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Math 121A: Homework 9 Solutions: I Z Z Z Z

1. The first two integrals evaluate to 0 because the integrands are analytic functions that integrate to 0 around closed curves. 2. Cauchy's formula and its derivatives relate derivatives of a function to integrals around curves in the complex plane. 3. By using results from 2, the integral can be evaluated in closed form as a simple fraction. 4. For integrals of the form ∮C(z - z0)n dz, the integral is 2πi if n = 1 and 0 otherwise.

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85 views3 pages

Math 121A: Homework 9 Solutions: I Z Z Z Z

1. The first two integrals evaluate to 0 because the integrands are analytic functions that integrate to 0 around closed curves. 2. Cauchy's formula and its derivatives relate derivatives of a function to integrals around curves in the complex plane. 3. By using results from 2, the integral can be evaluated in closed form as a simple fraction. 4. For integrals of the form ∮C(z - z0)n dz, the integral is 2πi if n = 1 and 0 otherwise.

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cfisicaster
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 121A: Homework 9 solutions

1. The first integral is given by


I Z 1 Z 1 Z −1 Z 0
2 2 2
z dz = x dx + (1 + iy) idy + 2
(i + x ) dx + (−1 + iy)2 idy
C −1 0 1 1
 3 1 3 1  3 1 1
(−1 + iy)3
 
x (1 + iy) (i + x )
= + − −
3 −1 3 0 3 −1 3 0

1 −1
 
(1 + i ) 3 1

= − + −
3 3 3 3

( i + 1) 3 ( i − 1) 3  
(−1 + i )3 (−1)3

− − − −
3 3 3 3
= 0,
since all terms cancel in pairs. The second integral is given by
I Z 1 Z π
2
z dz = 2
x dx + (eiθ )2 ieiθ dθ
C −1 0
Z 1 Z π
2
= x dx + i e3iθ dθ
−1 0
 3 1  iθ π
x e
= +
3 −1 3
 0
1 −1 −1 1
 
= − + −
3 3 3 3
= 0.
As expected, both integrals evaluate to zero, since they involve integrating an ana-
lytic function around a closed curve.
2. Differentiating Cauchy’s formula gives
 
df 1 f (w) 1 f (w) dw
I I
0 ∂
f (z) = = dw = .
dz 2πi C ∂z w − z 2πi C (w − z)2
Differentiating n times gives
dn f
f (n) ( z ) =
dzn I
∂n
 
1 f (w)
= dw
2πi C ∂zn w − z
∂ n −1
 
1 f (w)
I
= dw
2πi C ∂zn−1 (w − z)2
1 n! f (w) dw
I
= .
2πi c (w − z)n+1

1
3. By making use of the result from the previous question, the integral can be evaluated
according to
sin 2z dz 1 sin 2z dz
I I
3
=
C (6z − π ) 216 C (z − π6 )3
d2

2πi
= sin 2z
2 × 216 dz2
z=π/6
  
πi 2π
= −4 sin
216 6
√ ! √
4πi 3 πi 3
= − =− .
216 2 108

4. By making the substitution z = z0 + ρeiθ , the integral can be written as


Z 2π iθ Z 2π
dz ie dθ
I
e(n−1) dθ.
θ
= =i
C ( z − z0 ) n 0 eniθ 0

If n = 1 the integrand is 1, and thus the integral evaluates to 2πi. Otherwise the
integral is
" #2π
Z 2π
e ( n −1) θ i i
e(n−1) dθ = i
θ
i = − = 0.
0 n−1 n−1 n−1
0

5. By writing y = z − 1, the Laurent series at z = 1 is given by


∞ ∞
! !
ez e y +1 e ym yn
y m∑ ∑
= y = n
.
z2 − 1 2y 1 + 2 =0 m! n=0 (−2)

While it is difficult to write down an explicit expression for terms in the Laurent
series, the first three terms are given by

ez y2 y y2
  
e
= 1+y+ +... 1− + +...
z2 − 1 y 2 2 4
y y2
 
e
= 1+ + +... .
y 2 4

While these first three terms in the bracket appear to agree with the pattern ∑∞ n −n
n =0 y 2 ,
this is coincidental, and later terms in the series do not follow this pattern.

6. By writing y = z − 2, the Laurent series at z = 2 is given by

1 1 1 1 ∞ n ∞

y n∑ ∑ ( z − 2) k .
= = − = − y = −
z2 − 5z + 6 (z − 2)(z − 3) y (1 − y ) =0 k=−1

2
7. By making the substitution eiθ = z, the integral be rewritten as an integral around
the unit circle C,
Z 2π Z 2π
dθ 1
=
0 13 + 5 sin θ 0 13 + 5 (eiθ − e−iθ )
  2i 
dz 2
I
=
C iz 26 − 5iz + 5iz−1
2dz
I
= 2
5z + 26iz − 5
IC
2dz
= .
C (5z + i )( z + 5i )

The integrand has simple poles at z = −5i (which is outside C) and z = −i/5 (which
is inside C). By the residue theorem, the integral can be evaluated in terms of the
residue at z = −i/5,
 
2 i 2(z + i/5)
Res ,z = − = lim
(5z + i )(z + 5i ) 5 z→−i/5 (5z + i )( z + 5i )
2
= lim
z→−i/5 5( z + 5i )
2 1
= = .
5i (− /5 + 5)
1 12i
Hence the integral is given by
Z 2π  
dθ 1 π
= 2πi = .
0 13 + 5 sin θ 12i 6

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