ISSN 1807-1929
Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
v.20, n.11, p.955-959, 2016
Campina Grande, PB, UAEA/UFCG – http://www.agriambi.com.br
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n11p955-959
Use of mulches and their effects on the radish crop
Jerffson L. Santos1, Cinira de A. F. Fernandes2, Luan S. Oliveira1,
Cristina M. de Jesus1, John S. Porto1 & Tiyoko N. H. Rebouças1
1
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia/Departamento de Fitotecnia e Zootecnia. Vitória da Conquista, BA. E-mail:
[email protected] (Corresponding author);
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]2
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano/Campus Uruçuca. Uruçuca, BA. E-mail:
[email protected]Key words: ABSTRACT
Raphanus sativus This work aimed to evaluate the influence of green fertilization and the compost on the
Leucaena leucocephala production of radish, cv. ‘Cometa’. The experimental design was randomized blocks with
Pterogyne nitens Tull 6 treatments and 4 replicates: T1 - Leucaena, T2 - ‘Madeira-nova’, T3 - Compost (maize
Panicum maximum straw and composted cattle manure), T4 – ‘Sempre verde’ grass + compost and T5 – ‘Sempre
production verde’ grass and T6 - control without fertilization, totaling 24 experimental plots. The total
area of the experimental plot was 1.44 m2, with useful area of 0.80 m2 and 21.0 t ha-1 of
fertilizer (dry basis) were incorporated in each treatment. The radish crop was directly sown
in the beds, in 2- to 3-cm-deep holes, leaving one plant at spacing of 20 cm between rows
and 5 cm between plants. Twenty-nine days after planting, plants were evaluated for total
yield, commercial yield, percentages of commercial roots (%) and waste roots (%), fresh
and dry matter of shoots and roots, total and individual leaf area and the SPAD index. The
incorporation of Leucaena at the amount of 21.0 t ha-1 (dry basis) promoted the highest
increments for the analyzed characteristics.
Palavras-chave: Uso de coberturas mortas e seus efeitos
Raphanus sativus
Leucaena leucocephala para cultura do rabanete
Pterogyne nitens Tull
Panicum maximum RESUMO
Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar a influência da adubação verde e do composto na
produção
produção do rabanete cv. Cometa. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos
casualizados com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições sendo T1 - Leucena, T2 - Madeira-nova,
T3 - composto (palha de milho e esterco bovino compostado), T4 - capim sempre verde +
palha de milho e esterco bovino compostado e T5 - capim sempre verde e T6 - testemunha
sem adubação totalizando 24 parcelas experimentais. A área total da parcela experimental
foi de 1,44 m2, com área útil de 0,80 m2 e para cada tratamento foram incorporadas 21,0
t ha-1 de adubo em base seca. A semeadura do rabanete foi diretamente nos canteiros em
berços de 2 a 3 cm de profundidade deixando uma planta no espaçamento de 20 cm entre
linhas e 5 cm entre plantas; aos 29 dias após plantio foram avaliados a produtividade total,
produtividade comercial, a porcentagem de raízes comercial (%) e de refugo (%), massa
fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes, área foliar total e individual e o índice SPAD. A
incorporação da leucaena na quantidade de 21,0 t ha-1 em base seca ao solo proporcionou
os maiores acréscimos para as características analisadas.
3FGo3FDFJWFE/PW
t"DDFQUFE4FQU
t1VCMJTIFE4FQU
956 Jerffson L. Santos et al.
Introduction radish, aiming at the substitution of the traditional fertilization
method used by the producer. Given the above, this study
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an herbaceous plant aimed to evaluate the effect of green fertilization and compost
belonging to the Brassicaceae family that has globular roots on the production of radish, cv. ‘Cometa’.
and short cycle, between 25 and 30 days (Cardoso & Hiraki,
2001; Paiva et al., 2013). In order to meet the requirement of
Material and Methods
large supplies of nutrients in relatively short periods, especially
in tuberous vegetables, mineral fertilizers have been often used The experiment was conducted at the campus of the State
with exaggeration; thus, studies have been conducted aiming to University of Southwestern Bahia (UESB) in a dystrophic
provide alternatives that can meet the nutritional requirements Yellow Latosol with sandy clay loam texture (EMBRAPA,
of vegetable crops, minimizing the risks of contamination by 2013), in the period from November to December 2014 in
chemical fertilizers in the production (Dantas et al., 2014). the municipality of Vitória da Conquista-BA (14º 53’ 09’’ S;
Incorporated, the green fertilizer is one of the viable 40º 47’ 58’’ W; 941 m). According to Köppen’s classification,
alternatives that have been used in the radish crop, contributing the climate of the region varies from sub-humid to semiarid
to the supply of nutrients required by the crop through the and the mean annual temperature ranges from 19.5 to 20.5 ºC.
incorporation of undecomposed plant material, cultivated in The experimental design was randomized blocks with
the area and later incorporated to the soil. This practice results 6 treatments and 4 replicates, corresponding to different
in the preservation and restoration of soil fertility and also fertilizations using plant materials: T1 - Leucaena (Leucaena
contributes to the increase in the yields of the crops cultivated leucocephala), T2 - ‘Madeira-nova’ (Pterogyne nitens Tull), T3
in these sites (Barros et al., 2013). - Compost (maize straw and composted cattle manure), T4 -
In the soil, this incorporation favors a higher aggregation, ‘Sempre verde’ grass (Panicum maximum cv. ‘Sempre verde’),
water retention and prevention of erosion, reducing losses T5 - ‘Sempre verde’ grass + compost and T6 - Control without
through leaching due to a greater increment of organic matter fertilization, totaling 24 experimental units. The plant materials
along the years (Batista et al., 2012), thus contributing to the were collected at the experimental field of UESB in areas close
to the experiment and were ground into pieces of 2-3 cm, in
increase in the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil
a forage grinder, and later dried at ambient temperature until
and in the retention of nutrients close to its particles (Bonini
the point of hay (approximately four to five days).
et al., 2015), besides promoting improvement of soil physical
The total area of the plot was 1.44 m2, with useful area
and microbiological characteristics (Graham & Haynes, 2006).
of 0.80 m². The radish cultivar used in the experiment was
According to Dantas Júnior et al. (2014), there is a great
‘Cometa’. For each treatment, 21.0 t ha-1 of fertilizer (dry basis)
demand for information that can provide assistance and
were incorporated according to the recommendation of Batista
support to radish producers with respect to its traditional et al. (2013). The preparation of the soil in the experimental
fertilization and to the possibility of substitution of mineral area consisted of one harrowing followed by manual raising of
fertilizers by other fertilization managements for the crop. the beds using a hoe. Soil samples were collected using a soil
Batista et al. (2013) point out that the use of spontaneous auger in the beds in the layer of 0-20 cm and then subjected
species from the Caatinga as green fertilizers is an alternative to chemical analysis to verify the level of nutrients before
management technique for the production of vegetables in incorporating the organic fertilizers (Table 1).
northeast Brazil, but there is still little information. The green fertilizers were applied and incorporated in the
The study on the use of biomass of plant species as plots 21 days before sowing, mixed with the soil, in the layer of
fertilization for vegetable production is important, because 0-20 cm (Linhares et al., 2009). Radish sowing was performed
it allows the producer to perform fertilization using local directly in the beds in 2- to 3-cm-deep holes. Three seeds were
inputs. According to Bonfim-Silva et al. (2011), the use of planted in each hole, and thinning was performed 9 days after
green fertilizers helps to minimize environmental impacts sowing, leaving one plant at spacing of 20 cm between rows
and decrease the excessive use of mineral fertilizers. Therefore, and 5 cm between plants. Irrigations were performed using
studies on fertilization have been conducted specifically for sprinklers, in the morning for 1 h.
Table 1. Soil chemical characterization before incorporating the green fertilizers and after harvesting the radish
Before the incorporation of green fertilizers
pH P K Ca Mg Al H SB t T V OM
H2 O mg dm-3 cmolc dm-3 % g dm-3
6.8 37 0.32 2.6 1.4 0.0 1.8 4.8 4.8 6.6 73 14
After radish harvest
Treatments pH P K Ca Mg Al H SB t T V OM
H2 O mg dm-3 cmolc dm-3 % g dm-3
T1 – Leucaena 5.7 76 0.44 3.0 1.7 0.0 1.8 5.1 5.1 6.9 74 20
T2 – ‘Madeira-nova’ 5.8 60 0.43 2.8 1.4 0.0 1.6 4.6 4.6 6.2 74 19
T3 – Compost 6.6 53 0.41 3.4 2.0 0.0 1.3 5.8 5.8 7.1 82 22
T4 – ‘Sempre verde’ + compost 6.5 52 0.46 3.3 2.0 0.0 1.4 5.8 5.8 7.2 80 22
T5 – ‘Sempre verde’ 6.8 54 0.51 3.1 1.9 0.0 1.2 5.5 5.5 6.7 82 17
T6 – Control 6.3 35 0.30 3.0 1.4 0.0 1.5 4.7 4.7 6.2 76 13
Source: Laboratory of Soils of the State University of Southwest Bahia; SB – Sum of exchangeable bases; t – effective cation exchange capacity (CEC); T – potential CEC; V – Base saturation;
OM – Organic matter
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.20, n.11, p.955-959, 2016.
Use of mulches and their effects on the radish crop 957
At 29 days after planting, the useful area (0.80 m2) of each Table 2. Total leaf area (TLA), individual leaf area (ILA),
plot was harvested for the evaluation of the individual leaf area SPAD index (SPAD) and shoot fresh matter (SFM) of radish
(ILA) of the 3rd fully expanded leaf and total leaf area (TLA) plants under different organic fertilizers
of 6 plants using a leaf area integrator (LI-3100, LI-COR, TLA ILA SFM
Treatments SPAD
USA), while the SPAD index was evaluated using a portable (cm2) (g)
chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Minolta, Japan), in one fully T1 – Leucaena 133.99 a 51.91 a 33.55 a 8.86 a
T2 – ‘Madeira-nova’ 77.13 b 49.96 a 32.83 a 5.70 b
expanded leaf at three different points.
T3 – Compost 62.35 b 27.32 b 28.50 b 4.12 c
In addition, the following variables were evaluated: shoot fresh T4 – ‘Sempre verde’ + compost 49.23 b 24.99 b 27.85 b 3.11 cd
and dry matter (SFM and SDM), root fresh and dry matter (RFM T5 – ‘Sempre verde’ 41.18 b 20.60 b 25.63 b 1.99 d
and RDM), total fresh and dry matter (TFM and TDM), total root T6 – Control 45.23 b 24.54 b 28.98 b 3.56 c
yield (TRY) and percentage of commercial roots (%CR) and waste Mean 68.18 19.35 29.55 4.55
CV (%) 25.85 33.22 5.14 12.81
roots (%WR). Root dry matter (RDM) was determined in a sample
*Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey test at 0.05
of 20 plants and shoot dry matter (RDM) in the evaluated plants probability level
of the useful area, which were maintained in a forced-air oven at
65 ºC for 72 h, until constant weight. The dry matter weight was plants and bamboo, in the organic production of lettuce. The
determined using a precision scale (0.001 g). leguminous plants are the preferred ones as green fertilizers,
At the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected in because of the biological fixation of atmospheric N and the
the layer of 0-20 cm for the determination of macronutrients, production of large amount of mass rich in nutrients that are
organic matter and pH, after radish harvest (Table 1). essential to the plants (Lima et al., 2008).
The data were subjected to tests of homogeneity of variance There was an increment in the characteristics of mass
(Cochran and Bartlett) and normality (Lilliefors). Then, the accumulation (SDM; TFM; TDM) in the treatment with the
evaluated variables were subjected to analysis of variance (p < use of Leucaena, in comparison to the others; however, these
0.05) and the means were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05) differences were not observed for RDM (Table 3). Although
using the program Sisvar 5.3 (Ferreira, 2011). there were no high values for some nutrients in the soil when
Leucaena was used (Table 1), the green fertilization with this
Results and Discussion leguminous plant allowed a greater biomass accumulation.
According to Lima et al. (2008), the leguminous plants showed
There was an increase in soil fertility with increments rapid mineralization, promoting a faster cycling of nutrients
of 40.7, 33.4 and 22% in the mean contents of P, K and Mg, to the plants. Espindola et al. (2006) observed, in leguminous
respectively. Similar result was also observed in organic matter, species, different patterns of decomposition of the plant
with increment of 35% in its content in the soil, due to the residues and, consequently, release of nutrients, which can
incorporation of green fertilizers and organic compost in affect their availability to the main crop.
radish production (Table 1). Based on the studies conducted The low values of accumulation of fresh and dry matter
with green fertilization in the radish crop, the efficacy of this when ‘Sempre verde’ grass was used (Table 3) can be related
practice has been confirmed with the use of soil-conditioning to the process of mineralization, favoring the immobilization
and cover plants. Many studies have obtained positive results of the nutrients, which occurred in the study of Espindola
in the physical, chemical and biological aspects and greater et al. (2006), in which the spontaneous vegetation formed
availability of nutrients to the plant (Costa et al., 2006; Lima by ‘Colonião’ grass caused the immobilization of N, Ca and
et al., 2008; Batista et al., 2013). Mg in the plant residues for various months, which would
According to Lima et al. (2008), various beneficial effects lead to a competition for these nutrients with the main crop.
can be promoted by green fertilization, including the increase Fontanétti et al. (2006), evaluating the absorption of nutrients
in the availability of nutrients to the crops of commercial from the mineralization by vegetables, point out that it mostly
interest, protection of the soil against erosion, the favoring depends on the synchrony between the decomposition and
of organisms beneficial to agriculture and the control of mineralization of the plant residues and the period of highest
spontaneous plants. nutritional demand of the crop.
There were differences between the treatments for the
analyzed characteristics (TLA, ILA, SPAD and SFM) (Table Table 3. Shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM),
2), with highest values of total leaf area (133.99 cm 2) and total fresh matter (TFM) and total dry matter (TDM) of radish
shoot fresh matter (8.86 g) of radish for the incorporation of plants under different organic fertilizers
Leucaena. However, for individual leaf area and SPAD index, SDM RDM TFM TDM
Treatments
there were no significant differences in the comparison of (g)
incorporation of Leucaena and ‘Madeira-nova’ (ILA: 51.91, T1 – Leucaena 0.82 a 0.78 a 22.80 a 1.60 a
T2 – ‘Madeira-nova’ 0.62 b 0.61 abc 14.96 b 1.23 b
49.96 cm2 and SPAD: 33.55, 32.83, respectively); nonetheless, T3 – Compost 0.50 c 0.50 bcd 11.26 c 1.00 bc
the analyzed characteristics showed superior results with the T4 – ‘Sempre verde’ + compost 0.41 cd 0.47 cd 8.08 cd 0.88 cd
use of leguminous plants, favoring greater stimulus to the T5 – ‘Sempre verde’ 0.32 d 0.38 d 4.39 d 0.71 d
vegetative development and accumulation of chlorophylls. T6 – Control 0.46 c 0.65 ab 10.12 c 1.11 cb
Mean 0.52 0.56 11.93 1.09
According to Oliveira et al. (2008), the highest accumulations
CV (%) 9.69 13.88 13.48 10.22
of N in the plant residues were associated with the leguminous *Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey test at 0.05
species, with beneficial effects of soil covers with leguminous probability level
R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.20, n.11, p.955-959, 2016.
958 Jerffson L. Santos et al.
Silva et al. (2006), working with different green fertilizers Conclusion
from crotalaria and millet produced with marked N (15N) in the
production of corn, observed that there was higher increment The incorporation of Leucaena at the amount of 21.0 t ha-1
in the content of accumulated N and lower C/N ratio in the (dry basis) to the soil promoted the highest increments in total
leguminous species due to the high efficiency of the process of yield, commercial yield and accumulation of shoot and root
biological fixation that occurred in the crotalaria. fresh and dry matter in the radish cultivar ‘Cometa’.
The mineralization process leads to energetic costs for
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