CONCEPT AND VOCABULARY CHECK

Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true.

1. A solution of a system of linear equations in 3. Consider the following system:

three variables is an ordered of real
numbers that satisfies all/some of the equations in the x + y + z = 2 Equation 1
system. c 2x - 3y = 3 Equation 2
Circle the correct choice.
10y - z = 12. Equation 3
2. Consider the following system:
x + y - z = -1 Equation 1
Equation 2 does not contain the variable . To
c 2x - 2y - 5z = 7 Equation 2
obtain a second equation that does not contain this
4x + y - 2z = 7. Equation 3
variable, we can .
We can eliminate x from Equations 1 and 2 by
multiplying Equation 1 by and adding
equations. We can eliminate x from Equations 1 and
3 by multiplying Equation 1 by and adding
equations.

EXERCISE SET 7.2

Practice Exercises x + y = -4 x + y = 4
In Exercises 1–4, determine if the given ordered triple is a solution 15. c y - z = 1 16. c x + z = 4
of the system. 2x + y + 3z = - 21 y + z = 4
1. (2, -1, 3) 2. (5, -3, - 2)
x + y + z = 4 x + y + z = 0 3(2x + y) + 5z = - 1
c x - 2y - z = 1 c x + 2y - 3z = 5 17. c 2(x - 3y + 4z) = -9
2x - y - 2z = -1 3x + 4y + 2z = - 1 4(1 + x) = -3(z - 3y)
3. (4, 1, 2) 4. (-1, 3, 2)
7z - 3 = 2(x - 3y)
x - 2y = 2 x - 2z = -5
18. c 5y + 3z - 7 = 4x
c 2x + 3y = 11 c y - 3z = -3
4 + 5z = 3(2x - y)
y - 4z = -7 2x - z = -4
Solve each system in Exercises 5–18. In Exercises 19–22, find the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c
whose graph passes through the given points.
x + y + 2z = 11 2x + y - 2z = - 1
5. c x + y + 3z = 14 6. c 3x - 3y - z = 5 19. (- 1, 6), (1, 4), (2, 9) 20. (-2, 7), (1, - 2), (2, 3)
x + 2y - z = 5 x - 2y + 3z = 6 21. (- 1, - 4), (1, -2), (2, 5) 22. (1, 3), (3, - 1), (4, 0)

4x - y + 2z = 11 x - y + 3z = 8 In Exercises 23–24, let x represent the first number, y the second

7. c x + 2y - z = - 1 8. c 3x + y - 2z = - 2 number, and z the third number. Use the given conditions
to write a system of equations. Solve the system and find the
2x + 2y - 3z = -1 2x + 4y + z = 0
numbers.

3x + 2y - 3z = -2 2x + 3y + 7z = 13 23. The sum of three numbers is 16. The sum of twice the
9. c 2x - 5y + 2z = -2 10. c 3x + 2y - 5z = -22 first number, 3 times the second number, and 4 times
the third number is 46. The difference between 5 times the
4x - 3y + 4z = 10 5x + 7y - 3z = - 28
first number and the second number is 31. Find the three
numbers.
2x - 4y + 3z = 17 x + z = 3
24. The following is known about three numbers: Three times
11. c x + 2y - z = 0 12. c x + 2y - z = 1 the first number plus the second number plus twice
4x - y - z = 6 2x - y + z = 3 the third number is 5. If 3 times the second number
is subtracted from the sum of the first number and
2x + y = 2 x + 3y + 5z = 20 3 times the third number, the result is 2. If the third
13. c x + y - z = 4 14. c y - 4z = -16 number is subtracted from 2 times the first number
and 3 times the second number, the result is 1. Find the
3x + 2y + z = 0 3x - 2y + 9z = 36
numbers.
Practice Plus a. Find the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c whose
Solve each system in Exercises 25–26. graph passes through the given points.
b. Use the function in part (a) to find the value for y when
x + 2 y + 4 z
- + = 0 x = 5. Describe what this means.
6 3 2 32. A mathematical model can be used to describe the
x + 1 y - 1 z 9 relationship between the number of feet a car travels once
25. f + - =
2 2 4 2 the brakes are applied, y, and the number of seconds the car
x - 5 y + 1 z - 2 19 is in motion after the brakes are applied, x. A research firm
+ + = collects the following data:
4 3 2 4
x + 3 y - 1 z + 2 3
- + =
2 2 4 2 x, seconds in motion y, feet car travels
x - 5 y + 1 z 25 after brakes are applied once the brakes are applied
26. f + - = - 1 46
2 3 4 6
x - 3 y + 1 z - 3 5 2 84
- + = -
4 2 2 2 3 114
In Exercises 27–28, find the equation of the quadratic function
y = ax 2 + bx + c whose graph is shown. Select three points a. Find the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c whose
whose coordinates appear to be integers. graph passes through the given points.
27. y b. Use the function in part (a) to find the value for y when
1 x = 6. Describe what this means.
x
−1 2 4 6 8
−2 Use a system of linear equations in three variables to solve
Exercises 33–41.
−4
The bar graph shows the average annual spending per person
−6
on selected items in 1980 and 2010. All dollar amounts are
−8 adjusted for inflation. Use this display to solve Exercises 33–34.

28. y Annual Spending per Person in the

United States, Adjusted for Inflation
8 $8000
Annual Spending per Person

Housing
Vehicles/ Health
$7000 Vehicles/
6 Gas Gas Care
x
4 $6000 z
Clothing
$5000 Housing
2 Health Recreation
$4000 Care
Recreation
x x
−1 2 4 6 8 $3000 Clothing y 2310
y z
$2000
In Exercises 29–30, solve each system for (x, y, z) in terms of the 1078 913 1090
$1000
nonzero constants a, b, and c.
ax - by - 2cz = 21 ax - by + 2cz = - 4 1980 2010
29. c ax + by + cz = 0 30. c ax + 3by - cz = 1 Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
2ax - by + cz = 14 2ax + by + 3cz = 2
33. In this exercise, we refer to annual spending per person in
2010. The combined spending on housing, vehicles/gas, and
Application Exercises health care was $13,840. The difference between spending
31. You throw a ball straight up from a rooftop. The ball misses on housing and spending on vehicles/gas was $3864. The
the rooftop on its way down and eventually strikes the difference between spending on housing and spending on
ground. A mathematical model can be used to describe the health care was $695. Find the average per-person spending
relationship for the ball’s height above the ground, y, after x on housing, vehicles/gas, and health care in 2010.
seconds. Consider the following data:
34. In this exercise, we refer to annual spending per person in
1980. The combined spending on housing, vehicles/gas, and
x, seconds after the ball is y, ball’s height, in feet, above
thrown the ground health care was $7073. The difference between spending
on housing and spending on vehicles/gas was $1247. The
1 224 difference between spending on housing and spending on
3 176 health care was $1466. Find the average per-person spending
4 104 on housing, vehicles/gas, and health care in 1980.
35. On a recent trip to the convenience store, you picked up 45. AIDS is taking a deadly toll on southern Africa. Describe
2 gallons of milk, 5 bottles of water, and 6 snack-size bags how to use the techniques that you learned in this section to
of chips. Your total bill (before tax) was $19.00. If a bottle of obtain a model for African life span using projections with
water costs twice as much as a bag of chips, and a gallon of AIDS, shown by the red graph in the figure. Let x represent
milk costs $2.00 more than a bottle of water, how much does the number of years after 1985 and let y represent African
each item cost? life span in that year.
36. On a recent trip to the convenience store, you picked up
1 gallon of milk, 7 bottles of water, and 4 snack-size bags of African Life Span
chips. Your total bill (before tax) was $17.00. If a bottle of 70
water costs twice as much as a bag of chips, and a gallon
Projections without AIDS
of milk costs $2.00 more than a bottle of water, how much

Life Span (years)

does each item cost? 60
37. At a college production of A Streetcar Named Desire,
400 tickets were sold. The ticket prices were $8, $10, and $12,
and the total income from ticket sales was $3700. How many 50
tickets of each type were sold if the combined number of $8
and $10 tickets sold was 7 times the number of $12 tickets Projections with AIDS
sold?
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
38. A certain brand of razor blades comes in packages of 6, 12, Year
and 24 blades, costing $2, $3, and $4 per package, respectively.
A store sold 12 packages containing a total of 162 razor Source: United Nations
blades and took in $35. How many packages of each type
were sold? Technology Exercises
39. A person invested $6700 for one year, part at 8%, part at 46. Does your graphing utility have a feature that allows you
10%, and the remainder at 12%. The total annual income to solve linear systems by entering coefficients and constant
from these investments was $716. The amount of money terms? If so, use this feature to verify the solutions to any five
invested at 12% was $300 more than the amount invested at exercises that you worked by hand from Exercises 5–16.
8% and 10% combined. Find the amount invested at each 47. Verify your results in Exercises 19–22 by using a graphing
rate. utility to graph the resulting parabola. Trace along the curve
40. A person invested $17,000 for one year, part at 10%, part at and convince yourself that the three points given in the
12%, and the remainder at 15%. The total annual income exercise lie on the parabola.
from these investments was $2110. The amount of money
invested at 12% was $1000 less than the amount invested at Critical Thinking Exercises
10% and 15% combined. Find the amount invested at each
Make Sense? In Exercises 48–51, determine whether each
rate.
statement makes sense or does not make sense, and explain your
41. In the following triangle, the degree measures of the reasoning.
three interior angles and two of the exterior angles are
represented with variables. Find the measure of each 48. Solving a system in three variables, I found that x = 3 and
interior angle. y = -1. Because z represents a third variable, z cannot equal
3 or - 1.
49. A system of linear equations in three variables, x, y, and z,
cannot contain an equation in the form y = mx + b.
50. I’m solving a three-variable system in which one of the given
equations has a missing term, so it will not be necessary to use
2x + 5 any of the original equations twice when I reduce the system
y
to two equations in two variables.
51. Because the percentage of the U.S. population that was
foreign-born decreased from 1910 through 1970 and
then increased after that, a quadratic function of the form
2x − 5
f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, rather than a linear function of the
x z
form f(x) = mx + b, should be used to model the data.
52. Describe how the system

x + y - z - 2w = -8
x - 2y + 3z + w = 18
Writing in Mathematics d
2x + 2y + 2z - 2w = 10
42. What is a system of linear equations in three variables?
2x + y - z + w = 3
43. How do you determine whether a given ordered triple is a
solution of a system in three variables? could be solved. Is it likely that in the near future a graphing
44. Describe in general terms how to solve a system in three utility will be available to provide a geometric solution (using
variables. intersecting graphs) to this system? Explain.
EXERCISE SET 8.1

Practice Exercises 1 -3 2 0
In Exercises 1–8, write the augmented matrix for each system of 15. C 3 1 - 1 3 7 S -3R 1 + R 2
linear equations. 2 -2 1 3
2x + y + 2z = 2 3x - 2y + 5z = 31 1 -1 5 -6
1. c 3x - 5y - z = 4 2. c x + 3y - 3z = - 12 16. C 3 3 - 1 3 10 S -3R 1 + R 2
x - 2y - 3z = -6 - 2x - 5y + 3z = 11 1 3 2 5
1 -1 1 1 3
x - y + z = 8 x - 2y + 3z = 9
0 1 - 2 -1 4 0
3. c y - 12z = -15 4. c y + 3z = 5 17. D T
2 0 3 4 11 -2R 1 + R 3
z = 1 z = 2
5 1 2 4 6 -5R 1 + R 4
5x - 2y - 3z = 0 x - 2y + z = 10
1 -5 2 -2 4
5. c x + y = 5 6. c 3x + y = 5
0 1 - 3 -1 4 0
2x - 3z = 4 7x + 2z = 2 18. D T
3 0 2 -1 6 -3R 1 + R 3
2w + 5x - 3y + z = 2 -4 1 4 2 -3 4R 1 + R 4
3x + y = 4 In Exercises 19–20, a few steps in the process of simplifying the
7. d
w - x + 5y = 9 given matrix to row-echelon form, with 1s down the diagonal
5w - 5x - 2y = 1 from upper left to lower right, and 0s below the 1s, are shown. Fill
4w + 7x - 8y + z = 3 in the missing numbers in the steps that are shown.
5x + y = 5 1 -1 1 8 1 -1 1 8
8. d
w - x - y = 17 19. C 2 3 - 1 3 -2 S S C 0 5 䊐 3 䊐S
2w - 2x + 11y = 4 3 -2 -9 9 0 1 䊐 䊐
In Exercises 9–12, write the system of linear equations represented 1 -1 1 8
by the augmented matrix. Use x, y, and z, or, if necessary, w, x, y, S C0 1 䊐 3 䊐S
and z, for the variables. 0 1 䊐 䊐
5 0 3 -11 7 0 4 - 13 1 -2 3 4 1 -2 3 4
9. C 0 1 - 4 3 12 S 10. C 0 1 - 5 3 11 S 20. C 2 1 -4 3 3 S S C 0 5 䊐 3 䊐S
7 2 0 3 2 7 0 6 -3 4 -1 -2 0 -2 䊐 䊐
1 1 4 1 3 4 1 5 1 6 1 -2 3 4
-1 1 -1 0 4 7 1 -1 0 -1 S C0 1 䊐 3 䊐S
11. D T 12. D 4 8T
2 0 0 5 11 3 0 0 7 4 0 -2 䊐 䊐
0 0 12 4 5 0 0 11 5 3 In Exercises 21–38, solve each system of equations using matrices.
In Exercises 13–18, perform each matrix row operation and write Use Gaussian elimination with back-substitution or Gauss-Jordan
the new matrix. elimination.
2 -6 4 10 1
2 R1 x + y - z = -2 x - 2y - z = 2
13. C 1 5 -5 3 0 S 21. c 2x - y + z = 5 22. c 2x - y + z = 4
3 0 4 7 - x + 2y + 2z = 1 - x + y - 2z = - 4
3 - 12 6 9 1
3 R1
x + 3y = 0 3y - z = - 1
14. C 1 -4 4 3 0S 23. c x + y + z = 1 24. c x + 5y - z = - 4
2 0 7 4 3x - y - z = 11 - 3x + 6y + 2z = 11
 2x - y - z = 4 x - 3z = - 2 44. Solve the system:
25. c x + y - 5z = -4 26. c 2x + 2y + z = 4 ln w + ln x + ln y + ln z = -1
x - 2y = 4 3x + y - 2z = 5 -ln w + 4 ln x + ln y - ln z = 0
d
ln w - 2 ln x + ln y - 2 ln z = 11
x + y + z = 4 3x + y - z = 0
-ln w - 2 ln x + ln y + 2 ln z = -3.
27. c x - y - z = 0 28. c x + y + 2z = 6
x - y + z = 2 2x + 2y + 3z = 10 (Hint: Let A = ln w, B = ln x, C = ln y, and D = ln z. Solve
the system for A, B, C, and D. Then use the logarithmic equations
x + 2y = z - 1 2x + y = z + 1 to find w, x, y, and z.)
29. c x = 4 + y - z 30. c 2x = 1 + 3y - z
x + y - 3z = -2 x + y + z = 4 Application Exercises
45. A ball is thrown straight upward. A position function
3a - b - 4c = 3 3a + b - c = 0
31. c 2a - b + 2c = - 8 32. c 2a + 3b - 5c = 1 s(t) = 12 at 2 + v0t + s0
a + 2b - 3c = 9 a - 2b + 3c = -4 can be used to describe the ball’s height, s(t), in feet, after
t seconds.
2x + 2y + 7z = -1 3x + 2y + 3z = 3
s(t)
33. c 2x + y + 2z = 2 34. c 4x - 5y + 7z = 1
4x + 6y + z = 15 2x + 3y - 2z = 6 60

Height above Ground

(2, 48)
50
w + x + y + z = 4 (1, 40)
40

(feet)
2w + x - 2y - z = 0
35. d
w - 2x - y - 2z = -2 30
(3, 24)
3w + 2x + y + 3z = 4 20

w + x + y + z = 5 10
w + 2x - y - 2z = -1 t
36. d 1 2 3 4 5
w - 3x - 3y - z = -1 Time (seconds)
2w - x + 2y - z = -2
a. Use the points labeled in the graph to find the values of
3w - 4x + y + z = 9 a, v0, and s0. Solve the system of linear equations involving
w + x - y - z = 0 a, v0, and s0 using matrices.
37. d
2w + x + 4y - 2z = 3 b. Find and interpret s(3.5). Identify your solution as a point
-w + 2x + y - 3z = 3 on the graph shown.
c. After how many seconds does the ball reach its maximum
2w + y - 3z = 8 height? What is its maximum height?
w - x + 4z = -10
38. d 46. A football is kicked straight upward. A position function
3w + 5x - y - z = 20
s(t) = 12 at 2 + v0t + s0
w + x - y - z = 6
can be used to describe the ball’s height, s(t), in feet, after
t seconds.
Practice Plus s(t)
39. Find the quadratic function f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c for which
f(- 2) = - 4, f(1) = 2, and f(2) = 0. 300
Height above Ground

(5, 246)
40. Find the quadratic function f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c for which 250
f(- 1) = 5, f(1) = 3, and f(2) = 5.
200
(feet)

41. Find the cubic function f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d for (2, 198)

which f(-1) = 0, f(1) = 2, f(2) = 3, and f(3) = 12. 150
42. Find the cubic function f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d for 100
which f(-1) = 3, f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, and f(3) = 7. 50
(8, 6)
43. Solve the system: t
0 5 10
2 ln w + ln x + 3 ln y - 2 ln z = - 6 Time (seconds)
4 ln w + 3 ln x + ln y - ln z = - 2 a. Use the points labeled in the graph to find the values of
d
ln w + ln x + ln y + ln z = - 5 a, v0, and s0. Solve the system of linear equations involving
ln w + ln x - ln y - ln z = 5. a, v0, and s0 using matrices.
b. Find and interpret s(7). Identify your solution as a point
(Hint: Let A = ln w, B = ln x, C = ln y, and D = ln z. Solve on the graph shown.
the system for A, B, C, and D. Then use the logarithmic equations c. After how many seconds does the ball reach its maximum
to find w, x, y, and z.) height? What is its maximum height?
Write a system of linear equations in three or four variables to 50. The bar graph shows the number of rooms, bathrooms,
solve Exercises 47–50. Then use matrices to solve the system. fireplaces, and elevators in the U.S. White House.
47. Three foods have the following nutritional content per ounce.
The U.S. White House by the Numbers
150
Protein Vitamin C w Rooms
Calories (in grams) (in milligrams)
125
Food A 40 5 30
100
Food B 200 2 10
Food C 400 4 300 75
Bathrooms
Fireplaces
If a meal consisting of the three foods allows exactly 50
x
660 calories, 25 grams of protein, and 425 milligrams of y
25 Elevators
vitamin C, how many ounces of each kind of food should be
z
used?
48. A furniture company produces three types of desks: Source: The White House
a children’s model, an office model, and a deluxe model. Each
desk is manufactured in three stages: cutting, construction,
and finishing. The time requirements for each model and Combined, there are 198 rooms, bathrooms, fireplaces, and
manufacturing stage are given in the following table. elevators. The number of rooms exceeds the number of
bathrooms and fireplaces by 69. The difference between the
number of fireplaces and elevators is 25. If the number of
Children’s Office Deluxe
Model Model Model bathrooms is doubled, it exceeds the number of fireplaces and
elevators by 39. Determine the number of rooms, bathrooms,
Cutting 2 hr 3 hr 2 hr fireplaces, and elevators in the U.S. White House.
Construction 2 hr 1 hr 3 hr
Finishing 1 hr 1 hr 2 hr
Writing in Mathematics
Each week the company has available a maximum of 51. What is a matrix?
100 hours for cutting, 100 hours for construction, and 65 hours 52. Describe what is meant by the augmented matrix of a system
for finishing. If all available time must be used, how many of of linear equations.
each type of desk should be produced each week? 53. In your own words, describe each of the three matrix row
operations. Give an example with each of the operations.
49. Imagine the entire global population as a village of precisely
54. Describe how to use row operations and matrices to solve a
200 people. The bar graph shows some numeric observations
system of linear equations.
based on this scenario.
55. What is the difference between Gaussian elimination and
Gauss-Jordan elimination?
Earth’s Population as a Village of 200 People

150
Asian Technology Exercises
w
125
Number of People

Under 56. Most graphing utilities can perform row operations on

age 15 Unable
100 to read matrices. Consult the owner’s manual for your graphing utility
European or write to learn proper keystrokes for performing these operations.
75 60 Over African Eat at
American McDonald’s
Then duplicate the row operations of any three exercises that
age 65
50 (U.S.) each day you solved from Exercises 13–18.
x 32
y
25 14 57. If your graphing utility has a 冷 REF 冷 (row-echelon form)
z
1 command or a 冷 RREF 冷 (reduced row-echelon form)
Source: Gary Rimmer, Number Freaking, The Disinformation Company command, use this feature to verify your work with any five
Ltd., 2006 systems that you solved from Exercises 21–38.
58. Solve using a graphing utility’s 冷 REF 冷 or 冷 RREF 冷
Combined, there are 183 Asians, Africans, Europeans, command:
and Americans in the village. The number of Asians
exceeds the number of Africans and Europeans by 70. The 2x1 - 2x2 + 3x3 - x4 = 12
difference between the number of Europeans and Americans x1 + 2x2 - x3 + 2x4 - x5 = -7
is 15. If the number of Africans is doubled, their population e x1 + x3 + x4 - 5x5 = 1
exceeds the number of Europeans and Americans by 23. -x1 + x2 - x3 - 2x4 - 3x5 = 0
Determine the number of Asians, Africans, Europeans, and
x1 - x2 - x4 + x5 = 4.
Americans in the global village.
Critical Thinking Exercises
Make Sense? In Exercises 59–62, determine whether each 66. The row operation kR i + R j indicates that it is the elements
statement makes sense or does not make sense, and explain your in row i that change.
reasoning. 67. The table shows the daily production level and profit for a
business.
59. Matrix row operations remind me of what I did when solving
a linear system by the addition method, although I no longer
write the variables. x (Number of Units
30 50 100
Produced Daily)
60. When I use matrices to solve linear systems, the only
arithmetic involves multiplication or a combination of y (Daily Profit) $5900 $7500 $4500
multiplication and addition.
61. When I use matrices to solve linear systems, I spend most Use the quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c to determine
of my time using row operations to express the system’s the number of units that should be produced each day for
augmented matrix in row-echelon form. maximum profit. What is the maximum daily profit?
62. Using row operations on an augmented matrix, I obtain a row
in which 0s appear to the left of the vertical bar, but 6 appears Preview Exercises
on the right, so the system I’m working with has no solution.
Exercises 68–70 will help you prepare for the material covered in
In Exercises 63–66, determine whether each statement is true or the next section. In each exercise, refer to the following system:
false. If the statement is false, make the necessary change(s) to
produce a true statement. 3x - 4y + 4z = 7
63. A matrix row operation such as - 45 R 1 + R 2 is not permitted c x - y - 2z = 2
because of the negative fraction. 2x - 3y + 6z = 5.
64. The augmented matrix for the system
68. Show that (12z + 1, 10z - 1, z) satisfies the system for
x - 3y = 5 1 -3 5 z = 0.
c y - 2z = 7 is C1 -2 3 7 S . 69. Show that (12z + 1, 10z - 1, z) satisfies the system for
2x + z = 4 2 1 4 z = 1.
65. In solving a linear system of three equations in three variables, 70. a. Select a value for z other than 0 or 1 and show that
we begin with the augmented matrix and use row operations (12z + 1, 10z - 1, z) satisfies the system.
to obtain a row-equivalent matrix with 0s down the diagonal b. Based on your work in Exercises 68–70(a), how does this
from left to right and 1s below each 0. system differ from those in Exercises 21–34?