ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Machine Design Project I
MEng 3161
1st Project

DESIGN OF A PRESSURE VESSEL

Fanuel Tilahun(0305/10) and

G/kidan Mequanint(0536/10)

Submitted to:Wallelign
 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, we would like to thank the Almighty God for helping us get through the
whole project. Secondly,we would like to acknowledge our instructor mr. wallelign m. for
helping us and guiding us.we would also want to thank “birana culture and art center ” for its
support for us by offering wifi access,and providing different materials.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

ACRONYM

T – Design temperature

C – corrosion allowance

Di - internal diameter of shell

R – inside radius of the vessel

W – weight of the vessel

H – height of center of gravity

n- number of legs

N – number of bolts

E – joint efficiency

σall – allowable strees

σl - longitudinal stress

σθ - Hoop Stress

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract……….……………………………………….I

List of tables……………………………………………II

List of figures…..………………………………………III

CHAPTER-ONE

BACKGROUND OVER VIEW

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………….1
1.2 Problem Statement……………………………………….3
1.3 Objective………………………………………………………4

1.3.1 General Objective………………………….....4

1.3.2 Specific Objective……………………………….4

1.4 Significance………………………………………………………4

1.5 Methodology……………………………………………………5

1.5.1 Method………………………………………………………….5

1.5.2 Procedure……………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………7

CHAPTER THREE

DETAIL DESIGN………………………………………………………9

3.1 design of shell………………………………………………….10

3.2 design of Head………………………………………………..15

3.3 design of nozzle………………………………………………18

3.4 design of Support……………………………………………23

CHAPTER FOUR

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Conclusion……………………………………………………………30

CHAPTER FIVE

Recommendation………………………………………………31

References…………………………………………………………32

Bibiliography………………………………………………………33

Apendex……………………………………………………………34

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

ABSTRACT
This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure
vessel.A detailed study of various parts of pressure vessels like shell, support,
nozzles Design is carried according to rules of ASME code. This paper deals with
detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials used in pressure
construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the study of
various parts like type of support etc. and Application of pressure vessels, Types
of Pressure Vessel, component of pressure vessel, Problem Statement, Objectives
, and the Scope Of The Project.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 – specification --------------------------- 9

Table 2 - pressure with internal diameter -- 11

Table 3 – max. allowable joint efficiency ----12

Table 4 – inspection of opening diameter --19

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 – longitudinal stress ----------------------------14

Figure 2 – hoop stress --------------------------------------15

Figure 3 – flat end closure ---------------------------------16

Figure 4 – nozzle --------------------------------------------18

Figure 5 – flange --------------------------------------------21

Figure 6 – bolt ------------------------------------------------21

Figure 7- leg support ----------------------------------------26

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

CHAPTER-1
BACKGROUND OVER VIEW
INTRODUCTION
A good deal of the Mechanics of Materials can be introduced entirely within the confines of
unaxial stressed structural elements, and this was the goal of the previous modules. But of
course the real world is three-dimensional, and we need to extend these concepts accordingly.
We now take the next step, and consider those structures in which the loading is still simple,
but where the stresses and strains now require a second dimension for their description. Both
for their value in demonstrating two-dimensional effects and also for their practical use in
mechanical design, we turn to a slightly more complicated structural type: the thin-walled
pressure vessel. The pressure vessels such as cylinder, pipeline or tanks are design and
construct to store gas or fluids under pressure. The pressure vessels are used to store fluids
under pressure. Pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between
inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the
vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other
reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high
pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly
radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no
leakage can occur. . Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, petroleum,
petrochemical and nuclear industry. It is in the class of equipment that the reaction, separation
and storage of raw material occur. In the same word, pressurized equipment is required for a
wide range of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose. In the case of shell,
opening requiring reinforcement in vessel under internal pressure the metal removed must be
replaced by the metal of reinforcement. In addition to providing the area of reinforcement,
adequate welds must be provided to attach the metal of reinforcement and the induced
stresses must be evaluated. Materials used for reinforcement shall have an allowable stress
value equal to or greater than of the material in this vessel wall except that, when such material
is not available, lower strength material may be used; provided, the reinforcement isincreased
in inversed proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress values of the two materials to the
ratio of the two materials to compensate for the lower allowable stress value of any
reinforcement having a higher allowable stress value than that of the vessel wall. The gas or
fluid that being stored may be through change of state inside the pressure vessel, for example
case of steam boilers or it might combine with other reagents, such as a chemical plant. The
pressure vessels must design with a perfect care because crack of pressure vessels will cause an

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

explosion which may cause of death and loss of property. The material that be used to
construct pressure vessels may be ductile such as mild steel or brittle such that cast iron.

Application of pressure vessels

A pressure tank connected to a water well and domestic hot water system Pressure vessels are
used in a variety of applications. These include the industry and the private sector. They appear
in these sectors respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot
water storage tanks, other examples of pressure vessels are: diving cylinder, recompression
chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves and many other vessels in mining or oil refineries and
petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, habitat of a space ship, habitat of a submarine,
pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoir, road
vehicle airbrake reservoir and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine,
propane, butane and LPG. In different applications, the pressure in a pressure vessel is achieved
either from a direct source or an indirect one by the application of heat. Pressure vessels have
an array of applications, ranging from compressed gas storage tanks, such as oxygen and
nitrogen, to autoclaves used in laboratories to hydro-pneumatic tanks and refrigerant vessels.
Whether it is oil refineries, petrochemical plants, mining, submarines, or nuclear reactors, all
use pressure vessels at one place or another. Airplanes are a unique example of pressure
vessels; the entire structure of a plane is a pressure vessel, which does two functions --
enduring the cabin pressure and maneuvering load of the aircraft.

Types of Pressure Vessel

The most common types of pressure vessels can be classified:-
According to their functions

A) Storage vessels

B) Reactors

C) Boilers

D) Mixers, and

According to structural materials

 Steel
 Cast iron
 Copper, and
 Plastic pressure vessels.

According to methods of fabrication

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

a) Welded

b) Cast

c) Brazed, and

d) Flanged pressure vessels.

According to size and geometric form

The size and geometric form of pressure vessels diverge greatly from the large cylindrical
vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft.
Some of the vessels are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on
ground or supported in platforms. There are four types of pressure vessels. But mainly two
types of pressure vessels usually available in industry:
ɪ. Cylindrical
ɪɪ. Spherical
ɪɪɪ. Conical, and
ɪᴠ. Combined But mainly two types of pressure vessels usually available in industry.

component of pressure vessel

There are four components of pressure vessels this are:- A. head B. shell C. nozzle and
D.support

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure,
extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance
requirements pose exciting design problems.also

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OBJECTIVE
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
This report is prepared for designing a typical pressure vessel.
The pressure vessel, by its nature, is a very sensitive component that could lead to a
catastrophic and fatal accident if it is not dealt with extreme precautions. Unlike other design
procedures for designing other components, the design procedure of a pressure vessel leaves
a very narrow window for the designer to create his/her ideaor generate a new concept.
Almost each and every design procedure for pressure vessel is set and done by few
internationally accepted standards.
The specific objective of this pressure vessel design project is to make the students be familiar
with the different codes and standards that guide the design procedure while designing a
typical pressure vessel.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Specifically we would like to design each and individual component of pressure vessel such as:
 Shell of pressure vessel
 Head of pressure vessel
 Nozzle of pressure vessel
 Support of pressure vessel When we design as much as possible we will try to consider each
and individual things in order to full fill a particular need within our overall objective. We will
also recognize sub-objective requirements of the various units that make up the overall design.

SIGNIFICANCE
The purpose of our design is:
Verifying the macro-strength parts of the pressure vessels.
Used to verify the deformation of the vessel due to external loadings.
Used to verify the tightness of vessel.
 Used to develop a new products ,assurances,to the interchangability and


common usability and is convinent to use and mantain.

It is helpful to interchange the international science , technology ,culture
and economy.

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METHODOLOGY
METHOD
The information in selection of pressure vessel is described and the application of selected
pressure vessel is been discussed. To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are
important as a reference guide to achieve the secure pressure vessel. The standard of material
selection used are explained. Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain the
result are introduced. Instead of that, design process methodology is also described.

PROCEDURE
1. Define pressure vessel and identify wide variety of industrial applications.
2. Identify pressure vessel components (vessel shell, heads, supporting legs,nozzles, flanges,
manhole …) and configurations.
3. Determine vessels Length and Diameter by the use of the given nominal vessel volume for
typical ratio of length to diameter.
4 . Select material based on the following factors:
a. Strength
b. Corrosion Resistance
c. Resistance to Hydraulic Attack
d. Fracture toughness
e. Fabricability
5. Define specific weld types that may be used and determine the corresponding weld joint
efficiency, E, which is a measure of weld quality and accounts for stress concentrations and is
needed in component thickness calculations.
6. Calculate required shell thickness for internal pressure. Note that you must account for
corrosion allowance based on the type of the medium. Therefore the corrosion allowance must
be added to obtain the inside radius and finally must be added to the calculated thinkness.
7. Review the different type of closure heads (flanged, hemispherical, elliptical,
torispherical , conical and toriconical) and select the one for your top and bottom head which is
not necessarily the same for both ends.
8. Calculate required head thickness for internal pressure. You will follow the same procedure
how the corrosion allowance is accounted for vessel thickness calculation.

9. Select standard flange with its dimensional detail based on flange rating. The flange rating
establishes acceptable temperature/pressure combinations and is a function of acceptable
flange materials.
10. Select standard wall thickness of the nozzle.

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11. Check the pressure vessel for maximum allowable working stress for the combined internal
service pressure and external loads.
12. Design inspection or manhole for the pressure vessel.
13. Support design
a. Design for weight, wind, and earthquake.
b. Pressure not a factor.
c. Temperature also a consideration for material selection and thermal expansion.

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CHAPTER-2
LITRATURE REVIEW
1. M Javed Hyder and M Asif
presented work to optimize location and size of opening in pressure vessel cylinder using
ANSYS, Analysis performed for three thick-walled cylinders with internal diameter 20, 25 and
30 cm having 30 cm height and wall thickness of 20 mm.
first they done analysis of pressure vessel cylinder without hole, they found tangential,
longitudinal, radial, and von misses stress ,then optimization of hole size is carried out by
making hole having diameter of 4,8,10,12,14,16 and 20 mm located at center in each of three
thick cylinders, from fig 14
they found that the optimum size of hole is 8 mm cylinder having internal diameter 20 cm and
hole size 10 mm for cylinder having internal diameter of 25 cm and 30 cm has lowest von
Misses stress value and finally 12 mm hole located at 1/6, 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, and 4/8 of cylinder
from top in all three
cylinders, and they found Von Misses stress is maximum at the center 0.500 location and
decreased directed away from the center and the stress increased at the location change from
0.1250 to 0.0625 from cylinder top due to end effect and finally they found Von-Mises stress is
minimum at location 1/8 of cylinder height.

2.Josip Kacmarcik, Nedelijko Vukojevic And Fuad

Hadzikadunic
concluded that comparison show good agreement between the stress concentration factor
determined with two different method, here two different method strain gauge with
experimental set-up and finite element analysis with ABAQUS software are used for two
different nozzle
geometries investigation, here two stress concentration factor defined by maximum principal
stress and maximum vonMises stress are calculated by strain gauge measurement and
compared with ABAQUS software, in this paper nozzle external radius are different C1 Nozzle
has higher radius then
C2 nozzle, but both nozzle have same thickness of vessel wall and external radius of a vessel, in
this paper only 1/8 of the vessel part and ¼ of nozzle part is modeled because it is possible to
defined three symmetry planes and here as a mesh
generation 3D tetragonal elements are implemented, stress concentration factor is obtained by
the value ofstress(principal and von Mises) obtained via FEM analysis and strain gauge
measurement, when compared both method it is

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shown that the maximum deviation of 15.5% is acceptable for engineering application of stress
concentration factor and FEM analysis is very reliable enough for determining stress
concentration factor in pressure vessel design.

And this research also show advantages of FEM analysis in possibility to determine stresses on
vessel internal side that can be greater than external stresses which is very difficult for strain
gauge measurement.
3. V.N. Skopinsky, A.B. SMETANKIN
presented work on modeling and stress analysis of nozzle connection in Ellipsoidal head of
pressure vessel under external loading, in this paper he used Timoshenko shell theory and the
finite element method, the effect of stress concentration in external loading has more effect
than in the
internal pressure, there is an appreciable increase of the maximum stress for shell in the
interaction region even at the small level of nominal stress, non-radial and offset connection
have non-uniform distribution of stress on the interaction curve between the nozzle and the
head, the influence of
angular parameter α for non-radial nozzle connection is shown in this paper, a decrease of
maximum effective stress as an angle α increase is more significant for non-central connection,
and in case of torsional moment loading, the angle affects the stress in opposite manner, the
stress in the shell
increase as alpha angle increase.

4. J. Fang,Q.H.Tang
presented work on a comparative study of strength behavior for cylindrical shell interaction
with and without pad reinforcement under out-of-plane moment loading on nozzle,three pairs
of full-scale test vessel with different mean diameter of nozzle to mean diameter of cylindrical
vessel ratio were designed and fabricated for testing and analysis ,the
material of the cylinder, reinforcement pad and the nozzle are low carbon steel, result from this
research indicate that the maximum elastic stress and stress ratio are reduced by pad
reinforcement, they found that in test reduction rate is 20-60%
and in finite element analysis reduction rate is 28-59% and its rate of reduction depend upon
structure and dimension of the vessel for example D/d ratio, and result also indicate that the
plastic limit of nozzle in cylinder vessel is increased by pad
reinforcement, generally rate of increase is about 40-70% from test and its larger than 40%
from finite element analysis, so the conclusion given from the result that the reinforcement
structure are useful under static external load on nozzle.

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Chapter - 3
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: PRESSURE VESSELS
Table 1-specifications

No Fluid type Pressure Temperature Layout Support type End head Volume
0 3
(in bar) (in c) shape (in m )

1 Methane gas 4 26 Vertical Leg Flat 9.5

Material selection
The most important characteristics to be considered when selecting a material of
construction are:

strength of materials
ductility of materials
durabilities of materials
toughness of materials
hardness of materials
environmental factors
cost of materials.

Considering these factors the best material we used to design the pressure vessel is Low alloy
steel,with the following mechanical and chemical properties.

Mechanical properties of low alloy steel:

 has high strength

 has high weldiability
 easily machinable
 lighter than carbon steel
 it is formable
 it is malleable

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Chemical properties of low alloy steel:

 has high corrosion resistance

Low alloy steel have also the following design values.

 Yield strength/tensile strength=550Mpa.

 Allowable strength/design strength=240Mpa.

The maximum working temperature(design temperature) is 35oc.

Tdesign=35oc.

Design pressure
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be
subjected in operation.
For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the pressure at
which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal working
pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding
the design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the column should be added to the
operating pressure, if significant.

The design pressure is calculated as follow.

Pdesign =Poperating +( Poperating)

The operating or given pressure is 4barr=0.4Mpa.so,the design pressure is

Pdesign=4(barr)+0.1*4(barr)=4.4barr.

This design pressure also allows low alloy steel to be selected as a design material,because the
design pressure(0.44 Mpa) is less than the yield strength of low alloy steel.

DESIGN OF SHELL
The thickness of the shell.

The shell is a primary component that contains the pressure.mostly pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical,spherical and conical.in this design the type going to be designed is cylindrical
pressure vessel.

The design pressure:as calculated above the design pressure(pd) is 0.44mpa.

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Let’s change this pressure into its equivalent value in psIg;by dividing it to 0.00689.

=64 psIg.

To determine the thickness;

Poperating< 0.6* σallowable (σallowable=240Mpa)

0.4Mpa < 40Mpa ,which implies the vessel will be thin.

From pressure v.length to diameter ratio table,as the pressure is between 0 and 250,the L to D
ratio is 3.

So =3.

Table 2 – pressure with length to internal diameter ratio

Pressure(psIg)
0-250 3
250-500 4
>500 5

The design temperature: The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature.so the
maximum allowable design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design
temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working
temperature of the material.

In this design the construction material is low alloy steel with design temperature is 35 0c
(Tdesign=350c).

Welded joint efficiency(E): The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and
the quality of the
welding. The maximum allowable joint efficiency can be selected based on the type of joint and
degree of radiography.for double-welded butt joint and 100 percent degree of radiography,the
weld joint efficiency(E) is 1 as shown in the table below.

Table 3 – maximum allowable joint efficiency

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Corrosion allowance(c):

The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost
by corrosion and erosion, or scaling.

For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a minimum allowance
of 2.0 mm should be used. i.e c=2mm.

The internal diameter and length of shell:

Now For the ratio of L/D = 3 the internal diameter can be calculated as follow. the volume of a
cylinder, V= .but from the above = 3.so L=3D.substituting this in to L, v= =

= .solving for the internal diameter we get D= √ .

substituting the given value of volume from the specification table,v=9.5m3 in D ,we get,

D= √ =1.5916m˷1.6m.

And The length of the vessel, L=3D=3*1.6=4.8m.

Thickness of The shell:

Now we can determine the thickness of the cylinderical shell(tc) using the following formula.

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tc= where tc =shell thickness

Pd =design pressure

Pi =internal pressure

C=corrosion allowance

D=inner diameter

=weld efficiency

σd =design stress
Now substituting the corresponding values in the above equation gives,

tc= = 3.467˷ 4 mm.

therefore the outer diameter of the vessel is,

Do =Di+2*tc =1591.6+2*3.467=1598.5mm.or

Do =1598.5mm.

Stress analysis
First we have to determine whether the vessel is thick or thin.the vessel is said to be thin if it
satisfies the following criterion.D/t>20.

D/t=1600/3.467=461.5,which greater than 20.

Therefore the vessel is thin.

There are two types of stresses developed in thin cylinders.namely:

Longitudinal stress(σ ), this is a stress in the longitudinal direction,as shown in the

L

figure below.

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Fig. 1 – longitudinal stress

σ == .
L where σθ=hoop stress
σ =longitudinal stress
L

pi =internal pressure
t = vessel thickness

d =mean diameter=Di+t
d=1600+3.467=1603.467mm

Substituting the values in the equaion gives,

σ ==
L =46.2Mpa

there for σ (46.2)<240 Mpa(allowable stress)

L

this implies that;the design is safe.

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Hoop Stress(σθ), This describes the stress which is set up to resist the force, due to the
applied pressure, tending to separate the top and bottom halves of the cylinder.

Fig.2 hoop stress

σθ= = 2*σL substituting the values gives,

σθ=2*46.2 Mpa=92.4Mpa.
there for σθ (92.4Mpa)<240 Mpa(allowable stress)
this implies that;the design is safe.

Head Design
The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by heads of various shapes. The principal types used
are:
1. Flat plates and formed flat heads.
2. Hemispherical heads.

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3. Ellipsoidal heads.
4. Torispherical heads.

Fig.3 flat end closure

In this design the type of head choosen is flanged flat plate head.

Flat plates are used as covers for manways, and as the channel covers of heat exchangers.
Formed flat ends, known as “flange-only” ends, are manufactured by turning over a flange with
a small radius on a flat plate. The corner radius reduces the abrupt change of shape, at the
junction with the cylindrical section; which reduces the local stresses to some extent: “Flange-
only” heads are the cheapest type of formed head to manufacture, but their use is limited to
low-pressure and small diameter vessels.
Design of flat ends
The design equations used to determine the thickness of flat ends are based on the analysis of
stresses in flat plates.

The thickness required will depend on the degree of constraint at the plate periphery.

The minimum thickness required is given by the formula,

e=CpDe√ where

e=thickness of head

pi=internal pressure

De=nominal plate diameter

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f= design stress

Cp=a design constant ,

depend on the edge constraint,

Values for the design constant Cp and the nominal plate diameter De are given in the design
codes and standards for various arrangements of flat end closures.

Plates welded to the end of the shell with a fillet weld, angle of fillet 450 and depth equal to the
plate thickness, take Cp as 0.55 and De = Di.so

Cp = 0.55 De=1591.6mm

Now substituting the corresponding values in the above formula,the thickness of the plate will
be;

e=CpDe√ , e=0.55*1591.6√ =35.737mm

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DESIGN OF OPENING

Fig.4 nozzel

All process vessels will have openings for connections, manways, and instrument fittings.the
presence of an opening weakens the shell, and gives rise to stress concentrations.the stress at
the edge of a hole will be considerably higher than the average stress in the surrounding plate.
To compensate for the effect of an opening, the wall thickness is increased in the region
adjacent to the opening. Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to compensate for the
weakening effect of the opening without significantly altering the general dilation pattern of
the vessel at the opening. Over-reinforcement will reduce the flexibility of the wall, causing a
“hard spot”, and giving rise to secondary stresses.

DESIGN OF NOZZLE
We have calculated the internal diameter of the shell as;

Di=1.6m (or) Di=63 inch.

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 If the internal diameter of the shell is over 36 inch,the diameter of the nozzle is taken
between 2 and 6 inchs(as shown in the figure).

So diameter of nozzle =2inch.

Table 4 – inspection of opening diameter

The thickness of nozzle

For cylindrical vertical pressure vessels the nozzle is attached or made on the shell of the
cylinder.the thickness of the nozzle is given by the formula;

tnozzle=[√ -1]Ri where Ri=radius of nozzle

Z=modulus

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tnozzle=thickness of nozzle

but

Z= σθ where σall=allowable stress

E=joint efficiency

pd=design pressure

substituting the corresponding values in the variable to get the modulus ,

Z= σθ = =1.00367

radius of nozzle(Ri)= =1 inch.

Now thickness of the nozzle

tnozzle=[√ -1]*1 inch=0.001833 inch. or

tnozzle=0.0466mm.

from the table given above the diameter of the nozzle is Dn=50.8mm

the outer diameter of the nozzle is Don= Dn+2*tn then

Don=50.8mm+2*0.0466mm=50.8932mm.

Using =3,then the length of the nozzle inward to the nozzle is calculated
as,L=3*Dn=3*50.8mm=152.4mm.

The length of the nozzle outside the vessel is based on the designer preference.to much long
distance waste the material and to much short distance taken the nozzle affected by pressure
and become highly stressed.due to this reason in this design the outside length of the nozzle is
taken as 0.75m or 750mm.

The design of inlet and outlet nozzles are the same.so this design goes in the same way for the
outlet nozzle.

Flange design

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Fig.5 standard flange size

For Nominal pipe size = 50.8mm

The standared flange design

d1=50.8932mm

d2=14 d3=80 d4=90 b=14 h=28 f=3 k=110 D=140

Bolt design

Fig.6 bolt

the appropriet bolting for this flange is M12 Bolting,as given from the table.

For M12 bolt the given dimensions are (as can be seen in the table)

E=12MM D=10.2mm A=19mm B=10mm

Gaskets
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine
flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under

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pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from "semi-plastic" materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain
sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load.
A great variety of proprietary gasket materials is used, and reference should be made to the
manufacturers'
catalogues and technical manuals when selecting gaskets for a particular application. Design
data for some of the more commonly used gasket materials are given in appendix.
The minimum seating stress y is the force per unit area (pressure) on the gasket that is required
to cause the
material to flow and fill the surface irregularities in the gasket face.
The gasket factor m is the ratio of the gasket stress (pressure) under the operating conditions to
the
internal pressure in the vessel or pipe. The internal pressure will force the flanges' faces apart,
so the pressure on the gasket under operating conditions will be lower than the initial
tightening-up pressure. The gasket factor gives the minimum pressure that must be maintained
on the gasket to ensure a satisfactory seal. Up to pressures of 20 bars, the operating
temperature and corrosiveness of the process fluid will be the
controlling factor in gasket selection. Vegetable fiber and synthetic rubber gaskets an be used
at temperatures of up to 100°C. (Teflon) and compressed asbestos gaskets can be used to a
maximum temperature of about 260°C. Metal-reinforced gaskets can be used up to around
450°C. Plain soft metal gaskets are normally used for higher temperatures.

Manhole design
From the ASME standard the vessel having internal diameter above 10 inch must have one one
manhole and its size is based on the shoulder of the man.

In this design the manhole is designed considering the man whose shoulder is 0.5 m wide.i.e
internal diameter of manhole(Dmi) =0.5m.

Then the thicknes of the manhole is calculated as;

tm= where tm =manhole thickness

Pd =design pressure

Pi =internal pressure

C=corrosion allowance

D=inner diameter

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

=weld efficiency

σd =design stress
substituting the corresponding values the thickness of manhole would be;

tm= = =2.34mm

the outer diameter of the manhole is Dmo=Dmi+2*tm

Dmo=500+2*2.34=504.68mm.

The outward height of the man hole is taken as 0.75m as the nozzle.

L=0.75m=750mm.

design of support

weight of shell
the weight of the shell is the sum of the weight of the shell because of its material and the
weight of the fluid stored on it.

Weight of shell material;

wshell=a*v*g

but volume of the shell is calculated as;

vshell= [do2-di2]*L= [1.59852-1.59162]*4.8=0.08298m3

wshell=πdmtLag where dm=mean diameter(1.595m)

t=thickness of shell(0.003467m)

L=length of the shell(4.8m)

g=gravity(9.81m/s2)

a=density of the shell material(density of alloy steel=7850kg/m3)

now substituting the corresponding value to the equation gives the weight of the shell.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

wshell=π*1.595m*0.003467m*4.8m*7850kg/m3*9.81m/s2

=2044.06N

Weight of medium;

The volume of the liquid is 9.5m3.

The density of liquid(methane)=0.657kg/m3

Mass=density*volume

M=0.657kg/m3*9.5m3=6.24kg

Mass of fluid(methane)=6.24kg. but

Weight of medium or fluid=mass of fluid*gravity

Wmedium=6.24kg*9.81m/s2=61.21N

Weight of the head material;

whead=mg=a*vh*g where g=gravity(9.81m/s2)

vh=volume of head

a=density of the head

th=thickness of head

but volume of head = *d02*th= *1.59852*0.035737=0.0717m3 so now the weight of the

head is;

whead=mg=a*vh*g =7850kg/m3*0.0717*9.81m/s2

=5521.50N.

Weight of the nozzle

The volume of the nozzle is v= (Don2-Din2)=

(0.05089322-0.05082)= 7.44*10-6m3

Then the weight of nozzle is wn=density*vlume*gravity

wn=7850kg/m3*7.44*10-6m3*9.81m/s2=0.5729N

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

here the design of the inlet and outlet nozzles is the same.so the weight of the inlet and outlet
nozzles is the same.so the weight of the two nozzles=2*0.5729N=1.1458N

Weight of the manhole

The volume of the manhole is vm= (Dom2-Dim2)=

(0.504682-0.52)= 3.692*10-3m3.

Then the weight of the manhole is calculated as,

wm=density*volume*gravity

=7850kg/m3*3.692*10-3m3*9.81m/s2

=284.315N.

Therefore the total weight(wT) is the sum of these weights.

WT = wshell+ wmedium+ whead+ wnozzle+ wmanhole

=2044.06N+61.21N+5521.50N+1.1458N +284.315N

WT=7912.27N.

Stresses in vessel leg support

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Fig.7 leg support

Number of legs =4

Finding loads on each leg (Q)

Q= = =1978.07N

Radius (R)=795.8mm

Lever arm of loa(H)=63.5mm

2A=76.2mm

2B=76.2mm

t=35.737

C=√ =√ =38.1mm
0
Angle cos =0.9

D=1.82 √ =1.82 √ =0.4

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

The area of legs

σall=Q/A rearranging this,

area(A)=Q/ σall=1978.07/240=8.2419mm2
the length and width of legs
 The area of leg is 8.2419mm2
if outer diameter (inch) is in the range 30-42 ,then the length =10 inch ,so
Do=1598.5mm=62.9 inch
Take length of legs between 35-70 outer diameter taken as 150mm using 2:1 proportion to the
width of the leg is
75mm, w=75mm

The values of k can be taken from charts.

K1=0.225 K2=0.16 K3=0.175 K4=0.095 K5=0.075 K6=0.05 K7=0.05 K8=0.20

NOTES: Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 and K, denote
negative factors and K2, Kq, KG and K8 denote positive factors. Computing the maximum
compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2, K3, K4, K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative
factors. The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively, PIUS the tensile stress due to
internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material. The
maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively, plus the tensile stress due to internal
pressure shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of head material.

Longitudinal stress

1) Maximum tensile stress

Substituting the values gives s1

0
S1= [cos25 (-0.225+6*0.16)+ √ (-0.175+6*0.095)]

S1=0.82N/mm2.

The stress due to internal pressure

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

= =4.899N/mm2

the sum of tensional tresses=0.82+4.899=5.719 N/mm2

2) Maximum compression stress

S1= [cos25(-k1-6*k2)+ √ (-k3-6*k4)]

S1= [cos25(-0.225-6*0.16)+ √ (-0.175-6*0.095)]

S1=-2.0977N/mm2

Stress due to internal pressure =4.899N/mm2

The sum of the stresses=4.899-2.0977=2.8 N/mm2

Circumferential stress

1. Maximum tensile stress

S2= [cos25(-k5+6*k6)+ √ (-k7-6*k8)]

S2= [cos25(-0.075+6*0.05)+ √ (-0.05-6*0.2)]

S2=-0.413 N/mm2

Stress due to internal pressure =4.899N/mm2

The sum of stresses=4.899-0.413=4.486 N/mm2

2. Maximum compression stress

S2= [cos25(-k5-6*k6)+ √ (-k7-6*k8)]

S2= [cos25(-0.075-6*0.05)+ √ (-0.05-6*0.2)]

S2=-1.255 N/mm2

Stress due to internal pressure =4.899N/mm2

The sum of compression stresses=4.899-1.255=3.644 N/mm2

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Therefor Both longitudinal and circumferential stress are less than the stress value of girth
seam
which is 17,500(E) = 120.658 N/mm2
Therefore, it is safe.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

CHAPTERS -4
CONCLUSION
1) Self-supporting vertical pressure vessels should always be investigated regarding their
possible behavior under vibrating conditions.
2) Anchor bolts must be properly pre-tightened to a torque which will press them an amount
equal to their estimated working stress, otherwise they may stretch sufficiently to affect the
period of vibration and possibly work loose.
3) If vibration trouble does occur, careful analysis of any proposed remedy must be made in
order to avoid trouble from some other source.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

CAPTER 5
Recommendation
Preventing Corrosion

The major factor in preventing corrosion is to keep liquid from intruding into the insulation.
Water decreases the effectiveness of the insulation and leads to corrosion of pipe or
equipment. Poor conditions caused by wet insulation can be aggravated by
weathering,vibration or abuse from people.
There are five factors in preventing CUI: (1) insulation selection; (2) equipment design; (3)
protective paints and coatings; (4) weather barriers; and (5) maintenance practices. If an area is
subject to spills or high humidity, special consideration must be given to selecting the
insulation.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Reference
1. Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, R. K. Sinnott,Third Edition,Volume6.
2. Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, J. M. Coulson & J. F. Richardson,
Sixth
Edition, Volume 1.
3. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Don W. Green & Robert H. Perry, Eighth Edition.
4. Fundaments of Heat and Mass Transfer, Incropera / DeWitt / Bergman / Lavine, Sixth Edition.
5. Mechanical Engineering, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Budynas – Nisbett, Eighth
Edition.
6. Mechanical Design An Integrated Approach, Ansel C. Ugural.
7.http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080201232445AAfG12D
8.http://www.nationalboard.org/Index.aspx?pageID=184

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Bibliography
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
ASME, New York.
2. Jagger, R., Causes of boiler and pressure vessel accidents, Prof. Saf., 29, 39–42,1984.
3. Bush, S.H., Statistics of pressure vessel and piping failures, Am. Soc. Mech.
Eng. J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 110, 225–233, 1988.
4. Pierre, D., and Baylac, G., French pressure vessel regulations within the
European context, J. Pressure Technol., 114, 486–488, 1992.

Appendix

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Table.typical design stress for plate

(the appropriate material standared should be consulted for particular grade and plate
thickness)

Table.Standared flange design(all dimentions in mm)

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

Table:metric bolt dimensions

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

The value of k1 and k5

The value of k2 and k6

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 PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN[ AASTU 2013 ec.

The value of k3 and k7

The value of k4 and k8

38