Official

Extract
No. 110
National Defense Act
May 1772
And Army Regulations
29 March 1779
 REGULATIONS
CHAPTER I

OF THE ARMS AND ACCOUTREMENTS OF THE OFFICERS, NON-

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, AND SOLDIERS

The arms and accoutrements of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and

soldiers should be uniform throughout.

The officers who exercise their functions on horseback, are to be armed with
swords, the platoon officers with swords and espontoons, the non-
commissioned officers with swords, firelocks, and bayonets, and the soldiers
with firelocks and bayonets.

CHAPTER II

OBJECTS WITH WHICH OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

SHOULD BE ACQUAINTED

The officers and non-commissioned officers of each regiment, are to be

perfectly acquainted with the manual exercise, marchings and firings, that
they may be able to instruct their soldiers when necessary; they must also be
acquainted with dress, discipline, and police of the troops, and with everything
that relates to the service.

The commanding officer of, each regiment is to be answerable for the general
instruction of the regiment, and is to exercise, or cause to be exercised, the
officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, whenever he thinks proper.

CHAPTER III

ON THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY

A company is to be formed in two ranks, at one pace distance, with the tailed
men in the rear, and both ranks sized, with the shortest men of each in the
center.

A company thus drawn up is to be divided into two sections or platoons; the

captain to take post on the right of the first platoon, covered by a sergeant: the
lieutenant on the right of the second platoon, also covered by a sergeant; the
ensign four paces behind the center of the company; the first sergeant two
paces behind the center of the first platoon, and the eldest corporal two paces
behind the second platoon; the other two corporals are to be on the flanks of
the front rank.

CHAPTER IV

ON THE FORMATION OF A REGIMENT

A regiment is to consist of eight companies, which are to be posted in the

following order, from right to left,

First Captain’s; Colonel's; Fourth Captain's; Major's; Third Captain's;

Lieutenant Colonel's; Fifth Captain's; Second Captain's.

For the greater facility in maneuvering, each regiment consisting of more than
one hundred and sixty files, is to be formed in two battalions, with an interval
of twenty paces between them, and one color posted in the center of each
battalion ; the colonel sixteen paces before the center of the first battalion ;
the lieutenant colonel sixteen paces before the center of the second battalion;
the major sixteen paces behind the interval of the two battalions; the adjutant
two paces from the major; the drum and fife-major two paces behind the
center of the first battalion; their places behind the second battalion being
supplied by a drum and fife; and the other drums and fifes equally divided on
the wings of each battalion.

When a regiment is reduced to one hundred and sixty files, it is to be formed

in one battalion, with both colors in the center; the colonel sixteen paces
before the colors; the lieutenant colonel eight paces behind the colonel; the
major sixteen paces behind the center of the battalion, having the adjutant at
his side; the drum and fife major two paces behind the center of the battalion;
and the drums and, fifes equally divided on the wings.

Every battalion, whether it compose the whole, or only half of a regiment, is to

be divided into four divisions and eight platoons; no platoon to consist of less
than ten files; so that a regiment consisting of less than eighty files, cannot
form a battalion, but must be incorporated with some other, or employed on
detachment.

In case of the absence of any field officer, his place is to be filled by the officer
next in rank in the regiment; and in order that the officers may remain with
their respective companies, if any company officer is absent, his place shall be
supplied by the officer next in rank in the same company; but should it
happen that a company is left without an officer, the colonel or commanding
officer may order an officer of another company to take the command, as well
for the exercise as for the discipline and police of the company in camp.

When the light company is with the regiment it must be formed twenty paces
on the right, on the parade, but must not interfere with the exercise of the
battalion, but exercise by itself; and when the light infantry are embodied,
every four companies will form a battalion, and exercise in the same manner
as the battalion in the line.

CHAPTER V

OF THE INSTRUCTION OF RECRUITS

The commanding officer of each company is charged with the instruction of

his recruits; and as that is a service that requires not only experience, but a
patience and temper not met with in every officer, he is to make choice of an
officer, sergeant, and one or two corporals of his company, who, being
approved of by the colonel, are to attend particularly to that business; but in
case of the arrival of a great number of recruits, every officer without
distinction is to be employed on that service.

The commanding officer of each regiment will fix on some place for the
exercise of his recruits, where himself or some field officer must attend, to
overlook their instruction.

The recruits must be taken singly, and first taught to put on their
accoutrements, and carry themselves properly.

The Position of a Soldier without Arms

He is to stand straight and firm upon his legs, with the head turned to the
right so far as to bring the left eye over the waistcoat buttons; the heels two
inches apart; the toes turned cut; the belly drawn in a little, but without
constraint; the breast a little projected; the shoulders square to the front, and
kept back; and the hands hanging down sides, with the palms close to the
thighs.

Attention !

At this word the soldier must be silent, stand firm and steady, moving neither
hand nor foot, (except as ordered) but attend carefully to the words of
command. This attention of the soldier must be observed in the strictest
manner, till he receives the word

Rest !

At which he may refresh himself, by moving his hands or feet; but must not
then sit down or quit his place, unless permitted so to do.

Attention !

To the Left Dress !

At this word the soldier turns his head briskly to the left so as to bring his
right eye in the direction of his waistcoat buttons.

To the Right Dress !

The soldier dresses again to the right; as before.

The recruit must then be taught.

The Facings

To the Right — Face ! Two motions.

1st. Turn briskly on both heels to the right, lifting up the toes a little, and
describing the quarter of a circle.
2nd. Bring back the right foot to its proper position, without stamping.

To the Left, — Face ! Two motions.

1st. Turn to the left as before to the right.

2nd. Bring up the right toot to its proper position.

To the Right about, — Face ! Three motions.

1st. Step back with the right foot, bringing the buckle opposite the left heel, at
the same time seizing the cartridge-box with the right hand.
2nd. Turn briskly on both heels, and describe half a circle.
3rd. Bring back the right foot, at the same time quitting the cartridge-box.

When the recruit is sufficiently expert in the foregoing points, he must be

taught the different steps.
 The common Step
Is two feet, and about seventy-five in a minute.

To the Front, — March !

The soldier steps off with his left foot, and marches a free, easy and natural
step, without altering the position of his body or head, taking care to preserve
a proper balance, and not cross his legs, but to march without constraint in
every fort of ground; The officer must march sometimes in his front and
sometimes at his side, in order to join example to precept.

Halt !

At this word the soldier slops short, on the foot then advanced, immediately
bringing up the other, without stamping.

The Quick Step

Is also two feet, but about one hundred and twenty in a minute, and is
performed on the same principle as the other.

The recruits having been exercised singly, till they have a proper carriage, and
are well grounded in the different steps; the officer will then take three men,
and placing them in one rank, exercise them in the different steps, and teach
them.

The March by Files

Which, being of great importance, must be carefully attended to; observing

that the soldier carries his body more forward than in the front march, and
that he does not increase the distance from his file-leader.

The Oblique Step

Must then be practiced, both in the quick and common time.

In marching obliquely to the right, the soldier steps obliquely with the right
foot, bringing up the left, and placing the heel directly before the toes of the
right foot, and the contrary when marching to the left; at the same time
observing to keep the shoulders square to the front, especially that the
shoulder opposed to the side they march to does not project, and that the files
keep close.
The recruits being thus far instructed, must be again taken separately, and
taught.

The Position of a Soldier under Arms

In this position the soldier is to stand straight and firm upon his legs, with the
heels two inches apart, the toes a little turned out, the belly drawn in a little
without constraint, the breast a little projected, the shoulders square to the
front and kept back the right hand hanging down the side, with the palm close
to the thigh, the left elbow not turned out from the body, the firelock carried
on the left shoulder, at such height that the guard will be just under the left
breast, the fore finger and thumb before the swell of the butt, the three last
fingers under the butt, the flat of the butt against the hip bone, and pressed
so as that the firelock may be felt against the left side, and stand before the
hollow of the shoulder, neither leaning towards the head nor from it, the
barrel almost perpendicular. When exercising, he is to be very exact in
counting a second of time between each motion.

THE MANUAL EXERCISE

I
Poise — Firelock ! Two motions.

1st. With your left hand turn the firelock briskly, bringing the lock to the
front, at the same instant seize it with the right hand just below the lock,
keeping the piece perpendicular.
2nd. With a quick motion bring up the firelock from the shoulder directly
before the face and seize it with the left hand just above the lock, so that the
little finger may rest upon the feather spring, and the thumb lie on the stock;
the left hand must be of an equal height with the eyes.

II
Cock — Firelock ! Two motions.

1st. Turn the barrel opposite to your face, and place your thumb upon the
cock, raising the elbow square at this motion.
2nd. Cock the firelock by drawing down your elbow, immediately placing your
thumb upon the breech pin and the fingers under the guard.

III
Take Aim ! One motion.

Step back about six inches with the right foot, bringing the left toe to the
front; at the same time drop the muzzle, and bring up the butt end of the
firelock against your right shoulder; place the left hand forward on the swell of
the stock, and the fore finger of the right hand before the trigger; sinking the
muzzle a little below a level, and with; the right eye looking along the barrel.

IV
Fire !
One motion.

Pull the trigger briskly, and immediately after bringing up the right foot, come
to the priming position, placing the heels even, with the right toe pointing to
the right, the lock opposite the right breast, the muzzle directly to the front
and as high as the hat, the left hand just forward of the feather spring,
holding the piece firm and steady; and at the same time seize the cock with
the fore finger and thumb of the right hand, the back of the hand turned up.

V
Half-Cock— Firelock !
One motion.

Half bend the cock briskly, bringing down the elbow to the butt of the firelock.

VI
Handle — Cartridge !
One motion.

Bring your right hand short round to your pouch, slapping it hard, seize the
cartridge, and bring it with a quick motion to your mouth, bite the top off
down to the powder, covering it instantly with your thumb, and bring, the
hand as low as the chin, with the elbow down.

VII
Prime!
One motion.

Shake the powder into the pan, and covering the cartridge again, place the
three last singers behind the hammer, with the elbow up.

VIII
Shut — Pan !
Two motions.

1st. Shut your pan briskly, bringing down the elbow to the butt of the firelock,
holding the cartridge fast in your hand.
2nd. Turn the piece nimbly round before you to the loading position, with the
lock to the front, and the muzzle at the height of the chin, bringing the right
hand up under the muzzle; both feet being kept fast in this motion.

IX
Charge with Cartridge !
Two motions.

1st. Turn up your hand and put the cartridge into the muzzle, shaking the
powder into the barrel.
2nd. Turning the stock a little towards you, place your right hand closed, with
a quick and strong motion, upon the butt of the rammer, the thumb upwards,
and the elbow down.
X
Draw — Rammer !
Two motions.

1st. Draw your rammer with a quick motion half out, seizing it instantly at the
muzzle back handed.
2nd. Draw it quite out, turn it, and enter it into the muzzle.

XI
Ram down — Cartridge !
One motion.

Ram the cartridge well down the barrel, and instantly recovering and seizing
the rammer back handed by the middle, draw it quite out, turn it, and enter it
as far as the lower pipe, placing at the same time the edge of the hand on the
butt end of the rammer, with the finger extended.

XII
Return — Rammer !
One motion.

Thrust the rammer home, and instantly bring up the piece with the left hand
to the shoulder, seizing it at the same time with the right hand under the
cock, keeping the left hand at the swell, and turning the body square to the
front.

XIII
Shoulder — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Bring down the left hand, placing it strong upon, the butt.
2nd. With a quick motion bring the right hand down by your side.

XIV
Order — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Sink the firelock with the left hand as low as possible, without constraint,
and at the same time bringing up the right hand, seize the firelock at the left
shoulder.
2nd. Quit the firelock with the left hand, and with the right bring it down the
right side, the butt on the ground, even with the toes of the right foot, the
thumb of the right hand lying along the barrel, and the muzzle being kept at a
little distance from the body.

XV
Ground — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. With the right hand turn the firelock, bringing the lock to the rear, and
instantly stepping forward with the left foot a large pace, lay the piece on the
ground, the barrel in a direct line from front to rear, placing the left hand on
the knee, to support the body, the head held up, the right hand and left heel
in a line, and the right knee brought almost to the ground.
2nd. Quitting the firelock, raise yourself up, and bring back the left foot to its
former portion.

XVI
Take up — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Step forward with the left foot, sink the body, and come to the position
described in the first motion of grounding.
2nd. Raise up yourself and firelock, stepping back again with the left foot, and
as soon as the piece is perpendicular, turn the barrel behind, thus coming to
the order.

XVII
Shoulder — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Bring the firelock to the left shoulder, throwing it up a little, and catching
it below the tail pipe, and instantly seize it with the left hand at the butt.
2nd. With a quick motion bring the right hand down by your side.
 XVIII
Secure — Firelock !
Three motions.

1st. Bring up the right hand briskly, and place it under the cock.
2nd. Quit the butt with the left hand, and seize the firelock at the swell,
bringing the arm close down upon the lock, the right hand being kept in this
motion, and the piece upright.
3rd. Quitting the piece with your right hand, bring it down by your side, at the
same time with your left hand throw the muzzle directly forward, bringing it
within about one foot of the ground, and the butt close up behind the left
shoulder, holding the left hand in a line with the waist belt, and with that arm
covering the lock.

XIX
Shoulder — Firelock !
Three motions.

1st. Bring the firelock up to the shoulder, seizing it with the right hand under
the cock.
2nd. Bring the left hand down strong upon the butt.
3rd. Bring the right hand down by your side.

XX
Fix — Bayonet !
Three motions.

1st and 2nd motion the same as the two first motions of the secure.
3rd. Quitting the piece with your right hand, sink it with your left down the
left side, as far as may be without constraint, at the same time seize the
bayonet with the right hand, draw and fix it, immediately slipping the hand
down to the stock, and pressing in the piece to the hollow of the shoulder.

XXI
Shoulder — Firelock !
Three motions.

1st. Quitting the piece with the right hand, with the left bring it up to the
shoulder, and seize it again with the right hand under the cock, as in the
second motion of the secure.
2nd. Bring the left hand down strong upon the butt.
3rd. Bring the right hand down by your side.

XXII
 Present — Arms !
Three motions.

1st and 2nd motion the same as in coming to the poise.

3rd. Step briskly back with your right foot, placing it a hand's breadth distant
from your left heel, at the same time bring down the firelock as quick as
possible to the rest, sinking it as far down before your left knee as your right
hand will permit without constraint, holding the right hand under the guard,
with the fingers extended, and drawing in the piece with the left hand till the
barrel is perpendicular; during this motion you quit the piece with the left
hand, and instantly seize it again just below the tail pipe.

XXIII
Shoulder — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Lift up your right foot and place it by your left, at the same time bring the
firelock to your left shoulder, and seize the butt end with the left hand, coming
to the position of the first motion of the secure.
2nd. Bring the tight hand down by your side.

XXIV
Charge Bayonet !
Two motions.

1st. The same as the first motion of the secure.

2nd. Bring the butt of the firelock under the right arm, letting the piece fall
down strong on the palm of the left hand, which receives it at the swell, the
muzzle pointing directly to the front, the butt pressed with the arm against the
side; the front rank holding their pieces horizontally, and the rear rank the
muzzles of theirs so high as to clear the heads of the front rank, both ranks
keeping their feet fast.

XXV
Shoulder — Firelock !
Two motions.

1st. Bring up the piece smartly to a shoulder, seizing the butt with the left
hand.
2nd. Bring the right hand down by your side.

XXVI
Advance — Arms !
Four motions.
1st and 2nd the same as the two first motions of the poise.

3rd. Bring the firelock down to the right side, with the right hand as low as it
will admit without constraint, slipping up the left hand at the same time to the
swell, and instantly shifting the position of the right hand, take the guard
between the thumb and fore finger, and bring the three last fingers under the
cock, with the barrel to the rear.
4th. Quit the firelock with the left hand, bringing it down by your side.

XXVII
Shoulder — Firelock !
Four motions.

1st. Bring up the left hand, and seize the firelock at the swell; instantly
shifting the right hand to its former position.
2nd. Come smartly up to a poise.
3rd and 4th. Shoulder.

Explanation of Priming and Loading, as performed in the Firings.

Prime and Load !

Fifth teen motions.

1st. Come to the recover, throwing up your firelock, with a smart spring of the
left hand, directly before the left breast, and turning the barrel inwards; at
that moment catch it with the right hand below the lock, and instantly brining
up the left hand, with a rapid motion, seize the piece close above the lock, the
little finger touching the feather spring; the left hand to be at an equal height
with the eyes, the butt of the firelock close to the left breast, but not pressed,
and he barrel perpendicular.
2nd. Bring the firelock down with a brisk motion to priming position, as
directed in the 4th word of command, instantly placing the thumb of the right
hand against the face of the steel, the fingers clenched, and the elbow a little
turned out, that the wrist may be clear of the cock.
3rd. Open the pan by throwing back the steel with a strong motion of the right
arm, keeping the firelock steady in the left hand.
4th. Handle cartridge.
5th. Prime.
6th. Shut pan.
7th. Cast about.
8th and 9th. Load.
10th and 11th. Draw rammer.
12th. Ram down cartridge.
13th. Return rammer.
14th and 15th. Shoulder.

N. B. The motion of recover, coming down to the priming position, and

opening the pan, to be done in the usual time, the motions of handling the
cartridge to shutting the pan, to be done as quick as possible; when the pans
are shut, make a small pause, and cast about together; then the loading and
shouldering motions are to be done as quick as possible.

Position of each Rank in the Firings.

Front Rank ! Make ready!

One motion.

Spring the firelock briskly to a recover, as soon as the left hand seizes the
firelock above the lock, the right elbow is to be nimbly raised a little, placing
the thumb of that hand upon the cock, the fingers open by the plate of the
lock, and as quick as possible cock the piece, by dropping the elbow, and
forcing down the cock with the thumb, immediately seizing the firelock with
the right hand, close under the lock; the piece to be held in this manner
perpendicular, opposite the left side of the face, the body kept straight, and as
full to the front as possible, and the head held up, looking well to the right.

Take Aim ! Fire !

As before explained.

Rear rank ! Make ready !

One motion.

Recover and cock as before directed, at the same time stepping about six
inches to the right, so as to place yourself opposite the interval of the front
rank.

Take Aim ! Fire !

As before explained.

The recruits being thus far instructed, the officer must take twelve men, and
placing them in one rank, teach them to dress to the right and left; to do
which the soldier must observe to feel the man on that side he dresses to,
without crowding him, and to advance or retire, till he can just discover the
breast of the second man from him, taking care not to stoop, but to keep his
head and body upright. When they can dress pretty well, they must be taught
to wheel, as follows;

To the Right, — Wheel !

At this word of command the men turn their heads briskly to the left, except
the left hand man.

March !

The whole step off, observing to feel the hand they wheel to, without crowding;
the right hand man, serving as a pivot for the rest to turn on, gains no
ground, but turns on his heels; the officer will march on the flank, and when
the wheeling is finished, command,

Halt !

On which the whole stop short on the foot then forward, bringing up the other
foot, and dressing to the right.

To the Left — Wheel !

The whole continue to look to the right, except the right hand man, who looks
to the left.

March !
As before explained.

N. B. The wheelings must first be taught in the common step, and then
practiced in the quick step.

When the recruits have practiced the foregoing exercises, till they are
sufficiently expert, they must be sent to exercise with their company.

CHAPTER VI

OF THE EXERCISE OF A COMPANY

Article I

OF OPENING THE RANKS

Rear Rank ! Take — Distance !

March !
The rear rank steps back four paces, and dresses by the right; the officers at
the same time advancing eight paces to the front, and dressing in a line; the
sergeants who covered the officers, take their places in the front rank; the
non-commissioned officers who were in the rear, remain there, stepping back
four paces behind the rear rank.

Rear Rank ! Close to the Front

The officers Face to the company.

March !

The rear rank closes to within a common pace, or two feet; and the officers
return to their former posts.

Article II

OF THE FIRINGS

The captain will divide his company into two or more sections, and teach them
the fire by platoons, as directed in chapter XIII, Article 1, 2.

The officers must give the words of command with a loud and distinct voice;
observe that the soldiers step off, and place their feet, as directed in the
manual exercise; and that they level their pieces at a proper height; for which
purpose they must be accustomed always to take fight at some object.

The officer will often command, As you were! to accustom the soldier not to
fire till he receives the word of command.

In all exercises in detail the men will use a piece of wood, instead of a flint:
and each soldier should have six pieces of wood, in the form of cartridges,
which the sergeant must see taken out of the pieces when the exercise is
finished. When the company exercises with powder, the captain will inspect
the company, and see that all the cartridges not used are returned.

Article III

OF THE MARCH

In marching to the front, the men must be accustomed to dress to the center,
which they will have to do when exercising in battalion; and for this purpose a
sergeant must be placed six paces in front of the center, who will take some
object in front to serve as a direction for him to march straight forward; and
the men must look inwards, and regulate their march by him.

The captain must exercise his company in different sorts of ground; and when,
by the badness of the ground, or any other accident, the soldier loses his step,
he must immediately take it again from the sergeant in the center. The officers
must not suffer the least inattention, but punish every man guilty of it.

The Oblique March

Must be practiced both in the quick and common step, agreeably to the
instructions, already given.

The March by Files

Is as important as difficult. In performing it, the officers must be attentive that

the soldiers bend their bodies a little forward, and do not open their files.

The leading file will be conducted by the officer; who will post himself for that
purpose on its left, when they march by the right, and the contrary when they
march by the left.

The Counter March

Note. This march must never be executed by larger portions of a battalion

than platoons.

Caution.

Take Care to counter march from the Right, by Platoons !

To the Right, - Face ! March !

The whole facing to the right, each platoon wheels by files to the right about;
and when the right hand file gets on the ground where the left stood, the
officer orders,

Halt ! — To the Left — Face !

and the company will be formed with their front changed.

Article IV

OF WHEELING
The captain will exercise his company in wheeling entire, and by sections or
platoons, both in the common and quick step, taking care that the men in the
rear rank incline a little to the right or left, according to the hand they wheel
to, so as always to cover exactly their file leaders.

Article V

OF BREAKING OFF, AND FORMING BY THE OBLIQUE STEP

The captain having divided his company into two sections, will give the word,

Sections — Break off !

Upon which the section on the right inclines by the oblique step to the left,
and that on the left, following the former, inclines to the right, till they cover
each other, when they march forward.

Form Company !

The first section inclines to the right, shortening its step, and the second to
the left, lengthening its step, till they are uncovered, when both march
forward, and form in a line.

Two or more companies may be joined to perform the company exercise, when
they have been sufficiently exercised by single companies, but not till then;
the inattention of the soldiers, and difficulty of instructing them, increasing in
proportion with the numbers.

CHAPTER VII

EXERCISE OF A BATTALION

When a battalion parades for exercise, it is to be formed, and the officers

posted, agreeably to the instructions already given in the third and fourth
chapters.

The battalion being formed, it is then to perform the manual exercise, and the
wheelings, marches, maneuvers and firings described in this and the following
chapters, or such of them as shall be ordered.

N. B. When a battalion performs the firings, the six center files (viz. three on
each side the colors) are not to fire, but remain as a reserve for the colors; and
the officers of the two center platoons are to warn them accordingly.
The battalion will wheel by divisions or platoons, by word of command from
the officer commanding.

By Platoons/Divisions – To the Right/Left – Wheel !

March !

When the battalion wheels, the platoons are conducted by the officers
commanding them; the supernumeraries remaining in the rear of their
respective platoons.

The colors take post between the fourth and fifth platoons.

The wheeling finished, each officer commanding a platoon or division,

commands

Halt ! Dress to the Right !

and posts himself before the center, the sergeant who covered him taking his
place on the right.

Forward, - March !

The whole step off, and follow the leading division or platoon; the officer who
conducts the column receiving his directions from the commanding officer.
When the battalion wheels to the right, the left flank of the platoons must
dress in a line with each other, and the contrary when they wheel to the left.

Battalion ! Halt !

By Platoons ! To the Left—Wheel ! March !

The wheeling finished, each officer commanding a platoon or division, orders

Halt ! Dress to the Right !

dresses his platoon, and takes post in the interval, the battalion being now
formed in a line.

CHAPTER VIII

OF THE POINTS OF VIEW

The use of these is a most essential part in the maneuvers, which, without
them, cannot be executed with facility or precision. They are usually some
distant objects (the most conspicuous that can be found) chosen by the
commanding officer, to determine the direction of his line, which otherwise
would be mere hazard.

The commanding officer having determined on the direction of his line, and
his points of view B C, sends out two officers, D E, to seek two intermediate
points in the same line; the officer E advances; when D finds him in a direct
line between himself and the point of view B, he advances, taking care to keep
E always between him and the point B, which he must do by making him
signals to advance or retire; when E finds D in the direct line between him and
C, he makes him the signal to halt, and they will find themselves in the
intermediate points D E.

CHAPTER IX

OF THE FORMATION AND DISPLAYING OF COLUMNS WITH THE

METHOD OF CHANGING FRONT

Article I

THE CLOSE COLUMN FORMED ON THE GROUND BY THE RIGHT, THE

RIGHT IN FRONT

Caution by the commanding officer.

Take Care to form Column by Platoons by the Right; Right in Front !

To the Right - Face !

The whole Face to the right, except the right platoon; at the same time the
leading file of each platoon breaks off, in order to march in the rear of its
preceding platoon.

March !

The whole step off with the quick step, each platoon marching close in the
rear of that preceding it, to its place in the column.

The officers commanding platoons, when they perceive their leading file
dressed with that of the platoon already formed, command

Halt ! Front ! Dress !

and the platoon fronts and dresses to the right.

Article II

DISPLAY OF A COLUMN FORMED BY THE RIGHT, THE RIGHT IN, FRONT

Caution by the commanding officer.

Take care to display Column to the Left !

The officers commanding platoons go to the left, in order to conduct them.

To the Left — Face !

The whole face to the left, except the front platoon.

March !

The platoons faced, step off, and march obliquely to their place in the line;
when the second platoon has gained its proper distance, its officer commands

Halt! Front! To the Right,— Dress !

dresses his platoon with that already formed, and takes his post on the right:
the other platoons form, in the same manner.

Article III

THE CLOSE COLUMN FORMED ON THE GROUND BY THE LEFT, THE LEFT
IN FRONT

This is formed in the same manner as the preceding column, only facing and
marching to the left instead of the right. The officers will conduct their
platoons, and having dressed them, return to their posts on the right.

Article IV

DISPLAY OF A COLUMN FORMED BY THE LEFT, THE LEFT IN FRONT

This column is usually displayed to the right, on the same principles as the
column formed to the right is displayed to the left.

Article V
 THE CLOSE COLUMN FORMED ON THE CENTER, OR FIFTH PLATOON,
THE RIGHT IN FRONT

Caution.

Take Care to form Column on the fifth Platoon, the Right in Front!

To the Right and Left — Face!

The fifth platoon stands fast; the others face to the center; the officers post
themselves at the head of their platoons, and break off; and on receiving the
word,

March !

conduct them to their posts in the column; the four platoons on the right
forming in the front, and the three platoons on the left forming in the rear of
the fifth platoon.

When this column is to be formed with the left in front, the four platoons on
the right form in the rear, and the three on the left form in front.

In all formations and displayings, the officers whose platoons march by the
left, so soon as they have dressed their platoons in the line or column, return
to their posts on the right.

Article VI

DISPLAY OF A COLUMN HAVING THE RIGHT IN FRONT, FROM THE

CENTER, OR FIFTH PLATOON

Caution.

Take Care to display Column from the Center !

At this caution the officer of the platoon in front ports a sergeant on each
flank of it, who are to remain there till the platoon on which the column
displays, has taken its post in the line, when they retire along the rear of the
battalion to their platoon.

To the Right and Left — Face !

The four front platoons face to the right, the fifth stands fast, and the sixth,
seventh and eighth face to the left.

March !

The four platoons of the right march to the right, the first platoon taking care
to march straight towards the point of view; so soon as the fourth platoon has
unmasked the fifth, its officer commands,

Halt ! Front ! March !

and it marches up to its post in the line; the third and second platoon, as
soon as they have respectively gained their distances, proceed in the same
manner; and then the first halts and dresses with them; the fifth platoon in
the mean time marches to its post between the two sergeants; and the three
platoons of the left form by marching obliquely to their posts in the line, as
before explained.

Article VII

THE CLOSE COLUMN FORMED BY THE RIGHT, THE RIGHT IN FRONT,

DISPLAYED TO THE RIGHT

When a column is formed by the right, and the nature of the ground will not
permit its being displayed to the left, it may be displayed to the right in the
following manner :

Caution.

Take Care to display Column to the Right!

The two sergeants are to be posted, as before, on the flanks of the front
platoon.

To the Right. — Face !

The eighth platoon stands fast, the rest face to the right, and march, the first
platoon keeping the line; so soon as the eighth platoon is unmasked, it
marches forward to its post between the two sergeants of the first platoon left
there for that purpose; the seventh platoon, having gained its distance, halts,
fronts and marches up to its ground; the other platoons proceed in the same
manner, as explained in the display from the center.

Article VIII
 THE CLOSE COLUMN FORMED BY THE LEFT, THE LEFT IN FRONT,
DISPLAYED TO THE LEFT

This is performed on the same principles as the display of the column in the
seventh article. A column formed either by the right, left or center, may,
according to the ground, or any other circumstance, be displayed on any
particular platoon on the principles before explained.

Article IX

OPEN COLUMN

Arc formed by wheeling to the right or left by platoons; and, when

indispensably necessary, by marching the platoons by files, in the following
manner:

Caution.

Take care to form open Columns by the Right !

To the Right, Face!

The right platoon stands fast, the rest Face to the right, and break off to the
rear.

March !

Each platoon marches to its place in the column, the officers taking care to
preserve the proper distances between their platoons.

Open columns may in the same manner be formed by the left, center, or on
any particular platoon, the officers taking care to preserve their proper
distances.

Open columns are formed again in line, either by wheeling by platoons, or by

closing column and displaying, as explained in the articles on close columns.

If the commanding officer chooses to close the open column, he will command

Close — Column ! March !

On which the platoons march by the quick step, and close to within two paces
of each other; when the commanding officer of platoons successively
command

Halt ! Dress to the Right !

and the column is closed.

When the .commanding officer chooses to open a close column, he commands

Open — Column !

On which the front platoon advances, followed by the others successively, as

fast as they have their distances.

The different manners of forming and displaying columns being the basis of all
maneuvers, require the greatest attention, of both officers and men in the
execution. The officers must by frequent practice learn to judge of distances
with the greatest exactness; as an augmentation or diminution of the proper
distance between the platoons, is attended with much confusion in forming a
line. They must also be very careful not to advance beyond the line, in forming
battalion, but dress their platoons carefully with the points of view.

Article X

OF CHANGING THE FRONT OF A LINE

The changing the front of a platoon, division, or even a battalion, may be

performed by a simple wheeling; that of a brigade must be performed by first
forming the open column, then marching it into the direction required, and
forming the line.

If it be necessary to change the front of a line consisting of more than a

brigade, the simplest and surest method is to form close columns, either by
brigades or battalions, march them to the direction required, and display.

CHAPTER X

OF THE MARCH OF COLUMNS

The march of columns is an operation so often repeated, and of so much

consequence, that it must be considered as an essential article in the
instruction of both officers and men.
 Article I

THE MARCH OF AN OPEN COLUMN

Column ! March !

The whole column must always begin to march, and halt, at the same time,
and only by order of the commanding officer. After the first twenty paces he
should command

Support — Arms !

When the men may march more at their ease, but keeping their files close.
Before the column halts, he should command

Carry — Arms! Column ! Halt!

Dress to the Right !

When marching in open column, the officer commanding will often form
battalion, by wheeling to the right or left, in order to see if the officers have
preserved the proper distances between the platoons.

Article II

COLUMNS CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF THEIR MARCH

When a close column is obliged to change the direction of its march, the front
platoon must not wheel round on its flank, but advance in a direction more or
less circular, according to the depth of the column, that the other platoons
may follow.

An open column changes the direction of its march by wheeling the front
platoon, the others following; in doing which, the officers commanding
platoons must be particularly careful that their platoons wheel on the same
ground with the front platoon; for which purpose a sergeant should be left to
mark the pivot on which they are to wheel.

Article III

PASSAGE OF A DEFILE BY A COLUMN

A column on its march coming to a defile, which obliges it to diminish its

front, the officer commanding the first platoon commands
 Break off !

On which those files which cannot pass, break off, face inwards, and follow
their platoon by files, and as the defile narrows or widens more files will break
off, or join the platoon: The succeeding platoons proceed in the same manner.

If the defile is difficult or long, so soon as the front have passed and gained
sufficient ground, they will halt till the whole have passed and formed, when
they will continue the march.

Article IV

A COLUMN CROSSING A PLAIN, LIABLE TO BE ATTACKED BY CAVALRY

When the commanding officer thinks himself in danger of being attacked by

cavalry, he must close the column, and on their reproach, halt and face
outwards; the front platoon standing fast, the rear platoon going to the right
about, and the others facing outwards from their centers.

In case of attack, the two first ranks keep up a smart running fire, beginning
as well as ending by a signal from the drum.

The soldiers must be told, that under these circumstances, their safety
depends wholly on their courage; the cavalry being only to be dreaded when
the infantry cease to resist them.

When the column is to continue its march, the officer commands

Column ! To the Front, Face ! March !

The platoons face to the front, and march.

Article V

A COLUMN MARCHING BY ITS FLANK

Column ! To the (Right, Left) Face !

If the column marches by the left, the officers go to the left of their respective
platoons.

March !

The column marches, dressing by the right.

 Column ! Halt ! Front !

The column faces to the front.

CHAPTER XI

OF THE MARCH IN LINE

Article I

THE MARCH TO THE FRONT

Battalion ! Forward !

At this caution the ensign with the colors advances six paces; the sergeant
who covered him taking his place. The whole are to dress by the colors. The
commandant of the battalion will be posted two paces in front of the colors,
and will give the ensign an object to serve as a direction for him to march
straight forward.

March !

The ensign who carries the colors will be careful to march straight to the
object given him by the colonel; to do which, he must fix on some intermediate
object.

If many battalions are in the line, the ensigns must dress by the ensign in the
center; if only two, they will dress by each other. They must be very not to
advance beyond the battalion they are to dress by, it being much easier to
advance than to fall back.

Should a battalion by any cause be hindered from advancing in line with the
rest, the ensign of that battalion must drop his colors as a signal to the other
battalions (who might otherwise stop to dress by them) not to conform to their
movements; the colors to be raised again when the battalion has advanced to
its post in the line.

The commanding officer of each battalion must be careful that his men dress
and keep their files close, and to preserve the proper distances between his
own battalion and those on his flanks; and when he finds that he is too near
the one or the other, must command

Obliquely, - To the (Right, Left) !

When the battalion will march by the oblique step, as ordered, till they have,
recovered their distance, and receive the command

Forward !

Upon which the battalion will march forward and the ensign take a new object
to march to.

If the distance is augmented or diminished only two or three paces, the

commanding officer will order the colors to incline a little, and then march
forward; the battalion conforming to their movement.

The officers commanding platoons will continually have an eye over them,
immediately remedying any defect; carefully dressing with the center, and
keeping step with the colors.

The officers in the rear must take care of the second rank, remedying any
defect in a low voice, and with as little noise as possible.

The soldier must not advance out of the rank the shoulder opposite the side
he dresses to; he must not crowd his right or left hand man, but give way to
the pressure of the center, and resist that of the wings; he must have his eyes
continually fixed on the colors, turning his head more or less, in proportion to
his distance from them.

Battalion ! Halt !

The whole stop short on the feet then advanced.

Dress to the Right !

The men dress to the right, and the colors fall back into the ranks.

Article II

OF THE CHARGE WITH BAYONETS

The line marching, the commanding officer, on approaching the enemy,

commands

March ! March !

On which the whole advance by the quick step.

 Charge — Bayonet !

The line charge their bayonets, and quicken their step; the drums beat the
long roll; and the officers and men must take care to dress to the center, and
not crowd or open their files.

Battalion ! Slow Step !

The battalion fall into the slow step, and carry their arms.

Halt ! Dress to the Right !

The battalion halts and dresses to the right.

Article III

METHOD OF PASSING ANY OBSTACLE IN FRONT OF A LINE

When an obstacle presents itself before any division, platoon, or number of

files, the officer commanding the platoons, etc. commands.

Break off !

on which the files obstructed face outwards from their center, and follow by
files the platoons on their right and left; if the platoons on the wings are
obstructed, they will face inwards, and follow in the same manner.

In proportion as the ground permits, the files will march up to their places in
front, dress, and take step with the colors.

Article IV

PASSAGE OF A DEFILE IN FRONT, BY PLATOONS

A battalion marching and meeting with a bridge or defile, over or through

which not more than the front of a division can pass at a time, the
commanding officer orders

Halt!

and then to the two platoons before whom the defile presents itself

March !
on which they pass the defile in one division. As soon as those two platoons
hate marched, the commanding officer orders

To the Right and Left, — Face !

The platoons on the right face to the left, and those on the left face to the
right.

March !

They march till they join, fronting the defile; when the commanding officer of
the two platoons commands

Halt ! Front ! March !

and they pass the defile, the rest following in the same manner. As soon as the
front division has passed, it will halt; and the other divisions, as fast as they
arrive in the rear, face outwards, and march by files till they come to their
proper places in battalion; when the officers commanding the platoons order

Halt ! Front ! Dress !

and the platoons dress in line with those already formed.

Article V

PASSAGE OF A DEFILE IN FRONT, BY FILES

If the defile will not permit more than four files to pass, the four files before
which the defile presents itself enter without any word of command; the rest
face inwards, and follow them; the whole marching through by files.

As soon as the files which first entered, have passed, they halt; the others, as
fast as they pass marching to their places in battalion.

Article VI

OF THE MARCH IN RETREAT

Battalion ! To the Right about, — Face !

The whole face to the right about; the officers keeping their posts.
 Forward, — March !
The colors advance six paces, and the whole step off, dressing by them.

The passage of any obstacle in retreat, is the same as in the march to the
front.

Article VII

PASSAGE OF A DEFILE IN RETREAT, BY PLATOONS

If it is at any time necessary to pass a defile in the rear, in presence of an

enemy, the line must march as near as possible to the defile; when the
commanding officer orders

To the Front, — Face !

From the Wings, — By Platoons, — Pass the Defile in the Rear !

The two platoons on the wings face outwards.

March !

The two platoons wheel by files, and march along the rear of the battalion to
the entrance of the defile; where joining their officers command

Halt ! To the (Right, Left) Face !

The platoon of the right wing faces to the left; the other platoon faces to the
right; and both pass in one division; the other platoons following in the same
manner, except those of the center.

When all have entered but the two center platoons, that on the right faces to
the right about, and marches twenty paces into the defile; when the officer
commands

Halt ! To the Right about, — Face !

The officer of the other platoon, when he sees them faced will retire in the
same manner; and having passed twenty paces beyond the platoon halted in
the defile, comes also to the right about; they continuing in this manner to
cover each other's retreat till they have passed, when they face to the front,
and cover the defile.
The three platoons of the right wing wheel to the left; those of the left wing
wheel to the right, and having gained their proper distances, the commanding
officer orders

Halt ! - Platoons !
To the Right and Left, — Wheel ! March !

The right wing wheels to the left, and the left to the right; which forms the
battalion.

If the defile should present itself behind any other part of the battalion, the
platoons farthest off must always retreat first; and if the defile becomes
narrower than at the entrance, the platoons must double behind each other.

Article VIII

PASSAGE OF A DEFILE IN RETREAT, BY FILES

This maneuver is performed in the same manner as the preceding, except

that, instead of forming at the entrance, the platoons pass by files; and having
passed, face to the right and left, march till they have their proper distances,
and then wheel and form battalion.

The passage of defiles may be executed at first in common step, for the
instruction of the troops, in service, always in the quick step.

The passage of defiles being difficult in presence of an enemy, the officers

must be particularly careful to keep the files closed; to be quick in giving the
words of command; and not lose any time in the execution.

This maneuver should always be covered by troops posted on each side the
defile, and on every advantageous piece of ground that presents itself, to
annoy and keep back the enemy.

Article IX

METHOD OF PASSING THE FRONT LINE TO THE REAR

The first line being obliged to retreat, will face to the right about, and retire in
line.

The second line, is not already formed in columns, will immediately, on

perceiving the first line retire, form in that order by brigades or battalions; and
the first line having passed the intervals between the columns, the second line
will display; or, is too closely pressed by the enemy, attack in columns the
flanks of the battalions which pursue, thereby giving time for the first line to
form and take a new position.

CHAPTER XII

OF THE DISPOSITION OF FIELD PIECES ATTACHED TO THE BRIGADES

The field-pieces attached to the different brigades must always remain with
them, encamping on their right, unless the quartermaster general, thinks
proper to place them on any advantageous piece of ground in front.

When the army marches by the right, the field-piece must march at the head
of their respective brigades; when it marches by the left, they follow in the
rear, unless circumstances determine the general to order otherwise; but,
whether they march in front, center or rear of their brigades they must always
march between the battalions, and never between the platoons.

In maneuvering they must also follow their brigades, performing the

maneuvers and evolutions with them; observing that, when the close column
is formed, they must always proceed to the flank of the column opposed to
that side their brigade is to display to; and on the column's displaying, they
follow the first division of their brigade; and when that halts and forms, the
field-pieces immediately take their posts on its right.

CHAPTER XIII

OF THE FIRINGS

When the troops are to exercise with powder, the officers must carefully
inspect the arms and cartridge boxes, and take away all the cartridges with
ball.

The first part of the general will be the signal for all firing to cease; on the
beating of which the officers and non-commissioned officers must see that
their platoons cease firing, load and shoulder as quick as possible. The
commanding officer will continue the signal till he sees that the men have
loaded and shouldered.

Article I

FIRING BY BATTALION

Caution.
Take Care to fire by Battalion !

Battalion ! Make ready ! Take Aim ! Fire !

If there be more than one battalion to fire, they are to do it in succession from
right to left; but after the first round, the odd battalions fire so soon as the
respective battalions on their left begin to shoulder; and the even battalions
fire when the respective battalions on their right begin to shoulder.

Article II

FIRING BY DIVISIONS AND PLATOON

Caution.

Take Care to fire by Divisions !

Division ! Make ready ! Take Aim ! Fire !

They sire in the same order as is prescribed for battalions in Article I.

The firing by platoons is also executed in the same order in the wings of the
battalion, beginning with the right of each, that is, the first and fifth platoons
give the first fire, the second and sixth the second fire, the third and seventh
the third fire, and the fourth and eighth the fourth fire, after which they fire as
before prescribed.

Article III

FIRING ADVANCING

The battalion advancing receives the word,

Battalion ! Halt !

Take Care to fire by Divisions !

They fire as before.

Article IV

FIRING RETREATING
When a battalion is obliged to retire, it must march as long as possible; but if
pressed by the enemy, and obliged to make use of its fire, the commanding
officer will order,

Battalion ! Halt !

To the Right about, — Face !

and fire by battalion, division or platoon, as before directed.

CHAPTER XIV

OF THE MARCH OF AN ARMY OR CORPS

The greatest attention on the part of the officers is necessary at all times, but
more particularly on a march; The soldiers being then permitted to march at
their ease, with the ranks and files open, without the greatest care, these get
confounded one with another; and if suddenly attacked, instead of being able
to form immediately in order of battle, the whole line is thrown into the utmost
confusion.

The order for the march of an army being given, the adjutant general will
appoint the field officers for the advanced and rear guards, and issue orders to
the brigade majors to have ready their respective quotas of other officers and
men for the advanced guard, which will consist of the number necessary for
the guards of the new camp. These, together with a pioneer of each company,
and a sergeant from the regiment to conduct them, must be warned the
evening before.

At the beating of the general, the troops are immediately to strike their tents,
and load the wagons, which must then fall into the line of march for the
baggage.

At this signal also all general and staff officers' guards, and those of the
commissaries, must return to their respective regiments.

At the beating of the assembly, the troops will assemble, and be formed in
battalion on their respective parades.

The guards ordered, must then be conducted by the brigade majors, or

adjutants of the day, to the rendezvous appointed for the advanced guard,
where the field officers warned for that duty, will form them in battalions, or
other corps, according to their strength, and divide them regularly into
divisions and platoons. The officer commanding the advanced guard, must
take care to have a guide with him, and to get every necessary information of
the road.

The camp guards must at the same time retire to the rendezvous appointed for
the rear guard, where they must be formed in the same manner.

At the same time also the quartermasters and pioneers of each battalion must
assemble on the ground appointed for the advanced guard, where one of the
deputies of the quartermaster general must form them in platoons, in the
same order as their respective battalions march in the column.

Each detachment will be conducted by its quartermaster, who must be

answerable that it marches in the order prescribed; and the quartermasters of
brigades will conduct those of their respective brigades, and be answerable for
their behavior.

The signal for marching being given, the whole will wheel by platoons or
sections, as shall be ordered, and begin the march.

The advanced guard will march at a distance from the main body proportioned
to its strength, having a patrol advanced; and must never enter any defile,
wood, etc. without having first examined it, to avoid falling into an
ambuscade.

The pioneers are to march behind the advanced guard, and must repair the
roads, that the column may be obliged to file off as little as possible.

The advanced guard, besides its patrols in front, must have a flank guard,
composed of a file from each platoon, and commanded by an officer, or
noncommissioned officer, to march at the distance of one hundred paces on
the flank, and keep up with the head of the advanced guard.

If it be necessary to have a flank guard on each side, a file must be sent from
the other flank of each platoon to compose it; and as this service is fatiguing,
the men should be relieved every hour. The like flank guards are to be
detached from each battalion, in the column.

For the greater convenience of the soldiers, the ranks must be opened to half
distance during the march.

When the column meets with a defile, or any obstacle, the commanding officer
must stop till the column has passed it, taking care that they pass in as great
order and as quick as possible; and when one half have marched through, he
must command the front to halt, till the whole have passed and formed, when
he will continue the march.

When a column crosses a road that leads to the enemy, the patrols or guards
on the flanks of the first battalion must form on the road, and halt till the
patrols of the next battalion come up, which must do the same; the others
proceed in the same manner, till the whole have passed.

When the commanding officer thinks proper to halt on the march, immediately
on the column's halting, the advanced flank and rear guards must form a
chain of sentinels, to prevent the soldiers from straggling; and all necessaries,
as wood, water, etc. must be fetched by detachments, as in camp.

On the beating the long roll, the whole are to form and continue the march.

On the march no orders are to be communicated by calling out, but must be

sent by the adjutants from regiment to regiment. The signals for halting,
marching slower and quicker, must be given by beat of drum. (See Chapter
XXI)

The commanding officer of the advanced guard being informed by the

quartermaster general, or his deputy, of the ground the troops are to encamp
on, will go ahead and reconnoiter it; and immediately on the arrival of the
advanced guard, post his guards and sentinels, as directed in Chapter XXII.

March by Sections of Four.

The roads being very often too narrow to admit the front of a platoon, and the
troops being therefore continually obliged to break off, which fatigues the men;
to prevent this, when the road is not sufficiently large throughout, the
battalions may be divided into sections in the following manner:

Each platoon is to be told off into sections of four files; if there remain three
files, they form a section; if two files or less, they form one rank. At the word,

By Sections of Four !
To the Right, — Wheel ! March !

they wheel by fours and march, the second rank of each section taking two
paces distance from the front rank. The officers commanding platoons take
post on the left of their first section; but on the right, if the sections wheel to
the left. The file-closers fall in on the flanks.
The officers must take great care that the distance of two paces, and no more,
is kept between the ranks. At the word,

Halt !

The front rank of each section stops short, and the second rank closes up,
which gives the proper distance between the sections; and by wheeling to the
right or left the line is formed: or, if the commanding officer chooses, he may
form platoons by the oblique step.

If a column be already on the march by platoons, and the road becomes too
narrow and inconvenient to continue in that order, it may be formed into
sections of four, in the following manner:

Caution by the commanding officer.

Take Care to break off by Sections of Four !

Upon which the officers commanding platoons tell them off as before, but
without halting.

At the word

Sections of Four ! Break off !

the sections on the right of each platoon incline by the oblique step to the left;
and those on the left of each platoon following the former, incline to the right,
till they all cover; when they march forward, opening the ranks as before
directed. If the number of sections in a platoon be uneven that in the center is
to march straight forward; the section on the right inclining to the left, and
covering it in front; and those on the left inclining to the right, and covering it
in the rear.

CHAPTER XV

OF THE BAGGAGE ON A MARCH

The inconveniences arising to an army from having too great a number of

wagons, must be evident to every officer; and it is expected, that for the future
each officer will curtail his baggage as much as possible.

The order of march for the army will always determine that for the baggage;
and, whatever place it may occupy in the line of march, the wagons must
always follow in the same order as their respective regiments.
The quartermaster general, or his deputy, will give the order of march for the
baggage, and the commander in chief will order an escort, to be commanded
by a field officer, according to its strength.

An officer of each battalion must be appointed to superintend the striking of

the tents, and loading the wagons: he must see that the tents are properly tied
up; that no provisions or other articles are packed in them: and that the tent
poles are tied in a bundle by themselves: he must not suffer the wagons to be
overloaded, or anything put into them but what is allowed; and when the
wagons are loaded, he must send them with the quartermaster sergeant to the
rendezvous of the brigade. This sergeant is to remain with the baggage of his
regiment, to see that the wagons follow in order; and if a wagon breaks down,
it must be put out of the line, that it may not impede the march of the rest.

Each regiment will furnish a non-commissioned officer to conduct the sick

and lame who are not able to march with their regiments. These men are to
repair, at the beating of the general, to the rendezvous appointed, where a
sufficient number of empty wagons will be ordered to attend for the reception
of their knapsacks, and their arms, is necessary. A surgeon of each brigade is
to attend the sick belonging to it.

The commanding officer of each battalion will inspect the sick before they are
sent from the battalion, in order that none may be sent but those who are
really incapable of marching with their regiments. And the officer commanding
the escort will be answerable that no soldiers are permitted to march with the
baggage on any pretence whatever, except the quartermaster sergeant of each
regiment, as before directed.

No wagons are to be permitted to go between the battalions or brigades, except

the ammunition wagons.

The wagons of the park, and others, are to be conducted agreeably to the
foregoing directions, and the necessary officers furnished to keep order on the
march.

CHAPTER XVI

MANNER OF LAYING OUT A CAMP, THE ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT

When the quartermasters arrive on the ground where the troops are to
encamp, the quartermaster general having fixed his line of encampment, will
conduct them along the line, and give each brigade quartermaster the ground
necessary for his brigade.

The quartermasters of regiments will then have their ground given them by
the brigade quartermasters, and will mark out the place for each company
and tent, and for the kitchens, etc. as described in the following order.

Order of Encampment

The infantry will on all occasions encamp by battalions, as they are formed in
order of battle.

The front of the camp will occupy the same extent of ground as the troops
when formed; and the intervals between the battalions will be twenty paces,
with an addition of eight paces for every piece of cannon a battalion may have.

The quartermaster of each regiment shall be answerable that he demands no

more ground than is necessary for the number of men he has actually with
the regiment, allowing two feet for each file, exclusive of the officers, and
adding sixteen feet for the intervals between the platoons. He is also to be
answerable that no more tents are pitched than are absolutely necessary,
allowing one tent for the non-commissioned officers of each company, and one
for every six men, including the drums and fifes.

The tents of the non-commissioned officers and privates are to be pitched in

two ranks with an interval of six paces between the ranks, and two feet
between each tent; the tents of the non-commissioned officers to be in the
front rank, on the right of their companies, in the right wing, and on the left in
the left wing of the battalion. Nine feet front are to be allowed for each tent
with its interval, and twenty feet in the center of the battalion for the adjutant;
but when a regiment forms two battalions, the adjutant is to encamp with .the
first battalion, the sergeant major supplying his place in the second.

The captains and subalterns' tents are to be in one line, twenty feet from the
rear of the men's tents; the captains' in the right wing opposite the right of
their respective companies, and the subalterns' opposite the left; and the
contrary in the left wing.

The field officers' tents are to be in one line, thirty feet from the line of officers;
the colonel's opposite the center; the lieutenant colonel's on the right; and the
major’s on the left. But if the regiment forms two battalions, the colonel
encamps behind the center of the first battalion; the lieutenant colonel behind
the second battalion, and the major behind the interval between the two
battalions.

The surgeon, paymaster, and quartermaster, encamp in one line, with the
front of their tents in a line with the rear of the field officers' tents; the
surgeon on the right, paymaster on the left, and quartermaster in the center.

The kitchens are to, be dug behind their respective companies, forty feet from
the field officers' tents. The sutlers' tents are to be between the kitchens.

The horses and wagons are to be placed in a line, twenty feet behind the
kitchens.

The drums of each battalion are to be piled six paces in front of the adjutant's
tent, and the colors planted before them.

The camp guards are to be three hundred paces in front of the first line, and
the same distance in the rear of the second line.

The quarter guard is to be forty feet from the wagons, opposite the interval
between the two battalions who furnish it.

The sinks of the first line are to be three hundred feet in front, and those of
the second line the same distance in the rear of the camp.

The commanding officers of regiments are to be answerable that no tents are

pitched out of the line of encampment on any account whatever, except for the
regimental hospital.

The ground being marked out, the quartermasters will leave the pioneers, and
go to meet their regiments, conduct them to their ground, and inform the
colonel where they are to go for their necessaries.

CHAPTER XVII

MANNER OF ENTERING A CAMP

The head of the column arriving at the first entrance of the camp, the
commanding officer of the first battalion will command

Carry — Arms !
On which the men carry their arms, and the drums beat a march; and the
officers will see that their platoons have their proper distances, close the
ranks and files, and each dress the flank on which his platoon is to wheel,
with the same flank of the platoon preceding. The other battalions observe the
same directions, and keep their proper distances from each other.

The general or officer commanding must take great care to march the troops
in a direct line along the front of the camp, and at such a distance as to give
sufficient room for the largest platoons to march clear of the line of tents.

As the battalions respectively arrive in front of their ground, they halt, form
battalion (dressing with the right) and order or support their arms.

The adjutants immediately turn out the pickets that may have been ordered,
form them in front of their respective battalions, and send them to the
rendezvous appointed.

The pickets being sent off, the commanding officers of battalions command
their men to pile their arms, and dismiss them to pitch their tents.

As soon as a company have pitched their tents, the captain parades them, and
they fetch in their arms.

The tents of the battalion being all pitched, the adjutant will form the
detachments for necessaries, and send them off.

In the mean time the commanding officer of the battalion, having examined
the ground, will, is necessary, order out a party to open the communications
on the right and left; in front for the troops and in the rear for the baggage.

CHAPTER XVIII

NRCESSARY REGULATIONS FOR PRESERVING ORDER AND CLEANINESS IN

THE CAMP

When a regiment enters a camp, the field officers must take care that the
encampment is pitched regularly; that the sinks and kitchens are immediately
dug in their proper places, and that no tents are pitched in any part of the
camp contrary to the order prescribed.

At least one officer of a company must remain on the parade, to see that the
tents are pitched regularly, on the ground marked out.
The tents should be marked with the name of each regiment and company, to
prevent their being lost or exchanged, and the tents of each company
numbered; and each non-commissioned officer should have a list of the tents,
with the men’s names belonging to each.

The utensils belonging to the tents are to be carried alternately by the men;
and the non-commissioned officers of the squads are to be answerable that
they are not lost or
spoiled.

Whenever a regiment is to remain more than one night on the same ground,
the soldiers must be obliged to cut a small trench round their tents, to carry
off the rain;
but great care must be taken they do not throw the dirt up against the tents.

One officer of a company must every day visit the tents; see that they are kept
clean; that every utensil belonging to them is in proper order; and that no
bones or other
filth be in or near them; and when the weather is fine, should order them to be
struck about two hours at noon, and the straw and bedding well aired.

The soldiers should not be permitted to eat in their tents, except in bad
weather; and an officer of a company must often visit the messes; see that the
provision is good and well cooked; that the men of one tent mess together; and
that the provision is not sold or disposed of for liquor.

A subaltern, four non-commissioned officers and a drummer must every day

be appointed for the police of each battalion, who are on no account to be
absent during the time they are on duty.

The officer of the police is to make a general inspection into the cleanliness of
the camp, not suffer fire to be made anywhere but in the kitchens, and cause
all dirt to be
immediately removed, and either burnt or buried. He is to be present at all
distributions in the regiment, and to form and send off all detachments for
necessaries.

In case the adjutant is obliged to be absent, the officer of the police is to do his
duty till his return; and for that purpose he must attend at the adjutant's
tent, to be ready
to receive and distribute any orders that may come for the regiment.
The drummer of the police must attend constantly at the adjutant's tent, to be
ready at all times to communicate the necessary signals; nor must he absent
himself on any account during the twenty four hours, without leaving another
drummer to supply his place till his return, nor then, without leave from the
adjutant.

When any of the men want water, they must apply to the officer of the police,
who will order the drum to beat the necessary signal; on which all who want
water must immediately parade with their canteens before the colors, where
the officer of the police will form and send them off under the care of the two
non-commissioned officers of the police, who are to be answerable that they
bring back the whole detachment, and that no excesses are committed whilst
they are out. Wood and all other necessaries must be fetched in the same
manner. Except in case of necessity, not more than one detachment is to be
out at a time.

The quartermaster must be answerable that the parade and environs of the
encampment of a regiment are kept clean; that the sinks are filled up, and
new ones dug every four days, and oftener in warm weather; and if any horse
or other animal dies near the regiment, he must cause it to be carried at least
half a mile from camp and buried.

The place where the cattle are killed must be at least fifty paces in the rear of
the wagons; and the entrails and other filth immediately buried; for which the
commissaries are to be answerable.

The quartermaster general must take care that all dead animals, and every
other nuisance in the environs of the camp, be removed.

No non-commissioned officer or soldier shall be permitted to pass the chain of

sentinels round the camp, without permission in writing from the
commanding officer of his regiment or battalion; which permission shall be
dated the same day, and shall, on the return of the person to whom it was
granted, be delivered to the adjutant, who is
to return it to the colonel or commanding officer, with his report.

Every detachment not conducted by a commissioned officer, shall have a

written permission from a field officer, or officer commanding a regiment, or
the officer of the
police is it be a detachment going for necessaries; without which they are not
to be permitted to pass the chain.
All officers whatever are to make it a point of duty to stop every non-
commissioned officer or soldier they meet without the chain, and examine his
pass; and if he has not a sufficient pass, or having one is committing any
excess, the officer must conduct him to the nearest guard, from whence he
must be sent, with his crime, to his regiment.

The sentinel before the colors must have orders, in case he hears any alarm in
camp, or at the advanced posts, to acquaint the adjutant with it; who will
inform the commanding officer of the battalion, or order an alarm beat, is the
case requires it.

CHAPTER XIX

OF ROLL CALLS

The rolls shall be called in each battalion at troop and retreat beating, at
which times the men are to parade with their arms; and at the beating of the
reveille, and at noon, the commanding officers of companies mall cause the
rolls of their respective companies to be called, the men parading for that
purpose without arms, and to be detained no longer than is necessary to call
the roll.

The non-commissioned officers are to visit their respective squads a quarter of

an hour aster tattoo beating; see that they are all present and retired to rest;
and make their report to the commanding officer of the company.

No non-commissioned officer or soldier is to be absent from roll-call without

permission from the commanding officer of the company.

No commissioned officer is to be absent from roll-call without permission from

the commanding officer of the regiment.

CHAPTER XX

OF THE INSPECTION OF THE MEN, THEIR DRESS, NECESSARIES, ARMS,

ACCOUTREMENTS, AND AMMUNITION

The oftener the soldiers are under the inspection of their officers the better; for
which reason every morning at troop beating they must inspect into the dress
of their men; see that their clothes are whole and put on properly; their hands
and faces washed clean; their hair combed; their accoutrements properly
fixed, and every article about them in the greatest order. Those who are guilty
of repeated neglects in these particulars are to be confined and punished. The
field officers must pay attention to this object, taking proper notice of those
companies where a visible neglect appears, and publicly applauding those who
are remarkable for their good appearance.

Every day the commanding officers of companies must examine their men's
arms and ammunition, and see that they are clean and in good order. (See
farther Chapter XXIII)

That the men may always appear clean on the parade, and as a mean of
preserving their health, the non-commissioned officers are to see that they
wash their hands and faces every day, and oftener when necessary. And when
any river is nigh, and the season favorable, the men shall bathe themselves as
frequently as possible, the commanding officers of each battalion sending
them by small detachments successively under the care of a non-
commissioned officer; but on no account must the men be permitted to bathe
when just come off a march, at least till they have reposed long enough to get
cool.

Every Saturday morning the captains are to make a general inspection of their
companies, and examine into the state of the men's necessaries, observing
that they agree in quantity with what is specified in the company book; and
that every article is the man's who shows it. For which purpose, and to
discover theft, every man's things should be marked; if anything is deficient,
strict enquiry must be made into the cause of it; and should it appear to be
lost, pledged, sold, or exchanged, the offender must be severely punished.

That the men may not be improperly burdened and fatigued, the captains are
not to suffer them to carry anything which is either useless or unnecessary.

CHAPTER XXI

OF THE DIFFERENT BEATS OF THE DRUM

The different daily beats shall begin on the right, and be instantly followed by
the whole army; to facilitate which, the drummer's call shall be beat by the
drums of the police, a quarter of an hour before the time of beating, when the
drummers will assemble before the colors of their respective battalions; and as
soon as the beat begins on the right, it is to be immediately taken up by the
whole army, the drummers beating along the front of their respective
battalions, from the center to the right, from thence to the left, and back again
to the center, where they finish.

The different beats and signals are to be as follows:

The “General” is to be beat only when the whole are to march and is the signal
to strike the tents, and prepare for the march.

The “Assembly” is the signal to repair to the colors.

The “March” for the whole to move.

The “Reveille” is beat at day-break, and is the signal for the soldiers to rise,
and the sentries to leave off challenging.

The “Troop” assembles the soldiers together, for the purpose of calling the roll
and inspecting the men for duty.

The “Retreat” is beat at sunset, for calling the roll, warning the men for duty,
and reading the orders of the day.

The “Tattoo” is for the soldiers to repair to their tents, where they must remain
till “reveille” beating next morning.

To “Arms” is the signal for getting under arms in case of alarm.

The “Parley” is to desire a conference with the enemy.

The Signals

“Adjutant's” call: first part of the “Troop”.

“First Sergeant's” call: one roll and three flams.

“All Non-commissioned Officers'” call: two rolls and five flams.

To go for Wood: poing stroke and ten stroke roll; Water: two strokes and a
flam; Provisions: roast beef.

Front to halt: two flams from right to left, and a full drag with the right, a left
hand flam and a right hand full drag.

For the front to advance quicker: the long march.

To march slower: the taps.

For the “Drummers”: the “Drummer’s” call.

For a “Fatigue Party”: the “Pioneers” march.

For the church call: the “Parley”.

The drummers will practice a hundred paces in front of the battalion, at the
hours fixed by the adjutant general; and any drummer found beating at any
other time, except ordered, shall be punished.

CHAPTER XXII

OF THE SERVICE OF THE GUARDS

Article I

OF THE DIFFERENT GUARDS, WITH THEIR USE

The different guards of the army will consist of:

1st. Outpost and picket guards.

2nd. Camp and quarter guards.
3rd. General and staff officers guards.

The picket guards arc formed by detachments from the line, and are posted at
the avenues of the camp, in such numbers as the general commanding thinks
necessary for the security of the camp.

The camp and quarter guards are for the better security of the camp, as well
as for preserving good order and discipline.

Every two battalions will furnish a camp and quarter guard between them, to
consist of

Subalt Sergeant Corporal Drummer Private

1 1 1 1 27 For the camp guard.

1 9 For the quarter guard.

The camp guard of the front line is to be posted three hundred paces in front
of it, and that of the second line the same distance in the rear of the second
line, each opposite the interval of the two battalions, who furnish it.
Each guard will post nine sentinels, that is to say one before the guard, two on
the right and two on the left; these five sentinels, with those from the other
battalions, forming a chain in the front and rear of the camp; the sixth and
seventh sentinels before the colors; and the eighth and ninth before the tents
of the commanding officers of the two battalions.

In order to complete the chain of sentinels round the camp, the adjutant
general will order two flank guards from the line, to consist of a commissioned
officer, and as many men as are necessary to form a chain on the flanks.

The intention of the camp guards being to form a chain of sentinels round the
camp, in order to prevent improper persons entering, or the soldiers going out
of camp, the commanding officers of brigades will add to, or diminish them, so
as to answer the above purpose.

The quarter guard is to be posted twenty paces in the rear of the line of
wagons, and will furnish three sentinels, that is to say one at the guard, and
one behind each battalion.

The guards of the general and other officers will be as follows

Subaltern Sergeant Corporal Private

Major general will have 1 1 1 20
Brigadier general 1 1 12
Quartermaster general 1 1 12
Adjutant general 1 1 12
Commissary general 1 6
Paymaster general 1 6
Auditors 1 6
Judge Advocate general 1 3
Mustermaster general 1 3
Clothier general 1 3
Brigade Commissary: according to circumstances
General Hospital: according to circumstances

Provost Guard: according to circumstances

Any additional guard to the quartermaster, commissary or clothier general,

will be determined by the stores they may have in possession.

The different guards are all to mount at one hour, to be regulated by the
commanding officer for the time being.
The camp and quarter guards are to parade before the interval of their
battalions, where they will be formed by the adjutant who furnishes the
officer, and immediately sent off to their respective posts.

The guard of a major general is to be furnished from his own division, each
brigade furnishing it by turns; it is to be formed by the major of brigade, and
sent from the brigade parade.

The guard of a brigadier general is to be furnished by his own brigade, and

formed and sent from the brigade parade by the major of brigade. The brigade
commissary's guard is to be furnished in the same manner.

The other guards being composed of detachments from the line by brigades,
each detachment is formed on the brigade parade by the major of brigade, and
sent with an adjutant to the grand parade.

All guards, except those which are honorary, should ordinarily be of force
proportioned to the number of sentinels required, allowing three relieves for
each post.

Article II

OF THE GRAND PARADE

As soon as a detachment arrives on the grand parade, the officer having

dressed the ranks, commands

Order — Firelocks !

and then takes post eight paces in front of his detachment; the non-
commissioned officers fall two paces into the rear, except one who remains on
the right of every
detachment. Each detachment takes post on the left of that preceding it, and
is examined by the brigade major of the day as it arrives.

When the whole are assembled, the adjutant of the day dresses the line,
counts the files from right to left, and takes post on the right.

The brigade major then commands,

Attention! Shoulder — Firelock !

Support — Arms !
 Officers and non-commissioned Officers !

To the Center — March !

The officers then march to the center, and form themselves, according to
seniority, in one rank, sixteen paces in front of the guards; the non-
commissioned officers advance and form two ranks, four paces in the rear of
the officers and with the same distance between their ranks.

The brigade major then appoints the officers and non-commissioned officers to
their posts; the officers in the following manner:

The 1st on the right of the

2nd on the left of the
3rd in the center, on the right of the
4th on the right of the 2nd division, or
5th on the right of the 4th division, or
6th on the right of the
7th on the right of the
8th on the right of the
9th on the right of the
10th in the rear of the
11th in the rear of the
12th in the rear of the
13th in the rear of the
14th in the rear of the
15th in the rear of the
16th in the rear of the
17th in the rear of the
18th in the rear of the
19th in the rear of the
20th in the rear of the

The non-commissioned officers are posted thus; a sergeant on the right of

each platoon, and one on the left of the whole; the rest as file closers equally
divided to each platoon.

Whilst this is doing, the adjutant divides the guard into eight platoons, leaving
proper intervals between the platoons for the officers who are to command
them. The brigade major having appointed the officers, and the battalion being
divided, he commands;

Officer and non-commissioned Officers!

 To your posts!

The officers and non-commissioned officers face outwards from the center.

March!

They go directly to their posts in the battalion.

The brigade major then advances to the general officer of the day, informs him
that the battalion is formed, and takes his directions relative to the exercise.

The general of the day will usually order the manual exercise to be performed,
and some maneuvers, such as he thinks proper; the major of brigade of the
day giving the words of command.

The exercise being finished the major of brigade commands

Order — Firelocks!

The drums then beat from right to left of the parade, and passing behind the
officers of the day, take post on their left.

The major of brigade then orders,

Shoulder — Firelocks ! Support — Arms!

Officers and Non-commissioned Officers !

To the Center — March !

They advance as before to the center, and the brigade major appoints them to
their respective guards, takes the name of the officer commanding each guard,
and gives
him the parole and countersign. The adjutant having in the mean time told off
the guards, and divided them into platoons, the brigade major then
commands,

Officers and Non-commissioned Officers !

To your posts ! March !

The officers go to their respective posts.

The, brigade major then commands,

Present — Arms !

And advancing to the general, acquaints him that the guards are formed; and
on receiving his orders to march them off, he commands,

Shoulder — Firelocks !

By Platoons ! to the Right — Wheel ! March !

The whole wheel and march by the general, the officers saluting him as they
pass; and when the whole have passed, they wheel off and march to their
respective posts.

Article III

OF RELIEVING GUARDS AND SENTINELS

The guards in camp will be relieved every twenty four hours. The guards
without the limits of the camp will ordinarily be relieved in the same manner;
but this must depend on their distances from camp, and other circumstances,
which may sometimes require their continuing on duty for several days. In
this case they must be previously notified to provide themselves accordingly.

The guards are to march in the greatest order to their respective posts,
marching by platoons, whenever the roads will permit.

When the new guard approaches the post, they carry their arms; and the
officer of the old guard, having his guard paraded, on the approach of the new
guard, commands,

Present — Arms !

and his guard present their arms.

The new guard marches past the old guard, and takes post three or four paces
on its right, both guards fronting towards the enemy; and the officer
commands,

Present — Arms !

and the new guard present their arms.

The two officers then approach each other, and the relieving officer takes his
orders from the relieved. Both officers then return to their guards, and
commands,

Shoulder — Firelocks !

Non Commissioned officers ! Forward — March !

The non-commissioned officers of both guards, who are to relieve the

sentinels, advance in front of the new guard.

The sergeant of the new guard then tells off as many sentinels as are
necessary; and the corporal of the new guard, conducted by a corporal of the
old guard, relieves the sentinels, beginning by the guard house.

When the sentinel sees the relief approach, he presents his arms, and the
corporal halting his relief at six paces distance, commands,

Present—Arms ! Recover — Arms !

This last command is only for the sentinel relieving, and the one to be relieved;
the former immediately approaching with the corporal, and having received
his orders from the old sentry, takes his place; and the sentry relieved
marches into the ranks, placing himself on the left of the rear rank.

Front — Face !

Both sentries face to the front. The corporal then orders

Shoulder - Firelock ! Support - Arms !

March !

and the relies proceeds in the same manner till the whole are relieved.

If the sentries are numerous, the sergeants are to be employed as well as the
corporals in relieving them.

When the corporal returns with the old sentinels, he leads them before the old
guard, and dismisses them to their ranks.

The officer of the old guard then forms his guard in the same manner as when
he mounted, and marches them in order to camp.
As soon as he arrives in the camp, he halts, forms the men of the different
brigades together, and sends them to their respective brigades, conducted by a
non-commissioned officer, or careful soldier.

When the old guard march off, the new guard present their arms, till they are
gone, then shoulder, face to the left, and take the place of the old guard.

The officer then orders a non-commissioned officer to take down the names of
the guards in the following manner.

Hours they go on, 10-4,10-4. 12-6, 12-6, 2-8, 2-8. Post Number and men’s
name per post.

Suppose the guard to consist of twenty four men, and to furnish eight
sentinels, they are divided into three relieves, and the posts being numbered,
beginning always with the guard house, each man's name is put down against
the number of the post he will always stand sentry at during the guard, by
which mean an officer knows what particular man was at any post during any
hour of the day or night.

The relief of sentries is always to be marched in the greatest order, and with
supported arms, the corporal often looking back to observe the conduct of the
men; and if an officer approaches, he is to order his men to handle their arms,
supporting them again when he has passed.

The corporals are to be answerable that the sentries, when relieving, perform
their motions with the greatest spirit and exactness.

A corporal who is detected in having the insolence to suffer sentries to relieve

each other, without his being present, shall, as well as the sentry so relieved,
be severely punished.

Article IV

INSTRUCTIONS TO OFFICERS ON GUARD

On the vigilance of the officer depends not only the safety of his guard, but
that of the whole army.

As it is highly necessary an officer should have some knowledge of his

situation, he must, immediately after relieving the old guard, visit the
sentinels, and examine the
ground round his post; and if he thinks the sentries not sufficient to secure
him from a surprise, he is at liberty to place more, acquainting therewith the
general or field
officer of the day who visits his post; but without their leave he is not to alter
any that are already posted. He must cause the roads leading to the enemy
and to the next
posts to be well reconnoited by an officer of the guard, or for want of one, by
an intelligent non-commissioned officer and some faithful men, inform himself
of every
thing necessary for his security, and use every possible precaution against a
surprise. He must permit no stranger to enter his port, nor suffer his men to
talk with him. If
a suspicious person, or a deserter from the enemy approaches; he must stop
him and send him to head quarters, or to a superior officer. He must on no
account suffer the soldiers to pull off their accoutrements, or straggle more
than twenty paces from the guard; and if water or any other necessaries are
wanted for the guard, they must be sent for by a non-commissioned officer
and some men, with their arms if at an out post, on no account suffering a
soldier to go by himself; but never whilst the sentinels are relieving. He must
examine every relief before it is sent off; see that their arms are loaded and in
order, and that the men are acquainted with their duty; and if by any accident
a man should get the least disguised with liquor, he must on no account be
suffered to go on sentry.

At every relief the guard must parade, and the roll be called; and during the
night, and when near the enemy, during the day, the guard must remain
under arms till the relief returns.

During the day the men may be permitted to rest themselves as much as is
consistent with the safety of the guard; but in the night, no man must be
suffered to lay down or
sleep on any account, but have his arms constantly in his hands, and be
ready to fall in on the least alarm

Between every relief the sentries must be visited by a non-commissioned

officer and a file of men; and, when more than one officer is on guard, as often
as possible by an officer. A patrol also must be frequently sent on the roads
leading to the enemy.

During the day, the sentinels on the out posts must stop every party of men,
whether armed or not, till they have been examined by the officer of the guard.
As soon as it is dark, the countersign must be given to the sentinels of the
pickets and advanced posts, after which they are to challenge all that
approach them; and if any person, after being ordered to stand, should
continue to approach or attempt to escape, the sentry, after challenging him
three times, must fire on him.

The sentinels of the interior guards of the camp will receive the countersign,
and begin to challenge, at such hours as shall be determined in orders,
according to circumstances.

A sentinel, on perceiving any person approach, must challenge briskly, and

never suffer more than one to advance, till he has the countersign given him;
if the person challenged has not the countersign, the sentry must call the
sergeant of the guard, and keep the person at a little distance from his post,
till the sergeant comes to examine him.

Whenever a sentry on an out post perceives more than three men approach,
he must order them to stand, and immediately pass the word for the sergeant
of the guard; the
officer of the guard must immediately parade his guard and send a sergeant
with a party of men to examine the party; The non-commissioned officer must
order the commanding officer of the party to advance, and conduct him to the
officer of the guard; who, in case he is unacquainted with his person, and
does not choose to trust either to his clothing or to his knowledge of the
countersign, must demand his passport, and examine him strictly; and if
convinced of his belonging to the army must let him pass.

If a sentry, on challenging, is answered relief, patrol or round, he must in that

case order the sergeant or corporal to advance with the countersign; and if he
is then assured of their being the relief, etc. he may suffer them to advance.

A sentinel must take the greatest care not to be surprised; he must never
suffer the person who advances to give the countersign, to approach within
reach of his arms, and
always charge his bayonet.

The officers who mount the camp guards must give orders to their sentries not
to suffer any person to pass in or out of camp, except by one of the guards,
nor then till the officer of the guard has examined him.

In case one of the guard deserts, the officer must immediately change the
countersign, and send notice thereof to the general of the day: who is to
communicate the same to the other guards, and the adjutant general.
As soon as the officer of a guard discovers the approach of the enemy, he must
immediately send notice to the nearest general officer, call in the sentries, and
put himself in the best posture of defense. If attacked on his post, he will
defend it to the utmost of his power, nor retreat, unless compelled by superior
force; and even then he must retire in the greatest order, keeping a fire on the
enemy, whose superiority, however great, can never justify a guard's retiring
in disorder. Should the enemy pursue a guard into camp, the officer must
take care to retire through the intervals of the battalions, and forming in the
rear of the line, wait for further orders.

When an officer is posted at a bridge, defile, or any work, with orders to

maintain it, he must defend himself to the last extremity, however superior
the force of the enemy may be, as it is to be supposed that the general who
gave those orders will reinforce him, or order him to retire whenever he thinks
it proper.

An officer must never throw in the whole of his file at once; for which reason
every guard is to be divided into two or more divisions or platoons, according
to its strength;
any number above eight and under seventy-eight men forming two platoons;
the eldest officer taking post on the right of the first platoon, the next eldest
on the right of the second platoon, and the third on the left of the whole; the
non-commissioned officers cover the officers; the drum is to be on the right of
the captain, and the sentinel one pace advanced of the drum. If the guard
consists of no more than twelve men, it forms in one rank.

Article V

METHOD OF GOING AND RECEIVING THE GRAND ROUNDS

The general and field officers of the day will visit the several guards during the
day, as often and at such hours as they judge proper.

When the sentry before the guard perceives the officer of the day, he will call
to the guard to turn out; and the guard, being paraded, on the approach of the
officer of the day present their arms.

The officer of the day will examine the guard; see that none are absent; that
their arms and accoutrements are in order; that the officers and non-
commissioned officers are acquainted with their duty; and that the sentinels
are properly posted and have received proper orders.
Not only the officers of the day, but all general officers are at liberty to visit the
guards and make the same examination.

The officers of the guard shall give the parole to the officer of the day, if
demanded.

During the night, the officers of the day will go the grand rounds.

When the officer of the day arrives at the guard from whence he intends to
begin his rounds, he will make himself known as such by giving the officer of
the guard the parole. He will then order the guard under arms, and having
examined it, demand an escort of a sergeant and two men, and proceed to the
next post.

When the rounds are challenged by a sentinel, they will answer, Grand
rounds ! and the sentry will reply, Stand, Grand rounds! Advance sergeant
with the countersign! Upon which the sergeant advances and gives the
countersign. The sentinel will then cry, Advance, rounds ! and present his
arms till they have passed.

When the sentry before the guard challenges, and is answered, Grand
rounds! he will reply, Stand, Grand rounds ! Turn out the guard ! Grand
rounds ! Upon the sentinel's calling, the guard is to be turned out and drawn
up in good order, with shouldered arms, the officers taking their posts. The
officer commanding the guard will then order a sergeant and two men to
advance towards the round and challenge. When the sergeant of the guard
comes within ten paces of the rounds, he is to halt and challenge briskly. The
sergeant of the rounds is to answer, Grand rounds ! The sergeant of the guard
replies, Stand, Grand rounds ! advance sergeant with the countersign ! and
orders his men to present their arms. The sergeant of the rounds advances
alone, and giving the countersign, returns to his rounds; and the sergeant of
the guard calls to his officer, The countersign is right ! On which the officer
of the guard calls, Advance, rounds! The officer of the rounds then advances
alone, and on his approach the guard present their arms. The officer of the
rounds passes along the front of the guard immediately to the officer, who
keeps his post on the right, and gives him the parole. He then examines the
guard, orders back his escort, and demanding a new one, proceeds in the
same manner to the other guards.

Article VI

HONORS DUE FROM GUARDS TO GENERAL OFFICERS AND OTHERS

To the commander in chief: All guards turn out with presented arms; the
drums beat a march, and the officers salute.

To major generals: They turn out with presented arms, and beat two ruffles.

To brigadier generals: They turn out with presented arms, and beat one ruffle.

To officers of the day: They turn out with presented arms, and beat according
to their rank.

Except from these rules a general officer's guard, which turns out and pays
honors only to officers of superior rank to the general whose guard it is.

To colonels: Their own quarter guards turn out once a day with presented
arms; after which they only turn out with ordered arms.

To lieutenant colonels: Their own quarter guards turn out once a day with
shouldered arms; after which they only turn out and stand by their arms.

To majors: Their own quarter guards turn out once a day with ordered arms;
at all other times they stand by their arms.

When a lieutenant colonel or major commands a regiment, the quarter guard

is to pay him the same honors as are ordered to a colonel.

All sentries present their arms to general officers, and to the field officers of
their own regiments; to all other commissioned officers they stand with
shouldered arms.

The president of congress, all governors in their own states, and committees of
congress at the army, shall have the same honors paid them as the
commander in chief.

When a detachment with arms passes before a guard, the guard shall be
under arms, and the drums of both beat a march.

When a detachment without arms passes, the guard shall turn out and stand
by their arms.

After dark no honors are to be paid; and when near the enemy, no honors are
to be paid with the drum.

CHAPTER XXIII
OF THE ARMS AND AMMUNITION, WITH THE METHODS OF PRESERVING THEM

The preservation of the arms and ammunition is an object that requires the
greatest attention. Commanding officers of regiments must be answerable for
those of their regiments, and captains for their respective companies.

An officer of a company must every morning at roll-call inspect minutely into

the state of the men's arms, accoutrements and ammunition; and if it shall
appear that a soldier has sold, or through carelessness lost or damaged any
part of them, he must be confined and punished, and stoppages made of his
pay, as hereafter mentioned: For
which purpose such officers shall certify to the commanding officer of the
regiment the names of the delinquents, and the losses or damages which shall
appear of their arms, ammunition and accoutrements; and the commanding
officer, after due examination, shall order stoppages to be made for whatever
shall appear to have been sold, lost or damaged as aforesaid. The stoppages to
be as follows:
For a firelock, sixteen dollars;
a bayonet, two dollars;
a ram-rod, one dollar;
a cartridge-box, four dollars;
a bayonet-belt, one dollar;
a scabbard, two thirds of a dollar;
a cartridge, one sixth of a dollar;
a flint, one twentieth of a dollar;
a gun-worm, one fourth of a dollar;
a screw-driver, one twelfth of a dollar;

And for arms, accoutrements and ammunition damaged, such sums as the
repairs shall cost the states, to be estimated by the brigade conductor, or,
when a corps is detached, by such person as its commanding officer shall
appoint for that purpose; provided that such stoppages do not exceed one half
the delinquent's pay monthly.

It is highly essential to the service that the ammunition should be at all times
kept complete; for which purpose, as often as is necessary, a return is to be
made by each company of the number of cartridges deficient, to the
quartermaster, that he may make out a general one for the regiment, to be
signed by the commanding officers of the regiment and brigade, and no time
lost in supplying the deficiency. The like care is to be taken that all
deficiencies of arms and. accoutrements are supplied without loss of time.
All arms, accoutrements and ammunition unfit for service, are to be carefully
preserved and sent by the commanding officer of each company to the
regimental quartermaster, who shall deliver the same to the brigade
conductor, they respectively giving receipts for what they receive. The arms,
accoutrements and ammunition of the sick and others, when delivered up, are
to be taken care of in the same manner. Before the cartridge-boxes are put in
the arm-chests, the cartridges must be taken out to prevent any loss or
accident.

A conductor shall be appointed to each brigade, who shall have under his
immediate care and direction a traveling forge and five or six armorers, an
ammunition wagon, and a wagon with an arm-chest for each battalion, each
chest to hold twenty-five arms, to receive the arms and accoutrements
wanting repair, or of the men sick or absent: and when the arms delivered in
by a battalion shall exceed the above number, the surplus shall be sent to the
commissary of military stores.

The brigade conductor shall issue no ammunition but by order of the

commanding officer of the brigade; but may receive and deliver the arms and
accoutrements of each battalion, by order of its commanding officer.

The ammunition wagon shall contain twenty thousand cartridges; and in

order to keep the same complete, the conductor shall, as deficiencies arise,
apply to the field commissary, or one of his deputies, for a supply, or
otherwise for the necessary materials of cartridges, and to the major of brigade
for men to make them up under the direction of the conductor; and for this
purpose the brigade major shall order out a party of the most careful soldiers.

The non-commissioned officers of each company will be provided with gun-

worms; and every day, at the noon roll-call of the company, those men who
have returned from duty are to bring their arms and have their charges
drawn; the first sergeant to receive the powder and ball, and deliver the same
to the quartermaster.

CHAPTER XXIV

OF THE TREATMENT OF THE SICK

There is nothing which gains an officer the love of his soldiers more than his
care of them under the distress of sickness; it is then he has the power of
exerting his humanity in providing them every comfortable necessary, and
making their situation as agreeable as possible.
Two or three tents should be set apart in every regiment for the reception of
such sick as cannot be sent to the general hospital, or whose cases may not
require it. And every company shall be constantly furnished with two sacks to
be filled occasionally with straw, and serve as beds for the sick. These sacks to
be provided in the same manner as
clothing for the troops, and finally issued by the regimental clothier to the
captain of each company, who shall be answerable for the same.

When a soldier dies, or is dismissed the hospital, the straw he lay on is to be

burnt, and the bedding well washed and aired before another is permitted to
use it.

The sergeants and corporals shall every morning at roll-call give a return of
the sick of their respective squads to the first sergeant who must make out
one for the company,
and lose no time in delivering it to the surgeon, who will immediately visit
them, and order such as he thinks proper to the regimental hospital; such
whose cases require their being sent to the general hospital, he is to report
immediately to the surgeon general, or principal surgeon attending the army.

Once every week (and oftener when required) the surgeon will deliver the
commanding officer of the regiment a return of the sick of the regiment, with
their disorders, distinguishing those in the regimental hospital from those out
of it.

When a soldier is sent to the hospital, the non-commissioned officer of his

squad shall deliver up his arms and accoutrements to the commanding officer
of the company, that they may be deposited in the regimental arm chest.

When a soldier has been sick, he must not be put on duty till he has recovered
sufficient strength, of which the surgeon should be judge.

The surgeons are to remain with their regiments as well on a march as in

camp, that in case of sudden accidents they may be at hand to apply the
proper remedies.

CHAPTER XXV

OF REVIEWS

Article I

OF REVIEWS OF PARADE
When a battalion is to be reviewed, it must be drawn up in the following
manner.

The ranks at four paces distance from each other; the colors advanced four
paces from the center; the colonel twelve paces before the colors; the
lieutenant colonel four paces behind the colonel; the major on the right of the
battalion in the line of officers; the adjutant behind, the center; the officers
commanding platoons eight paces before their intervals; and the other officers
on the same line equally divided in front of their respective platoons; the
sergeants who covered officers take their places in the front rank of their
platoons; the other non-commissioned officers who were in the rear, remain
there, falling back four paces behind the rear rank; and the drummers and
fifers are equally divided on the wings of the battalion, dressing with the front
rank. The general officer who is to review them being within thirty paces of the
battalion, the colonel orders

Battalion ! Present- Arms !

On which the men present their arms, and the drums on the right wing salute
him according to his rank, the officers and colors salute him as he passes in
front of the battalion; and on his arriving at the left, the drums beat the same
as on the right.
The colonel then commands

Shoulder - Firelocks !

And when the general has advanced to the front,

Rear Rank ! Close to the Front !

On which the officers face to their platoons.

March !

The rear rank closes to the front, and the officers stepping off at the same
time, those commanding platoons take their posts in the front rank, and the
others go through the intervals to their posts in the rear. The colonel then
commands

Battalion !
By Platoons ! To the Right, Wheel ! March !
The whole wheel by platoons to the right, and march by the general; the
colonel at the head of the battalion, with the major behind him, followed by
the drums of the right wing; the adjutant on the left of the fifth platoon; and
the lieutenant colonel in the rear, preceded by the drums of the left wing.

The officers and colors salute when within eight paces of the general; and the
colonel having saluted, advances to him,

The battalion having marched to its ground and formed, the general orders
such exercise and maneuvers as he thinks proper.

Article II

OF REVIEWS OF INSPECTION

For a review of inspection the battalion must not be told off into platoons, but
remain in companies, at open order; the drums and fifes on the right, and the
ensigns with the colors in front of their respective companies.

The inspector begins with a general review, passing along the front of the
battalion from right to left, accompanied by the field and staff officers. The
general review over, the colonel commands

Rear Rank ! Close to the Front ! March !

The rear rank closes to the front, the officers remaining in front.

By companies ! To the Right, Wheel ! March !

Each company wheels to the right; the captains then open their ranks, and
order

Non-commissioned Officers ! To the Front — March !

The officers take post four paces, and the non-commissioned officers two
paces, in front of their companies.

The whole then order their firelocks by word of command from their captains,
except the first company, where the inspection begins; when the first company
has been inspected, they order their firelocks, and the next company
shoulders; the others proceed in the same manner till the whole are inspected.

The field and staff officers accompany the inspector while he inspects the
companies; and when the inspection is over, the colonel forms the battalion,
and causes it to perform any exercise or maneuvers the inspector thinks
proper to order.
 INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE COMMANDANT OF A REGIMENT

The state having entrusted him with the care of a regiment, his greatest ambition should
be to have it at all times and in every respect as complete as possible; to do which, he
should pay great attention to the following objects:

The preservation of the soldiers health should be his first and greatest care; and as
that depends in a great measure on their cleanliness and manner of living, he must have
a watchful eye over the officers of companies, that they pay the necessary attention to
their men in those respects.

The only means of keeping the soldiers in order is, so have them continually under the
eyes of their superiors; for which reason the commandant should use the utmost
severity to prevent their straggling from their companies, and never suffer them to
leave the regiment without being under the care of a non-commissioned officer, except in
cases of necessity. And in order to prevent any man's being absent from the regiment
without his knowledge, he must often count the files, and see that they agree with the
returns delivered him, strictly obliging every man returned fit for duty to appear under
arms on all occasions and if any are missing, he must oblige the commanding officer of
the company to account for their absence. In a word, the commandant ought to know upon
what duty and where every man of his regiment is. To these points the other field
officers must also pay attention.

The choice of non-commissioned officers is also an object of the greatest importance:

the order and discipline of a regiment depends so much upon their behavior, that too
much care cannot be taken in preferring none to that trust but those who by their merit
and good conduct are entitled to it. Honesty, sobriety, and a remarkable attention to
every point of duty, with a neatness in their dress, are indispensable requisites; a
spirit to command respect and obedience from the men, and expertness in performing
every
part of the exercise, and an ability to teach it, are absolutely necessary; nor can a
sergeant or corporal be said to be qualified who does not write and read in a tolerable
manner.

Once every month the commandant should make a general inspection of his regiment,
examine into the state of the men, their arms, ammunition, and accoutrements,
necessaries, camp utensils, and everything belonging to the regiment, obliging the
commanding officers of companies to account strictly for all deficiencies.
He should also once every month assemble the field officers and the eldest captain, to
hold a council of administration in which should be examined the books of the several
companies, the paymaster and quartermaster, to see that all receipts and deliveries are
entered in proper order, and the affairs of the regiment duly administered

All returns of the regiment being signed by the commanding officer, he should examine
them with the greatest care before he suffers them to go out of his hands.

The commandant must always march and encamp with his regiment; nor must he permit
any officer to lodge out of camp, or in a house except in case of sickness.

On a march he must keep his regiment together as much as possible, and not suffer the
officers to leave their platoons without his permission; nor permit any of them, on
any pretence whatsoever to mount on horseback. There is no fatigue the soldiers go
through that the officers should not share; and on all occasions they should set them
examples of patience and perseverance.

When a regiment is on a march, the commandant will order a sergeant and six men into the
rear, to bring up all stragglers; and the sergeant on his arrival in camp or quarters,
must make his report to him..

In a word, the commanding officer of a regiment must preserve the strictest discipline
and order in his corps, obliging every officer to a strict performance of his duty,
without relaxing in the smallest point; punishing impartially the faults that are
committed, without distinction of rank or service.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MAJOR

The Major is particularly charged with the discipline, arms, accoutrements, clothing,
and generally, with the whole interior management and economy of the regiment.

He must have a watchful eye over the officers, and oblige them to do their duty on every
occasion; he must often cause them to be exercised in his presence, and instruct them
how to command their platoons and preserve their distances.

He must endeavor to make his regiment perform their exercise and maneuvers with the
greatest vivacity and precision, examine often the state of the different companies,
making the captains answer for any deficiencies he may perceive, and reporting the same
to the colonel.

He must pay the greatest attention to have all orders executed with the strictest
punctuality, so far as respects his regiment; and should every week examine the
adjutant and quartermaster's books, and see that all returns, orders, and other matters,
the objects of their respective duties are regularly entered

He must cause to be kept a regimental book, wherein should be entered the name and rank
of every officer, the date of his commission, the time he joined the regiment, the name
and description of every non-commissioned officer and soldier, his trade or occupation,
the place of his birth and usual residence, where, when and for what term he was
enlisted; discharges, furloughs and courts martial, copies of all returns, and every
casualty that happen, in the regiment.

He must be at all times well acquainted with the strength of his regiment and brigade,
and the details of the army, and see that his regiment furnishes no more than its
proportion for duty.

He must often inspect the detachments for duty furnished by his regiment, see that they
are complete in every respect and formed agreeably to the regulations.

On a march he must often ride along the flanks of his regiment, see that the platoons
march in order, and keep their proper distances.

When the regiment is detached, he will post the guards ordered by the colonel, often
visit them, examine whether the officers, non-commissioned officers and sentinels are
acquainted with their duty, and give them the necessary instructions.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ADJUTANT

The Adjutant is to be chosen from among the subalterns, the field officers taking care to
nominate one the most intelligent and best acquainted with the service.

He must keep an exact detail of the duty of the officers and non-commissioned officers of
his regiment, taking care to regulate his roster in such a manner as not to have too many
officers or non-commissioned officers of the same company on duty at the same time.

He must keep a book, in which he must every day take the general and other orders, and
show them to the commanding officer of the regiment, who having added those he thinks
necessary for the regiment, the adjutant must assemble the first sergeants of the
companies, make them copy the orders, and give them their details for the next day.

He must attend the parade at the turning out of all guards or detachments, inspect their
dress, arms, accoutrements and ammunition, form them into platoons or sections, and
conduct them to the general or brigade parade. When the regiment parades for duty or
exercise, he must count it off, and divide it into divisions and platoons, and carry the
orders of, the colonel where necessary.
The adjutant is to receive no orders but from the field officers and officer commanding
a battalion.

On a march he must ride along the flanks of the regiment to see that regularity is
observed, and must pay attention to the sergeant in the rear, that he brings up all
stragglers.

On the arrival of the regiment in camp, his first care is to form and send off the guards;
and when the tents are pitched, he must immediately order out the necessary number of
fatigue men to dig the vaults or sinks, and open communications where necessary. He
will then form the detachments for wood, water and other necessaries.

He must be constantly with the regiment, ready to receive and execute any orders that
may come; nor must he go from his tent without leaving an officer to do his duty, or
directions where he may be found.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE QUARTERMASTER

The Quartermaster, being charged with encamping and quartering the regiment, should be
at all times acquainted with its strength, that he may require no more ground than is
necessary, nor have more tents pitched than the number prescribed; for both which he is
accountable.

He must inform the regiment where to fetch their wood, water and other necessaries, and
where to pasture the horses.

He must instruct the quartermaster sergeant and pioneers in the manner of laying out
the camp, agreeably to the order prescribed in the regulations.

He is answerable for the cleanliness of the camp, and that the soldiers make no fire
anywhere but in the kitchens. When the army marches, he must conduct the pioneers to
the place appointed, and order the quartermaster sergeant to take charge of the baggage.

He is to make out all returns for camp equipage, arms, accoutrements, ammunition,
provisions and forage, and receive and distribute them to the regiment, taking the
necessary vouchers for the delivery, and entering all receipts and deliveries in a book
kept by him for that purpose.

He must pay particular attention to the preservation of the camp equipage, cause the
necessary repairs to be done when wanting, and return everything unfit for use to the
stores from which he drew them.

The preservation of the arms, accoutrements & ammunition is of such essential

importance, that he must be strictly attentive to have those of the sick, of the men on
furlough, discharged, or detached on command without arms, taken care of and deposited
with the brigade conductor, as directed in the regulations.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CAPTAIN

A Captain cannot be too careful of the company the state has committed to his charge. He
must pay the greatest attention to the health of his men, their discipline, arms,
accoutrements, ammunition, clothes and necessaries.

His first object should be, to gain the love of his men, by treating them with every
possible kindness and humanity, enquiring into their complaints, and when well founded,
seeing them redressed. He should know every man of his company by name and character.
He should often visit those who are sick, speak tenderly to them, see that the public
provision, whether of medicine or diet, is duly administered, and procure them besides
such comforts and conveniences as are in his power. The attachment that arises from
this kind of attention to the sick and wounded, is almost inconceivable; it will
moreover be the means of preserving the lives of many valuable men.

He must divide his company into four squads, placing each under the particular care of a
non-commissioned officer, who is to be answerable for the dress and behavior of the men
of his squad.

He must be very particular in the daily and weekly inspections of his men, causing all
deficiencies to be immediately supplied; and when he discovers any irregularity in the
dress or conduct of any soldier, he must not only punish him, but the non-commissioned
officer to whose squad he belongs.

He must keep a strict eye over the conduct of the non-commissioned officers; oblige them
to do their duty with the greatest exactness; and use every possible mean to keep up a
proper subordination between them and the soldiers. For which reason he must never
rudely reprimand them in presence of the men, but at all times treat them with proper
respect.

He must pay the utmost attention to everything which contributes to the health of the
men, and oblige them to keep themselves and everything belonging to them in the
greatest cleanliness and order. He must never suffer a man who has any infectious
disorder to remain in the company, but send him immediately to the hospital, or other
place provided for the reception of such patients, to prevent the spreading of the
infection. And when any man is sick, or otherwise unfit for duty, or absent, he must see
that his arms and accoutrements are properly taken care of, agreeably to the regulations
prescribed.

He must keep a book, in which must be entered the name; and description of every non-
commissioned officer and soldier of his company; his trade or occupation; the place of
his birth and usual residence; where, when and for what term he enlisted; discharges,
furloughs, copies of all returns, and every casualty that happens in the company. He must
also keep an account of all arms, accoutrements, ammunition, clothing, necessaries and
camp equipage delivered his company, that on inspecting it he may be able to discover
any deficiencies.

When the company arrive at their quarters after a march, he must not dismiss them till
the guards are ordered out, and, is cantoned, the billets distributed, which must be as
near together as possible; and he must strictly prohibit his men from vexing the
inhabitants, and cause to be punished any that offend in that respect.

He must acquaint them with the hours of roll-call and going for provisions, with their
alarm post, and the hour of march in the morning.

If the company make any stay in a place, he must, previous to their marching, inspect into
their condition, examine their knapsacks, and see that they carry nothing but what is
allowed, it being a material object to prevent the soldier loading himself with
unnecessary baggage.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE LIEUTENANT

The Lieutenant, in the absence of the captain, commands the company, and should
therefore make himself acquainted with the duties of that station; he must also be
perfectly acquainted wish the duties of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers, and
see them performed with the greatest exactness.

He should endeavor to gain the love of his men, by his attention to everything which may
contribute to their health and convenience. He should often visit them at different
hours; inspect into their manner of living; see that their provisions are good and well
cooked, and as far as possible oblige them to take their meals at regulated hours. He
should pay attention to their complaints, and when well founded, endeavor to get them
redressed; but discourage them from complaining on every frivolous occasion.

He must not suffer the soldiers to be ill treated by the non-commissioned officers
through malevolence, or from any pique or resentment; but must at the same time be
careful that a proper degree of subordination is kept up between them.

Although no officer should be ignorant of the service of the guards, yet it particularly
behoves the lieutenant to be perfectly acquainted with that duty; he being oftener than
any other officer entrusted with the command of a guard; a trust of the highest
importance, on the faithful execution of which the safety of an army depends; and in
which the officer has frequent opportunities to distinguish himself by his judgment,
vigilance and bravery.
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ENSIGN

The Ensign is in a particular manner charged with the cleanliness of the men, to which
he must pay the greatest attention.

When the company parades, and whilst the captain and lieutenant are examining the arms
and accoutrements, the ensign must inspect the dress of the soldiers, observing whether
they are clean, and everything about them in the best order possible, and duly noticing
any who in these respects are deficient.

He must be very attentive to the conduct of the non-commissioned officers, observing

that they do their duty with the greatest exactness; that they support a proper
authority and at the same time do not ill treat the men through any pique or resentment.

As there are only two colors to a regiment, the ensigns must carry them by turns, being
warned for that service by the adjutant. When on that duty, they should consider the
importance of the trust reposed in them; and when in action, resolve not to part with the
colors but with their lives. As it is by them the battalion dresses when marching in line,
they should be very careful to keep a regular step, and by frequent practice accustom
themselves to march straight forward to any given object.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SERGEANT MAJOR

The Sergeant Major, being at the head of the non-commissioned officers, must pay the
greatest attention to their conduct and behavior, never conniving at the least
irregularity committed by them or the soldiers, from both of whom he must exact the most
implicit obedience. He should be well acquainted with the interior management and
discipline of the regiment, and the manner of keeping rosters and forming details. He
must always attend the parade, be very expert in counting off the battalion and in every
other business of the adjutant, to whom he is an assistant.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE QUARTERMASTER SERGEANT

He is an assistant to the Quartermaster of the regiment, and in his absence is to do his

duty unless an officer be specially appointed for that purpose: He should therefore
acquaint himself with all the duties of the quartermaster before mentioned. When the
army marches he must see the tents properly packed and loaded, and go with the baggage,
see that the wagoneers commit no, disorders, and that nothing is lost out of the wagons.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FIRST SERGEANT OF A COMPANY

The soldier having acquired that degree of confidence of his officers as to be appointed
First Sergeant of the company, should consider the importance of his office; that the
discipline of the company, the conduct of the men, their exactness in obeying orders and
the regularity of their manners, will in a great measure depend on his vigilance.

He should be intimately acquainted with the character of every soldier of the company,
and should take great pains to impress upon their minds the indispensable necessity of
the strictest obedience, as the foundation of order and regularity.

He will keep the details of the company, and never warn a man out of his turn, unless
particularly ordered so to do.

He must take the daily orders in a book kept by him for that purpose, and show them to
his officers.

He must every morning make a report to the captain of the state of the company, in the
form prescribed; and at the same time acquaint him with anything material that may
have happened in the company since the preceding report.

He must parade all guards and detachments furnished by his company, examine their
arms, ammunition, accoutrements and dress, before he carries them to the parade and if
any man appears unfit, he must supply his place with another, and have the defaulter
punished: For this purpose he must always warn a man or two more than ordered, to serve
as a reserve, who, is not wanted, will return to their companies.

He will keep the company book (under the inspection of the captain) in which he will
enter the name and description of every non-commissioned officer and soldier; his trade
and occupation; the place of his birth and usual residence; where, when and for what
term he was enlisted; the bounty paid him; the arms, ammunition, accoutrements,
clothing and necessaries delivered him, with their marks and numbers, and the times
when delivered; also copies of all returns, furloughs, discharges, and every casualty
that happens in the company.

When each soldier shall be provided with a small book the first sergeant is to enter
therein the solder's name, a copy of his enlistment, the bounty paid him, the arms,
accoutrements, clothing and necessaries delivered him, with their marks and numbers:
For this purpose he must be present at all distributions in his company; and as often as
arms, clothing; etc. are delivered, he must enter them in the soldier's as well as the
company's book.

The first sergeant is not to go on any duty, unless with the whole company; but is to be
always in camp or quarters, to answer any call that may be made.

He is never to lead a platoon or section, but is always to be a file closer in the

formation of the company, his duty being in the company like the adjutant's in the
regiment.
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SERGEANTS AND CORPORALS

It being on the non-commissioned officers that the discipline and order of a company in
a great measure depend, they cannot be too circumspect in their behavior towards the
men, by treating them with mildness, and at the same time obliging everyone to do his
duty. By avoiding too great familiarity with the men, they will not only gain their love
and confidence, but be treated with a proper respect; whereas by a contrary conduct they
forfeit all regard, and their authority becomes despised.

Each sergeant and corporal will be in a particular manner answerable for the squad
committed to his care. He must pay particular attention to their conduct in every
respect; that they keep themselves and their arms always clean; that they have their
effects always ready, and put where they can get them immediately, even in the dark,
without confusion; and on every fine day he must oblige them to air their effects.

When a man of his squad is warned for duty, he must examine him before he carries him to
the parade, obliging him to take all his effects with him, unless when specially ordered
to the contrary.

In teaching the recruits, they must exercise all their patience, by no means abusing
them, but treating them with mildness, and not expect too much precision in the first
lessons, punishing those only who are willfully negligent.

They must suppress all quarrels and disputes in the company, and where other means
fail, must use their authority in confining the offender.

They should teach the soldiers of their squads how to dress with a soldier-like air, how
to clean their arms, accoutrements, etc. and how to mount and dismount their firelocks;
for which purpose each non-commissioned officer should always be provided with a turn-
screw, and suffer no soldier to take his arms to pieces without his permission.

On a march the non-commissioned officers must preserve order and regularity, and suffer
no man to leave the ranks without permission of the officer commanding the platoon.

A Corporal must teach the sentinels to challenge briskly and everything else they are to
do in their different situations; and when he relieves them, must make them deliver the
orders distinctly.

When a guard is relieved, the non-commissioned officers take the orders from those whom
they relieve; when sent to visit the sentries, they should instruct them in their duty.
They should reconnoiter the roads they are to patrol in the night, that they may not lose
themselves. They must make their patrol with the greatest silence and attention, and
where necessary, send a faithful soldier ahead to look out. If they meet a detachment of
the enemy stronger than their own, they must retreat in order to their own post. In the
night they must slop all strangers that approach. They must not suffer their men to make
the least noise with their arms or accoutrements, and every now and then stop and listen.
On their return from patrolling, they must report to the officer what they have seen or
heard.

When a non-commissioned officer is a file-closer in action, he must take care to keep the
ranks and files properly closed, and when too much crowded, make them incline from the
center. When the files of his platoon are disordered by the loss of men, he must exert
himself to dress and complete them afresh, with the utmost expedition. He must keep the
greatest silence in the ranks, see that the men load well and quick, and take good aim. He
will do all in his power to encourage the soldiers, and use the most vigorous means to
prevent any from leaving the ranks, unless wounded.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PRIVATE, SOLDIER

The recruit having received his necessaries, should in the first place learn to dress
himself with a soldier like air ; to place his effects properly in his knapsack, so as to
carry them with ease and convenience; how to salute his officers when he meets them; to
clean his arms, wash his linen and cook his provisions. He should early accustom himself
to dress in the night; and for that purpose always have his effects in his knapsack, and
that placed where he can put his hand on it in a moment, that in case of alarm he may
repair with the greatest alertness to the parade.

When learning to march, he must take the greatest pains to acquire a firm step and a
proper balance, practicing himself at all his leisure hours. He must accustom himself to
the greatest steadiness under arms, to pay attention to the commands of his officers, and
exercise himself continually with his firelock, in order to acquire vivacity in his
motions. He must acquaint himself with the usual beats and signals of the drum, and
instantly obey them.

When in the ranks, he must always learn the names of his right and left hand men and file
leader, that he may be able to find his place readily in case of separation. He must cover
his file leader and dress well in his rank, which he may be assured of doing when he can
just perceive the breast of the third man from him. Having joined his company he must no
longer consider himself as a recruit, but as a soldier; and whenever he is ordered under
arms, must appear well dressed, with his arms and accoutrements clean and in good order,
and his knapsack, blanket, etc. ready to throw on his back in case he should be ordered to
take them.

When warned for guard, he must appear as neat as possible, carry all his effects with
him, and even when on sentry must have them at his back. He must receive the orders from
the sentry he relieves; and when placed before the guard house, he must inform the
corporal of all that approach, and suffer no one to enter until examined; if he is posted
at a distance from the guard, he will march there in order, have the orders well
explained to him by the corporal, learn which is the nearest post between him and the
guard, in case he should be obliged to retire, or have any thing to communicate, and what
he is to do in case of alarm; or if in a town, in case of fire and any disturbance. He will
never go more than twenty paces from his post; and if in a retired, place, or in the night,
suffer no one to approach within ten paces of him.

A sentinel must never rest upon his arms, but keep walking on his post. He must never
suffer himself to be relieved but by his corporal; challenge briskly in the night and
stop those who have not the countersign and if any will not answer to the third
challenge, or having been stopped should attempt to escape, he may fire on them.

When on a patrol, he must observe the strictest silence, nor make the least noise with
his arms or accoutrements.

In action he will pay the greatest attention to the commands of his officers, level well,
and not throw away his fire; take particular care to keep his rank and file, incline to
that side he dresses to, and encourage his comrades to do their duty.

When ordered to march, he must not charge himself with any unnecessary baggage; he
will march at his ease, without however leaving his rank or file; he should drink as
seldom as possible, and never stop but when necessity obliges him; in which case he
must ask leave of the commanding officer of the platoon.

When arrived at camp or quarters, he must clean his arms, prepare his bed, and go for
necessaries, taking nothing without leave, nor committing any kind of excess.

He must always have a stopper for the muzzle of his gun in case of rain, and when on a
march; at which times he will unfix his bayonet.
 An Act

To provide for the National Defense

by establishing an

UNIFORM MILITIA
Throughout the United States

Passed in Congress, May 1792

 AN ACT MORE EFFECTUALLY TO PROVIDE FOR THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE, BY ESTABLISHING AN UNIFORM MILITIA
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES
Section 1
Each and every free bodied white male citizen of the respective states, resident therein, who is or
shall be of the age of eighteen years and under the age of forty five years (except as is herein after
excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia, by the Captain or commanding
officer of the company, within whose bounds such citizen shall reside, and that within twelve
months after the passing of this Act. And it shall at all times hereafter be the duty of every such
captain or commanding officer of a company, to enroll every such citizen as aforesaid, and also
those who shall, from time to time, arrive at the age of 18 years, or being at the age of 18 years,
and under the age of 45 years (except as before excepted) shall come to reside within his bounds;
and shall without delay notify such citizen of the said enrolment, by a proper non-commissioned
officer of the company, by whom such notice may be proved. That every citizen, so enrolled and
notified shall, within six months thereafter, provide himself with a good musket or firelock, a
sufficient bayonet and belt, two spare flints, and a knapsack, a pouch with a box therein to contain
not less than twenty four cartridges, suited to the bore of his musket or firelock, each cartridge to
contain a proper quantity of powder and ball; or with a good rifle, knapsack, shot pouch, and
powder horn, twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle, and a quarter of a pound of powder; and
shall appear so armed, accoutred and provided, when called out to exercise or into service, except,
that when called out on company days to exercise only, he may appear without a knapsack. That the
commissioned officers shall severally be armed with a sword or hanger, and espontoon; and that
from and after five years from the passing of this act, all muskets for arming the militia as is herein
required, shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound; and every citizen so
enrolled, and providing himself with the arms, ammunition and accoutrements required as aforesaid,
shall hold the same exempted from all suits, distresses, executions or sales, for debt or for the
payment of taxes.

Section 2
And be it further enacted, that the Vice President of the United States; the officers, judicial and
executive, of the government of the United States; the members of both houses of Congress, and
their respective officers; all custom house officers, with their clerks; all port officers, and stage-
drivers who are employed in the care and conveyance of the mail of the post office of the United
State; all ferrymen employed at any ferry on the post road; all inspectors of exports; all pilots; all
mariners actually employed in the sea service of any citizen or merchant within the United States;
and all persons who now are or may be hereafter exempted by the laws of the respective states,
shall be and are hereby exempted from militia duty, notwithstanding their being above the age of
eighteen and under the age of forty five years.

Section 3
And be it further enacted, that within one year after the passing of this act, the militia of the
respective states shall be arranged into divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, and companies, as
the legislator of each state shall direct; and each division, brigade, and regiment, shall be numbered
at the formation thereof: and a record made of such numbers in the adjutant general's office in the
state: and when in the field, or in service in the state, each division, brigade, and regiment shall,
respectively, take rank according to their numbers, reckoning the first or lowest number highest in
rank. That if the same be convenient, each brigade shall consist of four regiments; each regiment of
two battalions; each battalion of five companies; each company of sixty four privates. That the said
militia shall be officered by the respective states, as follows: To each division one major general
with two aids de camp, with the rank of major; to each brigade, one brigadier general with one
brigade inspector, to serve also as a brigade major, with the rank of a major; to each regiment, one
lieutenant colonel commandant; and to each battalion; one major; to each company, one captain,
one lieutenant, one ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, one drummer, and one fifer or bugler.
That there shall be regimental staff, to consist of one adjutant, and one quartermaster, to rank as
lieutenants; one paymaster; one surgeon, and one surgeon's mate; one sergeant major, one drum
major, and one fife major.

Section 4
And be it further enacted, that out of the militia enrolled as is herein directed, there shall be
formed for each battalion at least one company of grenadiers, light infantry or riflemen; and that to
each division there shall be at least, one company of artillery, and one troop of horse: There shall
be to each company of artillery, one captain, two lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, six
gunners, six bombardiers, one drummer, and one fifer. The officers to be armed with a sword or
hanger, a fuzee, bayonet and belt, with a cartridge box to contain twelve cartridges, and each
private or matross shall furnish himself with all the equipments of a private in the infantry, till
proper ordnance and field artillery is provided. There shall be to each troop of horse, one captain,
two lieutenants, one cornet, four sergeants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, and one
trumpeter. The commissioned officers to furnish themselves with good horses, of at least fourteen
hands and an half high, and to be armed with a sword, and pair of pistols, the holsters of which to
be covered with bearskin caps. Each dragoon to furnish himself with a serviceable horse at least
fourteen hands and an half high, a good saddle, bridle, mail pillion and valise, hostlers, and a breast-
plate and crupper, a pair of boots and spurs, n pair of pistols, a sabre, and cartouch-box, to contain
twelve cartridges for pistols. That each company of artillery and troop of horse shall be formed of
volunteers from the brigade, at the discretion of the commander in chief of the state, not exceeding
one company of each to a regiment, nor more in number than one eleventh part of the infantry,
and shall be uniformly clothed in regimentals, to be furnished at their own expense; the color and
fashion to be determined by the brigadier commanding the brigade to which they belong.

Section 5
And be it further enacted, that each battalion and regiment shall be provided with the state and
regimental colors by the field officers, and each company with a drum and fife or bugle horn by the
commissioned officers of the company, in such manner as the legislature of the respective states shall
direct.

Section 6
And be it further enacted, that there shall be an adjutant general appointed in each state, whose
duty it shall be to distribute all orders from the commander in chief of the state to the several
corps; to attend all public reviews, when the commander in chief of the state shall review the
militia, or any part thereof; to obey all orders from him relative to carrying into execution, and
perfecting, the system of military discipline established by this act; to furnish blank forms of
different returns that may be required; and to explain the principles on which they should be made;
to receive from the several officers of the different corps throughout the state, returns of the militia
under their command, reporting the actual situation of their arms, accoutrements, and ammunition,
their delinquencies, and every other thing which relates to the general advancement of good order
and discipline; all which, the several officers of the divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions are
hereby required to make in the usual manner, so that the said adjutant general may be duly
furnished therewith: From all which returns he shall make proper abstracts, and lay the same
annually before the commander in chief of the state.

Section 7
And be it further enacted, that the rules of discipline approved and established by Congress in their
resolution, of the twenty-ninth of March, one thousand seven hundred and seventy nine, shall be the
rules of discipline to be observed by the militia throughout the United States, except such deviations
from the said rules as may be rendered necessary by the requisitions of this act, or by some other
unavoidable circumstances. It shall be the duty of the commanding officer at every muster, whether
by battalion, regiment or single company, to cause the militia to be exercised and trained agreeably
to the said rules of discipline.

Section 8

And be it further enacted, that all commissioned officers shall take rank according to the date of
their commissions; and when two of the same grade bear an equal date, then their rank to be
determined by lots, to be drawn by them before the commanding officer of the brigade, regiment,
battalion, company or detachment.

Section 9
And be it further enacted, that if any person, whether officer or soldier, belonging to the militia of
any state, and called out into the service of the United States, be wounded or disabled while in
actual service, he shall be taken care of and provided for at the public expense.

Section 10
And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of the brigade inspector, to attend the regimental
and battalion meetings of the militia composing their several brigades, during the time of their being
under arms, to inspect their arms, ammunition and accoutrements; superintend their exercise and
maneuvers, and introduce the system of military discipline before described throughout the brigade,
agreeable to law, and such orders as they shall, from time to time receive from the commander in
chief of the state; to make returns to the adjutant general of the state, at least once in every year of
the militia of the brigade to which he belongs, reporting therein the actual situation of the arms,
accoutrements and ammunition of the several corps and every other thing which, in his judgment
may relate to their government and the general advancement of good order and military discipline;
and the adjutant general shall make a return of all the militia of the state, to the commander in
chief of the said state, and a duplicate of the same to the President of the United States.

And whereas sundry corps of artillery, cavalry and infantry, now exist in several of the said states,
which by the laws, customs, or usages thereof, have not been incorporated with, or subject to the
general regulations of the militia.

Section 11
Be it enacted, that such corps retain their accustomed privileges, subject, nevertheless, to all other
duties required by this act, in like manner with the other militia.

Approved, May 8th, 1792

GEORGE WASHINGTON

President of the United States

Established 26 February 1920