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Structure of A C++ Program:-: Output

This document provides an explanation of the structure and components of a basic C++ "Hello World" program. It contains: 1) Comments explaining the purpose of the program. 2) A #include directive to include the iostream library for standard input/output. 3) A using namespace declaration to access std library functionality. 4) A main() function, which is the starting point for all C++ programs. 5) A cout statement within main() to print "Hello World!" to the standard output stream. 6) A return 0 statement at the end of main() to indicate the program completed successfully.

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73 views

Structure of A C++ Program:-: Output

This document provides an explanation of the structure and components of a basic C++ "Hello World" program. It contains: 1) Comments explaining the purpose of the program. 2) A #include directive to include the iostream library for standard input/output. 3) A using namespace declaration to access std library functionality. 4) A main() function, which is the starting point for all C++ programs. 5) A cout statement within main() to print "Hello World!" to the standard output stream. 6) A return 0 statement at the end of main() to indicate the program completed successfully.

Uploaded by

suman8723
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of a C++ program:-

Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by


writing a program. Therefore, here is our first program:

// my first program in C++


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:-Hello World!

// my first program in C++


This is a comment line. All lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are
considered comments and do not have any effect on the behavior of the
program. The programmer can use them to include short explanations or
observations within the source code itself. In this case, the line is a brief
description of what our program is.

#include <iostream>
Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor.
They are not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the
compiler's preprocessor. In this case the directive #include <iostream> tells
the preprocessor to include the iostream standard file. This specific file
(iostream) includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output
library in C++, and it is included because its functionality is going to be used
later in the program.

using namespace std;


All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is
called a namespace, the namespace with the name std. So in order to access
its functionality we declare with this expression that we will be using these
entities. This line is very frequent in C++ programs that use the standard
library, and in fact it will be included in most of the source codes included in
these tutorials.

int main ()
This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function.
The main function is the point by where all C++ programs start their
execution, independently of its location within the source code. It does not
matter whether there are other functions with other names defined before
or after it - the instructions contained within this function's definition will
always be the first ones to be executed in any C++ program. For that same
reason, it is essential that all C++ programs have a main function.

The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()). That is
because it is a function declaration: In C++, what differentiates a function
declaration from other types of expressions are these parentheses that
follow its name. Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of
parameters within them.

Right after these parentheses we can find the body of the main function
enclosed in braces ({}). What is contained within these braces is what the
function does when it is executed.

cout << "Hello World!";


This line is a C++ statement. A statement is a simple or compound expression
that can actually produce some effect. In fact, this statement performs the
only action that generates a visible effect in our first program.

cout is the name of the standard output stream in C++, and the meaning of
the entire statement is to insert a sequence of characters (in this case the
Hello World sequence of characters) into the standard output stream (cout,
which usually corresponds to the screen).

cout is declared in the iostream standard file within the std namespace, so
that's why we needed to include that specific file and to declare that we
were going to use this specific namespace earlier in our code.

Notice that the statement ends with a semicolon character (;). This
character is used to mark the end of the statement and in fact it must be
included at the end of all expression statements in all C++ programs (one of
the most common syntax errors is indeed to forget to include some
semicolon after a statement).

return 0;

The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be
followed by a return code (in our example is followed by the return code
with a value of zero). A return code of 0 for the main function is generally
interpreted as the program worked as expected without any errors during
its execution. This is the most usual way to end a C++ console program.

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