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Comparing Primary and Secondary Ohms and Converting To Per Unit On Secondary When CTR and VTR Don't Cancel-L4

This document discusses how protective relays measure voltage and current through separate voltage and current transformers, which have different ratios. This means the impedance seen by the relay is based on an effective secondary impedance calculated using the different VT and CT ratios, rather than the primary line impedance. As a result, the conventional per-unit analysis method of determining impedance bases from an MVA base and voltage base is no longer accurate when the VT and CT ratios do not cancel each other out. An example is provided to illustrate how to correctly calculate the secondary line impedance seen by the relay.

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Ahmed Rabaa
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627 views3 pages

Comparing Primary and Secondary Ohms and Converting To Per Unit On Secondary When CTR and VTR Don't Cancel-L4

This document discusses how protective relays measure voltage and current through separate voltage and current transformers, which have different ratios. This means the impedance seen by the relay is based on an effective secondary impedance calculated using the different VT and CT ratios, rather than the primary line impedance. As a result, the conventional per-unit analysis method of determining impedance bases from an MVA base and voltage base is no longer accurate when the VT and CT ratios do not cancel each other out. An example is provided to illustrate how to correctly calculate the secondary line impedance seen by the relay.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Rabaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 525: Session 4; Page 1/3

Power Systems Protection and Relaying Fall 2018

Comparing Primary and Secondary Ohms and Converting


to Per Unit on Secondary When CTR and VTR Don't Cancel
 First look at a regular transformer

We know the following:


V1 V2 V1 N1
= which can be rearranged as: = = VTR
N1 N2 V2 N2

Similarly (using power transformer polarity)


I1 N2
I1  N1  I2 N2 = 0 which can be rearranged as: = = CTR
I2 N1

 Now if we wanted to relate an impedance across the transfomer

 N2 
V1 
 2 2
V2  N1  V1  N2   N2 
Z2 = = =    = Z1   
I2  N1  I1  N1   N1  This is how we usually view this...
I1  
 N2 
Alternate simplification

  N2  
 V1   
Z2 =
V2 
=  N1   = V1 CTR = Z  CTR
  N1   I1 VTR
1
I2 VTR
 I1    
  N2  

 In the case of the measurements seen at the protective relay, the voltages are stepped down
through a set of voltage transformers with little current (which is not measured)
 And the currents are stepped down through a separate set of current transformers with the
voltage not measured
 The measured voltage and current go into different inputs to the relay

 The relay "sees" and effective secondary impedance based on the voltages and currents stepped
down by these separate VTs and CTs

 This will be more important when we look at distance relays, but it also matters for fault location
calculations
ECE 525: Session 4; Page 2/3
Power Systems Protection and Relaying Fall 2018

Example

Zline_primary  ( 5  j  50)ohm

345kV
VTR 
120V

800A
CTR 
5A

 Now find the effective secondary line impedance.

Z1  Zline_primary
CTR
Z2  Z1  Z2  ( 0.28  2.78i) Ω Zline_secondary  Z2
VTR

If we had a three phase fault at the far end of the transmission line, then taking V/I

What does this do to per unit analysis?


 Note that our conventional idea of per unit analysis is no longer accurate

120V
ZBLV  ZBLV  13.86 Ω
3 5A

345kV
ZBHV  ZBHV  248.98 Ω
3 800A

Zline_secondary
Zpu 
ZBLV Zpu  0.02  0.2i

Zpu ZBHV  ( 5  50i) Ω


ECE 525: Session 4; Page 3/3
Power Systems Protection and Relaying Fall 2018

MVA  1000kW
Incorrect way:
2
( 120V) 4
Sb  100MVA ZbLV  ZbLV  1.44  10 Ω
Sb
2
( 345kV)
ZbHV  ZbHV  1190.25 Ω
Sb

Zline_secondary
ZbHV
 6 7
 2.3  10  2.3i  10 Ω
ZbLV

They are in secondary ohms. Because we have two different transformer


ratios (that are determined independently based on primary voltage and
current), the normal practice of finding impedance bases from a MVA base
and a voltage base is not accurate.

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