PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT

Contents

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT 1

Executive Summary 1

Introduction 2

My MAIN BODY 2

The Information Society 2

Executive Summary

My executive Summary
1. Introduction

“Knowledge is power”, the words of a philosophers 500 years ago, now simply a
truism. The concept of information is not a new one, but for the first time we find
ourselves in the Information Age.

The Information Age is characterised by an unprecedented rapid development in

knowledge, integration of far-flung economies and the huge development of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The impact has been vast,
and continues to grow, affecting not just businesses, but governments, and the
populace, in fact the society at large, creating what is known as the Information
Society.

The proliferation of ICT’s have created many opportunities for businesses, to

create efficiencies, differentiate, and even create new business models, but it has
also exposed them to international competition, and an ever-changing business
environment. Information has become a key strategic assets, a critical tool used to
gain and sustain competitive advantage.

However, this advancement has also lead to problems, most notably in the
complexity of managing interconnected world-wide businesses. Project
Management has emerged as a way in which to manage this complexity, giving
managers and organisations clear direction and focus on how to get things done
efficiently and effectively. This essay will explore the use of Project Management
in the context of the Information Society, first by analysing the different factors
effecting businesses existing within the Information Society, and then by reviewing
how the use of project management has lead to effective business management.

One of the changes has been a move toward consumer focus and mass-
customisation has replaced standardization (REF - p9 PMWT magazine – David a
pells).

2. My MAIN BODY

1. The Information Society

History
The evolution of technological development can be traced throughout human history, and has been
a principle influence in the way humanity has existed. The Agricultural Age was characterised by
manual labour, as the world transitioned from living-off-the-land to a more self-sufficient
controlling of live-stock and harvesting of crops, using hand crafted equipment (REF). Then the
Industrial Revolution started the shift from manual labour to machine-based manufacture, and now
with the dawn of the Information Age and Computing Revolution, human intelligence is starting to
be supplemented by machines. While the first digital computers gained some popularity up to the
mid-1900’s, especially with advancements made during World War II with analogue computers used
to calculate trajectories and an early digital computer used to decrypt codes, it was only with the
commercialisation of IT, that the Information Age truly began (Ceruzzi, 2003, p.10).

Technology Overview & Impact

By the early 1980’s computer technology had vastly improved, and Moore’s law had been
established. Each year, computers were becoming cheaper, more powerful and smaller, allowing
for the introduction of the personal computer (Ceruzzi, 2003, p. 394). Many companies started to
utilise computer and networking technologies in the workplace, allowing for anyone to do
complicated calculations, store vast amounts of data or rapidly share information across their
organisation network. The cross connection of multiple networks formed the early Internet in the
1980’s, which grew and evolved to allow for information to be accessed anytime, anywhere in the
world (Ceruzzi, 2003, p. 295). Netscape,as the first web browser to provide easy access to the
Internet, was at the forefront of this and was seen at the time as the gateway to the Internet
(Jessup & Valacich, 2008, p.47).

These advances in computing over the last three decades have had a dramatic influence on society,
changing the way in which people, businesses and the economy operates. It can be said there have
been three main industries that have been driving this revolution; the telecommunications,
computer and entertainment industry. The telecommunications industry bringing an ever faster
mechanism to transmit information, the computing industry bringing smaller, cheaper more
powerful processing and storage devices, and lastly the entertainment industry, employing these
devices in innovative new ways. Putting this all together as early as 1985, Tom Forrestor (p8)
asserts that there “has been the ‘convergence’ of electronics, computing and telecommunications
and unleashing of a tidal wave of technological innovation”. The iPod put a computer in over a 100
million people’s pockets, employing massive portable storage and clever compression algorithms,
allowing them to carry their entire music collection (REF). YouTube, unleashed the power of
amateur video produces on the world, using the new ability of a rich-content website, the ability of
users to upload themselves and watch anybody. The smart phone represents a pinnacle in this
convergence, where the iPhone, unveiled in 2007, could be used for voice calls, to watch videos,
play music, navigate, surf the Internet and to download applications.

[Technological development can be observed and has impacted the world in four main areas,
namely the home, workplace, education and on the move. Computerised technology can be
observed everywhere in the home, there are micro chips in washing machines, dishwashers, and in
modern TV’s. The adoption of technology is evidenced in the penetration of TV’s, computers, and
the Internet in modern society, with 98% of households having TV’s, 71% having computers and
65.6% having Internet access in developed countries in 2010 (International Telecommunication
Union, p.5 ).

Technology has spread throughout the workplace, with the use of ICT’s business can be conducted
out of the office. You can work from home or anywhere, with a wireless Internet connection, using
a laptop, conducting business on a website, emailing and conference calling, and using your mobile
phone to make business calls. This has made it possible for almost anyone, anywhere in the world
to open a business and reach the marketplace relatively quickly, easily and cheaply.]

Education has been impacted by technology in several ways. Students now have access to online
tuition, where qualifications are obtained via correspondence learning, making education more
accessible to people. Open source e-learning websites such as Moodle have been created to
facilitate the communication between universities, lecturers and students. Computer equipment is
now readily available, with internet access in most schools around the world. Overhead projectors
are now being replaced with computerized projectors connected to computers, where lecturers can
teach off slides.
A shift may also be observed from traditional to online libraries, with the digitization of
information on to the Internet, students can now access online databases with e-journals, articles,
magazines, and other forms of literary content from anywhere in the world, at anytime. Bill Gates,
one of the pioneers of the personal computer stated in an interview at the Techonomy Conference
in Lake Tahoe California (REF) that in five years time, people will be able to get as much value out
of the information and web lectures on the internet as they do in universities and colleges, and
that the education would be better.

Through the miniaturisation of products, technological development may also be observed whilst on
the run. Many people today have portable music players, such as the IPod which allows for the
downloading of entire music collections onto a device that can fit into a pocket. Hand-held
portable game players have become popular whilst travelling with the Sony PSP and Nintendo DS.
The mobile phone is probably one of the most revolutionary technologies, becoming one of the
most important communication and entertainment devices in today’s modern age. The introduction
of the smart phone as an all in one device enables people to phone, email, keep in touch via social
networks, browse the web and download game and other entertainment applications. It is
estimated that mobile cellular subscriptions will reach 5.3 billion worldwide by the end of 2010,
which is over 70% of the world’s population (International Telecommunication Union, p.2).

Technology in Business

ICT’s have become drivers in today’s business environment, fuelling economic growth (REF).
Through the use of IT, firms have become more competitive and are able to reach the market place
quicker and easier. The government and regulating bodies encourage economic growth and the
creation of wealth, and want to promote competition in marketplace. They reduce entry barriers,
laws and regulations, to encourage and make it easier for competitors to enter the market (REF).
Once new competitors enter with new and better products or services, businesses in the industry
will come under pressure as customers benefit from more options to choose from. Prices are then
driven down as supply increases. As organisation’s revenues and market share start to decline, they
react by potentially seeking out alliances, mergers or joint ventures to consolidate and become
more competitive or else fail and be forced out the market. This results in the decrease of industry
returns, and the volatility in the market increasing, some industries even entering price wars.

Organisations then have to constantly think of new and better product and service offerings for
their customers in order to differentiate themselves from the competition. This can be achieved
through innovation, which can be facilitated through the investment in ICT’s(REF). The firms that
manage to innovate will survive in the market place, increasing their revenues and market share,
thus the overall industry returns increase. Economic growth is fuelled within industries, thus
creating wealth for society in the way of jobs and money. Apple is a leading innovator in it’s
industry, that has managed to become an iconic brand, constantly aware of it’s competitors and
managing to bring new and different products to the marketplace, such as the IPad. Put in market
share price (REF)

This demonstrates the environment in which businesses operate in today, one that is global, highly
or even hyper competitive, dynamic, turbulent and volatile. Globalisation has broken down barriers
between nations, allowing for the movement of trade, money, knowledge, skills and people, whilst
being facilitated by the creation of ICT’s, standards and procedures (Jessup,xxxx p 8).Rapid
technological growth and greater access and use of information by consumers has placed pressure
on modern businesses. The only constant is change and the only certainty is uncertainty,
highlighting the nature of the change that is taking place and emphasising that Information and
knowledge have become key strategic assets to organizations today in being able to creatively
innovate to build and sustain their competitive advantage.
 Perhaps one of the largest impacts of the information age has been a shift in the power of
information consumer. Consumers have been gaining access to information at an
exponential rate, from the 1600s when the printing press was invented, leading to mass-
literature availability to the invention of radio, bringing instant local information, to the
invention of the internet allowing instant access to virtually all the worlds information.
Search engines have become the gateway to the internet, in their own way representing
the shift in the development of the information systems powering the information age.
From the rudimentary internet simply housing sets of data, to the artificial intelligence
able to understand the wants of the user and deliver sensible answers. There is a need for
businesses to be awrae of this power and act

(Peter Drucker, a management guru, )

Trends in International Business

It is a necessity for businesses to be aware of the nature of the environment in which they do
business. Pressures have arisen out of consumers being better informed, an increasing global
market place, and proliferation of ICT’s. Some firms operate in industries characterised by hyper
competition, such as the Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry, where supermarkets can enter into
price wars in order to try and make as much money as they can. This highly competitive
environment has created the need for organisations to become more innovative. Laudon and
Laudon (2010) believe that the adoption and use of Information Systems(IS) are vital to an
organisation’s survival in today’s Digital Era. The adoption of IT into more businesses, has created
the emergence of the Digital Firm, which is one where most of the key business relationships are
enabled and managed digitally. This enables the organisation to reach it’s consumer, suppliers and
key stakeholders faster, cheaper and with greater ease.

To survive in today’s turbulent Information Society, there is an increasing need for businesses to
invest in IS and IT to facilitate the achievement of strategic business objectives. Brynjolfsson & Hitt
(2000, p.24) state that the use of computers and related digital communication technology is a
powerful tool in reducing the costs of coordinating, communicating and information in business.
Many firms across many industries would not be able to survive without IS, such as E-Commerce
firms like Amazon.com and Google (Laudon & Laudon, 2010, p.42). There has been an increasing
interdependence between organizations and IS, and the foundation for conducting business in the
21st century is IT (Laudon & Laudon, 2010, p.42). As shown in Figure 1.1 below, a change in
strategic direction of the business often requires a change in hardware, software, databases and
telecommunications, and IS in a company defines the boundaries of what a firm is capable of doing.

The Interdependence between Organizations and Information Technology

Source: Laudon & Laudon, 2010

Laudon & Laudon (2010) suggest that firms invest in IS to achieve six strategic objectives;
Operational Excellence, New Products, Services and Business Models, Customer and Supplier
Intimacy, Improved Decision Making, Competitive Advantage and Survival. Operational excellence
is where organizations constantly strive to achieve greater efficiency and productivity. Gilette
(REF). Information systems are being used to facilitate the creation of new products, services and
business models, with the case of Toyota, they use the TPS (Toyota Production System) ---- (WHY?).
IS facilitates the creation of customer intimacy by getting to know the customer, and what their
wants and habits are. Take for example Netflix, where they gather data on their customer’s
preferences online and recommend movies to rent based on that intelligence (Turban 156 REF??).
Maintaining communication with key suppliers, and ensuring that they are aware of changes in
stock levels, can ensure the supply of important inputs. IKEA does this through an interactive
computerised database that feeds information to the supplier of when units of stock are sold,
ensuring that stock will always be available.
Improved Decision Making can take place through the use of Decision Support Systems for
managers, demand planning may aid organizations in making well informed decisions based on data
analysed by software. Information Systems are also used in a firm to gain competitive advantage
through cost reduction and supplying superior products to customers at a better price. Ryan Air is
one such company in the airline industry that has succeeded every time at constantly staying ahead
of its competitors based on an innovative business model and cost reduction strategies (ref.).
Highlighting the point that we live in a technology driven society, businesses may need to invest in
information systems to keep up with the trends in their industry and in order to survive. Barnes and
Noble, the world’s largest book retailer exemplifies this point, when Amazon.com started selling
books online, their revenues started to decrease dramatically, as it was now the trend for
consumers to buy books online, and they found themselves having to shift their business model and
go start selling online.
Turban et al.(2008) take a managerial perspective, looking at the impact of the external
environment on a business. In the Business Environment Impact model (p17), Electronic
Commerce(EC) and IT are at the foundation of the organisation, supporting the performance and
activities needed to be successful, protecting it from the external pressures in the environment
(Turban et al., 2008, p17). The pressure from the business environment can be observed in terms of
Market and Economic, Societal and, Technological, these outside factors present opportunities and
threats. Organisations need to create innovative strategies and critical response activities for
organisational processes to overcome the pressures in the new turbulent business environment, and
it can be argued that this is facilitated through EC and IT (give EXAMPLE-).
Talk about Some form of online presence. The market that businesses operate in has development
in technology and the internet has made it a necessity for businesses to have an online presence,
consumers expect this of an organisation today. Many organizations operate online, whether it is
just a website to market the physical product or a company that Is fully digital, such as???

New Business model – Ecommerce – long tail (chris anderson) – ebay – barnes and noble
>physical stores to e-stores > physical books to ebooks. Dell. Mass customization.
Need for Innovation – Look at Dell vs Apple
Counter – Nic Carr (Apple)

Creating a competitive advantage in order to survive in today’s business environment is essential.

When operating in an industry it is vital to know who the main players are and where their
competitive strengths and weaknesses lie. Information is a powerful resource that can be exploited
and used to differentiate organizations and drive their value chains, allowing them to create
critical core competencies that will enhance their competitive advantage (Accenture
reporthttp://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/635C50A6-FEA3-4F53-AF25-
38E345D0B1CE/0/InfoDriven_POV_single.pdf – p2).
Information technology is a powerful tool in being able to create a sustainable and substantial
competitive advantage. IT allows organizations to create and add value in many ways. This can be
shown by analysing the concept of the Value-Chain popularized by Michael Porter in 1985, and later
adapted with Victor Millar to include the aspect of IT. The concept describes the “interlinked
value-adding activities that convert inputs into outputs which, in turn, add to the bottom line and
help create competitive advantage.” (NEED NEW REFERENCE)
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value-chain.html#ixzz14QQXWHQ8).
Operating in a technology driven environment, businesses can add value by investing in Information
technologies and systems that allow them to reduce costs, differentiate products, create niche
markets and improve customer and supplier intimacy (Laudon & Laudon, 2010, p.124). These ICT’s
add value to every area of the value chain, within the different functions and the linkages in
between departments, this can be done through the use of workforce planning systems,
computerised ordering and design systems, as well as electronic scheduling and mailing systems.
Porter(1985) states that value may also be created outside the firm on an industry level, by
analysing the Value Network or System. This network of value chains includes the value chains of
suppliers, intermediaries and buyers, where interdependencies may occur between the different
value chains. These relationships need to be optimized and coordinated in order to create
competitive advantage. (P88 - http://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=iKdD4Ci9_RMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA85&dq=porter+and+millar+value+chain&ots=XEMpzBt1En
&sig=SqosaJnM5RJcjjeEFuPh5IGLPTI#v=onepage&q=porter%20and%20millar%20value
%20chain&f=false)
The company that best suits this example of utilizing technology and information systems to create
competitive advantage is Dell. Dell have added value to their customers and in the process created
a unique business model, by allowing for mass customization where customers everywhere have
access to build-to-order capabilities on their website, allowing them to eliminate the intermediary
and reduce inventory costs significantly. They have also introduced e-CRM which allows them to
manage and service their customers online. Dell have also created close relationships with suppliers
by having automated notification systems in their warehouses. %%%%%How they add value with
suppliersetc
???Having superior knowledge and information assets is imperative. In today’s age technology can
be used by firms to create major cost savings and competitive advantage. The use of technology in
business has typically been in the way of http://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/635C50A6-
FEA3-4F53-AF25-38E345D0B1CE/0/InfoDriven_POV_single.pdf

2.2) A growing Project Orientation

What is a project and project management
Projects are temporary endeavours that have a definite start and end date. The project ends once
it has achieved it’s objectives, and if it fails or if there is no use for the project anymore then it is
terminated(PMBOK, 2004, p36). Projects are unique, in that they produce an end deliverable that
has never been done or seen before. Projects are progressively elaborate, and move forward
incrementally step by step adding to the final outcome (Brewer & Dittman, 2010, p13). The project
manager has the task of accomplishing the project’s objectives by implementing the project
management processes of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling and closing
projects.
Project manager’s biggest task is to try and balance what is known as the triple constraint of scope,
time and cost. These factors are used to measure the success of the project on completion. The
scope of the project refers to the customer requirements and specifications, these specifications
and requirements are translated into activities that should be completed within a set amount of
time. The cost is the resources, money or people allocated to the specific project. Project
managers are under pressure to complete projects within budget, by a specified date, and
according to specification, often having to make trade off’s. Stakeholders may have different views
on what is important in a project, and the challenge is to try and meet all these requirements
without increasing risk and compromising quality (PMBOK, 2004)
Trends towards a growing project orientation
The Project Management discipline has been growing in popularity, creating a complex environment
for organizations to operate in. Project Management can be observed throughout history, from the
building of the pyramids in Egypt, to the creation of the atomic bomb, with the Manhattan Project.
It is believed, however that it wasn’t until the late 1950’s that formal project management tools
and techniques started to be adopted in organisations (Brewer & Dittman, 2010, p10). These tools
and techniques used, such as Gantt charts, PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), Work
Breakdown Structure (WBS) and the Critical Path Method (CPM) were mainly seen in the engineering
and military industries (Brewer & Dittman, 2010, p10).
Projects such as the NASA Space Program, and the launch of Sputnik 1 made use of these project
management tools. From the 1970’s onwards there has been an increase in organizations use of
projects, some making use of once-off projects, implementing Matrix organizational structures,
whilst other firms transforming into fully Projectized organizations. The use of Project Management
in organizations is gaining in popularity, especially since the emergence of the Information Society.
There have however been some concerns surrounding the success of IT projects and the skills of
project managers. The management of ICT projects has come under some scrutiny in the past
decade. Laudon and Laudon (2010, p549) state that 30 to 40 percent of all software projects fail
dismally in remaining on schedule, keeping to the original budget and delivering on original
specifications. They refer to these projects as “runaway projects”. A study called the CHAOS
Report, conducted by The Standish Group Consultancy showed an IT project success rate of 34% in
2003, up from the previous two studies of 16.2% in 1995 and 28% in 2003, these projects were
finished on time, within budget and fulfilled specifications. The report also shows a decrease in the
amount of project cancellations to 18%, down from 31% in 1995, these projects being terminated
prior to completion (Brewer and Dittman 2010, p.16)
Brewer & Ditmann (2010, p.17) suggest that the increase in percentage of successful projects can
be attributed to the improvement of project management practices and an increase in skills and
training of project managers. This highlights the importance of education and training in the field
of Project Management, and the necessity of educational institutions to start adopting it as a
subject into their curricula. This will ensure that managers are equipped with these necessary skills
in going forward and managing in the 21st century. It also highlights that it is a useful management
discipline, necessary in managing ICT Projects and ensuring their success going forward.
Many organizations today are multinational, often with many subsidiaries, products and employees.
This has made it increasingly difficult to create strategic alignment within an organization among
the various parts, and to ensure that all aspects of the organization are on the right track. It is
essential that the organizations vision and mission are aligned with the corporate strategy. This top
management strategy is then disseminated throughout the organization into tactical plans and
operations, right through to operational plans and tasks for employees. The execution and
achievement of this intricate alignment can be facilitated through the use of programs and
projects, allowing the organization to break up its strategic objectives into smaller parts across the
different subsidiaries, functions, and employees. This allows for the strategic alignment across all
aspects of the organization. Apple has operations and alliances all over the world, as well as many
different product offerings, most of which are project based thus creating the need to strategically
align themselves with their design or innovation teams.
With the development and mass production of sophisticated project management computer
software, small and medium-sized businesses have found it easier and cheaper to start using. It
allows for the scheduling, allocation and management of resources, it also allows for them to keep
an administrative side to easily check the status of their projects with regards to whether they are
on budget, on time and within the specifications(REF).
Project management can be used to manage large scale change in an organisation. The overall task
can be broken up into manageable project teams that will each be assigned to execute specific
projects with it’s own goals, resources and time lines. With firms operating on a global scale,
programmes and projects are implemented to deal with large scale changes such as re-structuring
of operations or opening a new subsidiary. It is vital to break down these undertakings into
different manageable parts in order to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. If managed according to
the usual management process, which is ongoing and complex, it would be difficult to separate and
organize the tasks and objectives necessary to effect the change within a suitable time period,
budget and to specification.
Innovation is key to a firm’s success today, and there is pressure on organisations to bring new and
different offerings to the market place to survive, fuelled by the shortening of product life cycles
and increase in global competition. This has resulted in more firms investing in Research and
Development or new information systems in order to survive. The Pharmaceutical and IT industry
are characterized by the ongoing investment in Research and Development projects to innovate and
produce offerings that are better than their competitors. These investments can be in developing a
new product, service, process, or implementing a new operating system and all be treated as
projects that have a specific purpose, timeframe and budget, thus creating a greater need for the
use of project management approaches.
The growing international awareness of project management has also been made visible by the
implementation and success of international aid programs and community development projects.
The effects of these projects have been transformational, not only for countries and their
economies, but also for their citizens. When looking at Haiti after the earthquake, many programs
were undertaken all across the world to assist in the rebuilding and development of the nation. The
United Nations Development Program mobilised different project teams to provide food aid and re-
building efforts, celebrities and citizens got involved in fund-raising projects as well as aid efforts.
Other examples of how project management is truly changing people’s lives can be witnessed in
poor and developing countries where projects are undertaken to build new schools, or install
telephone lines, or water pumps into rural villages. (REFERENCE…EXPLAIN MORE)
In today’s age, it is important for firms to reach the market as quickly as possible placing an
emphasis on timing, it is also an environment in which technical aspects are important to a task???,
and the focus is on the achievement of these. Project management is a discipline in which projects
are characterized by achieving specific objectives and requirements within a specific time period to
a specific budget. To this end, projects are implemented to get work done better, cheaper and
faster. This is especially true for technology-driven industries such as the GAMING??? Or mobile
phones, where technology can become obsolete within months and competitors constantly
innovating to reach the market first with the next big technology.
The rapid growth in awareness of the project management discipline has highlighted the
importance of this method in conducting business in the 21 st century. The Project Management
Institute(PMI), a professional association dedicated to the field of project management has had a
growth in over 220000 members over the past 12 years, 80% of these members working in the
technology field of IS, IT or Telecoms (PM WORLD TODAY - EDITORIAL – JUNE 2008, p1). They also
offer a professional certification program called the Project Management Professional (PMP), which
has become a world class and much sought after qualification in the IT sector. These organisations
and qualifications have been a way of raising awareness of discipline of Project Management as a
serious field in management.
Today’s marketplace is increasingly global, competitive, dynamic, and technology-driven, requiring
firms to constantly innovate, and to do so quicker, cheaper and better. By utilising projects and
project management tools and techniques, firms have become better equipped to compete more
successfully. It provides a firm with the means to introduce a new product, service, business
process or information system in time, on budget and to the right specifications. Many organisations
are changing their structure in order to become leaner, more adaptable and better equipped to
deal with the changing environment, this is especially true for IT organisations (Brewer & Ditmann,
2010).
As mentioned, most organisations in today’s information society use IT to some extent within their
organisation. It crosses over from the IT industry into many other different industries too, such as
banking, agriculture, construction as well as transportation (PM WORLD TODAY - EDITORIAL – JUNE
2008, p11). This is one of the major reasons that there has been a growing project orientation in
International business. All investments in IT are seen as projects and many organisations across all
major industries are investing in IT today, in response to the context of the information society
where markets, economies, communication and competition have been globalised (PM WORLD
TODAY - EDITORIAL – JUNE 2008, p11).
The information society has contributed towards an increasingly complex and dynamic business
environment in which companies need to operate and survive. Due to this increasingly global
business environment and the establishment of multinational corporations operating
internationally, Project Management has become an essential tool in being able to break up
organisations and divide processes and acitivities into manageable parts.

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38E345D0B1CE/0/InfoDriven_POV_single.pdf

Jessup & Valacich, 2008, p.47

Ceruzzi, Paul, 2003. “A history of Modern Computing”, Massachusetts: MIT Press

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Techonomy - Reinventing Capitalism: How to jumpstart what the
marketplace can’t
Speaker: Bill Gates, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Interviewed by Brent Schlender