BRKSPM-3295

5G Time Synchronization

Shahid Ajmeri
Sr. Product Manager – 5G Transport Solutions
Agenda
• Synchronization In Telecommunication Networks

• Frequency & Phase Sync requirements in FDD vs TDD

• Timing Synchronization Standards

• 5G Time Synchronization Requirements

• Solution Options and Best Practices

• Summary

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 1 Second = ”The duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the Caesium-133
atom" (at a temperature of 0 K)

In 1967 the Caesium atom was

Louis Essen (right) and Jack Parry (left) standing
next to the world’s first Cesium r33 atomic Clock recognized as the International
Standard (SI) unit of time

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Synchronization in
Telecommunication
Networks
Evolution of Time Synchronization

CONVERGED
IP
+ SyncE and 1588
TDM to Enhancements
IP + Deterministic
Networks
SONET + SyncE and 1588

SDH
PSTN

Synchronization Analog to Digital Transition Asynchronous Packet End to End IP

• Fundamental need for any • Synchronous protocols Switched network • Improved user experience –
Telecommunication • Bulk Data Transfer • Better Bandwidth “Any service Any Where”
• improved efficiency and • Improved revenue with
• Services flexibility Multi-Services convergence

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What is Time Synchronization?
Frequency

Only Repeating Interval in Sync

Phase

Repeating Interval in Sync

Repeating Time / Phase in Sync
Time of Day is not same

Time

Repeating Interval & Phase in Sync

Time of Day is same

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Synchronization Issues

Audio / Video Wireless Networks Application Impacted

Voice Communications •
•
Seamless Handover
Interference (eICIC)
•
•
Location Services
Industrial Automation
• Audible clicks
• CoMP • Smart grid
• Latency (echo)
• Carrier Aggregation • IoT
• Dropped calls
• Dual Connectivity • Network Monitoring
• Corrupted Video
• Location Accuracy Etc.
• Loss of Frame
Etc.
• Audio Video mis-alignment
etc

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Frequency & Phase
Sync requirements in
FDD vs TDD
Frequency Synchronization
• Avoid Slips on TDM Interfaces (E1/T1, …)
• Make Synchronous networks work (SONET/SDH)
• 2G, 3G, and 4G FDD Cellular Networks
• Ensure radios transmit on correct frequency

BITS in
PRTC / T-GM

BTS RNC / BSC Output Data Output Data

Same Clock

RAN … Radio Access Network; TDM … Time Division Multiplexing; SONET … Synchronous Optical Network; SDH … Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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Phase Synchronization

±1.5ns

3us
±1.5ns PRTC / T-GM

±1.5ns

3us

3GPP: 3µs between base stations (TDD, LTE-A radio co-ordination)

Radio backhaul network: ±1.5µs from reference time

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Frequency and Phase Sync Requirements
Application Frequency Phase Note
Backhaul Air Backhaul Air
LTE-FDD 16 ppb  50 pbb -- -- --
1.1µs 1.5µs < 3Km cell Radius
LTE-TDD 16 ppb  50 pbb 4.1µs 5µs > 3Km cell Radius
50 pbb (Wide area)
Depending on the
LTE-A / LTE-Pro 100 pbb (Local area)  1.1µs 1.5µs to 5µs application
250 pbb (Home eNB)
LTE eMBMS 16 ppb  50 pbb  1.1µs 1.5µs to 5µs Inter-cell time difference

LTE-Advance Type of Coordination Phase

Backhaul Air
eICIC Enhanced inter-cell interference Coordination  1.1µs 1.5µs to 5µs
UL coordinated scheduling
CoMP Moderate  1.1µs 1.5µs to 5µs
DL coordinated scheduling
DL coordinated beamforming  1.1µs 1.5µs
DL non-coherent join transmission  1.1µs 1.5µs to 5µs
CoMP Tight UL Joint processing  1.1µs 1.5µs (130ns)
UL selection combining  1.1µs 1.5µs
UL joint reception  1.1µs 1.5µs
MIMO Tx diversity transmission at each Carrier frequency 65ns 32.5ns

1 nano sec / sec = 1x10-9 (1 ppb)

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Time Synchronization
Standards
 Future
Approved Planned for Working
Working
« In force » 07/2019 Items

ITU-T SG15 Q13 Work Plan 2018

Items

Definitions / G.810 = Updated

Terminology G.8260 (for packet networks) Amd2

Frequency: G.826x Time/Phase: G.827x

G.8261 Corr1 G.8271 Amd2 with full support with partial support
Basic /
G.8271.1 Amd1 (Network limits)
Network Network limits incl. in G.8261

requirements G.8261.1 (Mobile BH limits) Amd1 G.8271.2 Amd2 (Network limits)

G.8262 (SyncE -EEC) Rev G.8272 Rev G.8273.1: T-GM

Clock models PRTC+T-GM
G.8273.2 T-BC, T-TSC Amd2
G.8262.1 (Enhanced EEC) G.8272.1
and limits :G.8273.3 T-TC, T-TC-P Amd1
G.8263 (Packet Slave Clock) Amd ePRTC

G.8266 (Packet Master) Amd1

G.8273 Rev G.8273.4: A-PTS clocks
Methods G.8264 (SyncE/ESMC) Amd1

G.8265 (Packet-architecture) G.8275 Amd1

(Packet-architecture)

IEEE 1588-2008 G.8265.1 (Frequency) Cor1 G.8275.1 Amd2

Profiles G.8265.m (PTP Profile m)
G.8275.2 Amd2
G.Suppl.Sim (Simulations for packet-based time transport)
Supplements G.Suppl.SyncOAM (Sync operations, administration, maintenance (OAM))

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4G LTE / LTE-A Mobile Backhaul Budget
G.8271.1 Network Reference Points
C D
A,B

T-BC “10”
T-BC “1” T-BC “n”
+ T-TSC
Random Link
Class A PRTC / T-GM
Network
Variations
Asymmetry
Compensation
Short Term
Hold Over
cTE = 50 ±50ns ±50ns ±50ns ±150ns
±100ns ±200ns ±250ns ±250ns
End Application

T-BC “20”
T-BC “1” T-BC “n” + T-TSC
Class B PRTC / T-GM
Random
Network
Variations
Link
Asymmetry
Compensation
Short Term
Hold Over
cTE = 20 ±20ns ±20ns ±20ns
±100ns ±200ns ±380ns ±250ns ±150ns
End Application

± 1.1us Network Equipment Budget

± 1.5us End to End Budget

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Phase Performance
G.8273.2 Boundary Clock
±550ns cTE
(11 nodes, ±50ns per node) ±250ns cTE
(Link Asymmetry compensation)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

±420ns cTE ±380ns cTE

(21nodes, ±20ns per node) (Link Asymmetry compensation)

Max Total Time Error* Constant Time Error Dynamic Time Error**
Level
max|TE| cTE dTE
Class A (10 T-BC’s + T-TSC) 100 ns ±50 ns ±40 ns
Class B (20 T-BC’s + T-TSC) 70 ns ±20 ns ±40 ns

* Max|TE| includes all time error components (unfiltered)

** dTE is an MTIE limit over 1K (constant temp) or 10K (variable) seconds with low-pass filter (there is
also a TDEV limit)

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Absolute vs Relative Budget
Synchronization Chain
6a 7a 8a 9 PRTC / T-GM

T-BC
1 2 3 4 5 6b 7b Requirement 2:
Max|TE|<260ns inside T-TSC (e.g. eNB)
synchronization cluster
1,2,3…9 No of Hops
Time error accumulation along the supply
chain up to hop 5 6c 7c 8b

Requirement 1: Max|TE|<1.1us for the entire chain

e.g. for mobile TDD

• All nodes sync’d within the max|TE| of 1100nS

• Cluster below “5” also synced within max|TE| of <260nS RELATIVE to each other

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5G Time
Synchronization
Requirements
What is 5G?
mMIMO
Spectrum Beamforming Network Slicing Virtualization
IoT Core Network
Control Sub DB

Network Slice MBB Core Network

Service Function

300Mz 3Gz 10Gz 30Gz 90Gz

Streaming Camera
Core Network

• Extremely Wide Bands • Dramatic increase in • Application Driven • Service Edge

for commercial use number of antennas Slicing Transformation

Low Latency Ultra Reliability Flexible and Module RAN Design

Guaranteed Service Quality with Network Slicing

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RAN Evolution
Site A Site A Site A
Backhaul Backhaul
Fronthaul
Fronthaul

RRH BBU RRH Midhaul Backhaul

RRH
BBU Hotel
Site B Site B Site B
Backhaul Backhaul
Midhaul
CU
RRH BBU RRU RRH 100us DU

Distributed RAN 2G/3G/4G 4G cRAN or 5G – Split 2 5G Split 7 for cRAN

Split Groups Splits Latency One Way Bandwidth

Backhaul (S1 / Nx) None Service Dependent ~User bandwidth
Midhaul High Split (F1) Option 2: PDCP-RLC 1- 5 milliseconds ~User bandwidth
Fronthaul Low Split Option 7/8: PHY Hi- PHY Lo 100 microseconds Very High

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Timing on Packet Fronthaul

PRTC / T-GM PRTC / T-GM

CPRI

Variable Delay BBU Pool

CPRI protocol delivers Sync How do we deliver Sync with CPRIoEthernet or eCPRI?

• CPRI timing built-in to synchronous protocol itself

• PRTC delivers time up to BBU, BBU delivers it to RU over CPRI

• eCPRI or ROE requirement for timing same as before – but all the way to RRH/eRE
• Much tighter than Backhaul or Midhaul timing requirements

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Fronthaul Standards

• CPRI • Formed to
standardize critical
• 1914.1 ROE
(Common Public Radio
Interface definition to
elements of • 1914.3 NGFI
proprietary RAN (Defines encapsulation
connect RE & REC)
architectures and mapping of Radio
protocol over ethernet;
• eCPRI • Defines Open - including Fronthaul
(Next version of CPRI, eCPRI Specifications functional split definition)
connect eRE and eREC for vendor
over packet based interoperability
transport) • 802.1CM
(Specifies TSN profiles
for Fronthaul)

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What is 802.1CM?
• TSN features – making packets deterministic, most important are:
• 802.1Q Amd. 26 Frame Pre-emption (was 802.1Qbu)
• 802.3 Amd. 5 Interspersing Express Traffic (was 802.3br)

• 802.1CM takes TSN & applies it to Fronthaul (e.g. CPRIoPacket)

• Splits CPRI traffic into separate IQ (radio bits) & Control/Mgmt (C&M)
• Specifies the use of PTP for carrying timing information
• Defines various budgets for absolute/relative timing error in the Fronthaul
• Low latency requirement for IQ (radio) traffic (100uS between RE/REC)
• 802.1CM defines two profiles for transport of Fronthaul traffic:
• Profile A: Strict priority queuing (no frame pre-emption)
• Profile B: Frame Preemption and Interspersing Express Traffic

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Time Sensitive Networking 802.1CM
Ethernet for Fronthaul

• Profile A: Strict priority queuing (no frame pre-emption)

• Radio data payload frame size max is 2000, C&M max is 1500 octets
• IQ data traffic belongs to strict priority traffic class - strict priority algorithm
• C&M data assigned to lower priority than IQ data

• Profile B: 802.1Qbu Frame Preemption

• Pre-emption useful to avoid restrictions on the maximum frame size
• Frame Preemption up to 25G links
• IQ data traffic configured (frame pre-emption status) as “express”
• C&M data assigned to lower priority than IQ data and set “pre-emptable”

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802.1CM for Deterministic Latency
Mode Radio Traffic Enterprise Traffic
Strict Priority Excellent Service CIR met. SLAs may not guaranteed for
Each Node: Moderate ENT queuing delay Jitter and Delay.
Each Node: Self-queuing delay
Strict Priority + Excellent Service CIR met. Latency / Jitter impact
Preemption Lowest Latency increased due to heavy preemption
Each Node: Small ENT queuing delay
Each Node: Self-queuing delay

Fronthaul Max. Latency (us) Fronthaul Frame Delay Variation (us)

Scenario 1 node 2 node 3 node 1 node 2 node 3 node
SP 3.1 6.3 9.3 3.0 6.0 8.9
SP+P(Qbu*) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2

SP= Strict Priority

SP+P = Strict Priority + Frame Preemption

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eCPRI / ROE / NGFI Transport Requirements

Transmission Diversity Carrier Aggregation Cordinated Multi Point

±32.5ns Phase Accuracy ±65ns Phase Accuracy ±130ns Phase Accuracy
Improves error performance Higher Pick Date Rate Higher Pick Date Rate
Data Rate or Capacity Better Load Balancing Better Load Balancing

Time Error Requirements at UNI |TE| Case 1 = T-TSC is integrated in eRE

3GPP TAE
Category Case 1 Case 2 requirements at • Case 1.1 = integrated T-TSC
antenna ports requirements to T-TSC Class B
Case 1.1 Case 1.2
20 ns • Case 1.2 = enhanced integrated
A+ N.A. N.A. 65 ns
Relative T-TSC requirement is total max
|TE| is 15 ns
60 ns 70 ns
A N.A. 130 ns
Relative Relative
Case 2 = T-TSC is not integrated in
100 ns 190 ns 200 ns eREs
B 260 ns
Relative Relative Relative

1100 ns 1100 ns
C 3 µs
Absolute Absolute * 3GPP TS 38.104, 38.133

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Dual Connectivity
3us
UE with multiple Tx/Rx capability is configured
X2
to utilise radio resources provided by two
MeNB TRPTD 30us SeNB distinct schedulers, located in two eNBs
connected via a backhaul over the X2
interface

Synchronous ENDC Requirements

MRTD Inter-band NR CA Intra-Band non-conti NR MTTD Inter-band NR CA
FR1 33us 3us (Co-located) FR1 35.21us
FR2 8us 3us (Co-located) FR2 8.5us
Between FR1 & FR2 TBD Btw FR1 & FR2 TBD

TRPTD : Absolute propagation time difference between MRTD : Maximum Received Timing Difference
MN and SN which are serving the same UE = 30us (9Km) MTTD : Maximum Transmitted Timing Difference

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Transmission Diversity

Transmission Diversity 1100ns

22.5 ns
±32.5ns Phase Accuracy
Improves error performance
Data Rate or Capacity
20ns

MIMO TX Diversity = 65ns

Time Error Requirements at UNI |TE| 3GPP TAE
requirements
Category Case 1 Case 2
at antenna Example: Class A+ (T-TSC not integrated with eRE):
Case 1.1 Case 1.2 ports

20 ns |TE|Relative <= TAE – 2xTERE

A+ N.A. N.A. 65 ns
Relative 65ns – 2x22.5ns
= 20ns
Case 2 = T-TSC is not integrated in eREs

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Carrier Aggregation
Intra Band Contiguous
Frequency Band A Frequency Band B

20ns

Intra Band Non Contiguous

Frequency Band A Frequency Band B

Inter Band 1100ns

Frequency Band A Frequency Band B

Time Error Requirements at UNI |TE| 100ns

3GPP TAE
requirements
Category Case 1 Case 2
at antenna
CA Intra Non-Contiguous, CA Inter = 260ns
Case 1.1 Case 1.2 ports

60 ns 70 ns
A N.A.
Relative Relative
130 ns Example case 1.1: Class B (T-TSC not integrated with eRE):
100 ns 190 ns 200 ns
B
Relative Relative Relative
260 ns TERelative <= TAE – 2|cTERE| - 2|TET-TSC| - 2|dTET-TSC|
260ns – 2x20ns – 2x20ns – 2x40ns
1100 ns 1100 ns
C
Absolute Absolute
3 µs = 100ns

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Industrial Automation

clock Number of devices in one Synchronisation

Service area Use case reference
accuracy level Communication group requirement
Factories of the Future 2.4
Factories of the Future 5.3
1 Up to 300 device < 1 µs ≤ 100 m2
PMSE 1.2,
Electric Power Distribution 4.1
2 Up to 10 UEs < 10 µs ≤ 2500 m2 PMSE 3.1
3 Up 500 UEs < 20 µs ≤ 2500 m2 PMSE 2.1

3GPP TR 22.804 – for information

PMSE – Programme Making Special Events 3GPP TR 22.821 – Feasibility Study

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5G Phase Performance
G.8273.2 Boundary Clock

• Noise Generation: New Classes with ever tighter time error margins
• Meeting these limits involves hardware – it is not a software fix

PTP+ PTP+ PTP+ PTP+

SyncE SyncE SyncE SyncE
T-BC T-BC
Noise Noise
Gen Transfer

Max Total Constant Dynamic

Level Time Error Time Error Time Error
max|TE| cTE dTE
Class A (10 T-BC’s) 100 ns ±50 ns ±40 ns
Class B (20 T-BC’s) 70 ns ±20 ns ±40 ns
Class C (proposed*) 20 ns 10 ns ±20 ns

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xRAN Guidelines

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Solution Option and
Best Practices
Solution Options

T-BC T-BC T-BC

G.8275.1 PTP Aware PTP Aware PTP Aware
Full Path Support PRTC / T-GM
Network Network Fronthaul

T-BC-P T-BC-P / T-TSC-P

G.8275.2 PTP Unaware PTP Unware PTP Aware
Partial Timing Support PRTC / T-GM
Network Network Fronthaul

Profile Interworking

Use GNSS to correct

network Asymmetry
GNSS
T-BC-P
Assisted PTP Aware PTP Unware PTP Aware
Partial Timing Support PRTC / T-GM
Network Network Fronthaul
T-BC-A / T-TSC-A
Profile Interworking

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Key Deployment Challenges

Legacy Networks
• doesn’t support – SyncE or PTP
• doesn’t comply to G.8273.2

Network Path Asymmetry & Re-routing

PTP over Bundle links / Ether-channel

Migration issues

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Path Asymmetry and Re-Routing
Primary

3us PRTC / T-GM • Static difference in path between the

To Client forward and reverse paths

• Forward and Reverse paths through

3us From Client different nodes

Primary

3us PRTC / T-GM

• Re-Routing can introduce Phase
offset – no indication to GM or Slave
X • Introduce Phase Error

• Re-Routing could be in one direction

3us
only

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PTP over Bundle links or ECMP Paths
Primary
Router Bundle links
3us
PRTC / T-GM

3us
Each link within a bundle may
be re-routed by transport on
different 𝝀 on different paths

• Path Asymmetry Issues

• One of the link in the bundle will carry PTP packets
• Hashing algorithms may put PTP packets in different path at each node
• Failure of the link carrying PTP will introduce Phase offset

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APTS : Assisted Partial Timing Support

Use GNSS to correct

network Asymmetry
GNSS
T-BC-P
PTP Aware PTP Unware PTP Aware
Network Network Fronthaul
PRTC / T-GM
T-BC-A / T-TSC-A
Profile Interworking

PTP slave in CSR measures new asymmetry by comparing against local PRTC and compensates
for it – in case it ever needs PTP backup

• Provides a solution to design more accurate Time Synchronization solution over legacy
transport options

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Multi-profile or Profile Inter-working

3us S M S M
PRTC / T-GM
G.8275.1 G.8275.2

3us

• Provides a migration path to roll out new profile on existing network

• Provides support to connect PTP aware and PTP unaware networks

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Design Fronthaul Synchronization
Time Error Limit – Absolute Timing 1.5us
Time Error Limit – Relative Timing

CRAN
Fronthaul
or
DU + CU

PRTC / T-GM
Backhaul
T-GM / PRTC
CU Midhaul DU Fronthaul

Time Error Limit – Relative Timing

• Some customers will focus on tight “Absolute” Timing

• Some may focus on tight “Relative” timing
• Trade off is Cost vs Complexity and Operations

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Learnings and Recommendations

G.8275.1 – PTP Full Path support is the must have approach for successful 5G

G.8275.1 is recommended for Bundle Interface and with Ring topologies

Deploy GNSS / PRTC close to the client

For PTP unaware networks, and / or G.8275.2 based deployments, it is

recommended to deploy A-PTS for dynamic asymmetry correction

Parallel PTP network could be an answer to bypass “legacy networks”

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Summary
Time Synchronization Defines 5G

T-BC T-BC T-BC “n” T-TSC

Random Network Link Asymmetry Short Term Hold
Variations Compensation Over
PRTC / T-GM
End Application
± 1.1us Network Equipment Budget

± 1.5us End to End Budget

G.8272 G.8273.2 G.8273.2

Class B PRTC ~ 40ns Class C T-BC ~ 10ns Class C T-TSC ~ 10ns
Class C T-TSC ~ 10ns
G.8273.2 / 802.1CM / eCPRI
G.8272.1
|TERE| = 15ns or 20ns
ePRTC ~30ns

G.811.1 G.8262.1
ePRC ~30ns eEEC – 7ns MTIE, 1ns TDev

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Next Generation SP Routing Portfolio
Site A
SP Network Automation SR PCE
4G-DRAN Central
DC
Site B BBU
Backhaul
4G – CRAN Backhaul
Backhaul
5G – Split 2
DU PRE-AGG AGG IP/MPLS
Midhaul
Site C Midhaul Core
FH AGG TOR TOR

5G – Split 7
Fronthaul Midhaul
Internet

DU CRAN / CU MEC

NCS5xx Series NCS560 Series ASR9K Series

NCS 55xx Series NCS 55xx Mod Series

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Cisco Timing and Synchronization
Strong Feature support and roadmap
NCS5504

NCS55xx NCS55-Ax
FIX
NCS5508
NCS5508 NCS5516
NCS520 NCS560 NCS55xx
ASR907 NCS560
ASR907
NCS540
ASR903

ASR920 ASR990x
ASR902
ASR991x ASR991x ASR9922 ASR99xx

Backhaul Core

Fronthaul Midhaul
DC
FH Access FH-AGG PRE-AGG AGG IP CORE
TOR
TOR TOR
RRH
DU CU
Internet
MEC

* SyncE, PTP 1588v2-2008, G.8265.1, G.8275.1, G.8273.2 Class A / B, G.8275.2, Multi-profile support , Asymmetry correction

* Roadmap: eEEC, PRTC-B, Class C on NextGen Platforms * Contact SPNS Product Marketing for more detail

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Cisco enables 5G Synchronization

G.8273.2 GNSS & APTS

Class C Deterministic For
certified Multi-profile
Latency PTP unware
Product line Networks

Better Real Time Smooth Support for

Accuracy Use Cases Migration Path Legacy Transport

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References and Further Information
 3GPP TR 38.104, TR 38.133
 3GPP TR 28.204, TR 28.821
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive

 IEEE 802.1CM
https://1.ieee802.org/tsn/802-1cm/

 xRAN eCPRI Specification version 2.x

http://www.xran.org/resources/

 eCPRI Specification v1.0 and v1.1

http://www.cpri.info/spec.html

 ITU-T Recommendations – ITU-T G.826x and G.827x Series

https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G/en

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