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Chapter Four Applications of Derivatives: 4-1-L'Hopital Rule

This document summarizes key concepts in calculus including: 1) L'Hopital's rule for evaluating limits of indeterminate forms. It applies when the limit of the numerator and denominator are both approaching 0/0 or infinity/infinity forms. 2) Taking the derivative to find the slope of a curve at a point, known as the tangent line. The derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change. 3) Relating derivatives to concepts like velocity and acceleration. Velocity is the derivative of position, and acceleration is the derivative of velocity. 4) Using derivatives to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval and find local maxima and minima using the first derivative test

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99 views5 pages

Chapter Four Applications of Derivatives: 4-1-L'Hopital Rule

This document summarizes key concepts in calculus including: 1) L'Hopital's rule for evaluating limits of indeterminate forms. It applies when the limit of the numerator and denominator are both approaching 0/0 or infinity/infinity forms. 2) Taking the derivative to find the slope of a curve at a point, known as the tangent line. The derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change. 3) Relating derivatives to concepts like velocity and acceleration. Velocity is the derivative of position, and acceleration is the derivative of velocity. 4) Using derivatives to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing over an interval and find local maxima and minima using the first derivative test

Uploaded by

abas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter four

Applications of derivatives

4-1- L'Hopital rule :


Suppose that f ( xo ) = g ( xo ) = 0 and that the functions f and
g are both differentiable on an open interval ( a , b ) that
contains the point xo . Suppose also that g' ( x ) 0 at every
point in ( a , b ) except possibly xo . Then :
f(x) f'( x )
lim lim provided the limit exists .
x x g( x )
0 x x g' ( x )
0

Differentiate f and g as long as you still get the form 0 or


0
at x = xo . Stop differentiating as soon as you get something else .
L'Hopital's rule does not apply when either the numerator or
denominator has a finite non-zero limit .
EX-1 – Evaluate the following limits :
2
1 ) lim sin x 2 ) lim x 2 5 3
x o x x 2 x 4
3 ) lim x sin x 4 ) lim ( x ).tan x
x 0 x3 x
2
2
Sol. –
1 ) lim sin x 0 u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule
x 0 x 0
lim cos x cos 0 1
x 0 1
x2 5 3 0
2) lim u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule
x 2 x2 4 0
x

lim x2 5 lim
1 1 1
x 2 2x x 2
2 x2 5 2 4 5 6

3 ) lim x sin x
3
0 u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule
x 0 x 0
lim 1 cos 2
x 0 u sin g L' Hopital' s rule
x 0 3x 0
1 lim sin x 1
6x 0 x 6
4 ) lim ( x ) tan x 0. we can' t u sin g L' Hoptal' s rule
x 2
2

x
lim 2 . lim sin x 0 u sin g L' Hopital' s rule
x cos x x 0
2 2

lim 1 . lim sin x 1 . sin 1


x
2
sin x x 2 sin 2
2

4-2- The slope of the curve :


Secant to the curve is a line through two points on a curve.
Slopes and tangent lines :
1. we start with what we can calculate , namely the slope of
secant through P and a point Q nearby on the curve .
2. we find the limiting value of the secant slope ( if it exists ) as
Q approaches p along the curve .
3. we take this number to be the slope of the curve at P and
define the tangent to the curve at P to be the line through p
with this slope .
The derivative of the function f is the slope of the curve :
dy
the slope m f ' ( x )
dx

EX-2- Write an equation for the tangent line at x = 3 of the


curve :
f(x) 1
2x 3
Sol.-
m f'( x ) 1 m x 3 f'( 3 ) 1
( 2x 3 ) 3 27
f(3) 1 1
2* 3 3 3
The equation of the tangent line is :
y 1 1 ( x 3 ) 27 y x 12
3 27
4-3- Velocity and acceleration and other rates of changes :
- The average velocity of a body moving along a line is :
s f(t t) f(t ) displaceme nt
vav
t t time travelled
The instantaneous velocity of a body moving along a line is
the derivative of its position s = f ( t ) with respect to time t .
ds s
i.e. v lim
dt t 0 t
- The rate at which the particle’s velocity increase is called its
acceleration a . If a particle has an initial velocity v and a
constant acceleration a, then its velocity after time t is v + at .
v
average acceleration a av
t
The acceleration at an instant is the limit of the average
acceleration for an interval following that instant , as the
interval tends to zero .
v
i.e. a limt 0
t
- The average rate of a change in a function y = f ( x ) over the
interval from x to x + is :
f(x x) f(x)
average rate of change
x
The instantaneous rate of change of f at x is the derivative.
f(x x) f(x)
f' ( x ) lim provided the limit exists .
x 0
x

EX-3- The position s ( in meters ) of a moving body as a


function of time t ( in second ) is : s 2 t 5 t 3 ; find : 2

a) The displacement and average velocity for the time


interval from t = 0 to t = 2 seconds .
b) The body’s velocity at t = 2 seconds .
Sol.-
2 2
a ) 1) s s( t
t ) s( t ) 2( t t) 5( t t ) 3 2t 5t 3
( 4 t 5 ) t 2( t ) 2
at t 0 and t 2 s (4 * 0 5) * 2 2 * 2 2 18
2
2 ) v av s ( 4 t 5 ) t 2( t ) 4 t 5 2. t
t t
at t 0 and t 2 v av 4 * 0 5 2 * 2 9
d
b) v( t ) f ( t ) 4t 5
dt
v ( 2 ) 4 * 2 5 13

EX-4- A particle moves along a straight line so that after t


(seconds) , its distance from O a fixed point on the line is s
(meters) , where s t 3t 2 t :
3 2

i) when is the particle at O ?


ii) what is its velocity and acceleration at these times ?
iii) what is its average velocity during the first second ?
iv) what is its average acceleration between t = 0 and t = 2 ?
Sol. –
i ) at s 0 t 3
3t 2
2t 0 t( t 1 )( t 2) 0
either t 0 or t 1 or t 2 sec .
ii ) velocity v ( t ) 3t 6 t 2 v ( 0 ) 2 m / s
2

v( 1 ) 1m / s
v( 2 ) 2m / s
acceleration a( t ) 6 t 6 a( 0 ) 6m / s 2

a( 1 ) 0 m / s 2

a( 2 ) 6 m / s 2

s s( 1 ) s( 0 ) 1 3 2 0
iii ) v av 0m / s
t 1 0 1
v v( 2 ) v( 0 ) 2 2
iv ) a av 0m / s 2
t 2 0 2
4-4- Maxima and Minima :
Increasing and decreasing function : Let f be defined on an
interval and x1 , x2 denoted a number on that interval :
- If f(x1) < f(x2) when ever x1 < x2 then f is increasing on that
interval .
- If f(x1) > f(x2) when ever x1 < x2 then f is decreasing on that
interval .
- If f(x1) = f(x2) for all values of x1 , x2 then f is constant on
that interval .
The first derivative test for rise and fall : Suppose that a
function f has a derivative at every point x of an interval I.
Then :
- f increases on I if f ' ( x ) o , x I
- f decreases on I if f ' ( x ) o , x I
If f ' changes from positive to negative values as x passes from
left to right through a point c , then the value of f at c is a
local maximum value of f , as shown in below figure . That is
f(c) is the largest value the function takes in the immediate
neighborhood at x = c .
f' = 0

f increasing f decreasing f increasing

f'=0

+ + - - - - + + +
a f'>0 c f'<0 d f'>0 b

Similarly , if f ' changes from negative to positive values as x


passes left to right through a point d , then the value of f at d
is a local minimum value of f . That is f(d) is the smallest value
of f takes in the immediate neighborhood of d .

EX-5 – Graph the function : y f(x) x3 2x2 3x 2 .


3
Sol.- f ' ( x ) x2 4x 3 (x 1 )( x 3) 0 x 1 ,3

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