American University of Ras Al Khaimah
ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE - REDEFINED
Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering
CIEN 311 – Structural Analysis
Spring 2020
Term Project Report
Title: Analysis of Frames
Submitted to: Dr. Roz-Ud-Din Nassar
Submitted by: (i) Abdullah Lajam
(ii) Adam Joshua
(iii) Mohammed Alazzani
Dated:5/2/20
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Contents
1) Introduction……………………………………………………. 2
2) Methodology…………………………………………………... 3
3) Load and Loaded cases………………………………………... 5
4) Analysis of Frame……………………………………………....5
5) Analysis of Beams……………………………………………...6
6) Analysis of Columns…………………………………………....7
7) Deformed Shapes. SD and BMD……………………………….8
8) Conclusion…………………………………………………….11
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Introduction
As we all know that structure play’s an important role in our day to day life in which every time
when a house or a building is being planned to be build, The structure is being planned and
analyzed in order to come up with good and safe structure so that people can use it without any
problem based on structure failure or any other issue, Structural Analysis helps in the
construction of systems that are affordable and desirable in achieving their practical
specifications. In which it combines the physics, geometry, and failure theory concepts to
measure the internal forces and pressures on the systems to be constructed.
One of the main factors of structural analysis is the precise study of the structural load
estimate to be experienced. Structural loads are the stresses on a portion of a structure, or on the
entire structure, and structural analysis is used to determine their effects. Overloading can lead to
system collapse, and these factors should be addressed during system construction. The key
vertical loads for structures and bridges are gravity loads including the weight of the foundation
and the permanent attachments, known as dead loads. Wind and inertial forces caused by
earthquakes are responsible for the lateral loading on the buildings.
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Methodology
In this project, we will be using Prokon / SAP 2000 in order to analysis beams of given
characteristics and of given loads
In our case we have used prokon software instead of sap 2000 or any other programs
At First, we launch Prokon program in which we used frame analysis
At starting, go to nodes and insert the length of beams and columns
After filling out the values on Nodes, go to Beams and categorize each node as columns and
beams
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Then go to beam sections and select the feature of which the materials are based on using the
section database option nearby, in our case the beam and column specifications are from United
States.
After finding the desired country, Find which property does it require based on the project like
W14 or W12 in order to get the estimated area along with other properties and for this project,
we will be using Steel 350W
After going through all the above steps, Go to supports and insert values based on the support
like for fixed support it is XYZxyz and for other supports like hinge it is XYZ and so on
Then at last go to Nodal Loads and insert the forces that are given like 23k and 73k on the beam
and column and after that go to analysis and get the results
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Figure 1 Frame for Analysis
Load and Load Cases:
For the analysis of the frame, we applied the external concentrated vertical load and horizontal
load. At the node 7, we applied the load of 73kip and at the node 2 and 3 we applied the load of
23kip as shown in the figure 1 (Frame for Analysis). We are given with 1 load case that is
horizontal and vertical load and located at the nodes ,Under applying these loads, we will analyze
the frame, beam and column. For the analysis, we use W14 as well as w12 for beams and columns
Analysis of Frame:
Frame is the skeleton structure of the building. It is the combination of the beams and columns.
Frame structure could be of steel or reinforced concrete structure. Steel frame structure is one
of the strongest structures. It is mostly used material in construction now days. By using the steel
structure, we can achieve high durability,
ductility and flexibility. The combination of the
beams and columns support the roof, walls,
dead loads, live loads and other loads. Load on
the roof shifted to beam and then beam shifted
the load to column and then column load shifted
to the foundation of the building. When we see
the deformed shape of the loaded frame, we can
see that there should be the 90-degree angle
between the deformed frame members as it was
before the imposing load.
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Using the Prokon software we analyzed a frame structure which is the combination of the beams
and columns. We imposed the load case on the frame and determine the sectional properties of
the beams and columns to be used in the frame. In the figure down below , Blue color represents
column and red represents beam.
Analysis of Beams:
Beam is the structural element which is primarily used to resist the laterally applied load. It is
supported by the supports (columns). Beam takes the load and transfer it to supports (columns).
Due to laterally applied load, it deflects downward that is why it’s shows bending at their
supports.
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Due to applied load on the beam, there are two types of forces produced in a beam. Shear force
and bending moment force.
Shear force is the force produced in the beam when two parallel forces (applied force or resisting
force) acting oppositely to each other. At any portion of the beam, it is the tendency of the
portion of the beam to slide relative to other portion. In designing of the beam, engineer’s check
the shear force resistance of the beam. It is more important to check the shear force resistance
of the beam than the axial force resistance of the beam.
Bending Moment force is the force produced in the beam when an
applied force or moment produced the bending the in the beam. It is the
force at a point due to applied force at some distance away from the point
of reference. Bending moment force produced the bending in the beam
and cause the beam to rotate about some point. Due to these forces,
internal stresses produced in a beam causing deflection in the beam.
After analysis the frame in the Prokon software, we determine the beam
section which will used to resist the shear force and bending moment
force due to applied load case. The section for the beam we will used for
the frame is W12x22.
Web Flange Moment of
Designation Width Sectional
Depth Thickness Thickness Weight Inertia
Imperial w Area
h tw tf (lbf/ft)
(in x lb/ft) (in) (in2)
(in) (in) (in)
Ix Iy
(in4) (in4)
W12x22 12.31 4.03 0.26 0.425 6.5 22 156 4.7
Analysis of Column:
Column is a long vertical structural element which is used to transmit the beam load to
foundation of the building. Due to applied load, all types of forced
produced in the column like shear force, bending moment force and
axial force. The main force produced in the column is compressive
force (axial force).
Compressive force is the force in the beam which compressed and
produced buckling in the column. To design the column in
construction, one should check the bulking and compressive force in
the column due to applied load. Short column usually fails due
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crushing of the column and long column usually fails due to buckling of the column.
After analysis, the frame in the Prokon software, we determine the column
section which will used to resist the shear force, bending moment force
and compressive force due to applied load case. The section for the beam
we will used for the frame is W14x38.
Web Flange Moment of
Designation Width Sectional
Depth Thickness Thickness Weight Inertia
Imperial w Area
h tw tf (lbf/ft)
(in x lb/ft) (in) (in2)
(in) (in) (in)
Ix Iy
(in4) (in4)
W12x22 14.10 6.770 0.310 0.515 11.2 38 385 26.7
Deformed shapes, SFD and BMD:
After the analysis of the frame in the Prokon software, we visualized the deformed shape of the
frame, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram due to applied load case.
1-Axial force diagram
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2-Deflection diagram of the frame:
Deflection diagram shows that node 3 moves 0.17 ft towards right and node 7 moves 0.09 ft
downward.
3- X-axis shear diagram:
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4- X-axis moment diagram:
The maximum moment 127.78 kip-ft the frame showing at the node 6.
5- Y-axis shear diagram:
The maximum shear force 45.02 kip the frame showing between node 7 and 6.
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6- Y-axis moment diagram:
Interpretation-
The program was useful , but won’t be effective unless we apply the principles , we faced some
issues at first then we figured it out that some of the mistakes were from simple options
Conclusion:
In this structural analysis project, we analyzed a frame having beams and columns to support the
applied load. We applied the load on the frame and then analyzed the frame. We determine the
section properties of the beams and columns which can resist the applied loading on the frame.
For the beam we find the W section W12x22 and for the column we find the W section W14x38.
We also find the shear force diagram, axial force diagram and bending moment diagram of the
loaded frame.
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Group Work
Introduction, methodology and loaded cases – Adam
Analysis of Frame and Beam - Abdullah Lajam
Analysis of Column, Deflected Shapes and Conclusion – Alazanni
References
https://www.prokon.com/
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