Dianne Mikko Z.

Dela Cruz
Joseph Reynald C. Dela Cruz, CCSSM
Renissa F. Sacdalan
Carl Luigi B. Fabro
Module Writers
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Contents:

1.1 Defining Key Concepts in Crowd and Crisis Management

1.2 Understanding Incidents, Emergencies, Crises, and Disasters
1.3 Crisis Situations
1.4 Republic Act 10121 (DRRM Act of 2010)
1.5 Republic Act 9372 (Human Security Act of 2007)
1.6 Republic Act 9514 (Fire Code of the Philippine of 2008)
1.7 Republic 11469 (Bayanihan to Heal as One Act)
1.8 Republic 11479 (Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020)

Duration: Three and a Half Hours (3.5 Hours)

INTRODUCTION
Two of the most critical concerns of people whenever they travel to another
destination or stay someplace else are safety and security. For them, to be protected
from hazards is of paramount importance. According to AlBattat and Mat Som (2013),
emergency planning and preparedness for a crisis are considered the most significant
components in dealing with disasters. They also stated that hospitality practitioners
noticed a rising number of natural and man-made crises that harm the hospitality
industry. The industry itself tends to be highly sensitive to its adverse impacts, such
as internal communication failure, bad quality decisions, inadequate coordination,
confusion in responsibilities, and the rise of fear and panic among people involved.
The hospitality industry, operating 24/7 all year round, has a unique vulnerability to
hazards, including the inseparability between the service providers and the guests.
Any crisis can impact even the most well-prepared institutions.

At present, there is still a lack of studies focusing on crisis management and

emergency planning and preparedness for hospitality establishments such as hotels
and restaurants. Moreover, emerging literature shows that emergency planning in
hotels has only been incorporated into reactive response in last few decades.
Mendoza et. al (2012) have also stated that the hotel and hospitality industries have
been repeatedly affected by natural and human-made disasters, crisis included, and
that directly affects the guest arrival numbers. Therefore, proactive preparedness
should be done before a crisis, or worst, a disaster takes place, in order to improve
operational capabilities and facilitating an emergency management response
(Bumgarner, 2008).

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the student should be able to:

1. define the key concepts involved in crowd and crisis management.

2. discuss the basics of crisis management.
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3. characterize the different stages of crisis.

4. present the legal bases of crowd and crisis management and planning.

LESSON PROPER
It is an undeniable fact that people become affected by the stresses and
challenges brought about by crises and other hazardous events such as emergencies
and disasters. Sometimes, these stresses can be overwhelming and quite traumatic
for an individual. A crisis manager, alternatively known as the incident commander,
should pay attention to and recognize how these events impact and change those who
are under enormous pressure during a high-stress crisis situation, himself included.

1.1 DEFINING KEY CONCEPTS IN CROWD AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

The term crisis pertains to any event or condition that is most likely to lead to an
unstable, stressful, extremely difficult, and dangerous situation, adversely affecting a
person, group, community, or an entire nation. It may also be defined as “a crucial or
decisive point or situation”, “a time of great disagreement, confusion, trouble, or
suffering” and “a turning point for the better or the worse”. A crisis may also be defined
as “any significant threat to operations that can have negative consequences if not
dealt with properly” (Schroeder, 2020).
Crowd refers to large volume of people gathered in one place or in meetings.

Crowd Control involves security practice and protocols on how to manage and
prevent the outbreak of crowd crushes, fighting, commotion, and riots of people in a
large crowds or gatherings.

Crowd Control Management is a specific training program regarding on how to

control the crowd and crowd safety that all part of the security and safety/crowd control
team should need to learn. It involves leadership skills, accurate communications,
proper equipment, and decision making in managing the crowd.

Crisis Management characterizes the ability of an organization or institution to

react properly and manage the effect of a hazard and emergency situation.

Crowd and Crisis Management is the process of preparing for and managing
emergencies and behaviors that threaten to harm an organization, its staff, and its
stakeholders, including large groups of people who are gathered at a venue or an
event. Crowd and Crisis Management in the hospitality industry encompasses making
risk and vulnerability assessments, identifying the roles of each staff and guests during
critical situations, understanding human behaviors during crisis, and knowing how to
follow and perform the appropriate safety procedures during emergency situations.

1.2 UNDERSTANDING INCIDENTS, EMERGENCIES, CRISES, AND DISASTERS

Many people and businesses deal with incidents and emergencies at some point.
Some of these may become crises and may even lead to disastrous outcomes. In the
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business context, all of these will impact one’s reputation, profitability, and the survival
or the demise of the business operations. Incidents, emergencies, crises, and
disasters are all connected in some way. Certainly, the last three terminologies imply
that something bad has happened or is happening. Choosing which of these
terminologies is appropriate to use only depends on the magnitude of the event and
which phase of the event a person is experiencing.

Numerous incidents happen all the time – to anyone, anywhere. Technically, an

incident refers to “an event that is either unpleasant or unusual”. Arguably, an incident
is considered the starting point – one that can evolve into the emergency, turn into a
crisis and ultimately, without control, end in disaster for the person or the business. A
car accident, a theft, an assault, industrial espionage, and breakdown of a major part
of a company’s infrastructure are all examples of incidents since the term incident “is
not solely concerned with major accidents involving fire, death and explosion” (Elliott
et.al.,2010).

The key to the survival of a business is to plan for an emergency. As stated in the
UK Civil Contingencies Act 2004, an emergency is “an event or situation which
threatens serious damage to human welfare or the environment, or an act of war or
terrorism which threatens serious damage to security”. It can pertain to the immediate
aftermath of an incident or a disaster, while in business terms, it could be the response
to a fall in share price or profit warning. Nevertheless, it is essential that within any
emergency plan, roles and responsibilities of each member are laid out and clearly
defined.

According to Pettinger (2007), “All organizations face crises from time to time. The
key is to ensure that this is acknowledged by top and senior management, and that
processes are in place” (Pettinger, 2007). A crisis, as defined by Lucas Ludek (2016),
is an important phenomenon, which has negative influence on human society and this
negative effect is a common sign of security breach and crisis. It encompasses events
or conditions that usually lead to a stressful or dangerous situation that adversely
impacts a person, a community, and even a business entity. Basically, the crisis is
created due to 1) unexpected and large negative situation and 2) unmanaged control.
It necessitates quick decisions to minimize damages to an organization, its
stakeholders, and the public.

Like incidents, disasters come in many forms. Chapman (200) defined disaster as
“an occurrence that causes great distress or destruction”, hence, it would be any event
that would cause a business trading to cease its operations and lose profit. Disasters
that may affect business are either naturally occurring such as earthquakes, tsunami,
and volcanic eruptions, or man-made like bad publicity, chemical spills, bankruptcy
and losing a key member of the staff.

In conclusion, incidents, emergencies, crises, and disasters appear to closely-

linked and tend to follow on from each other unless there are processes or procedures
in place to control them. An incident becomes the trigger, the emergency is the
immediate aftermath, the crisis is the result of an emergency beginning to overwhelm
the person or the business, and the disaster becomes the culmination of all these
elements when all of the controls put in place start to fail.

1.3 CRISIS SITUATIONS

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A crisis refers to “a stressful time in an individual's life when they experience a

breakdown or disruption in their usual or normal daily activities or family functioning”
(Crisis Situations: Types & Examples, 2015).

❖ Three (3) elements that makes a situation a crisis situation:

1. The situation is very stressful.

2. There is time for intervention.
3. There is a period in which an individual is having a hard time coping with a
situation.

❖ Types of Crisis Situations

The following situations may be considered crisis situations:

▪ Family disruption (family disturbance)

▪ Natural disasters
▪ Suicidal ideation or threatening to commit suicide
▪ Economic changes (losing a job, medical expenses, utilities being shut
off)
▪ Lack of community resources (housing resources, food resources,
inadequate crime protection)
▪ Life events (birth of a child, loss of a family member, a child moving out)

1.4 REPUBLIC ACT 10121 (DRRM ACT OF 2010)

(Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010)

The enactment of Republic Act 10121, better known as the “Philippine Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010” will strengthen the country’s Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management System. It will also provide a National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management framework and institutionalize the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management plan including the fund support and other purposes.

It was stated in Section 4 of RA 10121 that this Act provides for the development
of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all
aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk
assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing
underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) were
established to address national programs for disaster management focusing on the
four (4) thematic areas of disaster: 1) prevention and mitigation, 2) disaster
preparedness, 3) disaster response and 4) disaster recovery and rehabilitation.

Definition of Terms from Section 3 of RA 10121

Capacity - a combination of all strengths and resources available within a

community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a
disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions,
societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes
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such as social relationships, leadership and management. Capacity may also be

described as capability.

Climate Change - a change in climate that can' be identified by changes in the mean
and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically
decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity

Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources. Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of:
the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and
insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences, Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other
negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being, together with
damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, Social and economic
disruption and environmental degradation

Disaster Mitigation - the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards

and related disasters

Disaster Preparedness - the knowledge and capacities developed by

governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and
individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the Impacts of
likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions

Disaster Prevention - the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and

related disasters, it expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid
potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance such as construction of
dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks, land-use regulations that do not
permit any settlement in high-risk zones, and seismic engineering designs that
ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake

Disaster Response - the provision of emergency services and public assistance

during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts,
ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.
Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and
is sometimes called "disaster relief"

Disaster Risk - the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets
and services, which could occur to a particular community or a Society over some
specified future time period

Disaster Risk Reduction - the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks
through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters,
including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people
and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved
preparedness for adverse events

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management - the systematic process of using

administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to
implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the
adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster
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Emergency - unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger, demanding

immediate action

Exposure - the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard
events of different magnitudes

Hazard - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage

Rehabilitation - measures that ensure the ability of affected communities/areas to

restore their normal level of functioning by rebuilding livelihood and damaged
infrastructures and increasing the communities' organizational capacity.

Risk Assessment - a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by

analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that
together could potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihood and
the environment on which they depend. Risk assessments with associated risk
mapping include: a review of the technical characteristics of hazards such as their
location, intensity, frequency and probability; the analysis of exposure and
vulnerability including the physical, social, health, economic and environmental
dimensions; and the evaluation of the effectiveness of prevailing and alternative
coping capacities in respect to likely risk scenarios

State of Calamity - a condition involving mass casualty and/or major damages to

property, disruption of means of livelihoods, roads and normal way of life of people
in the affected areas as a result of the occurrence of natural or human-induced
hazard

Vulnerability - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may
arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors such as
poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of
public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks and
preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management.

Section 5 of RA 10121: The present National Disaster Coordinating Council or

NDCC shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council, hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the National Council.
The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of National
Defense (DND) as Chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior
and Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the
Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and
the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.

Section 8 of RA 10121: The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall have the
primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster
risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in the continuous
development of strategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce
the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters.
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Section 10 of RA 10121: The current Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils

shall henceforth be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Councils (RDRRMCs) which shall coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the
activities of the LDRRMCs. The RDRRMC shall be responsible in ensuring disaster
sensitive regional development plans, and in case of emergencies shall convene the
different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and authorities.

Section 11 of RA 10121: Organization at the Local Government Level. - The

existing Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shall
henceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils shall cease
to exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth be assumed by the existing
Barangay Development Councils (BDCs) which shall serve as the LDRRMCs in every
barangay.

Section 12 of RA 10121: There shall be established an Local Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) in every province, city and
municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee
(BDRRMC) in every · barangay which shall be responsible for setting the direction,
development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs
within their territorial jurisdiction.

Section 16 of RA 10121: The National Council shall recommend to the

President of the Philippines the declaration of a cluster of barangays, municipalities,
cities, provinces, and regions under a state of calamity, and the lifting thereof, based
on the criteria set by the National Council. The President's declaration may warrant
international humanitarian assistance as deemed necessary. The declaration and
lifting of the state of calamity may also be issued by the local sanggunian, upon the
recommendation of the LDRRMC, based on the results of the damage assessment
and needs analysis.

Section 25 of RA 10121: The present Local Calamity Fund shall henceforth be

known as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). Not
less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set
aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not
limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-
saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for
the payment of premiums on calamity insurance. The LDRRMC shall monitor and
evaluate the use and disbursement of the LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as
incorporated in the local development plans and annual work and financial plan. Upon
the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the sanggunian concerned, the
LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other
LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity.

1.5 REPUBLIC ACT 9372 (HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007)

Section 2 (Declaration of Policy) - It is declared a policy of the State to protect

life, liberty, and property from acts of terrorism, to condemn terrorism as inimical and
dangerous to the national security of the country and to the welfare of the people, and
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to make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against humanity, and against
the law of nations.

In the implementation of the policy stated above, the State shall uphold the
basic rights and fundamental liberties of the people as enshrined in the Constitution.

The State recognizes that the fight against terrorism requires a comprehensive
approach, comprising political, economic, diplomatic, military, and legal means duly
taking into account the root causes of terrorism without acknowledging these as
justifications for terrorist and/or criminal activities. Such measures shall include conflict
management and post-conflict peace-building, addressing the roots of conflict by
building state capacity and promoting equitable economic development.

Nothing in this Act shall be interpreted as a curtailment, restriction or diminution

of constitutionally recognized powers of the executive branch of the government. It is
to be understood, however that the exercise of the constitutionally recognized powers
of the executive department of the government shall not prejudice respect for human
rights which shall be absolute and protected at all times.

Section 3 (Terrorism) - Any person who commits an act punishable under any
of the following provisions of the Revised Penal Code:

a. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine
Waters);
b. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
c. Article 134-a (Coup d' Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
d. Article 248 (Murder);
e. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
f. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction), or under
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of
1974); and,
6. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on
Illegal and Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition
of Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives)

thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and
panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful
demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty
(40) years of imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as provided for under Act No.
4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended.
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Section 4 (Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism) - Persons who conspire to

commit the crime of terrorism shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of
imprisonment.

There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an agreement

concerning the commission of the crime of terrorism as defined in Section 3 hereof
and decide to commit the same.

Section 5 (Accomplice) - Any person who, not being a principal under Article
17 of the Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as defined in Section 4 hereof,
cooperates in the execution of either the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit
terrorism by previous or simultaneous acts shall suffer the penalty of from seventeen
(17) years, four months one day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment.

Section 6 (Accessory) - Any person who, having knowledge of the

commission of the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism, and without
having participated therein, either as principal or accomplice under Articles 17 and 18
of the Revised Penal Code, takes part subsequent to its commission in any of the
following manner: (a) by profiting himself or assisting the offender to profit by the
effects of the crime; (b) by concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the
effects, or instruments thereof, in order to prevent its discovery; (c) by harboring,
concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal or conspirator of the crime, shall
suffer the penalty of ten (10) years and one day to twelve (12) years of imprisonment.

Section 17 (Proscription of Terrorist Organizations, Association, or

Group of Persons)- Any organization, association, or group of persons organized for
the purpose of engaging in terrorism, or which, although not organized for that
purpose, actually uses the acts to terrorize mentioned in this Act or to sow and create
a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace in
order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall, upon
application of the Department of Justice before a competent Regional Trial Court, with
due notice and opportunity to be heard given to the organization, association, or group
of persons concerned, be declared as a terrorist and outlawed organization,
association, or group of persons by the said Regional Trial Court.

1.6 REPUBLIC ACT 9514 (FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINE OF 2008)

Section 2 (Declaration of Policy)- It is the policy of the State to ensure public

safety, promote economic development through the prevention and suppression of all
kinds, of destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of the fire service as a
profession. Towards this end, the State shall enforce all laws, rules and regulations to
ensure adherence to standard fire prevention and safety measures, and promote
accountability in the fire protection and prevention service.

Definition of Terms from Section 3

Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of
a building for him.
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Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set
off explosives. 2009lawsprem

Damper - A normally open device installed inside air duct system which automatically
closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of
combustion.

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it
lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the
occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to
enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire.

Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or
partitions.

Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere
with fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public-way that should be kept opened and
unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of fire fighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the protection of
buildings or persons to include, but not limited to, built-in protection system such as
sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and
combustion products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other garments that
may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls, barriers, doors,
windows, vents, means of egress etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or
structure in order to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before
the building is evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others,
safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress on construction which
are sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or floor of
origin and delay their spread to other parts of the building by means of smoke sealed
and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to include the treatment of
buildings components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.

Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device

in an electrical system.

Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended
to be used.

Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by
virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance
of the latter.
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Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or
consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical
system.

Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or
real property.

Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people
congregate, gather, or assemble for any purpose.

Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in

a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which
automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from
a fire.

Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can
be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the
outlets as needed.

Section 4 (Applicability of the Code)- The provisions of the Fire Code shall
apply to all persons and all private and public buildings, facilities or structures erected
or constructed before and after its effectivity.

Section 5 (Responsibility for the Enforcement of this Code)- This Code

shall be administered and enforced by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), under the
direct supervision and control of the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Protection, through the
hierarchy of organization as provided for in Chapter VI of Republic Act No. 6975. With
the approval of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG), the Chief, BFP, is hereby authorized to:

a. Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe standards,

schedules of fees/fire service charges and administrative penalties therefor as
provided in the pertinent provisions of this Code;

b. Reorganize the BFP as may be necessary and appropriate;

c. Support and assist fire volunteers, practitioners and fire volunteer

organizations in the country who shall undergo mandatory fire suppression, inspection,
rescue, emergency medical services and related emergency response trainings and
competency evaluations to be conducted by the BFP. In the case of the fire
practitioners, they shall undergo mandatory continuous professional education and
competency evaluation of their expertise, knowledge and skills in the area of fire
science, engineering and technology to be conducted by the BFP.

The BFP may enter into external party agreements for the conduct of trainings,
education and evaluation of fire volunteers, practitioners and fire volunteer
organizations, which shall be under the full control and supervision of the BFP:
Provided, however, That during firefighting operations, fire volunteer organizations
shall be under the direct operational control of the fire ground commanders of the BFP;

d. Enter into long term agreement, either through public biddings or negotiations
in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 9184, otherwise known as the
Government Procurement Reform Act of 2003, for the acquisition of fire prevention,
fire protection and firefighting investigation, rescue, paramedics, hazardous material
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handling equipment, supplies, materials and related technical services necessary for
the fire service;

e. Enter into Memoranda of Agreement with other departments, bureaus,

agencies, offices and corporations of the government, as well as private institutions,
in order to define areas of cooperation and coordination and delineate responsibility
on fire prevention education, fire safety, fire prevention, fire suppression and other
matters of common concern;

f. Call on the police, other law enforcement agencies, and local government
assistance to render necessary assistance in the enforcement of this Code;

g. Designate a fire safety inspector through his/her duly authorized

representative, who shall conduct an inspection of every building or structure within
his area of responsibility at least once a year and every time the owner, administrator
or occupant shall renew his/her business permit or permit to operate;

No occupancy permit, business or permit to operate shall be issued without

securing a Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) from the Chief, BFP, or his/her
duly authorized representative;

h. Inspect at reasonable time, any building, structure, installation or premises

for dangerous or hazardous conditions or materials as set forth in this Code, provided
that in case of single family dwelling, an inspection must be upon the consent of the
occupant or upon lawful order from the proper court. The Chief, BFP or his/her duly
authorized representative shall order the owner/occupant to remove hazardous
materials and/or stop hazardous operation/process in accordance with the standards
set by this Code or its implementing rules or regulations or other pertinent laws;

i. Where conditions exist and are deemed hazardous to life and property, to
order the owner/occupant of any building or structure to summarily abate such
hazardous conditions;

j. Require the building owner/occupant to submit plans and specifications, and

other pertinent documents of said building to ensure compliance with applicable codes
and standards; and

k. Issue a written notice to the owner and/or contractor to stop work on portion
of any work due to absence, or in violation of approved plans and specifications, permit
and/or clearance or certification as approved by the Chief, BFP or his/her duly
authorized representative. The notice shall state the nature of the violation and no
work shall be continued on that portion until the violation had been corrected.

Section 8 (Prohibited Acts) - The following are declared as prohibited act and
omission:

a. Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or across to buildings clearly marked

for fire safety purposes, such as but not limited to aisles in interior rooms, any part of
stairways, hallways, corridors, vestibules, balconies or bridges leading to a stairway
or exit of any kind, or tolerating or allowing said violations;

b. Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to building components and

yards, and temporary or permanent structures on public ways, which obstruct the
orderly and easy passage of fire fighting vehicles and equipment;
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c. Prevention, interference or obstruction of any operation of the fire service, or

of duly organized and authorized fire brigades;

d. Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants;

e. Overcrowding or admission of persons beyond the authorized capacity in

movie houses, theaters, coliseums, auditoriums or other public assembly buildings,
except in other assembly areas on the ground floor with open sides or open doors
sufficient to provide safe exits;

f. Locking fire exits during period when people are inside the building;

g. Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or smoke

partitions or dampers;

h. Use of fire protective or fire fighting equipment of the fire service other than
for firefighting except in other emergencies where their use are justified;

i. Giving false or malicious fire alarms;

j. Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by fire service, or throwing

of cigars, cigarettes, burning objects in places which may start or cause fire;

k. Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner

without appropriate safety measures;

l. Removing, destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark, seal,

sign or tag posted or required by the fire service for fire safety in any building, structure
or processing equipment; and

m. Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the

electrical system beyond its designated capacity or such other practices that would
tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical system.

Section 15 (Presidential Decree No. 1185 is hereby repealed)- All laws,

presidential decrees, letters of instructions, executive orders, rules and regulations
insofar as they are inconsistent with this Act, are hereby repealed or amended as the
case may be.

1.7 REPUBLIC 11469 (BAYANIHAN TO HEAL AS ONE ACT)

Rule I Preliminary Provisions

Section 1.01 (Title) These rules (“Rules”) shall be known and cited as the
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Section 4 (aa) of Republic Act No. 11469,
otherwise known as the “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act”.

Section 1.02 (Purpose) These Rules are issued to prescribe the guidelines
and procedure for the implementation of Section 4(aa) of the “Bayanihan to Heal as
One Act”.
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Section 1.03 (Interpretation Clause) These Rules shall be interpreted to

harmonize with Section 4 (n) of the “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act” which provides
that the President shall have the power to “ensure the availability of credit to the
productive sectors of the economy especially in the countryside through measures
such as, but not limited to, lowering the effective lending rates of interest and reserve
requirements of lending institutions”.

Moreover, these rules shall be liberally construed to ensure the fulfilment of the
policy objective of Section 4(aa) of the “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act”.

Section 1.04 (Declaration of Policy) The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly

affected nations worldwide, including the Philippines, and has caused and is
continuing to cause loss of lives and disruption to the economy. Thus, there is an
urgent need, among other things, to: (a) undertake a program for recovery and
rehabilitation, including a social amelioration program and provision of safety nets to
all affected sectors; (b) partner with the private sector and other stakeholders to deliver
these measures and programs quickly and efficiently; and (c) promote and protect the
collective interests of all Filipinos in these challenging times.

1.8 REPUBLIC 11479 (ANTI-TERRORISM ACT OF 2020)

Section 2 (Declaration of Policy)– It is declared a policy of the State to protect

life, liberty, and property from terrorism, to condemn terrorism as inimical and
dangerous to the national security of the country and to the welfare of the people, and
to make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against humanity, and against
The Law of Nations.

Section 4 (Terrorism)- Subject to Section 49 of this Act, terrorism is committed

by any person who, within or outside the Philippines, regardless of the stage of
execution:
a. Engages in acts intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to any person,
or endangers a person's life;
b. Engages in acts intended to cause extensive damage or destruction to a
government or public facility, public place or private property;
c. Engages in acts intended to cause extensive interference with, damage or
destruction to critical infrastructure;
d. Develops, manufactures, possesses, acquires, transports, supplies or uses
weapons, explosives or of biological, nuclear, radiological or chemical
weapons; and
e. Release of dangerous substances, or causing fire, floods or explosions

Section 5 (Threat to Commit Terrorism)- Any person who shall threaten to

commit any of the acts mentioned in Section 4 hereof shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment of twelve (12) years.

Section 6 (Planning, Training, Preparing, and Facilitating the Commission

of Terrorism)- It shall be unlawful for any person to participate in the planning,
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training, preparation and facilitation in the commission of terrorism, possessing objects

connected with the preparation for the commission of terrorism, or collecting or making
documents connected with the preparation of terrorism. Any person found guilty of the
provisions of this Act shall suffer the penalty of life imprisonment without the benefit of
parole and the benefits of Republic Act No. 10592.

Section 7 (Conspiracy to commit Terrorism)- Any conspiracy to commit

terrorism as defined and penalized under Section 4 of this Act shall suffer the penalty
of life imprisonment without the benefit of parole and the benefits of Republic Act No.
10592,

Section 8 (Proposal to Commit Terrorism)- Any person who proposes to

commit terrorism as defined in Section 4 hereof shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment of twelve (12) years.

Section 9 (Inciting to commit Terrorism)– Any person who, without taking

any direct part in the commission of terrorism, shall incite others to the execution of
any of the acts specified in Section 4 hereof by means of speeches, proclamations,
writings, emblems, banners or other representations tending to the same end, shall
suffer the penalty of imprisonment of twelve (12) years.

Section 10 (Recruitment to and Membership in a Terrorist Organization)-

Any person who shall recruit another to participate in, join, commit or support terrorism
or a terrorist individual or any terrorist organization, association or group of proscribed
under Section 26 hereof or the United Nations Security Council-designated terrorist
organization, or organized for the purpose of engaging in terrorism.

Section 14 (Accessory)- Any person who, having knowledge of the

commission of any of the crimes defined and penalized under Section 4 of this Act,
without having participated therein, takes part subsequent to its commission in any of
the following manner:
a. by profiting himself/herself or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the
crime;
b. by concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the effects, or instruments
thereof, in order to prevent its discovery; or
c. by harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal or
conspirator of the crime, shall be liable as an accessory and shall suffer the
penalty of imprisonment of twelve (12) years.