TEST REVIEW

1. Functions of blood
 Transport of substances e.g., gases
 Regulation of body temperature
2. General composition of blood
 Formed elements include plasma, WBC, RBC
 Plasma * 55%
 WBC and platelets* less than 1%
 RBC* 45%
 Hematocrit is the percentage of RBC
5-6 liters in male/ 4-5 in female
3. Composition of plasma
 Water
 Protein
 Electrolyte
 Nutrients
 Waste products

4. Difference between plasma and serum

 Plasma is a liquid and serum is a fluid.
 Plasma contains fibrinogen and absent in serum.
 Plasma is the liquid of anti-coagulated blood while serum is the liquid of coagulated
blood.

5. Characteristics of RBC
 Biconcave disc shape
 One third of Hemoglobin
 Lack of nucleus and mitochondria organelles
 Cannot divide.
 Can produce ATP through glycolysis.

6. Function of RBC in transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

 The protein inside the RBC called hemoglobin carries Oxygen to the cell and
carbondioxide to the lungs.

7. Describe the production of RBC and its regulation.

 RBC formation occurs in Red bone marrow.
 Decrease in oxygen delivery in kidney and liver cause release of erythropoietin EPO
which stimulates production.
 Negative feedback
 Hemocytoblast- Erythroblast-Reticulocyte- Erythrocytes
8. What happens when RBC are broken down.
 Iron deficiency which leads to anemia
 Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced.
 Hemolysis is the destruction of RBC.

9. Explain blood types

 Type A – A antigens B antibodies
 Type B- B antigen A antibodies
 Type AB
 Type O
 Rh system

10. Leukocytes, there relative abundance, and function.

1.Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear) -Most abundant
Small light purple
Bacterial infection
Granular
2. Eosinophils
Bi-lobed nucleus – Deep red in acid stain
Defend against Parasitic infection and allergic reaction.
Granular.
3. Basophils
Deep blue in basic stain
Release Histamine to stimulate inflammation.
Release heparin to stop blood from clotting.
4 Monocytes
Largest of WBC – Agranulocyte
Spherical, kidney shaped, oval or lobed nuclei.
Leave bloodstream to become macrophage.
Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells and debris.
5. Lymphocytes
Smallest WBC- Agranulocytes
T cell attack pathogen, tumor cells
B cells produce anti bodies.

Abundance of white blood cell

Neutrophils- Lymphocytes- Monocytes- Eosinophils- Basophils

11. Origin, structure, and function of platelets

Also known as thrombocytes are derived from cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocytes.
 Function is hemostasis which is stoppage of bleeding.
12. Processes involved in hemostasis
Vascular spasm or vasoconstriction
Platelets plug formation
Blood coagulation. Prothrombin- thrombin-Fibrinogen- fibrin.

HEART

1. Location, size, and position of the heart

 Mediastinum of the thoracic cavity superior to Diaphragm

 Posterior to the sternum
 Media to the lungs
 Anterior to the vertebral column
Size is 14cm to 9cm.

2. Structure and function of pericardial sac.

Pericardium
 Covering over the heart and large blood vessels
 Holds the heart in place and helps it work properly.
 It is a connective tissue sac surrounding the heart.

 Fibrous pericardial- outer layer, that surrounds doubled layered serous

membrane.
 Parietal Pericardial-Deep to fibrous pericardium outer layer of serous membrane.
Secretes serous membrane fluid to lubricate heart and reduce friction.
 Visceral Pericardial- Inner layer of serous membrane also called epicardium.

3. Layers of the heart wall

 Epicardium-outer layer- visceral- protection contains the blood vessels and nerves
which supply the heart.
 Myocardium- middle layer contracts to pumps blood composed of cardiac muscle
tissue.
 Endocardium- inner layer – protects valves and the heart chambers on the inside.

4. List the chambers of the heart

  Right atrium- Receive blood returning from systemic circuit (superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava and coronary sinus)
 Right ventricle- Pump blood to the lungs

 Left atrium- Receives blood from the pulmonary vein.

 Left ventricle- Pumps blood to systemic circuit.

5. Valves of the heart, location, structure, and function

Tricuspid valve: prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium
during ventricular contraction. *Right atrioventricular orifice
Pulmonary valve: Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary truck into the right
ventricle during ventricular relaxion. *Entrance to pulmonary truck
Mitral valve: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during
ventricular contraction. *Left atrioventricular orifice.
Aortic valve: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during the
ventricular relation.

6. Blood path through heart chamber and blood vessels.

Blood from systematic circuit- Vena cava and coronary sinus- Right atrium- Tricuspid
valve- Right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary truck- pulmonary arteries-
pulmonary capillary(lung)- pulmonary vein- left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle-
Aortic valve-Aorta-systemic circuit.

7. Blood supply to the heart wall

 Left coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the muscle. Left anterior
descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the left
side of the left side of the heart.

8. Components of the conduction system

SA node- AV node- Bundle of his (Av bundle)- Purkinje fibers

9. Wave forms and correlate them with function of the heart.

 T- wave- Ventricular relaxation/ Diastole/Repolarization

 QRS-wave- Ventricular contraction/systole/Depolarization
 P -wave- Atrial contraction/Systole/ Depolarization.
 Q-T wave- when ventricles contract how long it takes to depolarize.
  P-R wave – Atria and ventricles contracting.

10. Heart sounds

 Lubb- Ventricle systole/contraction/ Depolarization

 Dupp- Ventricle diastole/relation/Repolarization

BLOOD VESSELS
1. Three main type of blood vessels and their functions

o Arteries: Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart.

o Capillaries: site for exchange of substances between the blood and blood cells
o Veins; Receive blood from the venules and carry it back to the heart.

2. Structure of the wall of the arteries and veins

Tunica interna (intima) – inner most layer

Tunica Media- smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Tunica Externa(adventitia) – outer layer of connective tissue.

3. Structure of the capillary

Substances are exchanged by diffusion opening in the walls are slit found where endothelial cells
overlap and semi permeable smooth muscle surrounding capillary.

4. Pulmonary circulation: Transports deoxygenated blood between the heart and the lungs.
5. Systemic circulation: Transports oxygenated blood to cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste
products.
6. Major systemic arteries for each of the body
Subclavian arteries: branch off to the radial and ulna arteries.

Cerebral arterial circle: Provides the alternative pathway for the blood to reach the brain.

External iliac arteries; provides the major blood supply to the lower limbs.

Common Carotid artery: Supply blood to the neck, brain, and head.
common iliac: Supply blood to the pelvic organs, gluteal region and lower limbs.
Internal iliac arteries; supply blood to the pelvic and gluteal region
 External carotid, internal carotid, Axillary, cephalic, Brachial,Ulnar,Radial,common iliac,
Femoral, popliteal, Anterior tibia
7. Important veins and functions.
 External jugular veins: drains blood from the superficial neck, scalp and face.

 Internal jugular vein: Drain blood from the brain, deep face, and neck
.
 Deep set of veins; radial, ulnar (brachial vein)

 Superficial veins: Anastomoses in palms and wrists. Basilic and cephalic vein. *Basilic
joins the brachial vein and cephalic joins the axillary vein.

 Brachiocephalic and azygos veins: Drain the thoracic and abdominal walls the azygos
drains directly into the superior vena cava.

 Popliteal, femoral, and external iliac veins are deep veins that drain the lower limbs.

 Superficial set of veins in lower limb: small and great saphenous veins. Great
saphenous is the longest vein in the body.
8. Difference between fetal and postnatal circulation
Fetal circulation the right side of the heart has higher blood pressure than the left side of the
heart.
Postnatal circulation is when the baby takes its first breathe, pulmonary resistance decreases and
blood flow through the placenta ceases. In fetal circulation the umbilical vein carries oxygenated
blood while deoxygenated blood is carried by the umbilical artery.

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD

1. Cardiac out put is the amount of blood discharged in the ventricle per minute.
CO =stroke volume* heart rate

2. Factors affecting stroke volume

 Preload; pressure of the heart at the end of the diastole. Volume of blood in the
ventricle immediately prior to systole.

 Contractility; The inherent vigor of the contraction of the heart muscle during
systole.
 Afterload: Pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole.

3. Factors that affect Heart rate

  Physical exercise
 Body temperature
 Fight or flight
 Concentration of various ions like potassium and calcium.

4. Normal distribution of blood in the body

5. Describe the process that drive venous blood flow.

 Skeletal muscle contraction
 Breathing movement
 Vasoconstriction of veins

6. Define arterial blood pressure.

Pressure exerted by the blood in the large arteries. Rises when the ventricle contracts
and falls when ventricle relax.
7. Discuss the regulation of arterial blood pressure