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ROBUST CONTROL FOR DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER UNDER PARAMETRIC

UNCERTAINTIES

Conference Paper · August 2018

DOI: 10.20906/CPS/CBA2018-1472

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XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

ROBUST CONTROL FOR DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER UNDER PARAMETRIC UNCERTAINTIES

KEVIN E. LUCAS M.*,† , ERICK M. ROCHA*, WALTER BARRA JR.*, DAVID A. VACA B.† RENAN L. P. MEDEIROS¥,
MAYSA S. ALVES*, MAICKSON P. V. LEÃO*
*
Federal University of Pará, UFPa, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Campus do Guamá, Belém, Pará,
CEP: 66075-900, Brazil

†
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computación, Campus
Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador

¥
Federal University of Amazonas, UFAM, Department of Electricity, Av. Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Coroado I,
CEP: 69080-900, Brazil

E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract DC-DC Buck Converters are widely used in applications demanding the supply of a constant load voltage. Howev-
er, the dynamic behavior of the buck converter may change due to uncertainties such as load and input voltage variations, as
well as variations in the components of the buck converter itself. Because of these variations and the nonlinear behavior due to
switching, makes the controller design presents some challenges on obtain the desired performance. In order to guarantee stabil-
ity of the system and to preserve its dynamic performance under parametric uncertainties, in this paper a robust control tech-
nique, based on parametric uncertainties, is studied. The controller is designed by robust pole-placement technique based on a
desired performance in closed-loop, specified by a family of characteristic polynomials. The design procedure is formulated as a
set of linear constraints solved via linear programming methods. A classical controller, based on pole-placement technique, is
used for performance comparison. For performance assessment, several tests were carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment.
By calculating the ISE (integral square error) performance index, the obtained results show that the proposed controller obtain
robust performance.

Keywords buck converter, dc-dc converter, robust control, parametric uncertain, linear programing.

Resumo Conversor CC-CC do tipo Buck são largamente utilizados em aplicações demandando a regulação da tensão na car-
ga. No entanto, seu comportamento dinâmico pode sofrer variações devido à incertezas provocadas por variações de: tensão de
entrada, carga e dos componentes do conversor. Considerando estas incertezas e o comportamento não-linear, devido ao chave-
amento do conversor, o projeto do controlador apresenta alguns desafios para obter o desempenho desejado. Com o objetivo de
garantir a estabilidade robusta e preservar o desempenho dinâmico, é proposto neste trabalho, a investigação de uma estratégia
de controle robusta, baseada em incertezas paramétricas. O controlador é projetado por uma técnica robusta de alocação de polos
baseada em um desempenho desejado em malha fechada, especificado por uma família de polinômios característicos. O proce-
dimento de projeto é formulado como um conjunto de restrições lineares resolvidas através de métodos de programação linear.
Um controlador clássico, baseado na técnica de posicionamento de pólos, é usado para comparação de desempenho. Testes
computacionais, em ambiente Matlab/Simulink, foram realizados para avaliação de desempenho da metodologia proposta. Os
cálculos do índice de desempenho ISE (erro quadrado integral) mostram que o controlador proposto apresenta desempenho com
melhor desempenho robusto.

Palavras-chave conversor buck, conversores CC-CC, incertezas paramétricas, programação linear.

1 Introduction switching through Pulse Width-Modulation (PWM)

to transfer the energy from a power source to a load.
Nowadays, DC-DC converters are increasingly Because of switching, the converter converters have
used in industrial applications due to their simplicity some inherent nonlinear behaviors (Mohan et al,
in structure, high power efficiency, low cost and high 2002), (Salimi & Zakipour, 2015). Therefore, it is a
reliability (Qian et al, 2010), (Zhang et al, 2015). challenging task to ensure the stability and higher
Some modern industries, whose processes demand efficiency of such converters (Salimi & Zakipour,
high dynamic performance, have applied different 2015). However, the non-linear behavior, due to
types of converters for applications such as in varia- switching operation, has been often neglected while
ble speed DC motor drivers (Bhaumik et al, 2016), designing the control system for the converter (Zhang
renewable energy systems (Hassanalieragh et al, et al, 2015).
2016), (Xu et al, 2017), (Kumar et al, 2017), trans- One important converter topology is the DC-DC
portation systems (Chang & Liaw, 2011), (Ghiasi et buck converter, where the required output voltage is
al, 2017), hybrid energy storage system (Xiong et al, lower than the source voltage. DC-DC buck convert-
2013), (Xu et al, 2017) and communications systems ers are typical dynamical nonlinear systems due to
(Xiong et al, 2011). The converters are controlled by the inclusion of diodes and their variable structure
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

characteristics, and their control problems are well to guarantee robustness of poles in closed-loop in a
acknowledged as a challenging issue (Middlebrook & specified region through the roots of a characteristic
Cuk, 1976), (Perry et al, 2017), (Guo et al, 2009). polynomial interval. Therefore, parametric uncertain-
The main reasons are: load variations, power source ties of a mathematical model are analyzed in control-
variations, inevitable parameter uncertainties and ler design through interval analysis concepts.
exogenous disturbances. All these uncertainties could In this paper, the design of a robust controller by
lead to instability and performance degradation. pole-placement in the interval domain is presented.
The controller design is usually based on a linear Robust pole-placement is based on a specified by a
approximation of nonlinear dynamics of the convert- family of characteristic polynomials. Robust poles of
er. Standard linear controllers, such PID controllers the closed-loop system are obtained by linear pro-
for instance, are tuned in order to regulate the output gramming (Bhattacharyya et al, 1995),
voltage of converters (Forsyth, 1998), (Middlebrook (Bhattacharyya, 1992), (Bhattacharyya et al, 1995).
& Cuk, 1976). However, such conventional control- Theory analysis shows that the proposed control-
lers may experience a sensible performance deterio- ler maintain the stability and performance of systems
ration under varying operating conditions (Middle- against possible variations in their operating condi-
brook & Cuk, 1976). In order to assure robustness tions and load disturbances.
against parameter uncertainties, linear controllers A classical controller, based on pole-placement
must be designed by using robust control theory. technique through the Diophantine equation, is used
Therefore, it is advisable to design controller to cope for performance comparison. The simulations have
with a pre-specified range of parameter uncertainties, been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
load variations, or a wide variation of operating The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In
points. In addition, the performance of the DC-DC Section II, system modeling and problem statement
converters is also affected by external disturbance, are discussed. In Section III, the design procedure of
which may cause instability that usually appear due to the proposed controller is presented based on the
the measurement noises (Salimi et al, 2011). There- problem formulation in Section II. Section IV is
fore, the controller design process must ensure the aimed to present all simulation results to justify the
performance robustness. robustness of the proposed controller. Finally, the
Recently, several advanced control techniques conclusions are presented in Section V.
have been investigated for DC-DC converter system,
which provides powerful tools in system modeling
and robust controller design. These control tech- 2 Dynamics of a Buck Converter System
niques for DC-DC converter systems can be found in
the literature, such as robust parametric control A schematic diagram of buck converter is shown
(Bhattacharyya et al, 1995), adaptive control (Tan et in Figure 1, which comprises an dc voltage source
al, 2006), sliding mode voltage control (SMVC) Vi , a PWM gate drive controlled switch d , a diode
(Labbe et al, 2014), model predictive control (MPC)
(Kim et al, 2014) and multivariable robust control D1 , a filter inductor L , a filter capacitor C , a load
(Medeiros et al, 2018), to name a few. resistance RLoad and f s is a switching frequency.
In research on dynamic systems with parametric
uncertainties, the techniques that deal with this prob- The model also includes the parasitic element, the
lem have been studied extensively over the last 40 inductor resistance rL where the uncertain values are
years (Bhattacharyya, 1992), (Bhattacharyya et al, given in Table 1.
1995). In this context, control strategies, which aim
to implement adaptive, predictive and fuzzy control
algorithms, have been widely studied for the resolu-
tion of control problems of systems with parametric
uncertainties. However, adaptive and fuzzy strategies,
being able to offer efficient and satisfactory results,
can make the implementation and operation of the
Figure 1. Buck converter topology
process more complex (Barra Junior et al, 2005).
Another way to deal with parametric uncertain-
Table 1. Uncertain values of the buck converter.
ties in systems to be controlled, it is the robust pole-
placement technique. In this technique, the robust
Parameter Value Parameter Value
controller designed must assign the closed-loop poles
to a specific region of the complex plane, S, versus Vi 15V  15% Vo 5V
the parametric uncertainties related to the mathemati- rL 0.05  15% RLoad 4  50%
cal modeling of the system. In Lordelo & Ferrreira
(2002), uncertain systems are represented by transfer L 2mH  15% C 2000uF  15%
functions whose coefficients belong to real intervals fs 5kHz
and the robust pole-placement is developed in order
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

By referring to the Kirchhoff’s voltage law and by pole-placement from the solution of a Diophantine
Kirchhoff’s current law, the dynamic model of buck equation. Then, in order to deal with the parametric
converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM) can uncertainties, a robust control by robust pole-
be written as follows: placement is proposed. Average model of buck con-
 diL verter with voltage mode control is presented in Fig-
 L dt  d Vi  vc  rL  iL (1)
ure 3.
 dv v
 C c  iL  c
 dt RLoad
Where is iL the average inductor current, vc is the
average capacitor output voltage, and the duty cycle
d  0,1 represent the control signal, which is taken
as the conduction PWM signal.
Due to the non-linearity introduced by static
switching, the analysis can be divided into two differ-
ent operation intervals for each period in CCM. Fig-
ure 2 shows the state operation of the buck converter
in CCM. Figure 3. Voltage Model Control of buck converter.

where Gc is the PID controller.

3.1 Classical Pole-Placement Methodology

Pole-placement methodology from the solution
of equation Diophantine is used to design the classi-
cal PID controller. The average model in (4) is used
to design the controller under a fixed operation con-
dition.
Considering the transfer function of the open-
Figure 2. Buck power stage states in CCM loop system G ( s ) of dynamic order n and the con-
The dynamic behavior for on and off state is de- troller transfer function C ( s ) of dynamic order r ,
fined by equations (2) and (3). represented in (9) and (10), the solution of the Dio-
 diL phantine equation (11) summarizes the pole-
 L dt  Vi  vc  rL  iL (2)
placement problem.
On   n( s ) nn s n  nn 1s n 1   no
 C dv v G(s)  
c
 iL  c
n 1 (9)
d ( s ) d n s  d n 1s   do
n
 dt RLoad
 diL nc ( s ) ar s r  ar 1s r 1   ao
 L dt  vc  rL  iL (3)
C (s)  
bn s r br 1s r 1  bo
(10)
Off   dc ( s)
C dv v
c
 iL  c
d ( s )dc ( s )  n( s )nc ( s )  d F ( s ) (11)
 dt RLoad
nr
If the buck converter operated at fixed switching  ( s)   nr s   nr 1s nr 1   o (12)
frequency, the average state-space model can be de-
where d F ( s ) is the closed-loop characteristic poly-
scribed from Equation (1) and can be calculated the
transfer function of the system. nomial and  ( s ) is the desired poles of closed-loop
Vi system.
Vc ( s) L C (4) However, it is necessary to transform Equation

D( s ) 2  1 r   1 rL  (11) into a system of linear algebraic equations. Thus,
s   L s  
 RLoad  C L   L  C RLoad  L  C 
equation (11) is rewritten as the following linear
equation,
Mx  P (13)
3 Control Design where M is the Sylvester matrix associated with the
polynomial coefficients of the plant expressed by
Voltage mode control (VMC) is a general meth- Equation (4), P is the vector associated with the
od used to solve the output voltage tracking problem desired polynomial coefficients in closed-loop, and
of buck converter. First, a classical PID is presented x is the vector associated with the coefficients of the
controller.
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

P   n r  n r 1 o  (14) closed-loop system has its poles within the roots
space of interval-desired polynomial, ensuring the
x  a0 a1 ar b0 b1 br  (15) robust stability (Lordelo and Ferreira, 2002).
It is known in the literature that when r  n  1      
the above equations admit a solution for the control-   nr   nn ar  d nbr    nr 
   n a n a d b d b    
ler coefficients. Therefore when r  n  1 , there al-  n  r 1    n r 1 n 1 r n r 1 n 1 r    n  r 1  (20)
ways exist a pole-placement controller [8].      
     
The elements of M depend only on the coeffi-      no ao  dobo    
 o  
 o 
cients of the numerator and denominator of G ( s ) .
The robust controller coefficients are calculated
 nn dn  by using the linear programming technique as shown
 
 nn 1 nn d n 1 dn  below,
 

nn 1 d n 1
 min  f  x  (21)
Ac x b
 nn dn 
M  (16)
n nn 1 do d n 1  where,
 o 
 no do   A b 
  Ac    , b   max  (22)

 A  bmin 
 
 no do  where f  x  is an arbitrary linear function in x , x is
The desired specifications for the closed-loop the vector with the parameter of the controller to be
voltage control for the buck converter are set to: Set- optimized, bmin and bmax are, respectively, the ine-
tling time tset  100ms and overshoot SP  5% . qualities relative to lower and higher limits of the
closed-loop system. The matrix A corresponds to
open-loop plant coefficients.
3.2 Robust Control Technique
Considering the case where the plant, defined in
3.3 Robust Control Design by linear programming
(9), is subject to parameter uncertainty, the transfer
function plant become an interval transfer function as According to the uncertainties of the plant de-
follows: fined in Table 1, the transfer function in (4) become
n
i an interval transfer function as shown belong,
n( s )  ni s
G( s)   i 0
V (s) n
G(s)  c  2 o
n
i
d (s)  di s (17) 
i 0 D( s) s d1s  d o
     
ni  ni  ni , d i  d i  d i , i no  no  no (23)
The characteristic polynomial family of the    
d1  d1  d1 , d o  d o  d o
closed-loop system is determined by equation (11).
In order to guarantee the robustness of the The values of the desired interval polynomial in
closed-loop system against uncertainties, it is consid- closed-loop are obtained by varying the performance
ered that the parameters of the desired polynomial, established for the classical controller as follows,
described by equation (12), assume values such that t set  100ms  25%
their coefficients belong to an interval, as shows in (24)
equation (18), delimiting a desired region for the SP  5%  25%
robust pole-placement. Thus, the desired polynomial According to equation (24), the interval values
in closed-loop corresponds to an interval polynomial of damping coefficients and natural frequency are
family, which includes the desired nominal polyno-  d  0.52,0.86 and n  43.47,72.45 , respectively.
mial. The adoption of interval values theses parameters
nr
 ( s)   nr s   n  r 1s n  r 1   o allow increase the damping of dominant oscillatory
(18) mode.
 
 i   i   i , i The controller structure and the closed-loop de-
To satisfy the stability and performance condi- sired polynomial are shown in equations (25) and
tions, it is necessary and sufficient to satisfy the con- (26), respectively.
dition shown in equation (19). 2
K d s  K p s  Ki a2 s 2  a1s  ao
 ( s)  d F ( s) (19) C (s)   (25)
s  s   b2 s 2 b1
According to Keel & Bhattacharyya (1997) and
Equation (19), for the robust controller design is for-
mulated a linear inequalities set, which restricted the
plant and desired polynomial coefficients in the de-
fined intervals, as shown in Eq. (20). Thus, the
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

 ( s )   4 s   3 s   2 s  1 s   o
4 3 2

 
 i   i   i , i  0,1, 2, 3, 4

   s  a  s  b 
(26)
 ( s )  s  2n s  n
2 2

   
     , n  n  n
where a and b are non-dominant poles of the sys-
tems, therefore their characteristic do not influence in
the system behavior. The location of these non-
dominant poles is at the discretion of designer.
4  1
 3   203.75, 339.58

 2   2.04, 3.41  10
5 Figure 4. Load variation over time.
(27)

1  1.57, 2.62  10
5

 o   4.41,10.68  10
8

By using the robust control technique in (21) and

(22), the robust controller is tuned. The classical and
robust controller are shown in (28) and (29), respec-
tively.
2
0.0008959s  0.1717s  227.9
C ( s )Classical  (28)
s  s 80 
2
0.0007338s  0.0543s  225.6
C ( s ) Robust  (29)
s  s 81.72 
Figure 5. Voltage control under load variations.

4 Simulation Results The ISE index can be observed in Figure 6. The

ISE of robust controller is lower in all the entire vari-
The performance of the robust controller, de- ation range.
fined in (29), is evaluated and compared with classi-
cal controller, defined in (28), by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation parameters
of buck converter is presented in Table 1.
These controllers must guarantee robustness and
maintain performance against disturbances caused by
the parametric uncertainties. For this reason, the per-
formance of each controller is analyzed with the fol-
lowing disturbances. First, the load, RLoad , of the
converter is varied within the range established in
Table 1.Then the performance is analyzed with varia-
tions in the dc input voltage Vi . Finally, it is simulat-
ed for changes in operating voltage Vo .
Figure 6. The cost function ISE when the system submitted a
The results for the first case is shown in Figure parametric variation in load using a classical and robust controller.
5. Figure 4 shows the load variation over time.
Figure 5 presents the simulated output behavior
by using a classical and robust control. Note that both
controller have succeeded in correcting the variation.
However, the robust controller reduces the amplitude
of oscillations, allowing a shorter settling time.
Figure 8 shows the close-loop response of the
system for input voltage variations as shown in Fig-
ure 7.
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

Figure 10 shows the closed-loop dynamic under

variations in operating voltage. Note that the perfor-
mance of controllers is almost the same under varia-
tions in the operation voltage. The operation voltage
vary in a range of  4,6 V .
Figure 11 shows the cost function ISE when the
system is subjected to a variation of the output volt-
age. The comparison of the ISE index for variations
of operation condition.

Figure 7. Vi variation over time.

Figure 10. Voltage control under operation condition variations.

Figure 8. Voltage control under input voltage variations.

It can be observed in Figure 8 that both control-

lers can compensate for the input voltage variation,
but the robust controller more effectively compen-
sates the oscillations. Figure 9 shows the comparison
of ISE performance index of classical and robust
controller. This index evaluates the impact of voltage
variation on the controller performance. Therefore,
the robust controller shows the best performance un-
der input voltage variations.
Figure 11. The cost function ISE when the system submitted a
variation in output voltage using a classical and robust controller.

5 Conclusion

This paper proposed to use a robust control

technique integrated to linear programming technique
for the design of a fix order robust controller by ro-
bust pole-placement, in order to guarantee the stabil-
ity of the system and maintain the desired perfor-
mance against parametric uncertainties.
The results show that both controller ensured the
robust stability of the system. Both controllers pre-
Figure 9. The cost function ISE when the system submitted a sent a good performance under variations of the op-
parametric variation in input voltage using a classical and robust erating conditions of the system. However, the index
controller.
performance comparison show that the robust con-
troller more effectively compensates for disturbances.
XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática – CBA2018, Brazil, 2018

Acknowledgements IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,

California USA.
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for the financial support given to this research. The voltage regulation of a DC/DC converter. IET
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Littoral (ESPOL) for the engineering training provid- 1968.
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