 2884 2746 2746 2733 2560

110 x 5 3600 3426 3323 3211 3079 3067 2963 2963 2948 2754

120 x 5 3600 3600 3560 3437 3290 3277 3125 3125 3111 2951

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

| BACK TO TOP |

FORKLIFT TRUCKS

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks

6.1 FORKLIFT TRUCKS CAPACITY CLASSES

EXCERPT FROM STANDARD UNI EN 1991-1-1 AUGUST 2004
Proxy UNI from 21/10/2008

6.3.2.3 Actions induced by forklift trucks

(1) The forklift trucks must be classified in 6 classes from F1 to F6 according to their empty “It is considered that the requirements of
Weight, size and carried loads. (see table 6.5)
Eurocode 1 (UNI EN 1991-1-1) regarding the
table 6.5 Size of forklift trucks according to FL classes
forklift trucks load concentration on grating
Forklift truck class empty weight [kN] carried load [kN] axle width a [m] total width o[m] total length f[m] Table 6.6 Forklift trucks axial load areas are not applicable to grating panels,
Dynamic load on rigid Load concentration on
because the distribution of the vertical loads
Forklift trucks class Load per axle Qx [kN] wheel load concentration
on grating area [kN] grating area mm
is different between a homogeneous surface
(for example concrete flooring) and an uneven
surface (such as grating panels), composed
(2) The vertical static axial load Qx of a forklift truck depends on the class from FL1 to FL 6 of a variable number of load bearing bars
and must be obtained from table 6.6.
that depend on the dimensions of the load
(3) The vertical static axial load Qx must be increased by the dynamic coefficient ϕ through the
expression (6.3). concentration on grating area”.
Where:
Figure 6.1 Forklift trucks dimensions Qkdyn is the dynamic characteristic value of the action;
ϕ is the dynamic amplification coefficient;
Qx is the static characteristic value of the action.

(4) The dynamic coefficient ϕ for the forklift truck considers the inertial effect caused by the accelera-
tion and deceleration of the carried load and must equal to:
ϕ = 1.40 for forklift trucks on tyres,
ϕ = 2.00 for forklift trucks on rigid wheels.

(5) For forklift trucks that have an empty weight of more than 110 kN, the loads must be defined through
a more accurate analysis.

(6) The vertical axial load Qx or Qxdym of a forklift truck must be arranged according to the indications in
figure 6.1.

(*) see proxy UNI from 21/10/2008

(*)

(7) The horizontal loads caused by the acceleration or deceleration of the forklift trucks,
can be considerer equal to 30% of the vertical axial loads Qx.
Note: the dynamic coefficients must not be applied

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks

The capacity tables have been calculated taking into account:

Loads considered in table §6.1 of this guide with load concentration on grating area as UNI proxy.

The calculations were carried out considering the least favourable direction.
Number of collaboration bars as in table – section 3.1 of the present guide.
Elastic sag  5 mm;  1 of the centre-to-centre distance
200

Unitary stress enervation 23,5 daN/mm2

Material steel S235JR

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL1 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 2600 daN

• Dynamic load 2600 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (130x130)
• Material steel S235JR – Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 108 95 90 81 80 74 67 67 59

25 x 2 135 119 113 101 100 92 84 84 74

30 x 2 166 144 136 121 120 111 101 101 89

35 x 2 202 172 162 142 140 129 117 117 104

40 x 2 244 205 192 166 164 149 134 134 119

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 292 243 226 193 190 171 153 153 134

50 x 2 346 284 263 223 219 196 174 174 151

25 x 3 170 147 139 124 122 113 103 103 91

30 x 3 216 183 172 150 148 136 123 123 109

35 x 3 271 226 211 181 178 162 145 145 128

40 x 3 334 276 255 217 213 191 169 169 147

45 x 3 406 332 306 257 253 225 197 197 169

50 x 3 486 394 363 303 297 262 228 228 194

60 x 3 672 540 494 407 399 350 300 300 250

70 x 3 891 711 649 531 520 453 385 385 318

80 x 3 1144 909 828 674 659 571 483 483 395

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL1 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 1431 1134 1031 836 818 706 594 594 483

100 x 3 1752 1384 1258 1017 994 856 719 719 581

30 x 4 267 223 208 179 176 160 143 143 126

40 x 4 424 346 319 268 263 233 204 204 175

45 x 4 520 421 387 322 316 278 241 241 204

50 x 4 627 504 462 382 374 328 283 283 237

60 x 4 874 698 637 522 511 445 379 379 312

70 x 4 1167 927 844 687 672 582 492 492 402

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 1504 1191 1083 877 858 740 623 623 505

90 x 4 1887 1490 1354 1093 1069 920 771 771 622

100 x 4 2119 1824 1656 1335 1304 1120 937 937 753

110 x 4 2330 2147 1990 1601 1564 1342 1120 1120 898

120 x 4 2542 2342 2265 1894 1849 1585 1321 1321 1056

40 x 5 514 416 383 319 312 276 239 239 202

50 x 5 767 614 562 461 452 394 337 337 280

60 x 5 1077 856 781 636 622 540 457 457 374

70 x 5 1442 1142 1039 842 824 711 599 599 486

80 x 5 1826 1472 1338 1081 1056 909 762 762 615

90 x 5 2054 1846 1676 1351 1320 1134 948 948 762

100 x 5 2282 2103 2034 1652 1614 1384 1155 1155 925

110 x 5 2510 2313 2237 1986 1939 1662 1384 1384 1106

120 x 5 2738 2523 2440 2263 2245 1965 1635 1635 1304

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL2 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 4000 daN

• Dynamic load 4000 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (175x150)
• Material steel S235JR – Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 105 93 89 78 77 68 67 67 57

25 x 2 132 116 111 98 97 85 84 84 71

30 x 2 158 139 133 117 116 102 101 101 85

35 x 2 188 163 155 137 135 120 118 118 100

40 x 2 220 190 178 156 155 137 135 135 114

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 255 221 202 178 176 154 152 152 128

50 x 2 295 255 229 203 200 173 170 170 143

25 x 3 162 142 136 120 118 105 103 103 87

30 x 3 199 172 163 144 142 126 124 124 105

35 x 3 240 207 191 169 167 147 145 145 122

40 x 3 286 248 223 197 195 169 166 166 140

45 x 3 339 291 259 227 224 194 188 188 158

50 x 3 398 339 300 260 257 222 212 212 177

60 x 3 536 450 393 337 331 287 267 267 222

70 x 3 697 580 504 427 420 363 332 332 276

80 x 3 884 732 631 531 521 452 407 407 337

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL2 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 1096 903 776 649 637 552 492 492 407

100 x 3 1333 1094 937 781 766 664 587 587 485

30 x 4 237 204 189 167 165 145 143 143 121

40 x 4 353 302 268 235 232 200 194 194 162

45 x 4 423 359 317 274 270 234 222 222 185

50 x 4 502 423 370 318 313 271 254 254 211

60 x 4 685 570 495 420 413 357 327 327 271

70 x 4 901 745 643 540 531 460 414 414 343

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 1150 946 813 679 666 577 514 514 425

90 x 4 1433 1175 1006 836 820 711 627 627 518

100 x 4 1748 1430 1221 1012 992 860 753 753 622

110 x 4 2097 1712 1459 1206 1182 1025 893 893 736

120 x 4 2299 2021 1720 1419 1390 1206 1047 1047 862

40 x 5 419 356 314 272 268 232 220 220 184

50 x 5 606 507 441 376 370 320 295 295 245

60 x 5 835 691 597 503 494 428 387 387 321

70 x 5 1104 909 782 654 641 556 495 495 410

80 x 5 1416 1161 994 827 811 703 620 620 512

90 x 5 1769 1447 1235 1024 1003 870 762 762 628

100 x 5 2064 1766 1504 1243 1218 1057 920 920 758

110 x 5 2270 2115 1802 1486 1456 1263 1095 1095 902

120 x 5 2476 2307 2128 1752 1716 1489 1287 1287 1059

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL3 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 6300 daN

• Dynamic load 6300 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (200x200)
• Material steel S235JR – Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 104 91 85 78 74 67 66 62 57

25 x 2 130 114 106 98 93 83 82 77 71

30 x 2 157 136 127 118 112 100 99 93 85

35 x 2 183 159 149 137 131 117 116 109 100

40 x 2 209 182 170 157 149 134 132 124 114

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 238 205 191 177 168 150 149 140 128

50 x 2 271 230 213 197 187 167 165 155 143

25 x 3 160 139 130 120 114 102 101 95 87

30 x 3 192 167 156 144 137 123 121 114 105

35 x 3 225 195 182 168 160 143 142 133 122

40 x 3 264 225 209 193 183 164 162 152 140

45 x 3 308 258 238 217 206 184 182 171 157

50 x 3 356 295 270 245 231 205 203 190 175

60 x 3 470 381 345 309 289 251 248 231 210

70 x 3 603 482 434 385 357 306 301 278 250

80 x 3 757 600 536 472 436 369 363 333 297

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL3 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 932 733 652 571 525 441 433 395 349

100 x 3 1127 881 782 682 625 521 512 464 407

30 x 4 223 193 180 167 158 142 140 132 121

40 x 4 319 266 245 224 212 189 187 176 162

45 x 4 377 311 284 257 241 213 211 198 182

50 x 4 442 360 327 294 275 240 237 221 202

60 x 4 593 475 427 379 352 302 297 275 247

70 x 4 771 610 545 480 443 375 369 338 301

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 977 766 682 597 548 459 451 411 362

90 x 4 1210 944 836 729 667 555 545 493 432

100 x 4 1470 1142 1009 876 801 662 649 586 510

110 x 4 1758 1360 1200 1039 948 780 764 688 596

120 x 4 2073 1600 1409 1218 1109 909 891 800 691

40 x 5 374 308 281 255 240 212 209 197 181

50 x 5 528 425 384 342 319 275 271 251 228

60 x 5 716 568 509 449 415 352 347 318 284

70 x 5 939 738 657 575 529 444 436 397 351

80 x 5 1196 933 827 721 660 549 539 489 428

90 x 5 1487 1155 1020 886 809 669 656 592 515

100 x 5 1813 1402 1236 1071 976 802 786 707 613

110 x 5 2130 1676 1475 1274 1160 950 931 835 720

120 x 5 2323 1975 1737 1498 1361 1111 1089 975 838

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL4 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 9000 daN

• Dynamic load 9000 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (300x200)
• Material steel S235JR – Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 104 91 84 75 73 67 64 61 54

25 x 2 130 113 106 94 91 84 80 76 68

30 x 2 156 136 127 113 109 101 96 92 82

35 x 2 182 159 148 132 127 118 112 107 95

40 x 2 208 182 169 151 146 135 128 123 109

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 237 205 191 170 164 151 144 138 123

50 x 2 268 229 212 189 182 168 160 153 137

25 x 3 159 139 130 116 111 103 98 94 83

30 x 3 191 167 156 139 134 124 118 113 100

35 x 3 224 195 182 162 156 144 137 131 117

40 x 3 262 224 208 185 179 165 157 150 134

45 x 3 295 257 236 209 201 186 177 169 151

50 x 3 329 286 267 235 225 206 196 188 167

60 x 3 409 346 321 294 280 252 239 227 201

70 x 3 502 418 383 349 330 294 290 273 238

80 x 3 610 500 455 411 385 338 334 313 280

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL2 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 732 593 536 480 448 389 383 356 324

100 x 3 869 697 627 557 518 445 438 405 365

30 x 4 222 193 180 161 155 143 136 130 116

40 x 4 303 264 244 215 206 191 181 173 155

45 x 4 344 297 278 245 235 215 204 195 174

50 x 4 389 332 309 280 266 242 229 218 193

60 x 4 495 412 379 345 326 291 286 270 235

70 x 4 620 507 461 416 390 342 338 316 284

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 763 616 557 498 464 401 396 367 333

90 x 4 927 740 665 590 547 468 461 425 382

100 x 4 1109 879 786 693 640 543 534 490 437

110 x 4 1310 1032 920 807 743 626 615 561 497

120 x 4 1531 1200 1066 933 856 716 703 640 563

40 x 5 341 295 276 244 233 214 203 194 173

50 x 5 449 377 348 319 303 271 261 247 217

60 x 5 581 478 436 394 370 327 323 303 269

70 x 5 737 596 539 483 450 390 385 358 326

80 x 5 917 733 659 585 542 464 457 422 379

90 x 5 1121 888 794 700 646 548 539 494 440

100 x 5 1349 1061 945 829 763 641 630 575 509

110 x 5 1601 1253 1112 972 892 745 731 664 584

120 x 5 1876 1463 1295 1128 1033 858 842 762 667

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

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Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL5 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 14000 daN

• Dynamic load 14000 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (375x200)
• Material steel S235JR - Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 92 80 75 67 64 58 55 55 48

25 x 2 115 100 94 84 80 72 69 69 61

30 x 2 138 120 113 101 96 87 83 83 73

35 x 2 162 140 132 118 112 101 97 97 85

40 x 2 185 160 151 135 128 116 111 111 97

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 208 181 170 152 144 130 125 125 109

50 x 2 233 201 189 169 160 145 139 139 122

25 x 3 141 123 116 104 98 89 85 85 74

30 x 3 170 147 139 124 117 106 102 102 89

35 x 3 198 172 162 145 137 124 119 119 104

40 x 3 228 197 186 166 157 142 136 136 119

45 x 3 262 223 209 187 176 160 153 153 134

50 x 3 294 251 235 208 196 178 170 170 149

60 x 3 353 308 287 255 238 214 205 205 179

70 x 3 414 359 335 310 289 255 243 243 209

80 x 3 483 412 383 354 336 301 286 280 243

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Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL5 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 562 472 436 399 379 339 335 315 281

100 x 3 650 539 494 449 424 377 372 350 322

30 x 4 196 170 161 144 136 123 118 118 103

40 x 4 271 229 215 192 181 164 157 157 138

45 x 4 306 264 246 216 204 185 177 177 155

50 x 4 340 296 277 244 228 205 197 197 172

60 x 4 409 355 332 307 285 252 240 240 207

70 x 4 489 417 388 358 340 304 290 283 246

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 582 487 449 411 389 348 344 324 290

90 x 4 687 567 518 470 443 392 387 364 334

100 x 4 804 656 596 537 502 440 434 406 372

110 x 4 933 754 682 610 569 493 486 452 411

120 x 4 1075 862 776 690 641 551 543 502 453

40 x 5 304 261 244 215 202 184 176 176 154

50 x 5 380 331 309 280 260 232 221 221 193

60 x 5 465 398 371 343 326 290 275 271 234

70 x 5 565 474 438 401 380 340 337 317 282

80 x 5 680 562 514 467 439 389 385 362 332

90 x 5 811 662 601 541 506 443 437 409 374

100 x 5 958 773 699 624 581 503 496 461 418

110 x 5 1120 896 806 716 664 570 561 518 466

120 x 5 1297 1031 924 816 755 642 632 581 520

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ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL6 Forklift trucks

• Load per axle Qk 17000 daN

• Dynamic load 17000 daN on rigid wheel load concentration on grating area (450x200)
• Material steel S235JR - Sigma Enervation = 23,5 daN/mm2 - Sigma comparison = 22,38 daN/mm2
• Maximum sag 5 mm
• Maximum sag 1/200 of Ln

Table part 1

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum free space between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

20 x 2 90 79 74 66 62 57 54 54 48

25 x 2 113 98 92 82 78 72 67 67 60

30 x 2 135 118 111 99 94 86 81 81 72

35 x 2 158 138 129 115 109 101 94 94 84

40 x 2 180 158 148 132 125 115 108 108 96

Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 203 178 166 148 141 130 121 121 108

50 x 2 227 197 185 165 157 144 135 135 120

25 x 3 138 121 113 101 96 88 83 83 74

30 x 3 166 145 136 121 115 106 99 99 88

35 x 3 193 169 159 141 134 124 116 116 103

40 x 3 222 193 181 161 153 141 132 132 118

45 x 3 255 219 204 182 173 159 149 149 133

50 x 3 291 247 229 202 192 177 166 166 148

60 x 3 351 306 285 247 233 213 199 199 177

70 x 3 409 357 333 300 281 253 235 235 207

80 x 3 468 408 381 352 335 299 276 276 240

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Chapter 6 – Forklift trucks AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Class FL6 Forklift trucks

Table part 2

Centre distance between load bearing bars (mm)

11 15 17 22 25 30 33 34 44
Ln = maximum centre-to-centre distance between supports (mm)
Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln

90 x 3 533 459 429 396 376 337 323 313 277

100 x 3 605 514 477 440 418 374 370 348 319

30 x 4 191 168 157 140 133 122 115 115 102

40 x 4 263 225 210 186 177 163 153 153 136

45 x 4 304 258 239 210 200 184 172 172 153

50 x 4 338 294 272 236 223 204 191 191 171

60 x 4 405 353 330 296 277 250 232 232 205

70 x 4 473 412 385 356 338 303 280 280 243

Load bearing bar section

80 x 4 550 472 440 407 386 346 335 322 287

90 x 4 636 537 497 458 435 389 385 362 333

100 x 4 732 611 562 512 484 432 428 402 370

110 x 4 839 692 632 573 539 477 471 443 407

120 x 4 956 781 710 639 599 524 518 484 444

40 x 5 302 256 237 209 198 183 171 171 152

50 x 5 377 329 307 270 254 230 214 214 191

60 x 5 453 395 369 341 322 288 265 265 231

70 x 5 536 461 431 398 378 338 325 315 279

80 x 5 631 533 494 455 432 387 382 360 330

90 x 5 739 616 566 516 488 435 430 405 372

100 x 5 859 707 646 584 549 485 479 450 413

110 x 5 993 809 734 660 617 540 532 497 455

120 x 5 1139 920 831 743 692 599 591 549 498

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Chapter 7 – Dimensional tolerances of the load bearing bars and crossbars
QUALITY AND SAFETY

7.1 ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING

Section 5.3, table 1 of the standard UNI 11002-1:2009 specifies that in respect to the nominal dimensions, height differences
must not exceed the tolerances given in the table below.

TOLERANCES OF THE LOAD BEARING BARS AND CROSSBARS (MM)

Load bearing bars Nominal dimensions Tolerances
s
+1,1
20  h  120
-1,1

+0,25
2s5
-0,25
Crossbars Nominal dimensions Tolerances

Round
+0,25
4  dt  5
-0,25

Twisted square bar

+0,25
4  lt  5
-0,25

Within the limits considered in the hereby tolerances, the performance of the grating will not experience any variation regarding
the capacity tables shown in the present Guide.

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Chapter 7 – Dimensional tolerances of the load bearing bars and crossbars
QUALITY AND SAFETY

7.2 PRESSED GRATING

Section 5.3, table 2 of the standard UNI 11002-1:2009 specifies that in respect to the nominal dimensions, height differences
must not exceed the tolerances given in the table below.

TOLERANCES OF THE LOAD BEARING BARS AND CROSSBARS (MM)

Load bearing bars Nominal dimensions Tolerances
s +1,1
20  h  120
-1,1

+0,25
2s5
-0,25
Crossbars Nominal dimensions Tolerances

s +0,1
8  h  120
-1,1

+0,15
2s5
-0,20

Within the limits considered in the hereby tolerances, the performance of the grating will not experience any variation regarding
the capacity tables shown in the present Guide.

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 8 – Electro-welded and pressed gratings weight tables

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATING
Table of theoretical weights (kg/m2) bordered and galvanised material
The shown weights must be intended as the material and manufacturing net tolerances considering a 1000x1000 panel.
(see section 7.1 and 7.2 of the present Guide)

WEIGHTS OF ELECTRO-WELDED GRATINGS IN BORDERED, GALVANISED MATERIAL

15x76 17x76 22x38 22x76 25x25 25x76 30x50 30x100 34x38 34x76 15x76 17x76 22x38 22x76 25x25 25x76 30x50 30x100 34x38 34x76
Twisted Twisted Twisted Twisted Twisted Twisted Twisted Twisted
square square square square square square square square
hxs Round Round Round Round Round Round
bar bar bar bar
hxs Round Round Round Round Round Round
bar bar bar bar

20 x 2 24,4 21,8 18,8 17,5 31,3 15,8 14,7 13,4 14,1 12,5 25 x 4 57,8 51,4 43,0 40,9 117,3 36,8 33,0 31,0 31,0 28,4

25 x 2 30,1 26,9 22,9 21,5 36,6 19,4 17,7 16,5 16,8 15,2 30 x 4 68,9 61,2 50,7 48,6 49,5 43,8 38,8 36,8 36,1 33,5
Load bearing bar section

30 x 2 35,9 31,9 26,9 25,5 47,0 23,1 20,8 19,5 19,5 17,9 40 x 4 91,1 80,8 66,1 64,0 58,1 57,6 50,4 48,4 46,4 43,8

40 x 2 47,4 42,1 34,9 33,6 57,4 30,3 26,8 25,6 24,9 23,3 50 x 4 113,3 100,4 81,6 79,5 75,3 71,4 61,9 60,0 56,7 54,1

45 x 2 53,1 47,2 38,9 37,6 67,8 33,9 29,9 28,6 27,7 26,0 60 x 4 135,5 120,0 97,0 94,9 92,4 85,2 73,5 71,6 67,0 64,4

50 x 2 58,8 52,3 42,9 41,6 78,2 37,5 32,9 31,6 30,4 28,7 70 x 4 157,7 139,6 112,4 110,3 109,5 99,1 85,1 83,1 77,3 74,7

25 x 3 43,6 38,8 32,6 30,9 88,6 27,8 25,1 23,5 23,6 21,5 80 x 4 179,8 159,2 127,9 125,8 126,7 112,9 96,7 94,7 87,6 85,0

30 x 3 52,0 46,1 38,4 36,7 41,2 33,0 29,4 27,8 27,5 25,4 25 x 5 71,2 63,2 52,3 50,2 143,8 45,2 40,0 38,0 37,2 34,6

40 x 3 68,7 60,9 50,0 48,3 48,1 43,4 38,1 36,5 35,2 33,1 30 x 5 85,0 75,4 61,9 59,7 15,8 53,7 47,2 45,2 43,5 41,0

50 x 3 85,4 75,7 61,6 59,9 61,9 53,9 46,8 45,3 43,0 40,9 40 x 5 112,5 99,7 81,0 78,9 19,4 70,9 61,5 59,6 56,3 53,7

60 x 3 102,1 90,4 73,2 71,5 75,8 64,3 55,6 54,0 50,7 48,6 50 x 5 140,0 124,0 100,1 98,0 23,1 88,0 75,9 73,9 69,1 66,5

70 x 3 118,8 105,2 84,9 83,2 89,6 74,7 64,3 62,7 58,4 56,4 60 x 5 167,5 148,3 119,3 117,2 30,3 105,2 90,2 88,3 81,8 79,3

80 x 3 135,5 120,0 96,5 94,8 103,4 85,1 73,0 71,4 66,2 64,1 70 x 5 195,0 172,6 138,4 136,3 33,9 122,3 104,6 102,6 94,6 92,0

80 x 5 222,5 196,9 157,5 155,4 37,5 139,5 118,9 117,0 107,3 104,8

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note 1: The border consists of a plate of the same type as the supporting one and of a hot-dip galvanising treatment according to standard UNI EN ISO 1461:2009
Note 2: The crossbars can be different from those indicated in the table depending on the manufacturer standards

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 8 – Electro-welded and pressed gratings weight tables

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATINGS: BORDERED ROUGH MATERIAL WEIGHTS

20 x 2 23,1 20,6 17,9 16,6 30,2 15,0 14,1 12,8 13,6 11,9 25 x 4 55,7 49,5 41,4 39,4 113,4 35,5 32,0 30,0 30,0 27,5

25 x 2 28,6 25,5 21,7 20,4 35,2 18,5 17,0 15,7 16,1 14,5 30 x 4 66,5 59,0 48,9 46,9 48,0 42,2 37,6 35,6 35,0 32,5
Load bearing bar section

30 x 2 34,1 30,3 25,5 24,2 45,3 21,9 19,8 18,6 18,7 17,1 40 x 4 88,0 78,0 63,8 61,8 56,3 55,6 48,8 46,8 45,0 42,4

40 x 2 45,0 40,0 33,2 31,9 55,3 28,8 25,6 24,4 23,9 22,2 50 x 4 109,5 97,0 78,8 76,8 73,0 69,0 60,0 58,1 55,0 52,4

45 x 2 50,5 44,8 37,0 35,7 65,4 32,2 28,5 27,3 26,5 24,8 60 x 4 131,0 116,0 93,7 91,7 89,7 82,4 71,2 69,3 64,9 62,4

50 x 2 55,9 49,7 40,8 39,5 75,5 35,6 31,4 30,1 29,0 27,4 70 x 4 152,5 135,0 108,7 106,7 106,5 95,8 82,5 80,5 74,9 72,4

25 x 3 42,0 37,3 31,3 29,7 85,5 26,8 24,3 22,7 22,9 20,8 80 x 4 174,0 154,0 123,7 121,7 123,2 109,2 93,7 91,7 84,9 82,3

30 x 3 50,1 44,5 37,0 35,3 39,7 31,8 28,5 26,9 26,6 24,5 25 x 5 69,1 61,3 50,7 48,7 139,9 43,8 38,9 37,0 36,2 33,7

40 x 3 66,2 58,8 48,2 46,6 46,4 41,9 36,9 35,3 34,1 32,0 30 x 5 82,5 73,1 60,0 58,0 15,0 52,2 45,9 44,0 42,4 39,9

50 x 3 82,4 73,0 59,4 57,8 59,8 52,0 45,3 43,7 41,6 39,5 40 x 5 109,3 96,8 78,6 76,6 18,5 68,9 59,9 57,9 54,9 52,3

60 x 3 98,6 87,3 70,7 69,1 73,2 62,0 53,8 52,2 49,1 47,0 50 x 5 136,1 120,6 97,3 95,3 21,9 85,6 73,9 71,9 67,3 64,8

70 x 3 114,7 101,6 81,9 80,3 86,6 72,1 62,2 60,6 56,6 54,5 60 x 5 162,9 144,3 116,0 114,0 28,8 102,3 87,9 85,9 79,8 77,2

80 x 3 130,9 115,9 93,2 91,5 100,0 82,2 70,6 69,0 64,1 62,0 70 x 5 189,7 168,0 134,6 132,6 32,2 119,0 101,9 99,9 92,2 89,6

80 x 5 216,6 191,7 153,3 151,3 35,6 135,7 115,9 113,9 104,6 102,1

CROSSBAR DIMENSIONS (MM)

THICKNESS ROUND DIAMETER TWISTED SQUARE BAR SIDE

2 4 4
3 4,5 4,5
4 5 5
5 5 5

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 8 – Electro-welded and pressed gratings weight tables

PRESSED GRATING
Table of theoretical weights (kg/m2) bordered and galvanised material
The shown weights must be intended as the material and manufacturing net tolerances considering a 1000x1000 panel.
(see section 7.1 and 7.2 of the present Guide)

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATINGS: BORDERED GALVANISED MATERIAL WEIGHTS

hxs Crossbar 11x66 15x66 17x66 22x22 22x66 25x66 33x33 33x66 44x11 66x11 66x22 66x33 hxs Crossbar 11x66 15x66 17x66 22x22 22x66 25x66 33x33 33x66 44x11 66x11 66x22 66x33
20 x 2 ------ 34,1 26,2 23,6 24,3 19,3 17,6 16,8 14,3 24,5 21,9 14,4 11,9 30 x 4 ------ 96,6 73,4 65,6 64,2 53,0 48,2 44,1 38,5 59,6 51,8 35,1 29,6

25 x 2 42,0 32,1 28,8 28,5 23,5 21,4 19,8 17,3 26,9 23,6 16,1 13,6 40 x 4 126,8 95,9 85,6 79,9 68,8 62,4 55,0 49,5 68,3 58,0 41,3 35,7

30 x 2 49,9 38,0 34,1 32,6 27,6 25,2 22,7 20,2 29,3 25,3 17,8 15,3 50 x 4 157,1 118,4 105,5 95,7 84,6 76,5 66,0 60,4 77,0 64,1 47,4 41,8

35 x 2 57,7 43,9 39,3 36,8 31,8 28,9 25,7 23,2 31,7 27,0 19,5 17,1 60 x 4 187,3 140,9 125,4 111,5 100,3 90,7 76,9 71,3 85,7 70,2 53,5 47,9

40 x 2 65,6 49,8 44,5 41,0 36,0 32,7 28,6 26,1 34,0 28,8 21,3 18,8 70 x 4 217,5 163,4 145,4 127,2 116,1 104,8 87,8 82,3 94,3 76,3 59,6 54,0
Load bearing bar section

45 x 2 10 x 2 73,5 55,7 49,8 45,2 40,2 36,5 31,6 29,1 36,4 30,5 23,0 20,5 80 x 4 15 x 3 247,7 185,9 165,3 143,0 131,8 119,0 98,8 93,2 103,0 82,4 65,7 60,1

50 x 2 81,3 61,6 55,0 49,4 44,4 40,2 34,5 32,0 38,8 32,2 24,7 22,2 90 x 4 277,9 208,4 185,3 158,7 147,6 133,1 109,7 104,1 111,7 88,5 71,8 66,3

25 x 3 59,6 45,0 40,2 37,3 32,3 29,2 25,7 23,2 31,4 26,6 19,1 16,6 100 x 4 308,2 230,9 205,2 174,5 163,4 147,3 120,7 115,1 120,4 94,7 78,0 72,4

30 x 3 71,0 53,5 47,7 43,2 38,2 34,6 29,8 27,3 34,7 28,9 21,4 18,9 110 x 4 338,4 253,4 225,1 190,3 179,1 161,4 131,6 126,0 129,1 100,8 84,1 78,5

35 x 3 82,4 62,0 55,2 49,1 44,1 39,9 33,9 31,4 38,0 31,2 23,7 21,2 120 x 4 ------ 368,6 276,0 245,1 206,0 194,9 175,6 142,5 137,0 137,8 106,9 90,2 84,6

40 x 3 93,8 70,5 62,7 55,1 50,1 45,2 38,0 35,5 41,2 33,5 26,0 23,5 40 x 5 157,7 119,3 106,5 100,5 85,8 77,8 69,1 61,8 87,3 74,5 52,5 45,1

45 x 3 105,1 78,9 70,2 61,0 56,0 50,6 42,1 39,6 44,5 35,8 28,3 25,8 50 x 5 195,2 147,2 131,3 120,0 105,3 95,3 82,7 75,3 98,1 82,1 60,1 52,7

60 x 5 232,7 175,2 156,0 139,5 124,8 112,9 96,3 88,9 108,9 89,7 67,7 60,3
50 x 3 ------ 116,5 87,4 77,7 66,9 61,9 55,9 46,3 43,8 47,8 38,1 30,6 28,1

60 x 3 139,8 104,9 93,2 80,3 74,3 67,0 55,5 52,5 57,3 45,6 36,7 33,7 70 x 5 270,1 203,1 180,7 159,1 144,4 130,4 109,8 102,5 119,7 97,3 75,3 67,9

70 x 3 12 x 2 162,5 121,8 108,2 92,2 86,2 77,7 63,7 60,7 63,8 50,2 41,3 38,3 80 x 5 15 x 4 307,6 231,0 205,4 178,6 163,9 148,0 123,4 116,0 130,4 104,9 82,8 75,5

80 x 3 185,3 138,7 123,2 104,0 98,0 88,3 72,0 69,0 70,4 54,8 45,9 42,9 90 x 5 345,1 258,9 230,2 198,2 183,5 165,5 136,9 129,6 141,2 112,5 90,4 83,1

90 x 3 208,0 155,7 138,3 115,9 109,9 99,0 80,2 77,2 76,9 59,5 50,5 47,5 100 x 5 382,5 286,8 254,9 217,7 203,0 183,1 150,5 143,2 152,0 120,1 98,0 90,7

100 x 3 ------ 230,8 172,6 153,3 127,8 121,8 109,7 88,4 85,4 83,4 64,1 55,1 52,1 110 x 5 420,0 314,7 279,6 237,2 222,5 200,6 164,1 156,7 162,8 127,7 105,6 98,3
120 x 5 ------ 457,5 342,6 304,3 256,8 242,1 218,2 177,6 170,3 173,5 135,2 113,2 105,8

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QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 8 – Electro-welded and pressed gratings weight tables

ELECTRO-WELDED GRATINGS: BORDERED ROUGH MATERIAL WEIGHTS

hxs Crossbar 11x66 15x66 17x66 22x22 22x66 25x66 33x33 33x66 44x11 66x11 66x22 66x33 hxs Crossbar 11x66 15x66 17x66 22x22 22x66 25x66 33x33 33x66 44x11 66x11 66x22 66x33
20 x 2 ------ 32,3 24,8 22,3 23,0 18,3 16,7 16,0 13,6 23,2 20,7 13,6 11,3 30 x 4 ------ 93,2 70,7 63,3 61,7 51,1 46,4 42,4 37,1 57,1 49,6 33,7 28,4

25 x 2 39,8 30,5 27,3 27,0 22,3 20,3 18,8 16,4 25,5 22,3 15,3 12,9 40 x 4 122,5 92,6 82,6 77,0 66,4 60,2 53,0 47,7 65,5 55,5 39,6 34,3

30 x 2 47,3 36,1 32,3 31,0 26,2 23,9 21,6 19,2 27,7 24,0 16,9 14,6 50 x 4 151,7 114,4 101,9 92,3 81,7 73,9 63,6 58,3 73,9 61,4 45,5 40,2

35 x 2 54,8 41,7 37,3 34,9 30,2 27,5 24,4 22,0 30,0 25,6 18,6 16,2 60 x 4 181,0 136,2 121,2 107,5 96,9 87,6 74,2 68,9 82,3 67,4 51,5 46,2

40 x 2 62,3 47,3 42,3 38,9 34,2 31,1 27,2 24,8 32,3 27,3 20,2 17,8 70 x 4 210,3 158,0 140,6 122,8 112,2 101,3 84,8 79,5 90,7 73,3 57,4 52,1
Sezione barre portanti

45 x 2 10 x 2 69,8 52,9 47,3 42,9 38,2 34,7 30,0 27,7 34,5 28,9 21,8 19,5 80 x 4 15 x 3 239,6 179,8 159,9 138,1 127,5 115,0 95,4 90,1 99,2 79,2 63,3 58,0

50 x 2 77,3 58,6 52,3 46,9 42,2 38,3 32,8 30,5 36,8 30,5 23,5 21,1 90 x 4 268,9 201,6 179,2 153,4 142,8 128,7 106,0 100,7 107,6 85,1 69,3 64,0

25 x 3 57,4 43,3 38,7 35,8 31,0 28,1 24,6 22,3 29,9 25,3 18,2 15,8 100 x 4 298,2 223,4 198,5 168,6 158,0 142,5 116,6 111,3 116,0 91,1 75,2 69,9

30 x 3 68,4 51,5 45,9 41,5 36,8 33,3 28,6 26,2 33,1 27,5 20,4 18,1 110 x 4 ------ 327,5 245,3 217,8 183,9 173,3 156,2 127,2 121,9 124,4 97,0 81,1 75,8

35 x 3 79,4 59,7 53,2 47,2 42,5 38,4 32,6 30,2 36,3 29,7 22,7 20,3 120 x 4 356,8 267,1 237,2 199,2 188,6 169,9 137,8 132,5 132,8 102,9 87,0 81,7

40 x 3 90,4 67,9 60,4 53,0 48,3 43,6 36,6 34,2 39,4 31,9 24,9 22,5 40 x 5 153,2 115,9 103,5 97,4 83,3 75,5 67,0 60,0 84,4 72,0 50,8 43,7

45 x 3 101,4 76,1 67,7 58,7 54,0 48,7 40,6 38,2 42,6 34,2 27,1 24,7 50 x 5 189,8 143,1 127,6 116,5 102,3 92,6 80,3 73,2 94,9 79,4 58,2 51,1

60 x 5 226,3 170,4 151,7 135,5 121,4 109,7 93,5 86,4 105,4 86,8 65,6 58,5
50 x 3 ------ 112,4 84,3 75,0 64,4 59,7 53,9 44,5 42,2 45,8 36,4 29,3 27,0

60 x 3 134,9 101,2 89,9 77,3 71,7 64,7 53,4 50,6 54,9 43,7 35,2 32,4 70 x 5 262,9 197,6 175,8 154,6 140,5 126,9 106,7 99,7 115,9 94,2 73,0 65,9

70 x 3 12 x 2 156,9 117,6 104,5 88,8 83,2 75,0 61,4 58,6 61,2 48,1 39,7 36,8 80 x 5 15 x 4 299,4 224,8 199,9 173,6 159,5 144,0 119,9 112,9 126,4 101,6 80,4 73,3

80 x 3 178,9 134,0 119,0 100,3 94,6 85,3 69,4 66,5 67,6 52,6 44,1 41,3 90 x 5 335,9 252,0 224,0 192,7 178,6 161,1 133,2 126,1 137,0 109,0 87,8 80,7

90 x 3 200,9 150,4 133,5 111,8 106,1 95,6 77,3 74,5 73,9 57,0 48,6 45,7 100 x 5 372,5 279,2 248,1 211,8 197,6 178,2 146,4 139,3 147,5 116,4 95,2 88,1

100 x 3 ------ 222,9 166,7 148,0 123,2 117,6 105,9 85,3 82,5 80,02 61,5 53,0 50,2 110 x 5 409,0 306,4 272,2 230,8 216,7 195,3 159,6 152,6 158,0 123,8 102,6 95,5
120 x 5 ------ 445,6 333,7 296,4 249,9 235,7 212,4 172,9 165,8 168,5 131,2 110,0 102,9

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

71
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

| BACK TO TOP |

SECTION BREAKER BEAMS

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

72
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Chapter 9 – Section breaker beams

LOAD DIAGRAMS FOR SECTION BREAKER BEAMS CALCULATION

Hereunder is the diagram that can be used for sizing the section breaker beams.
Eventual particular cases must be specified by the client
For each class, calculate the beam in the least favourable situation with:
• A single axle of the vehicle with dynamic load
• More axles of the vehicles with static load in relation of the length of the beam

DYNAMIC
DINAMICO STATIC
STATICO

1800 700 1800 700

1800

1000 kg 1000 kg 666 kg 666 kg 666 kg 666 kg 666 kg

Class 2
200

200

CLASSE 2 colonna indefinita

Undefined columndiofautomezzi affiancati
side-by-side vehicles
Trafficdi

Trafficdi

Trafficdi
direction

direction

direction
marcia

marcia

marcia
senso

senso

senso
200 200

2000 2000 1150 2000 1150

3000 kg 3000 kg 2000 kg 2000 kg 2000 kg 2000 kg 2000 kg

200

colonna
Undefi indefinita
ned columndiofautomezzi affiancati
side-by-side vehicles
Class 3
CLASSE 3

direction
sensoc di

Trafficdi

Trafficdi
direction
marcia

marcia

marcia
direction

senso

senso
Traffi

400 400

1350
Trafficdi 2000 1600 2000 1600
senso
direction
marcia
6000 kg 6000 kg 6000 kg 6000 kg 6000 kg
250

Undefiindefinita
colonna ned column of
Class 4
CLASSE 4 diside-by-side vehicles
automezzi affiancati
9000 kg

Trafficdi

Trafficdi
direction

direction
marcia

marcia
600

senso

senso
600

250

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS

73
__________________________________________________________ MANUFACTURER

ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ELECTRO-WELDED

AND PRESSED STEEL GRATING AND FENCING MANUFACTURERS

QUALITY AND SAFETY

Federata

GUIDE TO USING GRATING

FEDERAZIONE DELLE ASSOCIAZIONI NAZIONALI
DELL'INDUSTRIA MECCANICA VARIA ED AFFINE

GRATINGS, Associazione Assogrigliati c/o Federazione ANIMA

via A. Scarsellini 13 - 20161 Milano IT
STEPS, ph. +39 0245418.576 - fax +39 0245418.545
FORKLIFT TRUCKS, [email protected] - www.assogrigliati.it

SECTION BREAKER BEAMS.

The load tests for the capacity tables were performed

at the Politecnico di Milano

EDITION: JULY 2015

GUIDE TO THE USE OF GRATINGS
74

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