 BIOCHEMISTRY

o Which of the following enzymes can polymerize deoxyribonucleotides into

DNA?
o
o
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. Primase

 b. DNA ligase

 c. DNA gyrase

 d. Reverse transcriptase

 e. RNA polymerase III

 .
o BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
o  Which of the following amino acids has a hydrophobic side chain?
o
o
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. Methionine

 b. Glutamine

 c. Lysine

 d. Serine

 e. Glutamic acid
 .
o BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
o  About protein structure, what are the correct statements?
o
o
 o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. The alpha-helix of proteins is a type of secondary structure

made periodic by disulphide bridges.

 b. The alpha-helix of proteins is a type of secondary structure

stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups of the main
chain.

 c. The quaternary structure of protein is important to understand

how hemoglobin carries Fe.

 d. The quaternary structure of proteins characterizes the

structure of an oligomeric protein.

 e. As they are bearing more negative charges, the largest sodium

dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-denatured proteins will migrate over a longer
distance in a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
 .
o BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
o  Which of the following pathways are activated in the skeletal muscle by
insulin?
o
o

 a. Protein synthesis

 b. Lipogenesis

 c. Glycogenolysis

 d. Lipolysis

 e. Ketogenesis
 .
o BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
o  Which of the following compounds can be used to make glucose in animals?
o
o
 o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. Glycerol

 b. Lactate

 c. Pyruvate

 d. Lysine

e. Valine

 BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced
  Protein modifications occurring in the Golgi apparatus include :



o a. removal of sialic acid.

o b. BiP-mediated protein folding.

o c. removal of the signal peptide.

o d. ubiquitination.

o e. modification of high-mannose and complex N-linked oligosaccharides.

 .

 BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced
 When animal cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with glycolysis,
tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and electron-transport chain, the cells:


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. are in the presence of one of these carbohydrates: glucose, fructose,
lactose.

o b. are in aerobic conditions.

o c. produce two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) at every turn of Krebs

cycle.

o d. produce ATP, thanks to a mitochondrial H+ gradient coupled to the

electron-transport chain.

o e. require mitochondrial cytochrom C for ATP production downstream

of the electron-transport chain.

 .

 BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced
  Heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G-proteins) can:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. have tyrosine kinase activity.

o b. stimulate phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity.

o c. inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity.

o d. deactivate ATPase.

o e. regulate ion channels.

  BIOCHEMISTRY

 

 Indicate which of the following metabolic pathways are stimulated by insulin in
hepatocytes:

o a. glycolysis

o b. oxidation of fatty acids

o c. biosynthesis of eicosanoids

o d. biosynthesis of ketone bodies

o e. biosynthesis of glycogen

 .

 BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced
  When non-essential amino acids are in excess, the body can:




o a. store them as-is to form proteins later.

o b. transform them into fat, in the form of triacylglycerides.

o c. transform them into carbohydrates, in the form of glycogen.

o d. transform them into nucleosides, in the form of pyrimidines.

o e. oxidize them into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), generating
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
 BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
  Concerning nucleoside and DNA, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. The concentration of a DNA solution can be estimated from its

absorbance at 260 nm.

o b. In a DNA, double helix strands are associated via hydrophobic

interactions between base pairs.

o c. In a DNA, double helix strands are associated via hydrogen bonds

between base pairs.

o d. Cytidine is a ribonucleoside.

o e. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside.

 BIOCHEMISTRY_basic
  The dissociation constant (Kd) of a receptor is:



o a. the concentration of a ligand that produces 100% occupancy of the

receptor.

o b. the concentration of a ligand that produces 50% of the maximal effect.

o c. the measurement of specificity between ligand and its receptor.

o d. the measurement of speed by which a ligand will dissociate from its

receptor.

o e. the measurement of affinity between a ligand and its receptor and the
inverse of the association constant.

  BIOCHEMISTRY_advanced
  The melting temperature (Tm) is the temperature observed when DNA is 50%
hybridized and 50% present as single strand. The Tm of a double stranded DNA
molecule decreases when ionic strength increases because:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. an increase in ionic strength increases interactions between

deoxyriboses.

o b. high ionic strength destroys hydrogen bonds that structure base pairs
formation.

o c. high ionic strength hydrolyzes DNA strands.

o d. a higher concentration of charged species in the solution will protect

from electrostatic repulsion between phosphoryl groups of each DNA strand.

o e. an increase in ionic strength decreases pH and therefore favors

interactions between DNA strands.
o

Which of the following are carbohydrates?

 [Reset my choices for this question]



o a. starch

o b. glycogen

o c. chitin

o d. ribose

o e. phospholipid

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic
• On gene expression control, what are the correct statements?

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. Eubacteria control translation of their mRNAs in their nuclei.

o b. RNA editing is a rare molecular process shared by Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes and

Viruses.

o c. The compactness of chromatin is the first point of gene expression control in

Eukaryotes.

o d. Bacterial transcription can be under either positive or negative control.

o e. RNA interference leads to messenger RNA (mRNA) digestion.

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• • If the sequence of a transfer RNA (tRNA) is 5'-CUA-3' , the corresponding

sequence on DNA template strand is:

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. 5'-ATC-3'

o b. 5'-GAT-3'

o c. 5'-GAU-3'

o d. 5'-CTA-3'
o e. 5'-TAG-3'

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• During an experiment with Drosophila, it was discovered that all females had red
eyes, unlike males. A conclusion based on this observation would be:

o a. The gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome.

o b. The females are homozygotes.

o c. The gene for eye color is dominant.

o d. The eye color results from multigenic linkage.

o e. The eye color phenotype is sex-linked.

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• RNA are extracted from liver cells and separated in agarose gel by electrophoresis
side-by-side with a molecular weight marker. The separated RNA fragments are then
transferred to an RNA-binding membrane. Next, this membrane is incubated with labelled
probe specific for the gene X. This experiment determines:

o a. how many copies of gene X there are in liver cells.

o b. if the gene X is translated in liver cells.

o c. if gene X has a point mutation in liver cells.

o d. the chromosomal location of gene X.

o e. the length of the transcript of gene X.

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• Concerning genetic expression, what are the correct statements?

o a. A complementary DNA (cDNA) is obtained by reverse transcription of an RNA.

o b. Coding and non coding-regions contain regulatory transcriptional signals.

o c. The mRNA from the lactose operon is polycistronic.

o d. Untranslated regions are absent in the mature mRNA.

o e. Alternative splicing generates diversity in gene expression.

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

• On prokaryotic DNA polymerases, what are the correct statements?

o a. The Klenow fragment is the N-terminal domain of DNA polymerase I and shows
5'-->3' polymerase activity.

o b. The core of DNA polymerase III contains alpha-epsilon-teta subunits, and two
cores are joined by two gamma-complexes.

o c. DNA polymerase II is involved in transcription.

o d. DNA polymerases II, IV and V are involved in the replication of the bacterial
chromosome in normal conditions.
o e. DNA polymerase I has two functions: it is involved in DNA repair and also
removes the RNA primers from the Okazaki fragments and replaces them by DNA.

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

• RNA interference is a mechanism:

o a. involved in protection against viruses.

o b. necessary to selectively enhance the transcription of coding genes.

o c. involved in the action of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting mRNAs.

o d. involved in the formation of an RNA-protein complex having a nuclease activity

targeting RNA.

o e. discovered in Vertebrate.

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

• Histones :

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. are basic proteins.

o b. carry an epigenetic code similar to the genetic code.

o c. carry an epigenetic code depending on their amino acid sequence.

o d. are present in all living cells.

o e. are located around the DNA in the nucleosome.

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

o What are the correct statements?

o [Reset my choices for this question]

 a. A mutation located within a promoter can change the gene expression.

 b. An mRNA can be differently spliced according to the tissue.

 c. RNA transcribed by the RNA polymerase II are translated.

 d. The end of the transcription process requires a specific DNA sequence.

 e. A reverse transcriptase can polymerise either a DNA or an RNA strand.

o MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

o A mouse recombinant protein is produced by using Escherichia coli as a host cell.

Unfortunately, the recombinant product precipitates as an insoluble protein inside the
Escherichia coli cytoplasm. In order to obtain the same protein in a soluble form it would
be interesting to:

o [Reset my choices for this question]

 a. Use a stronger promoter to induce more recombinant protein expression.

 b. Change the culture medium of Escherichia coli.

 c. Co-express the protein with Escherichia coli chaperones.

 d. Increase the temperature of the Escherichia coli cultures.

 e. Remove the glycosylation signals by directed mutagenesis.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanceD

• • About transcription, what are the correct statements?

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. During transcription the RNA grows by its 5’ end.

o b. Transcription of a palindromic region causes the formation of a hairpin

structure on RNA.

o c. The RNA polymerase can transcribe without a primer.

o d. In an eukaryotic cell, mRNA, rRNA and tRNA are respectively transcribed by

the RNA polymerases I, II and III.

o e. Promoter sequences control the amount of transcripts.

• .

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• Which of the following atoms is found in RNA and DNA?

• [Reset my choices for this question]

•

o a. Iron

o b. Oxygen

o c. Carbon

o d. Sulfur

o e. Hydrogen

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_basic

• For two genes located on the same chromosome, genetic linkage is:

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. low when genes are located far from each other on the same chromosome.

o b. high when genes are interrupted by other genes.

o c. proportional to the number of alleles.

o d. increased by gene deletion.

o e. low when chromosomal crossover occurs between homologous genes.

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

• What are the correct statements regarding genetic mapping?

•
•

• [Reset my choices for this question]

o a. Genes are arranged in a linear order on chromosomes.

o b. Recombination occurs between chromosomes.

o c. There is a mathematical relationship between the distance separating two genes

and the recombination frequency.

o d. Mapping is used to establish the location of genes relative to each other.

o e. Mapping is used to determine the sequence of a gene.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

About the technique of phage display:

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. The Escherichia coli cell infected by the phage codifies for the optimized ligand when the
phage DNA integrates in the DNA of the bacteria.

b. Phages are selected if they express on their surface the optimized ligand.

c. One selects Escherichia coli cells that are resistant to the phage infection.

d. More than one optimized ligand can be selected during the panning procedure.

e. The ligand to be selected on the surface of the phage is non-covalently linked to one of
the surface proteins.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY_advanced

During DNA replication:

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. The two new strands are synthesised in opposite directions.

b. Okazaki fragments are formed on both strands.

c. The polymerase reads the parent strand in a 5’-3’ direction.

d. The primer is removed by a gyrase.

e. Telomerases act on telomeres using an RNA primer.

e. the length of the transcript of gene X.

IMMUNOLOGY_basic

o  The antibody region that bind the antigen region with a high affinity is
called:

 a. complementary determining region (CDR).

 b. hinge region.

 c. heavy chain.
  d. hypervariable region of the variable domain.

 e. epitope.
 .
o IMMUNOLOGY_basic
o  CD8 T lymphocytes:
o
o
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. are generated from lymphoid progenitors in secondary

lymphoid organs.

 b. help B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells.

 c. recognize antigens through specific cell surface receptors.

 d. can be helped by CD4+ T lymphocytes to differentiate into

cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

 e. are involved in the defense against intracellular pathogens.

 .

IMMUNOLOGY

Which of the following are antigen presenting cells?

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. Natural Killer cells

b. Dendritic cells

c. Macrophages
d. B lymphocytes

e. T lymphocytes

IMMUNOLOGY

   Which of the following cells kill other cells by exocytosis of granules that contain
perforine and granzymes?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. neutrophils

o b. B cells

o c. macrophages

o d. NK cells

o e. CD8 T cells

.

 IMMUNOLOGY_basic
  Antibodies:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. have two identical antigen-binding sites.

o b. consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
 o c. are secreted by plasma cells.

o d. are produced by T lymphocytes during adaptive immune response.

o e. can bind their constant heavy chain region to phagocytes.

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
  Concerning naïve T cell biology:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Macrophages activate naïve T cells better than dendritic cells.

o b. CD28 is a costimulatory receptor expressed by naïve T cells that binds

to B7 family members.

o c. The signal that directs naïve T cell differentiation into Th1 is the IFN-
gamma cytokine.

o d. Naïve CD4+ T cells interact with major histocompatibility complex

class I (MHC-I) molecules expressed by CD8+ T cells

o e. Naïve T cells can produce IFN-gamma.

immunology
  Which of these statements are correct?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. The majority of thymocytes die by apoptosis.

o b. Th1 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 cytokines.

o c. Apoptosis is characterized by membrane damage and DNA

fragmentation.

o d. The alpha/beta T cell receptor recognizes peptide antigens bound on

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

o e. Th2 cell cytokines induce B cell proliferation and differentiation.

 .

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
  Which one is an action of TNF alpha?




o a. The up-regulation of P-selectin expression at the surface of endothelial

cells.

o b. The induction of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)

transcriptions in monocytes.

o c. The internalization of Toll-like receptors by macrophages.

o d. The internalization of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-

I) molecules by antigen presenting cells.

o e. The internalization of major histocompatibility complex class II

(MHC-II) molecules by dendritic cells.

 IMMUNOLOGY_basic
  Which one is an immunoglobulin isotype with several sub-classes?


 [Reset my choices for this question]
 

o a. IgA

o b. IgD

o c. IgB

o d. IgG

o e. IgM

 IMMUNOLOGY_basic
  Which of the following receptors are involved in the innate immune system?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Toll-like like receptor (TLR)

o b. B cell receptor (BCR)

o c. major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)

o d. T cell receptor (TCR)

o e. pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

 .

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
 Activated memory T cells can be distinguished from naive T cells on the basis of :


 o a. T cell receptor expression.

o b. CD8 membrane expression.

o c. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecule

secretion.

o d. CD3 transcription.

e. CD45RO isoform membrane expression.

 .

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
  Where are human immune cells generated?




o a. All leukocytes originate from the bone marrow.

o b. Dendritic cells originate from the thymus.

o c. Innate immune cells originate from the lymph nodes.

o d. Neutrophils originate from the spleen.

o e. Naïve T cells originate from secondary lymphoid organs.

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
  If a transgenic mouse express transgenic T cell receptors that recognize an antigen
derived from Escherichia coli presented by a major histocompatibility complex class
II (MHC-II) allele expressed by the transgenic mouse, what happens?


 [Reset my choices for this question]
 

o a. The transgenic mouse will be perfectly healthy.

o b. The transgenic mouse is more affected by viral infections than wild-

type mouse.

o c. The transgenic mouse is more affected by bacterial infections than

wild-type mouse.

o d. The mouse has higher titers of antibodies against antigens derived

from Escherichia coli than wild-type mouse.

o e. The mouse will increase its expression of the MHC class II allele on
antigen presenting cells (APC).

 IMMUNOLOGY_advanced
  Concerning the specific antigen recognition by T cells:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Antigen is bound to a T cell membrane immunoglobulin.

o b. Denaturation of antigen does not reduce epitope recognition.

o c. An antigen presenting cells is required.

o d. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules act as antigen-

presenting molecules.

o e. T cells recognize antigens in their native form.

IMMUNOLOGY_advanced

About allograft:
[Reset my choices for this question]

a. An allograft occurs between individuals of different species.

b. Secondary allograft rejection results from specific memory lymphocyte activation.

c. Allograft rejection is mediated by eosinophils.

d. Secondary allograft rejection occurs in recipients who receive a second transplant from
the same donor.

e. Allograft rejection is primarily caused by immune response to major histocompatibility

complex (MHC) molecules.

IMMUNOLOGY_basic

Macrophages are found in:

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. Bone marrow

b. Spleen

c. Skin

d. Blood

e. Liver.

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
  Which of the following is a structure of bacteria?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. Nucleus

o b. Glycocalyx

o c. Endoplasmic reticulum

o d. Ribosomes

o e. Lysosomes

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
  A variety of mechanisms are involved in the production of disease by infectious
agents. Which of the following mechanisms is involved in viral pathogenesis?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


a. Production of exotoxins as a consequence of virus multiplication.

b. Malignant transformation of infected cells.

c. Destruction of cells as a direct consequence of virus multiplication.

d. Destruction of infected cells by immune mechanisms.

e. Inhibition or alteration of normal cellular function by non-structural viral

proteins.

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
   Prions are:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. bacterial proteins.

o b. destroyed by heat from 50° C (or 122°F).

o c. misfolded infectious proteins aggregated without nucleic acids.

o d. aggregated by covalent bonds in the blood.

o e. the causal agent of poliomyelitis.

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
  Viruses :


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. can be produced inside the cytosol.

o b. can be pathogenic infectious agents.

o c. is a specific type of living cells.

o d. are made of lipids and proteins without carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

o e. belong to Prokaryotes.

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
  Which of the following locations in the human body have microbiota?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Skin

o b. Mouth and nose

o c. Liver

o d. Large Intestine

o e. Eye conjunctiva


 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_advanced
  Which of the following statements can explain how viruses produce more proteins
than would be predicted from the size of their genome?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Overlapping open reading frames are found on opposite strands.

o b. Several proteins are post-translationally fused to make a chimeric

protein.

o c. mRNA molecules can be translated in two different frames.

 o d. One viral mRNA can encode a pre-protein that will be clived in several
proteins.

o e. Proteins can be cleavage products of other functional proteins.

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_advanced
  The viral infection process can be:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. dependent on the cell type.

o b. linked to membrane fusion.

o c. linked to an endocytosis process.

o d. independent of host cell metabolism.

o e. dependent on the host cell cycle.

.

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_advanced
  Many diseases can be the consequence of bacteria, virus or parasite infection. Some
of them are caused by direct contact of the human with the infectious agent and
some are “vectorized” by an intermediate host (vector-borne diseases). Which
diseases mentioned below are vector-borne diseases?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Malaria caused by Plasmodium.

o b. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by Coronaviruses.

o c. Typhus fever caused by Rickettsia.

o d. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human

Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

o e. Dengue fever caused by Dengue virus.

o MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
o  Flu is a disease induced by the Influenza virus; we need to repeat every
year the vaccination against the flu because:
o
o
o

 a. the vaccine against the flu contains inactivated viruses that

stimulate immunity for 6 months.

 b. annual vaccination results in the production of IgA and not of

other immunoglobulin.

 c. the flu virus presents antigenic variation in its capsid proteins.

 d. the flu virus presents antigenic variation in its envelope

proteins.

 e. the flu vaccine is expired after six months.

o MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic
o  Which of the following is true regarding viruses?
o
o
o [Reset my choices for this question]
 o

 a. Released viral particles during cell lysis or budding arecalled

virions.

b. Viruses have a protein capsid and an envelope.

 c. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

 d. Virus genome can be DNA, RNA, single or double stranded.

 e. Outside the host, viruses are inactivated within 24 hours.x

MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic

   Pili function is related to:





o a. motility

o b. chemotaxis

o c. DNA conjugation

o d. dry resistance

o e. bacterial doubling time

 .

 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_advanced
  Mycoplasma
 



o a. have gram positive cell walls.

o b. are cells with prokaryotic organization.

o c. are bacteria typically found in contaminated soils.

o d. can have intracellular replication.

e. cause skin infections.

MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_basic

Which among these types of microorganisms are autotrophic?

Reset my choices for this question]

o a. Mycobacteria

 b. Lactic acid bacteria

 c. Yeasts

 d. Bacilli

 e. Photosynthetic bacteria
 .
   Which both molecules are present in the prokaryote cell wall?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. teichoid acids and lipopolysaccharides

o b. peptidoglycan and lipid A

o c. lipid A and cholesterol

o d. lipoteichoid acids and porins

o e. mycolic acids and arabinogalactan


 MICROBIO-VIROLOGY_advanced
  Which among these viral families contain oncogenic species?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Rhabdoviridae

o b. Papillomaviridae

o c. Retroviridae

o d. Filoviridae

o e. Orthomyxoviridae
.

 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  About the digestive system, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Absorption of glucose and amino acids is generally mediated by

secondary active transporters at the apical membrane of epithelial cells of
the small intestine.

o b. The pancreatic juice is an alkaline secretion that contains many

different digestive enzymes
 o c. Peristaltic movements depend on the coordination of contractions of
the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the intestine

o d. Gastrin is secreted by G cells of the stomach and act on parietal cells

of the stomach.

o e. Bile is necessary for the digestion of lipids due to the lipases inside that
hydrolyze lipids.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  On the respiratory system, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is higher in alveoli than in

atmospheric air.

o b. Surfactant reduces surface tension within the alveoli.

o c. Elastic recoil of the lungs maintains a negative pressure within the

pleural space.

o d. Pacemaker neuronal cells in the larynx determine respiratory

frequency.

o e. Under resting conditions, inspiration is an active process whereas

expiration is a passive process.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  About neuronal excitability, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. Neurons communicate via action potential and synapses.

o b. The action potential is characterized by the rapid inversion of the

membrane potential from negative to positive values.

o c. Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters that are secreted in a

calcium-dependent process.

o d. Ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptors are membrane protein ion

channels.

o e. Voltage-gated potassium channels are responsible for the

depolarization phase of the action potential.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  About the resting membrane potential, what are the correct statements?


o a. It depends on the asymmetric distribution of lipids across the plasma

membrane.

o b. Its value is negative because of the presence of a high chloride anion

concentration in the cytoplasm.

o c. It depends on the presence of Na+ channels at the plasma membrane.

o d. It is a function of the equilibrium potential of K+.

o e. It is maintained in excitable cells after cell death.

PHYSIOLOGY

  On the human circulatory system, what are the correct statements?



 o a. Total peripheral resistance depends on the thickness of arterioles that
is controlled by the orthosympathetic innervation of smooth muscle cells.??

o b. Pressure in the circulatory system decreases from the aorta to the

capillary beds, and then increase again from capillary beds to the vena cava.

o c. Arterial valves facilitate the return of blood against gravity from the
limbs to the heart.

o d. The action potential of cardiomyocytes has a plateau phase caused by

the calcium-dependent depolarization of the membrane potential.

o e. The complete separation of the heart in left-heart and right-heart

allows the maintenance of the same arterial pressure in both the pulmonary
and the systemic circulatory systems.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
  On the excretory system, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Reabsorption is the process of recovering filtered solutes from the

lumen of the nephron back to the blood.

o b. Net positive filtration from blood to the nephron at the glomerulus

depends on passive transport of proteins located in epithelial cells of the
nephron.

o c. In the glomerulus, plasma is filtered, with the exception of proteins

with a molecular weight higher than 60 kDa.

o d. The urine concentration process at the collector tubule depends on the

generation and maintenance of an increasing salt gradient from renal
medulla to renal cortex.
 o e. The epithelial cells of the thick portion of the ascending Henle’s loop
are freely permeable to water but completely impermeable to NaCl.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
  When referring to particular physiological system, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. In peripheral organs capillaries can be fenestrated.

o b. The diastolic blood pressure corresponds to maximal blood pressure.

o c. Platelets are nucleated cells.

o d. The biliary acids are important for protein digestion.

o e. The kidneys can form hyper osmotic urine.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
  A drug completely blocks Na+ channels in nerves. Which of the following effects on
the action potential can be expected?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Decreasing the rate of rise of the upstroke of the action potential.

o b. Shortening the absolute refractory period.

o c. Abolishing the hyperpolarization after potential.

 o d. Blocking the occurrence of action potentials.

o e. Increasing the Na+ equilibrium potential.

 PHYSIOLOGY

 About lipid metabolism, what are the correct statements?


o a. During prolonged starvation, the fatty acids can be converted into

ketone bodies in the liver.

o b. Fat in adipose tissue is hydrolyzed to give glycerol and fatty acids

during fasting or during exercise.

o c. Lipids are water-soluble bio-molecules but insoluble in organic

solvents.

o d. Triacylglycerols (TAG) are lipids that can be used to produce energy

under the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in humans.

o e. The major pathway for beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs on the

matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

 PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
  On the respiratory system, what are the correct statements?




o a. A pH increase facilitates dissociation of dioxygen (O2) from

hemoglobin in active tissues.
 o b. The Haldane effect is due to the ability of deoxyhemoglobin to bind
more carbon dixoide (CO2) than O2-loaded haemoglobin.

o c. CO2 binding to hemoglobin decreases the value of its P50 (partial

pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with O2).

o d. Myoglobin facilitates transport of O2 to the mitochondria in all animal

cells.

o e. The hemoglobin-O2 association-dissociation curve shows positive

cooperativity.

 .

 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  About human skeletal muscle contraction, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. A muscle fiber is made by the parallel apposition of sarcomers.

o b. Generation of force relies on the formation of cross-bridges between

actin and myosin filaments.

o c. In the process of contraction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is

required both to drive the actin-myosin association-dissociation cycle and to
recycle calcium back to the endoplasmic reticulum.

o d. Each muscle fiber is innervated by one neuron only.

o e. T tubules are plasma membrane invaginations of the sarcolemma that

allow excitation-contraction coupling.
 PHYSIOLOGY_basic
  In order to prevent cell damage, solutions injected into the circulatory system must
be :


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Hypotonic

o b. Hypertonic

o c. Isotonic

o d. Acidic

o e. neutral

 PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
  On the circulatory system, what are the correct statements?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Pacemaker cells of the heart are neurons with a stable resting

membrane potential.

o b. Pacemaker cells of the sinus node, located at the left atrium, determine
the heart beat frequency.

o c. Cardiac output is a function of the heart beat frequency and the stroke
volume.

o d. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows coupling of the venous return

with the stroke volume.
o e. Within each capillary bed there is a net loss of liquid to the
extracellular space; this imbalance depends on the hydrostatic pressure and
the colloid osmotic pressure gradients.

o PHYSIOLOGY_basic
o  About the pituitary gland, what are the correct statements?
o
o
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o

 a. Adrenalin is secreted by the pituitary gland.

 b. The anterior pituitary gland is also called neurohypophysis.

 c. Anterior pituitary cells called somatotropic cells secrete growth

hormone (GH).

 d. Posterior pituitary gland contains axons and axon terminals of

numerous neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are located in the
hypothalamus.

 e. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that are peptides or

small protein hormones binding to membrane receptors.
o
o PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
o
o On the excretory system, what are the correct statements?
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o
o a. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the glomerular filtration rate.
o b. Macula densa cells are located at the distal tubule and are close to the
afferent arteriole.
o c. Synthesis and secretion of renin by the macula densa cells is regulated by
the amount of NaCl at the distal tubule.
o d. Vasopressin levels modulate water reabsorption at the collector tubule,
modulating in this way venous return and arterial pressure.
o e. Aldosterone increases K+ reabsorption and Na+ secretion by acting on the
Na+/K+ ATPase.
 o .
o PHYSIOLOGY_advanced
o
o Regarding hormones, what are the correct statements?
o [Reset my choices for this question]
o
o a. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) is the biological active form of thyroid hormones.
o b. A peak of luteinizing hormone (LH) is mandatory for inducing ovulation.
o c. Aldosterone is involved in the control of glucose metabolism.
o d. Oxytocin is formed in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
o e. Osteoclasts are important for sodium retention.

 CELL BIOLOGY_advanced
  Which of the following statements applies to G proteins?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. G protein-coupled receptors transduce signal from outside to inside

the cell.

o b. G proteins are in the Golgi apparatus as indicated by their name.

o c. G proteins have a similar structure.

o d. G proteins activate transduction cascades leading to cell responses.

o e. G proteins are the targets of medicinal drugs.

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_advanced
  Which of the following proteins powers both the movement of cilia and vesicles
within a cell?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. Myosin

o b. Actin

o c. Keratin

o d. Kinesin

o e. Dynein

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_advanced
  If you want to demonstrate that a protein X is necessary for nuclear translocation
of a protein Y in cultured cells, you can:




o a. fix the cells, transfect the cells with a plasmid coding for protein X and
then perform an immunofluorescent staining of protein Y.

o b. transfect cells with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against

protein X or a control siRNA, then the next day, induce cell lysis, perform
cytosolic and nuclear fractionation and titrate protein Y levels inside
fractions.

o c. test in cytosolic fractions of cell lysate if proteins X and Y co-

immunoprecipitate.

o d. treat cells with an inhibitor of protein X and measure the cellular

levels of both protein Y and histone H2B by flow cytometry.

o e. overexpress a dominant negative form of protein X or a protein control

and perform an immunofluorescent staining of protein Y in both cases.

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
    The cytosol:




o a. is a static liquid inside the nucleus.

o b. contains RNA.

o c. supports the cell and determines its shape.

o d. contains water as the major quantitative component.

o e. chemically modifies proteins and other molecules.

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  Synaptic signaling involves:




o a. Endocrine carbohydrates

o b. Exocrine enzymes

o c. Autocrine lipid mediators

o d. Neurotransmitters

o e. Hormones

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  Which of the following proteins are transmembrane proteins?


 o a. integrin

o b. oestrogen receptor

o c. phospholipase C

o d. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase

o e. growth factor receptor

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  In order to survive, mammalian must:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. obtain energy.

o b. convert genetic information into proteins.

o c. realize biochemical reactions in separated cell compartments.

o d. process adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

o e. expose themselves to light.

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  What cytoskeletal elements are present in muscle cells?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. actin microfilaments

o b. tubulin microfilaments

o c. intermediate filaments of desmin

o d. intermediate filaments of vinculin

o e. lamins

CELL BIOLOGY

 Microtubules are composed of monomers of



 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. alpha-tubulin

o b. beta-tubulin

o c. delta-actin

o d. sigma-myosin

o e. kappa-tubules

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  Membranes are components of which of the following structures?


 [Reset my choices for this question]

 o a. Microtubules

o b. Nucleus

o c. Golgi apparatus

o d. Endoplasmic reticulum

o e. Mitochondrion

 .

 .

o
o .

 .

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  What is the difference between “free” and “attached” ribosomes?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, whereas attached ribosomes are

anchored to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

o b. Free ribosomes can translocate to the nucleus to produce nuclear

proteins, whereas attached ribosomes synthesize cytoplasmic proteins.

o c. Free cytoplasmic ribosomes produce proteins that are exported outside

the cell, whereas attached ribosomes perform post-translational modification
of cytoplasmic proteins.
 o d. Free ribosomes are found in Eukaryotes while attached ribosomes are
found in Prokaryotes.

o e. Free ribosomes use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while attached

ribosomes use guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for protein synthesis.

 CELL BIOLOGY_advanced
  A secondary lysosome is:


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. a lysosome that provides a backup to the primary lysosomes.

o b. a lysosome that is smaller than a primary lysosome.

o c. a lysosome that will become a primary lysosome when it fuses with a

phagosome.

o d. a primary lysosome that has fused with a phagosome.

o e. a lysosome that has exocytosed.

 CELL BIOLOGY_advanced
  Which of the following are typical events associated with cell signaling?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Cascade of protein phosphorylations

 o b. Production of the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP) or inositol triphosphate (IP3)

o c. Release of calcium ions from storage organelles

o d. Production of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

o e. Release of carbohydrates

 CELL BIOLOGY_basic
  Within the eukaryotic cell, which organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes for
degrading, digesting and recycling intracellular material?


 [Reset my choices for this question]


o a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

o b. Lipid droplet

o c. Lysosomes

o d. Golgi apparatus

o e. Mitochondria

CELL BIOLOGY_advanced

Gap junctions in animal cells permit:

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. Adjacent cells to adhere strongly to each other.

b. Adjacent cells to communicate.

c. Adjacent cells to form a water-tight (occlusive) barrier between their membranes.

d. Second messengers produced in one cell to rapidly diffuse into and stimulate events in surrounding
cells.

e. The rapid exchange of proteins such as histones between adjacent cells.

CELL BIOLOGY_advanced

What elements are enriched at the leading edge of migrating cells?

[Reset my choices for this question]

a. stress fibers

b. lamellipodia

c. branched actin networks

d. activators of Rac GTPase

e. activators of Rho GTPase