GARDEN WALLS &

• Improve Backyard Environments

• Enhance Privacy & Enjoyment
• Define Space & Borders

(j
M INNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA
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The complete guide to garden walls & fences: improve backyard Set Builder: James Parmeter
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"Created by the editors of Creative Publishing International, Inc
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incooperation with Black & Decker."
Includes index. Edition Editor: Phillip Schmidt
ISBN-13: 978-1-58923-519-9 (soft cover) copy Editor Betsy Matheson
ISBN-10: 1-58923-519-3 (soft cover) Proofreader: Kristen Olson
1. Fences. 2. Garden structures. 3. Retaining walls. 4. walls. I.
Creative Publishing International. II. Black & Decker Corporation
(Towson, Md.)
TH4965.C652010
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2009048792

The Complete Guide to Garden walls & Fences

created by: The Editors of Creative Publishing international,lnc., in cooperation with Black & Decker.
Black & Decker® is a trademark of The Black & Decker Corporation and is used under license.

NOTICE TO READERS
For safety, use caution, care, and good judgment when following the procedures described in this book. The Publisher
and Black & Decker cannot assume responsibility for any damage to property or injury to persons as a result of misuse
of the information provided.
The techniques shown in this book are general techniques for various applications. In some instances, additional
techniques not shown in this book may be required. Always follow manufacturers' instructions included with products,
since deviating from the directions may void warranties. The projects In this book vary widely as to skill levels required:
some may not be appropriate for ali do-it-yourselfers, and some may require professional help.
Consult your local Building Department for information on building permits, codes and other laws as they apply to
your project.
Contents
The Complete Guide to
Garden Walls & Fences
Introduction . .. ... ... .. ... ... ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... . .5
Gallery of Garden w alls & Fences .. .. . . . . ..• .. ... . . . . .6

PLANNING & BASIC TECHNIQUES ... .. .•. .. ... • . .... .15

Making a Plan . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 16
Handling Slope ...................................... 18
Laying Out Fencelines ........... . . ........ . . ......... 22
Setti ng Posts . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .• . . .. . . .. . 26
Working with Stone. . .. . . .. . 30
working with Brick & Concrete Block . . .. . 34
Mixing & Placing Mortar. . . .38
Working with Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 40
Concrete Footings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Fence & Wa ll MaterialS. . .. . 46
Tools . . . .. 48

FENCE & GATE PROJECTS ... .. •... .. . • . . •... •. .... .51

Board & Stringer Fence . . . .. . . .. . •. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 52
wood Panel Fences ............. .. ................... 56
Picket Fence. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Post & Board Fences. . .. . . .. . 68
Split Rail Fence . . . .74
virginia Rail Fence . . .. .78
Wood Composite Fence . . .. . 82
Vinyl Panel Fence . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . 86
Ornamental Metal Fence ......... .. ........ .. ......... 90
Chain Li nk Fence & Gate .............................. 94
Trellis Fence . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . • . . . .. . . . . • . . . .. . . .. 102
Bamboo Fence .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 106
Invisible Dog Fence ................................. 110
Brick & Cedar Fence ............ .. ........ .. ........ 116
Stone & Rail Fence . · .. . . .. 120
Easy Custom Gates. · .. . . .. 122
Arched Gate ........... . · ...... 126
Trellis Gate . . . .. . . .. . . • . · .. . . .. 130

GARDEN WALLS ... ... .. .. .... . . . •. . . . .. ... • . .... 135

patio Wa ll ..................... .. ........ .. ........ 136
Outdoor Kitchen wa ll s
& Cou nte rtop . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 142
Dry Stone Wall ........................... . ......... 146
Mortared Stone wall .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
Brick Garden Wall . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. 154
Mortarless Block Wall. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 158
poured Concrete wa ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ...... 162
Interlocking Block Reta ining Wall . . .168
Timber Retain ing Wa ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 174
Stone Retaining Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 176
poured Concrete Retaining wall . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 180

REPAIRS FOR WALLS & FENCES .. ... .. . . . .. ... •. .... 187

Stone Walls . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 188
Brick Structures . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 192
Wood Fences . ..................... . .. 196

Resources .. ... .. . . ... . .. .... .. ... . . . . .... .. .... 204

Photo Credits .. .. . . . .. • . .... ....•.. . .. . • . . •. .... 205
Index ... .. ... .. . .. . .• .. . .. .. . .•. . .. . .• .. •. .... 206
I

Introduction
S troll through an y residential ne ighborhood and yo u're bound to see at least a doze n different styles of fen c in g
and garden wa lls built \"lit h nea rl y as many different material s. If YO Ll pause to admire the look of a fe nce
or \,va ll , consider hm,v it enhances (or de tracts from ) th e hOllse and grounds. vVhat do the homeovmers achieve
by adding the fen ce or wa ll to the ya rd ? Perhaps the fen ce adds privacy for a backya rd patio or sec urity for a
sv.rimming pool or play area. Or, maybe it c re ates a de corative boundary li ne, ad din g cu rb ap pea l.
As a passerby, \v hat does the fence or wa ll do for you? Does it make you feel welcome or j ust th e opposite?
Does it direc t visito rs to a front e ntra nce? Does it co mplement th e hOll se in the backg round o r s impl y o bsc ure it
from view? These a re the kinds of que s tions you' ll be asking you rself w hen it's tim e to brainstorm about yo u r new
fence or \va ll project. I n othe r wo rds , there's more to th e pl an ning process than c hoosing a style and mate rial s.
For sta rte rs , it's helpful to think of wa ll s and fe nces as more than j us t borde rs and barri e rs ; indeed, th ey ca n
be pm.ve rful des ign tools. To apprec iate w hat a wa ll or fe nce cun do for yo ur outdoor s paces, think for a mo ment
a bout th e ma ny us es of wa ll s inside yo ur home. \t\fa lls a re th e primary building blocks of every floo r pla n . They
c re ate rooms out of e mpty s pace . They make pri vate areas priva te a nd turn wide-o pen s paces into more usable,
comfortable zones . They direc t traffic throu gh the house an d serve as bac kdrop s for furniture a nd de corations .
An d finally, wi th th e help of w indows, wa lls shape and e nh ance yo ur views of th e outside wo rld .
Outdoor \,va ll s a nd fenc es can have the sa me tran sformati ve e ffec ts. A tall , so lid fen ce instan t ly provides
pri vacy and a se nse of sec urity and e nclos ure, c rea tin g a pri va te have n w ithi n its borde rs. A n orna me ntal me ta l
fe nce adds just as mu c h sec urity with o ut a visual ba rri e r. Both fe nces an d low wa lls ca n direc t traffi c-from the
s tree t to th e front door, aro und th e hou se to th e bac kyard , or into and aro und a ga rd e n. \l\1alls make \vo nderful
bac kdrops for a ll kinds of ornamenta l p la nts , and th ey' re g reat for d e fining patio spaces an d othe r seating or
entertaining areas. A nd \vith just th e right amount of open s pace, a wa ll , fence, or ga te can offer tanta lizing
glimpses of vv hClt li es beyo nd , adding a se nse of mystery to a colorful f]m,ve r gu rd e n or a s tunning view in
th e di s tance .
\;Vhateve r look and fun c ti ons you have in mind , this book \·vill he lp yo u c hoose the ri ght mate rial s a nd
produc ts a nd s how yo u how to tac kl e the job from start to fini sh. You 'lI lcarn traditiona l building tec hnique s,
li ke bricklaying and dry-stacking wa ll stones, as we ll as installation s teps fo r the newest prefab fencing products,
including wood composite a nd ornamental me tal fences. Your options are \vide open- kee p that in mind th e next
tim e you're out on an "ins piratio nal" stroll thro ugh the ne ighbo rh ood.

• 5
 Gallery of Garden Walls & Fences

G ettingjust \,,,hat you want in the finished product

of you r !lev" fe nce or \·va ll sta rt s with t he easies t
ste p of all: exploring yo ur options. vVith so many
stock photography \ve bsites (using searc h terms such as
"ga rden \valls," "fence:' "picket fe nce," etc).
As me ntioned before, th e single best way to
materials, sizes, an d d es ign featu res to choose fro m, ge nerate ideas fo r you r project is by touring so me
it's wise to spe nd so me time discovering w hat's out ne ighborhoods in yo ur area. There, you' ll find a li ving
th ere before you make any bi g decis ions. gallery of fences and wa lls of all descriptions. Be
The beautifu l fences and wa ll s shown here are j ust a sure to exa min e not only the structures themselves,
sma ll sam ple of so me th ings YOLI might do \\lith your o\\'n but also how each fits in to th e co ntext of its host
project . Other places to gath er ideas incl ude books and property- good examples can insp ire you wit h new
magazines on garden and landscape des ign, websites ideas and in sights, while bad exam ples migh t se rve as
of fencing an d wal l materials manufac turers, and even a cau tionary message a bout what not to do.

Long-prized for its strength, combined

with a fineness of detail and gorgeous
patterning, wrought iron fencing remains
a symbol of craftsmanship and elegance.
New iron fencing IS stili available today
and is sold through specialty retailers
and fabricators.

6 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Like the background in a landscape
painting, fences and walls provide context
and structure for the surrounding features.
The interplay between the wildness of
plants and the architectural lines of a
fence or wall can be stunning.

Utilitarian by design, yet pleasing to the eye, the post and board fence evokes the uncomplicated beauty and peacefulness
of rolling countryside. The same effect holds true in suburban settings.

Cal/ery of Cardell H'tJils & FCllces • 7

 Much more stylish than the sum of its parts, this custom landscape block-cast concrete units that can look like
privacy fence is made with standard sizes of cedar lumber, stone, adobe, or brick- is well on its way to becoming the next
using basIc post and board construction. The posts are capped great outdoor building material. It'S extremely durable and easy
with vertical cedar boards to conceal the siding Joints and to bUild with and is much less expensive than natural stone.
create a trim, finished look overall.

Simple embellishments can add a great deal of character to a standard wood privacy fence. YOU can easily trim the tops of your
siding boards after the fence is up, using a jigsaw Here, the fence posts were given prominence to punctuate the rhythm of the
wave effect and provide a structural element for the composition.

8 • T i lE COM PLETE GU I DE TO GA BDEN \VA LLS & FENCES

Covering walls in gardens and outdoor rooms the world over, stucco offers a pleasing combination of a finished look
with an organic texture and feel. Behind the stucco finish of most outdoor walls is a simple, durable structure of mortared or
unmortared concrete block.

The gate is a prime opportunity for adding character and The right fence material makes all the difference.
charm. This beautiful arbor gate not only makes for a grand Ornamental metal's clean lines and permanence are the
portal, It adds another dimension to the fence and provides a perfect complement to this home's spare detailing and formal
welcome contrast to the bold pattern of the lattice panels. character. Using similar metal materials for the balcony,
handrail, and fence unifies the look of the whole property.

• 9
 Bamboo's exceptional strength and light weight make Poured concrete might not be the first material that comes
it suitable for infill on gates and other fence features that take to mind when dreaming of a new garden wall, but it's certainly
a beating. This bamboo gate was built with the same structure worth consideration. The versatility of concrete can inspire all
and materials as the fence for a nicely integrated look. sorts of custom creations, such as this retaining wall with a
traditional frame-and-panel effect.

A mortared block retaining wall provides for easy passage along the edge of this lavishly planted property. Opposite the wall, a
split-cedar post and rail fence creates a clear border as it complements the view of the wooded area beyond.

10 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

A wall or fence surrounding a home's entry door A fence that's always current: as an alternative to wood
Instantly creates an entrance courtyard or semi-private patio planks, the builder of this attractive fence used electrical
space. Depending on the height of the wall and presentation of condUit (a.k.a. EMT, for electrical metal tubing) as infil!. The
the gate, the barrier can be welcoming to visitors or send the tubes are held by predrilled 2 x 2s set inside the 2 x 4 stringers.
message that the space within IS private. Rigid copper pipe is another good material for this kind of fence.

The classic picket fence IS the perfect example of how a low, decorative fence or wall separates a property from the outside
world while at the same time it enhances the view of all that lies within its boundary

Cal/ery of Cardell H'tJils & FCllces • 11

 Fences make their greatest design impact by defining and influencing our perception of space. Even an unassuming fence
like this can have several effects- dividing the public and private zones of the property, gUiding visitors to the entrance point, and
highlighting the flowers at its base.

Some settings call for a break with

conventional fence design and materials.
Here, tropical hardwood siding boards
were rounded over along the edges
and finished with a protective coating
to highlight the wood's natural coloring.
Painting the fence posts to match the
house offsets the dark wood tones and
lends a custom·built look to th e fence.

- ~-

12 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 When it comes to retaining walls,
interlocking concrete block is the ultimate
in user-friendly Just stack it up to create
walls up to 3 ft. high in any shape or
configuration you need . Tame ta ll slopes
with multiple low walls, adding terraced
garden spaces in the process.

Whether it's gathered right from the surrounding ground vinyl fences today are usually guaranteed for decades not to
or shipped to you on a pallet, stone is nature's ideal building rot, warp, or discolor. They are made with a plastic compound .
block for garden creations. A dry-stacked wall like this is a
great do-it-yourself project with a truly timeless history

Cal/ery a/Cardell H'tJils & FCllces • 13

I

Planning
& Basic
Techniques
W alls and fences are great dO-it-yourse lf projects,
bu t they often require a l ittle more pl an ning
than other ou td oo r improvements . Perh aps most
impo rta ntl y. you 'll nee d to ma ke sure you r nc\v
stru c ture will stan d wi thin you r prope rty lines. Ca re ful
p lan ni ng is also important for more persona l reasons,
slic h as making Slife the fini shed product meets you r
ne eds whi le add in g just th e ri ght to uch to yo ur house
a nd lan dscape.
'VVhc n it comes to th e design and layout phase
of the project, it's a good idea to v.'O rk thin gs ou t on
pape r, w he n mi stakes and miscalcu la ti ons can still be
corrected \vith an erase r and you 're free to run w ith
new ideas to sec where they take yo u . lVlap ping out
th e stru cture with dim e nsio ns is a lso in va luable for
vvarking up a n accurate mate rials list a nd estima tin g
costs. T he total cost of fencing materials, in pa rti c ular,
ca n be a big facto r whe n c hoosing a fence style
a nd mate ri a l.
In additio n to planning a nd materia ls informatio n,
this c hapter covers ma ny of th e basic const ruc tion
tec h niques esse nti a l to completing th e projects in thi s
boo k. You' ll a lso find tip s for wor kin g with spec ia lty
material s, like stone, brick, a nd pou red co nc re te.

In this chapter:
• Making a Plan • Mixing & Placing
• Handling Slope Mortar
• Laying Out Fencelines • Working with Concrete
• Setting Posts • Concrete Footings
• Working with Stone • Fence & Wall Materials
• Working with Brick • Tools
& Concrete Block

• 15
 Making a Plan

M aldng a plan begins w ith takin g measurements

in yo ur yard . \t\lith accu rate measurements YO LI
can draw a deta iled scale drawing of you r ya rd, ca lled a
s ite plan. Note the boundaries of yo ur prope rty on th e
pl an, along w ith permanent stru ctures, sid ewa lks, trees,
shru bs and planting beds. You should focus on the areas
where you'lI be building, but it's im porta nt to get the
w hole ya rd into the plan. By going through th is process,
YOLI may ge t a nev,' perspective on how your project fits
in (o r doesn't fit in) to yo ur current landscape.
You shou ld also physica ll y mark you r property
lines as you take measurements. I f yo u don't have a
plot drawing (avai lable from th e architect, developer,
co ntractor, or the previous hom eovm er) or a deed
map (available from city hall , cO llnty courthouse, titl e
co mpany, or mortgage bank) that specifics property
lines, hire a surveyor to locate and mark th em . File
Take overall measurements of your yard and measure
a copy o f the su rvey with th e coun ty as insurance distances between objects in the yard before you begin to
against poss ible boun dary disputes in th e future. draw your site plan.

Building Codes and Utilities ~

Before you can even begin drawing plans for your depths of buried lines so you can avoid costly and potentialty
fence, wall, or gate, you need to research local building life-threatening mistakes. In many areas, the law requires
codes. Building codes Will tell you if a building permit that you have this done before digging any holes. Even if not
and Inspection are needed for a project. Some code required by law in your area, this step IS truly necessary.
requirements are designed to protect public safety, while A fence, wall, or gate on or near a property line is as
others help preserve aesthetic standards. much a part of your neighbors' landscapes as your own.
Codes may dictate what materials can be used, As a simple courtesy, notify your neighbors of your plans
maximum heights for structures, depths for concrete and even show them sketches; thiS will help to avoid
footings and posts, and setback distance or how far back strained relationships or legal disputes. You may even
a fence or wall must be from property lines, streets, or decide to share labor and expenses, combining resources
sidewalks. Setback distance is usually 6 to 12 inches and for the full project or on key features that benefit you both.
is especially important on a corner lot since a structure
could create a blind corner. A fence or wall may be built
directly above a property line if agreed by both neighbors
who share ownership of the fence.
If you find a fence, wall, or gate design that appeals
to you, but does not meet local ordinances, the municipal
authorities may be willing to grant a variance, which
allows you to compromise the strict requirements of the
code. ThiS normally involves a formal appeal process and
perhaps a public hearing.
Another thing to consider as you plan your project IS Consult your electric utility office, phone company,
the placement of any utility lines that cross your property. At gas and water department, and cable televiSion vendor
no cost, utility companies will mark the exact locations and for the exact locations of underground utility lines.

16 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Drawing the Plan divide the le ngth of th e fe nce into equa l inte rva ls- s ix
to eight foo t spacing is typical. If yo ur calc ulatio ns
Good plans make it poss ible to co mplete a project produ ce a re mainde r, don 't put it into one odd-sized
effi cie ntly. Plotting fe nce, wa ll , a nd ga te loca ti ons o n bay. Instead, distribute t he re mainde r equall y a mon g
pape r makes it mu c h easie r to de te rmine a rea listic all th e bays or betwee n the fi rst and last bay (unless
budget, make a materials list, a nd develop a realistic yo u a re installing prefab panel s) .
wo rk sc hedul e. Tip: Don't start drawing onto yon r site If YO Li p la n to Lise prefah ri ca ted fe nce panels, post
plan right away. Make a number of photocopies that YOH spac ing beco mes more c riti cal. If yo u'd like to insta ll
carl draw 011, mul save the or·;ginal as a master cOPJ~ all your posts at once (th e most effi cient strategy),
Along with yo ur s ite map, an e levation c hart may you'll need to add the width of t he pos t to the length
be helpful if you have sign ifica nt slope to contend of the panel plus an extra half-in ch for wiggle room
wit h. On a copy of th e site map, locate a nd dra w the in yo ur plan. But most fe nce pa ne l manufac ture rs
fen ce or \.va ll la yout. Co nsider how to handle obstacles sugges t t ha t yo u add fen ce pos ts as yo u go so YO Li ca n
like la rge rocks a nd trees or s lopes . Be su re YO LI ta ke loca te th e m exac tl y where the pa ne ls di c ta te th ey need
into accoun t local setbac k regul atio ns a nd other to be.
pe rtin ent building codes. I f yo u're making a plan fo r building a wa ll , be
As yo u begin to plot yo ur new fen ce o r wa ll , yo u'll su re to pla n e nough space a rollnd the wa ll itself fo r
need to do a little mat h . To dete rmin e th e pro pe r footin gs t hat are at least t\,v ice as \v ide as the \,vall t hey
o n-ce nte r spac ing fo r fe nce posts, for exam ple, yo u \vill su pport. Ca refull y plot eac h co rn e r a nd c u rve,
a nd a llow plenty of space be tween th e footings a nd
obstac les suc h as trees or low- lying a reas where wa te r
may col lec t.
On ce yo u've \vo rked out the d etails a nd dec ided
on a fi na l layout, co nve rt the scale dim e nsions from
t he site map to ac tual meas urem e nts. From thi s
informatio n, dra w u p a materials estimate, adding
] 0 pe rcent to co mpensate fo r e rrors a nd ove rSights.

A site map is an overhead view of a fence, wall, or gate

setting drawn to scale. It aids in the visualization and planning
of a project. From the measurements of your yard survey,
convert all actual measurements to scale measurements (if
W' = 1 ft., multiply actual measurements by .125). On paper,
draw straight boundaries to scale. Scribe arcs with a compass
to mark triangulated points, noting the edges and corners
of permanent structures, such as your house or garage. use
these points as established references to plot all the elements Make an elevation drawing of your yard if it has a
In the property. TO fin ish the site map, draw contour lines to significant slope. Measure the vertical drop of a slope using
indicate slope, and mark compass directions, Wind patterns, stakes and string. connect the string to the stakes so it is
utilities, and any other pertinent information that will influence perfectly horizontal. Measure the distance between the string
the location of your fence, wall, or gate. and ground at 2 ft. intervals along the string.

P/mlllillg (7 Basic Techniques . 17

 Handling Slope

I t's cons ide rabl y easier to build a fence or garden \,va ll

\vhe n the ground is flat and level alo ng the ent ire
lengt h of the proposed site line. But fev,! la ndscapes
square to the strin gers. Picket fence panels may be
"ra c ked" out of square fo r ge ntl e co nto uring. Vinyl
fe nce sec ti o ns ge ne rall y pe rmit co nto urin g.
are entirely fl at. Hills, slight va lleys, o r cons istent Each sec tion of a step ped fence is level ac ross the
downward grades arc slope issues to reso lve wh ile top, forming the characte ri stic steps as the grou nd rises or
p lanning yo ur fence. T here are two com mon \vays to falls. Stepped fences appear more structured and formal.
handle slope: co ntourin g and stepp in g. Pre-assemb led pa nels may be ste pped to the degree their
\;Vith a co ntou red fe nce. the stringe rs a re para ll el bottoms can be tri mm ed for the slope, or that addit ional
to the g round , \,vhi le th e post s and sid ing a re plumb to sidi ng (s uch as kick boards) can be added to conceal gaps
th e ea rth. The top of th e fe nce maintai ns a co nsistent at the tall e nd of the step. Stepped custom- built fences
height a bove grade , foll owi ng t he co ntours of th e arc more work than con toured fences since ve rti ca l siding
lan d . Most pre-assemb led panel fences ca nnot be boards must be trimmed to length individually and post
co nto ured, since the verti ca l siding me mbe rs are set he ights may val)' w ithin a layo ut.

solid planning and careful execution allow you to turn a sloped yard Into a positive design factor when you bUild your fence or
wall project.

18 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Strategies for Managing Slope

Stepped panels are horizontal, maintaining an even height Racking a panel involves manipulating a simple fence panel
between posts. A good strategy for pre-built panel systems, by twisting it out of square so the stringers follow a low slope
stepping fences is the only way to handle slope when while the siding remains vertical. Stockade and picket panels
working with panels that cannot be trimmed, racked, or are good candidates for this trick, but the degree to which
otherwise altered . you can rack the panels is limited. If the siding is connected to
stringers with more than one fastener at each Joint, you'll need
to remove some fasteners and replace them after racking
the panel.

Contouring creates a more casual, natural-looking fence. Bottom trimming creates a level fence line with a baseline
Each individual siding board is set the same distance from that follows the slope and contour of the land . On low slopes
the ground below and allowed to extend to full height without you can use this technique and trim the siding boards on
trimming. The resulting top of the fence will mimic the pre-made panels that have open bottoms (in some cases you
ground contour. can raise the bottom stringer). Bottom trimming is best for
site-built board and stringer fences, however.

PI{!/lIIjll~ &- Basic Teclmiques • 19

 I Contoured Fences
A co ntou red fence rolls along with the terrCl in, posts . If you a re usi ng metal fence ra il brac ke ts, be nd
mainta ining a consiste nt he ight a bove th e gro und t he lowe r ta b o n each bracket to m atch th e s lo pe of
as it fo llows th e land. Pi cke t fences a nd others with th e strin ge r. Each stringe r sho uld follow the s lope
indi vid ua l s iding work best for co ntourin g. The re a rc of the ground be lm\' as c lose ly as possi blc wh ile
multiple tactics you ca n use to build a contoured ma in ta ining a min imu m di stan ce between th e highest
fe nce. The scenari o desc ribed below invo lves setting po int of the ground a nd th e bottom of t he strin ge r.
all yo ur pos ts, i nst<1 lling stri ngers, trimmin g posts to This di stance w ill vary from fence to fe nce acco rdin g
uniform height above th e top stringe r and then a ddin g to yo ur design, but 12 in c hes is a good ge ne ra l rul e.
th e p icke t sid i ng. Ins ta ll all of t he lovvc r stringers an d thcn in stall
the upper stringers paralle l to th e lowe r o nes. Make
CONTOURED INSTALLATION OVERVIEW sure to mai ntain an eve n spac ing between the
Begin the layou t by funning a st rin g bet\.vce n batte r st rin ge rs. Establish th e di stan ce from the uppe r
boards or stakes located at the ends and corners of the stringe r to th e post tops and th e n measure thi s
fencei ine, add ing interm ed iate batter board s or stakes as di stance o n eac h post . Draw cu ttin g li nes and t rim
needed to keep th e string roughly para ll c l with the grade. the post tops usin g a ci rc ul ar saw and a speed sq ua re
Mark th e post cen ters at regul ar di sta nces (usually six c lamped to the post as a gu ide.
or eight feet) on the st ring. Don't fo rget to allov" for th e J\/la ke a spacer that's Clbout the sa me vv idth as
pos ts \,vhe n meas urin g. Drop a plumb bob Cit eac h pos t t he sid ing boa rds, wi th a he ight th a t matc hes th e
mark on th e string to dete rmine pos th ole locations. planned di stance from the ground to th e bottom of
Ma rk the se location s with a piece of plastic pegged to each s iding board. Set the space r be nea th each boa rd
th c ground or by a noth e r me thod of yo ur choosing. as you insta ll it. You 'll a lso wa nt a spacc r to sc t th e
Ali gn , space, an d se t th e posts (if a ppropria te for ga p be tween siding boa rd s . Install th e sid ing an d add
you r fe nce type ). Attac h th e lower stringers behveen post ca ps .

Slope Option 1: Contour

Top stake

Intermediate stakes

]-------------t==::~__ Bottom stake

, -
-~:- --1
I

Contoured fences can follow ground with either a regular slope or an irregular slope. Place a stake at the beginning and end of
the fencel,ne and at each corner. Add intermediate stakes to maintain spacing when the slope changes.

20 • THE COMP LETE GU IDE TO GARD EN WAL LS & FEN CES

I Stepped Fences
A s tepped fe nce reta in s its s hape a nd co nfigur<:It ion e nd sta ke. T hi s num ber is th e run. Di vide t he run into
rega rdl ess of c hanges in s lope . The efFect of the equ al segments that a re be twee n 72 an d 96" . This w ill
stepping up or dovm of whol e pa nels it to c rea te a give yo u the number of sec tion s and posts (nu mbe r of
morc forma l ap pea ra nce, but it a lso lets you avo id sec tion s plu s one).
c utting premade fence panels. The sac rifi ce is that yo u iVleas ure fro m th e ground to the strin g at both e nd
ofte n end LIp with very tall fe nce posts and YO Ll may stakes. The difference be twee n t he two measu re m ents
need to add filler "vood between panel bottoms an d is the ri se of t he slope. D ivide the ri se by th e
irregular dip s in t he gro und. nu mber of fe nce sectio ns o n the slope to find th e
The follm.ving stepping technique works over ste pping measu re men t.
s lopes of a co nsistent grade. If the grade c hanges iVJeas ure and mark t he post locations a long t he
m uc h , bracket eac h new slope with its own stake level stri ng with per manent marker "Vs" on tape.
or pair o f batte r boards, as in the ill ustrat ion on the Drop a pl umb bob from eac h post locat ion mark on
previous page. Trea t th e last pos t of th e first run as th e t he st ring. iVlark th e ground v.lith a na il a nd a piece of
first pos t of th e seco nd rLi n a nd so o n. bright plastic.
Alte rn at ive ly, step eac h section independently, Set the first pos t at one end and the next one in line .
trimmin g th e post tops after th e sidin g is set. The Ma rk the tr im line for c utting to he ight and run a level
scenario be lm\' describes a flat cap strin ger, whi c h st rin g from the cu tting line to th e nex t post. Measure
so me fences use to c reate a smoo th top. If t hi s is up (or dovvn) from the st ring for t he ste p size dista nce.
not needed on you r fe nce, si mpl y meas u re down Adjust ma rks if necessary befo re c utti ng the posts.
th e appropriate di sta nces to posi tio n th e in set o r Repea t unti l you reac h the e nd of t he fen celine.
face-mounted strin ge rs . Avoid c reating sec tion s th a t will be too tall or too
sho rt. The bottom strin ger shou ld re main at leas t
STEPPED INSTALLATION OVERVIEW four inches a bove grade.
Using maso n's string a nd stu ke s or batter boards, C ut a ll posts an d then attac h strin ge rs or panels
es tab li sh a level line th at fo llows th e fencel ine. so th e di stan ce from the tops of the posts to the
Measure the length of t he st rin g fro m en d stake to stringers is co nsiste nt .

Slope Option 2 : Stepping

=11~1~=====n
=

-1r---1~==~1
-

Tape
B
I
/'
9 ..
I

Plumbline ~ I
I
I

~
Stepped fences (inset) can be installed on either regular or Irregular slopes. To plan the fence, run a mason's string between stakes
or batter boards at the high end and the low end of the fenceline; measure the distance from the string to the ground at both ends,
then calculate the difference between measurements to find the total rise. DiVide this amount by the number of fence sections to
determine the stepping measurement for each fence panel. On irregular slopes, the amount of drop will vary from section to section .

PI{!/lIIill~ &- Basic Teclmiques • 21

 Laying Out Fencelines

F e nce installations begin \vith plotting the fenceline

a nd markin g post locatio ns. Make a site map and
ca refull y measure each post location. The more exact
th e post hole positions, the less likel y it is that you' ll
need to cut stringers and siding to specia l sizes .
For wa lls, determine the outside edges of the footings
a long the entire site, as for a fenceli ne. T hen plot right
angles to fi nd the ends and inside edges of th e footi ngs.
Laying ou t a fen ce o r wa ll with squ are corn ers or
c urves involves a little morc work than for a straight
fcncclinc. The key for th ese techniques is th e same
as for plott in g a stra ig ht fencel ine: measu re and mark
accu rately. This \v ill e ns ure prope r spac ing bet\vee n
th e posts an d acc urate dim e nsions for foo tin gs, whi ch
will provide stre ngth an d su pport For each stru cture.

Tools & Materials ~

Stakes & mason's stri ng Eye and ea r protection

Linc Icvel Pcnci l
Tape measure (2) Spray paint
Level Hand maul
Ci rcul ar saw 1 x 4 , 2 x 4 lumbe r
Hammer Permanen t ma rker
Masking tape Screw gun use a pair of wood stakes and mason's string to plot the
'vVork gloves Screws rough location of your fence or wa ll. Then, for greater accuracy,
insta ll batte r boards to plot the fina l location.

I How to Lay Out a Straight Fenceline

Determ ine your exact prope rty lines . Pla n you r mark t he he ight of t he line agains t one stake of the
fenceline w ith th e locally req uire d se tback (u s ua ll y seco nd batter board pair. Attac h a level batter boa rd
6 to [2 inc hes) Fro m t he prope rty line, u nl ess yo u to these stakes at thi s he ight a nd ti e th e string to th e
and you r neighbor have come to a nothe r agreeme nt. cross board so it is taut.
Draw a site map. lt shou ld take a ll aspects of your To mark gates, first find the on -ce nter spacing
landscape into consideration , ,,·,Tith the location for the gateposts. Com bine th e w idth of th e gate, th e
of each post ma rked. ReFerring to th e site map, cleara nce necessary for the hinges a nd latch ha rdwa re,
mark th e Fe ncelin e with stakes at eac h end or a nd the act ua l w id t h of o ne post. Mark t he string wi th
corner-post locat ion . a "V' of masking tape to indicate the center point of
Drivc a pair of ,,-.rood stakes a co upl e of feet eaeh gate post.
beyo nd eac h corner or e nd stake . Screw a level To mark remaining posts, refer to yo ur si te map,
cross board across th e stakes about six inches up from and then meas u re an d ma rk t he li ne post locatio ns
th e gro und on the highest end of the fe nce run . Dra"v on the st ring \,vith marks o n masking tape. Remem ber
a maso n's strin g from the first batter board down t hat th e marks ind icate th e ce nte r of the posts, not
th e fe ncelinc . Level the Iinc with a line level and the edges .

22 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Install Batter Boards

TO install batter boards, drive a Stretch the mason's line from the Measure out from the starting paints
pair of short wood stakes a couple of batter board to the second pair of of the fenceline and mark post locations
feet beyond each corner or end of the stakes at the opposite end or corner of directly onto the layout lines uSing
rough planned fenceline. Screw a level the run. Draw the string tight, and level pieces of masking tape (don't forget to
crossboard across one pair of stakes, it with a line level. Mark the string's allow for the widths of your posts- see
about 6" up from the ground on the position onto one of the stakes. Fasten a tips below).
higher end of the fence ru n. Loosely crossboard to the second pair of stakes
tie a mason's string to the middle of so it is level and its top is aligned with
the crossboard. the mark on the stake. Tie the mason's
line to the center of the crossboard.

Tips for Spacing Line Posts and Gate Posts ~

If your fence panels will be installed between fence posts (top photo) and TO find the on-center spacing
you are using 4 x 4 wood posts, add 4" to the length of the fence panels and use of gate posts, add the gate
that distance as the on-center span between posts (the 4 x 4 posts are actually width, the clearance needed for
only 3Y," wide but the extra Vi' created by using the full 4" dimension will create hinge and gate hardware, and
Just the right amount of "wiggle room" for the panel). If panels will be attached to the actual diameter of one post.
the post faces, add Yi' to the actual panel width to determine post spacing.

Plmming &- Basic Tecl!lliqlles • 23

 I Laying Out Right Angles
If you r fence or wa ll will e nc lose a squa re or me thod is t he easiest and most re liable. It is a si mpl e
recta ngu lar area, or if it jo ins a building, you proba bly met hod of squarin g yo ur fe nce b you t lines, but if
wa nt th e corn e rs to fo rm 90 degree angles. T he re are YOll have th e space lise a 6-8- 10 or 9- 12- 15 trian gle.
ma ny tec h niques fo r es tab lishi ng a right angle w he n vVhi c heve r d ime nsions YOLI choose, yo u'll f in d it easie r
layi ng out an outdoo r p roject, but th e 3-4-5 -tria nglc to work wi th two tape measu res to c reatc t he triangle .

I How to Lay Out a Right Angle

Drive a pair of stakes along a known fenceline and run a line that crosses the Draw one tape measure from the
corner post location (thiS line should stay fixed as a reference while you square the post location roughly at a right angle to
crossing line to it). Drive a stake 3 ft. out from the corner post location, on the line you the fixed line. Draw the tape beyond the
don't want to move. You will adjust the other line to establish the right angle. 4 ft. mark and lock it.

Angle the second tape measure from the 3-ft. stake Drive a stake at the point where the tape measure marks inter-
toward the 4 ft. mark on the first tape measure. The two tapes sect. Run a line for this stake to another stake drOien past the corner
should intersect at 5 ft. and 4 ft. post location to establish perpendicular layout lines. The string tied
to the second stake should pass directly over the post location.

24 • THE COMPLETE CU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Laying Out Curves
A curve in a fe ncel ine o r wa ll mu st be la id ou t eve n ly end to a wood stake. as shown in step 3 beIO\,v. T he
fo r q ua lity res u lts. One easy \,vay to accom plis h this is rad ius of the c urve shou ld equal the d istance from th e
to make a cru de co mpass by tying one end of a str ing com pass ' pivot stake to t he sta rt ing points of t he cu rve,
aro llnd a ca n of ma rki ng pa in t an d tying th e ot her so ma ke su re to tie the string to this lengt h.

I How to Lay Out a Curve

Plot a right angle at the corner of the outline, using Tie a mason's string to each Y stake, and extend the
the 3-4-5 method (see page 24). Measure and drive stakes strings back to the corner stake (2). Hold the strings tight at the
equidistant from the outside corner to mark the starting points point where they meet Then, pull the strings outward at the
for the curve (labeled "Y" here). meeting point until they are taut Drive a stake at thiS point to
create a perfect square. This stake (labeled ''Z'' here) will be the
Pivot point for your string compass.

3
This stake equal distance from corners

Mark the curve: Tie a mason's string to the pivot point (Z) and to a can of marking paint When the string is held taut, the can's
spray nozzle should be even with the stakes at the start of the curve (Y). Keeping the string taut, spray the ground in a smooth are,
extending the curve between the two Y stakes.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 25

 Setting Posts

E ve n amo ng profess iona l land sca pe rs you'lI find

widely d iffering pra ctices for se tting fence
posts. Some take th e a l \Vays ~overbuild approac h
an d se t every pos t in co ncrete th at extend s a foot
pas t th e fros tlin c. Others prefer the imperm anence,
adju stabi lity ancl drainage of setting posts in pack ed
sa nd or grave l. Som e treat the post end s be fore se ttin g
th e posts. others don't bother. The posts Illay be set
all at once, prior to in stalling th e stringers and siding:
or, they may be se t one at a tim e in a build-as-you-go Tak ing th e time to make sure posts are vertical and
approac h. Before dec iding whi c h approac h is bes t for positioned precisely is perhaps the most important aspect of a
yo ur situati on, it's a good idea to simp ly wa lk arou nd successful fence building project
yo ur ne ighborhood and see how th e posts fo r similar
fences arc in sta lled, the n assess which posts seem to
be ho ldi ng up t he best. Tools & Materials ~
A nother area of dispu te is at w hic h point in the
process posts should be c ut to length (hei ght ). While Plumb bob Mas kin g tape
th ere arc those w ho advocate cu tting all posts be fore
S takes Tape measure
in st"all ,Hion and th en aligni ng th em in the ground Speed sq ua re
Hand mau l
be fore settin g th em (es pecially when installing c ha in Power auger or Co lo red plast ic
link). th e most reli able method is to trim th e posts to postho le di gge r Nai ls
height w ith a circul ar saw or handsaw after th ey arc S hove l Eye and ca r protec tion
se t in th e ground and the co ncrete ha s se t.
Coa rse grave l Scrcwgun
Here arc so me additio nal thou ghts to he lp yo u C arpenter's leve l Sc rews
decide how to set you r posts: C on crete Whee lbarrow
l\llason's trowel Circular saw
• T amped earth and gravel post setting have been 4 x 4 posts C lamps
increasi ng th e life span and stability of posts for Scrap lengths of 2 x 4 Pe nc il
thousa nd s of years by keeping th e im med iate Batter boards & Work gloves
surround ings of th e po st drier and firmer. mason's string Waxed paper
• The shallow, d ish-s haped concrete foot ing breaks Post level
all the rul es, but is ofte n the onl y foo tin g that wo rks
in very loose sa ndy soils . Check wit h loca l fe nce
co ntrac tors to m<Jke sure it's right for yo ur are<J. The most re lia bly long- last ing wood posts arc
• Hybrid Footings help stabili ze pos ts in dee p- press ure-trea ted with c he mi ca ls and labeled for
Freezing so il s. Qui ck-set co ncrete mix ma y be ground con tact. Spec ies th at are n<:lturally rot resistant
po ured into the hole dry, followed by wa te r (or arc un fortunately less so toda y th an in ycs tcl)'ea r.
not , according to loca l custom- soil moi sture is Once you've plotted your fcnceline with batter boards
sometim es suffic ient to hard en th e co ncrete) . and string, mark and dig the postholes. Remove the string
• Com mon posts arc se t high enough to bc trimm ed for diggi ng, but leave the batter boards in place; you w ill
down to th eir final height. Pos ts w ith prec ut need these for alJgning the posts when you set them.
mortises (s uc h as split rai l fence posts) or fini als As a general rule, posts shou ld be buri ed at a mini-
need to be set to th e fina l hei ght in the ho le. mu m depth equal to Y, of the total post length (e.g., a post
• Dig holes two times the post thi ckness for sa nd· fo r a six-foot-tall fence "o il be ap proximately nine feet
set or gravel·se t and closer to three limes th e long, with three feet buried in th e ground). C hec k with
diam eter if co ncrc tc·se t. yo ur city's building departlllenl for the post depth and
• Fo r long-te rm stre ngt h, set all ga te posts and e nd burial method required by th e local Building Code. Pos ts
posts in co ncrete. se t in co ncrete should ah.vays extend below the frost line.

26 • T H E GO" Ii'LETE GUID E TO GARDE N WALLS & FENCES

I How to Set Fence Posts

Set batter boards at both ends of the fenceline. String Transfer the marks from the string to the ground, using a
a mason's line between the batter boards and level it. Mark plumb bob to pinpoint the post locations. Pin a piece of
post locations on the string with masking tape according to colored plastic to the ground with a nail at each post location.
your plan.

Dig postholes using a clamshell-type posthole digger (left photo) or a rented power auger (right photo). Posthole diggers
work well for most situations, but If your holes are deeper than 30" you'll need to widen the hole at the top to operate the digger,
so consider using a power auger. Make a depth gauge by tacking a board onto a 2 x 4 at the hole depth from the end of the 2 x 4.
As you dig, check the depth with the gauge. If you'll be filling the posthole with concrete, Widen the bottoms of the holes with your
posthole digger to create bell shapes. This is especially important In locales where the ground freezes.
(continued)

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 27

 Tubular Forms ~

For full concrete footings in frost-heave-prone

soils, cut 8" -dia. concrete forming tubes into 18"
Reset the mason's string as a guide for aligning posts. If you sections to collar the posts near grade level and
want the post to be in exactly the same spot it was laid out. prevent the concrete from spreading. Holes tend to
shift the string half the thickness of the post. Pour a 6" layer of flare at the top, giving concrete footings a lip that
gravel into each hole for improved drainage. Position each post freezing ground can push against.
in its hole.

Mixing Concrete ~

If you 've never filled postholes with concrete

before, you will be amazed at how much it takes to
fill a hole. A 12"-dia. hole that's 36" deep will require
around three cubic feet of concrete-or, about six
60-pound bags of dry mix. If you're installing 10
posts, that's 60 bags. This is yet another reason why
setting posts one at a time is a good idea-you can
spread out the heavy labor of mixing concrete in a
Align your post along one line (or two if it's a corner post). wheelbarrow or mortar tub. If you'll be needing more
Brace the post on adjacent sides with boards screwed to wood than one cubic yard (27 cubic feet), consider having
stakes. Adjust to plumb in both directions, anchoring each ready-mix concrete trucked in. But make sure all
brace to the post with screws when plumb. As you plumb the your posts are braced and set and have at least two
post, keep the post flush against the line. Set the remaining wheelbarrows and three workers on hand.
posts the same way.

28 • T H E CO~ I PLETE CU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

 Water Runoff ~

Mix concrete in a wheelbarrow and tamp into the hole

with a 2 x 4 to pack the concrete as tightly as you can.
Recheck the post alignment and plumb as you go, while
correction is stili possible. Tip: Mask the post with waxed paper
near the collaring point of the concrete to keep the visible Form a rounded crown of concrete with your
portion of the post clean. Remove the waxed paper before the trowel just above grade to shed water.
concrete sets up.

For reasonably level ground, draw a mason's string from Wait at least a day for the concrete to set up and then
end post to end post at the height the posts need to be cut clamp a cutting guide to the posts (a speed square IS perfect).
(for custom fences, this height might be determined by your Cut along the trim line on each face of each with a circular
shortest post). Mark each post at the string. Carry the line saw to trim your posts (this is a great time to use a cordless
around each post with a pencil and speed square. circular saw). In most cases, you'll want to add a post cap later
to cover the end grain .

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 29

 Working with Stone

T he stone wal l projects in this book ca ll for a few

ba sic stoneworking tec hniques, in add itio n to the
building steps shown each project. The methods of
• 'VVhen \·vorki ng V-lith mortar, most stone masons poi nt
their joints deep for aestheti c reasons. 'nle less mortar
that is vis ible, the more the stone itself is emphasized.
layi ng ston e are as varied as the stone masons who • Long ve rti ca l joi nts, or head joi nt s, are wea k spots
practice the cra ft. But all of them wou ld agree on a in a wa ll. C lose th e ve rt ica l joints by overlapp in g
few genera l prin cip les: them with stones in the next course, similar to a
running bond pattern in a brick or bl ock wall.
• Thin ner joints are stronger joints. vVherher YO LI • The sides of a stone wa ll shou ld have an inward
are lI sing mortar or dry-laying stone, th e more slope (called batter) for maximum strength. T hi s is
contac t between stones, the morc res istance to especially important wi th dry-laid stone. Mortared
anyone stone d islodging. wa lls need less batter. Sec pages 38 to 39 for tip s
• Tie stones are essentia l in ve rtical structures, such on wo rki ng with mortar.
as \,valls or pillars. These lo ng stones span at least
two-th irds of the w id th of the structure, tying See page 49 fo r a desc ripti on of the tools you'll
together the shorter stones arolln d the m. need for a success ful stoneworkin g project.

Estimating Stone Tonnage ~

TO make rough estimates of the amount of stone you'll need for a garden wall project, use the following calculations:

Ashlar stone walls: Area of the wall face (sq. ft.) ~ 15 = tons of stone needed

Rubble (or irregular) stone walls: Area of the wall face (sq. ft.) ~ 35 = tons of stone needed

Always add at least 10 percen t to your materials estimate when ordering stone. This provides some extra matenal for
practicing cutting and dreSSing techniques and allows for waste from miscuts and routine trimming.

Thin joints are the strongest. When

working with mortar, jOints should be
'h to 1" thick. Mortar is not intended to
create gaps between stones, but to fill the
inevitable gaps and strengthen the bonds
between stones. Wiggle a stone once it is
in place to get It as close as possible to
adjoining stones.

30 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Laying Stone Walls

Tie stones are long stones that span most of the width of a A shiner is the opposite of a tie stone-a flat stone on
wall, tying together the shorter stones and increasing the wall's the side of a wall that contributes little in terms of strength.
strength . As a guide, figure that 20 percent of the stones in a A shiner may be necessary when no other stone will fit in a
structure should be tie stones. space. Use shiners as seldom as possible, and use tie stones
nearby to compensate.

Lay stones in horizontal courses, With irregular stone, such as Use a batter gauge and level to lay up
where possible, a technique called untrimmed rubble or field stone, dry stone structures so the sides angle
ashlar construction. If necessary, stack building course by course IS difficult. inward. Angle the sides of a wall 1" for
two to three thin stones to match the Instead, place stones as needed to fill every 2 ft. of height-less for ashlar and
thickness of adjoining stones. gaps and to overlap the vertical Joints. freestanding walls, twice as much for
round stone and retaining walls.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 31

 I Cutting stone
Build a banker for cutting stone.
This is a simple sand-bed table that
provi des a sturdy, shock-absorbent
work surface that aids with chisel cuts.
To construct a banker, build two square
frames out of 2 x 2s and sandwich a
matching piece of 3j, " plywood between
the frames. Fasten the pieces together
with 3W' deck screws driven through both
sides. Fill one side of the banker with sand
to complete the work surface. If desired,
set the banker atop a stable base of
concrete blocks. Note: Always wear eye
protection when cutting or dressing stone.

A circular saw lets you precut stones

with broad surfaces with greater control
and accuracy than most people can
achieve with a chisel. It'S a noisy tool, so
wear ear plugs, along with a dust mask
and safety goggles. Install a toothless
masonry blade on your saw and start
out with the blade set to cut v," deep.
(Make sure the blade is designed for the
material you're cutting. Some masonry
blades are designed for hard materials
like concrete, marble, and granite. Others
are for soft materials, like concrete block,
brick, flagstone, and limestone.) wet the
stone before cutting to help control dust.
then make three passes, setting the blade
'(," deeper with each pass. Repeat the
process on the other side. A thin piece of
wood under the saw protects the saw foot
from rough masonry surfaces. Remember
Always use a GFCI-protected outlet
or extension cord when using power
tools outdoors.

32 • T H E GO,\ Ii' LETE GUID E TO GARD EN WAL LS & FENCES

Laying stones works best when the sides (Including the "Dress" a stone, using a pointing chisel and maul, to remove
top and bottom) are roughly square. If a side is sharply skewed, jagged edges or undesirable bumps. Position the chisel at a
score and spilt it with a pitching chisel, and chip off smaller 30 to 45' angle at the base of the piece to be removed. Tap
peaks with a pointing chisel or mason's hammer. Remember: lightly all around the break line, then more forcefully, to chip off
a stone should sit flat on its bottom or top side without the piece. Position the chisel carefully before each blow with
much rocking. the maul.

I How to Cut Flagstone for Walls & Caps

Mark the stone for cutting on both Score along the cut line on the back Break the stone to complete the cut:
sides, using chalk or a crayon. If there Side of the stone (the side that won't be First, turn the stone over and rest It on
is a fissure nearby, mark your line there, exposed) by moving a stone chisel along a metal pipe or a 2 x 4 so the scored
since the stone will likely break there the line and striking it with moderate edge is directly over the support Then,
naturally. Note: To prevent unpredicted blows with a maul. AS an alternative, strike forcefully near the end of the
breaks when cutting off large pieces, you can do this step with a circular saw waste portion to break the stone along
plan to chip off small sections at a time. the cut line.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 33

 Working with Brick & Concrete Block

S uccess wi th an y brick or block wa ll project starts

w ith carefu l preparatio n and p lan nin g. Most
im porta ntly, YO LI wa nt to make S lire th e \,va il will have
a proper foundatio n-whe th e r t hat's a dee p co ncrete
footing or a reinfo rced slab- to preve nt cracking and
fai lure du e to g round move me nt, an a ll-too-common
problem with masonry st ru ctu res.
\;\/ hen it co mes to pla nni ng a nd laying out the
project, it's ah.vays a good idea to complete a dry
rlln by se tt ing down the en tire first cou rse of bric k
or block. This is the most fool proo f way to check
d ime nsion s, spot potentia l proble m s, a nd mark
acc u rate layollt lines for the in stallatio n .
A ll of the masonry projects in th is book ca ll
for mortar (even the Mortarless Block Wall , w hich Select a construction design that makes sense for your
has mortar underneath its first cou rse and wit h in project. There are two basic methods used in stacking brick or
block. Structures that are only one unit wide are called single
the caviti es of its top course). Ge ttin g the mortar
wythe, and are typically used for projects like brick pillars or
ri ght is criti cal to both its strengt h and worka bility; planters, and for brick veneers. Double-wythe walls are two
th e tip s o n pages 38 Clnd 39 te ll you what you need units wide and are used in free-standing applications. Most
to know. concrete-block structures are single wythe.

I Planning Brick & Block projects

Keep structures as low as you can. Local codes require Add a lattice panel or another decorative element
frost footings and additional reinforcement for permanent to permanent walls to create greater privacy without having to
wails or structures that exceed maximum height restrictions. add structural reinforcement to the masonry structure.
You can often simplify your project by designing walls that are
below the maximum height.

34 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

Frost footings are required if a structure will be more than low walls (2 ft or shorter) can often be bUilt on reinforced
2-ft tall or if It IS tied to another permanent structure. Frost concrete slabs- either a newly poured slab or an existing patio
footings should be twice as wide as the structure they support surface. Check with your city's bUilding department for specific
and should extend 8 to 12 inches below the frost line (see requirements relating to your type of project
pages 42 to 45).

Do not add mortar joint thickness to total project Test project layouts using %" spacers between masonry
dimensions when planning brick and block projects. The actual units to make sure the planned dimensions work. If possible,
sizes of bricks and blocks are %" smaller than the nominal size create a plan that uses whole bricks or blocks, reducing the
to allow for %"-wide mortar joints. For example, a 9" (nominal) amount of cutting required.
brick has an actual dimension of 8%", so a wall that IS bUilt
with four 9" bricks and %" mortar jOints will have a finished
length of 36".

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 35

 I Scoring & Cutting Brick

.--
Score all four sides of the brick first with a brick set chisel When you need to split a lot of bricks uniformly and
and maul when cuts fall over the web area and not over the quickly, use a circular saw fitted with a masonry blade to score
core. Tap the chisel to leave scored cutting marks % to %" the bricks, then spilt them Individually with a chisel. For quick
deep, then strike a firm final blow to the chisel to split the scoring, clamp them securely at each end with a pipe or bar
brick. Properly scored bricks split cleanly with one firm blow. clamp, making sure the ends are aligned . Remember: wear eye
protection when uSing striking or cutting tools.

Masonry saws, also called wet saws or

tub saws, are table-mounted power saws
with a circular diamond blade made for
cutting a range of clay brick products, tile,
and other masonry units. When the saw
is run ning, a sheet of water sprays down
over the blade to reduce heat buildup
and control dust. To make a cut, set the
marked brick on the cutting sled, aligning
the mark with the blade. Turn the saw on
and slowly push the sled toward the blade
until the cut is complete. Masonry saws
make clean, accurate cuts and are easy to
use. Complete saw setups are commonly
available for rent at large home centers
and rental outlets.

36 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Use a Brick Splitter

A brick splitter makes accurate, consistent cuts in bricks once the brick is in position on the splitter table, pull
and pavers with no scoring required . It is a good Idea to rent down sharply on the handle. The cutting blade on the splitter
one if your project requires many cuts. To use the brick splitter, will cleave the brick along the cutting line. Tip: For efficiency,
first mark a cutting line on the brick, then set the brick on the mark cutting lines on several bricks at the same time using a
table of the splitter, aligning the cutting line with the cutting drywaller's T-square or a framing square.
blade on the tool.

I How to Cut Concrete Block

Mark cutting lines on both faces of use a mason's chisel and maul to Option : Cut half blocks from
the block, then score Yo to %" -deep split one face of the block along the combination corner blocks. Corner
cuts along the lines using a circular saw cu tting line. Turn the block over and split blocks have preformed cores in the
equipped with a masonry blade. the other face. center of the web. Score lightly above
the core, then rap with a mason's chisel
to break off half blocks.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 37

 Mixing & Placing Mortar

T he first crit ical aspect of working \vi th mortar is

getti ng t he m ixt ure ri ght. If it's too thick, it \vill
fa ll off the trowel in a heap, no t in th e smoo th line
th a t you \'va nt. If it's too thin , morta r beco mes messy
and \-veak. Always follo w the manufact urer's mi xing
direc tions, but keep in mind t hat t he amount of water
specifie d is an approximation.
If you've never m ixed mortar befo re, ex perime nt
wit h sma ll a mounts unti l YO LI find a m ixt ure that cl ings
to the trowel just long enough fo r YO LI to del iver a
controlled, eve n line that ho ld s its s hape after sett ling.
Record the best III ixture proportio ns for future
batches. Always mix mortar in wo rkab le batc hes, so
you'll have ti me to lise it a ll before it becoll1cs too hard
to work. Hot, dry \,vea th e r shorte ns th e wo rkin g time.
You can add wate r (ca lled "retempering") to restore
wo rkabil ity to ha rd enin g mortar, but yo u m ust usc
Standard gray mortar can be tinted for a wide variety of
retempered mortar withi n two hours. colors. For best results, add the same amount of colora nt to
See page 49 fo r information abou t the tools you'll each batch throughout the proJect. Once you settle on a reCipe,
need to complete a successfu l brick-and -mortar project. record it so you can mix the same proportions each time.

I working with Mortar

Test the water absorption rate of bricks to determine Buttering bricks is the technique of applying mortar to
their denSity. Lower-density bricks can pull too much water the end of the brick before setting It into place. The basic
from the mortar before it has a chance to set thus weakening technique is to apply a heavy layer of mortar to one end of the
the mortar. Squeeze out 20 drops of water in the same spot brick, then cut off the excess with a trowel.
on the brick surface. If the surface is completely dry after 60
seconds, dampen the bricks with wate r before you lay them.

38 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RDE N WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Mix & Place Mortar

- - >

Empty mortar mix into a mortar box and form a set a piece of plywood on blocks at a convenient height,
depression in the center. Add about % of the recommended and place a shovelful of mortar onto the surface. Slice off a
amount of water into the depression, then mix it in with a strip of mortar from the pile, using the edge of your mason's
masonry hoe. DO not overwork the mortar. Continue adding trowel. Slip the trowel point-first under the section of mortar
small amounts of water and mixing until the mortar reaches and lift up.
the proper consistency. Do not mix too much mortar at one
time- mortar is much easier to work with when it is fresh.

Snap the trowel gently downward to dislodge excess "Furrow" the mortar line by dragging the point of the trowel
mortar clinging to the edges. Position the trowel at the starting through the center of the mortar line in a slight back-and-forth
point, and "throw" a line of mortar onto the building surface. motion. Furrowing helps distribute the mortar evenly.
A good amount is enough to set three bricks. Do not get ahead
of yourself. If you throw too much mortar, it will set before you
are ready.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 39

 Working with Concrete

C o nc rete work in vol ves three main stages: bu ildi ng

for m s, mixing a nd plac in g th e co nc re te, a nd
fin ishing the surface. In t his book, th e projects
th at lise pou red concrete are e it he r formed \,va ll s or
stru c tural footin gs, both of w hi c h require little in
th e way of skill ed fin ishing work (that's good news,
s in ce finishing is the tri c ki est part of working \vith
concrete). So me ba sic finishing t i ps are give n on
page 4 [ .
Bu ildin g wa ll for m s is desc ribed \,vit hin eac h
specific projec t. Pages 42 to 45 show you hovv to build
form s an d pou r c onc re te for stru ctu ral footin gs . As
fo r m ixing th e co nc rete, chclllces are yo u'll do that
yo urself lIsing bags of dry co ncre te mix. For sma ll
projects, YO LI can mix what YO ll need in a \,vheel barrow
or mortar box, but for large r jobs, it's wo rthw hil e to
rent a power mixer (sec bclmv). However, if your
project call s for at least a cubi c yard of concrete, A good mixture is crucial to any successful concrete
co nsider ordering a batc h of ready- mix from a loca l project. Properly mixed concrete is damp enough to form
in your hand when you squeeze, and dry enough to hold its
s upp lie r. (A c ubi c ya rd is 27 c ubi c fee t of volume : for
shape. If the mixture is too dry, the aggregate will be difficult
exa m ple , a footing t hat measu res one foot \,v ide x four to work, and Will not smooth out easily to produce an even,
feet dee p x nine feet long, o r a \va ll meas urin g six finished appearance. A wet mixture Will slide off the trowel, and
in ches wide x three feet tall x 18 fee t long.) may cause cracking and other defects in the finished surface.

I Mixing Concrete On-site

TO mix by hand, empty entire contents of premixed concrete TO use a power mixer, fill a bucket with 1 gallon of clean
bags into a mortar box or wheelbarrow. Form a hollow in the water for each 60-lb. bag of dry concrete mix (most mixers can
mound of mix, and pour In 1 gallon of clean water per 60-lb. handle 3 bags at once). Pour in ';' of the water, and then add all
bag. Mix with a hoe, adding water in small increments as of the dry mix. Run the mixer for 1 minute. Add water in small
needed until the right consistency is achieved. Don't overwork increments as needed to reach the desired consistency, then
the mix. Note the total amount of water used as a reference mix for 3 minutes. Empty the concrete into a wheelbarrow, and
for the rema ining batches. rinse the drum immediately.

40 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Materials for Concrete projects
A

c
..-- ...r<:tr_.._..- ~-
COIIICR..,... M,X

~.1;;
===-===-
AM _
\tert ;:cor... _
~~::rar-
~

, . ,- - r -, .
,
. - ! . ~.

concrete mix, usually sold in 40·, 60· or 80·lb. bags, contains all the components of concrete. You simply add water, miX, and place
the concrete. Several varieties are offered at most building centers. The most common are: general-purpose 4,000 psi mix (A), which is
the least expensive and is suitable for most do-it-yourself and contractor projects; sand mix (B) contains no large aggregate and is used
for shallow pours, such as pouring overlays less than 2" thick (that's why it's sometimes called topping mix); high·early strength mix (C)
contains agents and additives that cause it to strengthen quickly, achieving S,ooO PSI after 28 days. This mix is particularly appropriate
for patios, driveway aprons, and concrete countertops. Other common bagged concrete varieties include fast-setting concrete mix (0)
with initial set times under 40 minutes and used for setting posts without mixing; and crack resistant concrete mix (E), a fiber-reinforced
concrete mix with improved freeze-thaw durability characteristics.

Concrete additives include liquid colorant (F) that is added to the mix to produce vividly colored concrete; and acrylic sealer (G) to
promote curing by retaining water in freshly placed concrete.

Materials for subbases and forms

include compactable gravel (A) to improve
drainage beneath the poured concrete
structure; asphalt-impregnated fiberboard
(8) to keep concrete from bonding with
adjoining structures and to allow for
expansion and contraction of concrete
slabs; lumber (C) and 3" screws (D) for
building forms; stakes (E) for holding the
forms in place; and vegetable oil (F) or
a commercial release agent to make it
easier to remove the forms.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques . 41

 Concrete Footings

F ootings provi de a sta ble, level base for brick, block,

ston e, a nd po ured concre te stru ctures. They
d istribute th e we ight of th e structu re eve nl y, preve nt
Tools & Materials ~

s inki ng, a nd keep stru c tures from mov ing duri ng Rope or hose Drill
seasonal freeze-th aw cycles. CCi rpe nter's square Concrete mi.\:
Th e required depth of a footing is usually Tape meas ure Water
dete rmi ned by th e frost line, whi c h va ries by region. Mason's string 113 rebar
The frost line is the point nearest grou nd level Line level 16-ga uge wire
where t he soil does not freeze. In co lder climates, Spade 2 x 4 lumber
it is li ke ly to be 48 inches or deeper. Frost footings Sod cutter 3" sc re\vs
(footin gs designed to kee p st ruct ures from movi ng Straightedge Vegetable oi I or co mme rcia l
during freezing temperatures ) shou ld ex tend 12 Level release agen t
in ches below the frost line fo r th e area. Your local 'vVhee lba rrow Stakes
building in spec tor ca n tell YOLI the frost line de pth Shovel Eye and ear protection
for your area. C irc ular saw Work gloves
Reciprocating saw Fiber board
Float Construction ad hesive

Footings are required by Building code for concrete, stone, brick, and block structures that adjoin other permanent
structures or that exceed the height specified by local codes. Frost footings extend 8 to 12" below the frost line. Slab footings,
which are typically 8" thick, may be recommended for low, freestanding structures built using mortar or poured concrete. Before
starting your project, ask a building inspector about footing recommendations and requirements for your area.

Tips for Planning ~

• Describe the proposed structure to your local building inspector to find out whether it requires a footing, and
whether the footing needs reinforcement. In some cases, 8"·thlck slab footings can be used, as long as the subbase
provides plenty of drainage.
• Keep footings separate from adjoining structures by installing an isolation board (see page 44).

42 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Building Footings

For poured concrete, use the earth as a form. Strip sad from For brick, block, and stone, bUild level, recessed wood
around the project area, then strike off the concrete with a forms. Rest the screed board on the frames to create a flat,
screed board resting on the earth at the edges of the top of even surface for stacking masonry units.
the trench.

Wall wldth x 2

Make footings twice as wide as the wall or structure they Add tie-rods if you will be pouring concrete over the footing.
will support They also should extend at least 12" past the ends After the concrete sets up, press 12" sections of rebar 6"
of the project area. into the concrete. The tie rods will anchor the footing to the
structure it supports.

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 43

 I How to Pour a Footing

Make a rough outline of the footing using a rope or Strip away sod 6" outside the project area on all sides,
hose. Outline the project area with stakes and mason's string. then excavate the trench for the footing to a depth 12" below
Measure the diagonals or use the 3-4-5 method (page 24) to the frost line.
make sure the string layout is square.

Build and install a 2 x 4 form frame for the footing, Variation: If your project abuts another structure, such as a
aligning It with the mason's strings. Stake the form In place, house foundation, slip a piece of asphalt-impregnated fiber
and adjust to level. board into the trench to create an isolation joint between
the footing and the structure. Use a few dabs of construction
adhesive to hold it in place.

44 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RDE N WAL LS & FE NCES

Make two #3 rebar grids to reinforce the footing. For each grid, cut two pieces of #3 rebar 8" shorter than the length of the
footing, and two pieces 4" shorter than the depth of the footing. Bind the pieces together with 16-gauge wire, forming a rectangle.
Set the rebar grids upright in the trench, leaving 4" of space between the grids and the walls of the trench . Coat the inside edge of
the form with vegetable oil or commercial release agent.

Mix and pour concrete, so it reaches Cure the concrete for one week before you build on the footing. Remove the
the tops of the forms (pages 40 to 41). forms and backfill around the edges of the footing.
Screed the surface using a 2 x 4. Float
the concrete until it is smooth and level.

P/(1IlIIillg &- Basic TeclmhJlIes • 45

 Fence & Wall Materials
s with mos t building projects, choos ing the right rated for "grou nd co ntact" for a ll posts and any pieces
A m a teria ls for yo ur fence or wa ll is really a questio n t hat \v ill be w ithin 6 in ches of th e groun d . Ki ln-dried
of priorities. In other words, what do YOll va lue most lumber (often la be led KDAT, for "kiln -d ried after
in the fini shed product: Ap pearance? Du ra bi lity? treatment" ) is less likely to warp or split t ha n surfaced-
Ease of mai nte na nce? Secu rity? Cost? Ulti mately, d ry (S-Dry) lumbcr.
your dec ision will in volve a combinat ion of priorities If you wa nt to sta in an d seal yo ur fence or leave
(and mos t likely so me compro mises). An d often the it unfinished to let it weat he r natura lly, your two
functio n and style of a fe nce or wa ll narrov,l$ the sta ndard options are cedar a nd red\vood, Both are
cho ices for YOll . For exa mpl e, if yo u're building a na turall y rot-resista nt, depend ing on th e grade of t he
fence for pri vacy, you ca n a utomat ica ll y rul e out m e ta l lumber. Hea rtwood (or "a ll -hea rt") lu mbe r, whi c h
fencing. Here's a n ove rview of th e most popular fen ce comes from th e dense ce nter of the tree, is the most
a nd wa ll materials. res ista nt to rot a nd, in the case of redwood, in sects.
Sa pv\lood comes from the softe r oute r portion of t he
WOOD tree a nd is no more res ist<Jnt to dec<Jy than ot her
\t\1ood is still th e most co mm only lIsed material sofhvoods, li ke pine. iVlos t ceda r and redwood lumber
for fcn ces and is rea ll y th e only one t hat al lows for you' ll find is a mixtu re of hea rtwood a nd softwood ,
custom de signs and deta il s . Durabi li ty, cos t, a nd therefore offerin g va rying degrees of li mi ted decay
appearance have everyt hin g to do with the type and res ista nce. Discuss yo ur project with kno wledgeable
qua li ty of \,vood you c hoose. Fo r a p<J in ted fence <Jnd staff a t a good lu mbe rya rd; t hey can suggest
for stru ctu ral members (posts an d st ringers ) that appropria te grades for you r project an d budget (and
aren't hi ghl y visi ble o n unpa inte d fences, th e best t he loca l clima te ). Note: \;\lhen structural strength
and c heapest option is pressu re-treated ( PT) lumber. is i111portan,t, nwny fence bttilders recoJr1111end using
Unfin ished , it doesn't look as good as other wood only PT lumber for all fence posts, due to its superior
types, bu t it's stron g a nd highly rot-res ista nt, a nd strength and decay resistance over most cedar and
you can't see it once it's painted. C hoose PT lumber redwood lumber.
For a sma ll , h igh ly visible and de co rat ive fencc,
you m ight consider spl urging on a susta ina bl y
ha rvested trop ic<J1 hard\vood, sllc h as ipe,
iro nwood, mera nti , or cambera. C hoose these
produc ts carefull y: th e wood shou ld be sui tahl y
rot-resistant for you r appl ica tion a nd local c limate,
a nd it shou ld come from a su pp lic r certi fi ed for
susta inabl e forest ry.

ORNAMENTAL METAL
So ld in preasse mbl ed pa ne ls a nd prec ut posts
madc of steel, a lu minum, or iron, ornamenta l meta l
fe ncing has a di stinctive, forma l look reminiscent of
traditional \vrought iron fences. Most prod uc ts co me
p refinis hed \vit h to ugh, \veat he r-res istant coatings,
ma kin g m e tal fe nc ing one of th e 100"lest- ma intena nce
types you can bu y. S te e l a nd a luminum ve rsions
a re li ghter in weig ht a nd less ex pensive than iron
fe ncing and are readi ly avai lable t hrough hom e
ce nters a nd fe ncing s up pl iers. Iron fencing made
Always use galvanized or stainless steel hardware and fo r easy in sta llat ion is <Jvai la ble t hro ugh spec ialty
fasteners when building fences. manufac turers and di stribu tors.

46 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

CHAIN LINK
C ha in link is th e ultimate utili ty fe nce-du ra ble,
sec ure, a nd virt uall y ma inte na nce-free. Made of
ru st-res ista nt ga lva n ized steel. c hain li n k fenc ing
co mes in ready- ta-asse mbl e pa rts a nd is eas il y "vorked
into c usto m le ngth s a nd co nfi gura t io ns . Insta ll ing
c ha in li nk is a little morc in vo lved th an \,v ith oth e r
types of p re- fa b fe nc in g, but th e tec hn iq ue is pre tty
stra igh tfo rwa rd once yo u ge t th e hang of it.

WOOD COMPOSITE
Beca use it's made with wood fib e rs <Jlld plas ti c,
wood co mpos ite fe ncing may he conside red a n stone, brick, and block are timeless, sturdy fence-building
matenals that stand the test of tim e.
a lte rn a ti ve to both wood an d viny l fe ncing. An d it's an
enviro nme nta ll y fri e nd ly c hoice to boot. C om posite
fe nc ing can be made a lmos t e ntire ly from recyc le d
plast ic and recycled or re claimed \-vood mCi teria is (not c hoose hot-dipped ga lva ni ze d or stainless steel (not
cou nti ng me ta l brac ke ts a nd ra il stiffe ne rs). Like vin yl, alu mi nu m) whe n working with pressu re- trea ted
it \von't rot a nd neve r need s pain ti ng. Like wood , it has wood; wit h cedar an d redwood lumbe r, ga lvanized ,
a solid fee l and a no n-gla re fini sh. Compos ite fe nc ing sta inless steel, a nd aluminum fas te ne rs offe r corros ion
co me in ready-to -assembl e Izj ts a nd in stall s mu c h like res ista nce, b ut o nl y sta inless steel is gua ra nteed not to
ma ny vin yl Fe nce p rodu cts. di scolor th e \,vood .

VINYL STONE
Viny l fe ncing is po pular for its lo ng life, m inim al N atu ra l sto ne is a ti meless b u il d ing mate ri a l for
ma in te na nce requireme nts (esse nti all y none), a nd th e wa lls, offering unm atc hed beauty a nd d ura bility. C ut
fac t t hat it co mes in man y styles ba sed on traditi onal stone (call e d ashl ar) is th e best c ho ice fo r mos t wa ll
wood fe nce designs. As suc h, vi nyl is ge ne rall y a pplicatio ns. Its rel ati ve ly Fla t s urFaces ma ke it easy to
co nside re d a n a lte rn a tive to pa inted wood fe nc ing. stac k fo r a strong, unifo rm st ructu re. Othe r types of
Installat io n of th e var ious pos t-and-pa ne l fence sto ne for building incl ude fi e ldstone (na tura ll y sha ped,
sys te m s is re lat ive ly simp le, provided yo u fo ll ow the irreg ula r sto nes gat he red fro m fi elds) a nd rubbl e
ma nufac tu rers' inst ru cti o ns ca refull y. (lower-qu ality irregul a r sto ne pi eces used pri maril y Fo r
infill in stone wa lls).
BAMBOO
Bam boo occ u pies its O\v n ca tego ry because it's not BRICK & CONCRETE BLOCK
wood- it's grass- a nd beca use it has suc h a uniq ue C la y bric k a nd co nc rete bloc k a re e qu a ll y we ll suite d
decora ti ve quali ty tha t ca n turn any fe nce in to a to outd oo r wa ll projec ts. By itse lf, bric k is clea rly t he
co nve rsa ti o n piece. Most bam boo fe nces a re made more decora ti ve choice, whi le wa ll s made of bloc k a rc
wit h preassem bled pane ls (co nsisti ng of size- matc hed qu ic ke r to build (whe th e r morta re d or morta rl ess ) a nd
ca nes tied toge th e r with \,v ire ) set into a wood make a grea t foundation for deco rati ve fi ni shes like
fra mework. Yo u ca n a lso fin d ma teria ls fo r bu il di ng an stucco or ve nee r sto ne.
a ll -bam boo fe nce, or you ca n cover an existin g fence
with preassem ble d pa ne ls. Bam boo ca n be toole d an d LANDSCAPE BLOCK
fi n ished wit h ord ina ry too ls an d ma te ri a ls a nd is an La ndscape blocks a rc manufac tu red co nc rete units
enviro nme nta ll y fri e ndly mate ri a l. th a t come in seve ra l d iffere nt fo rms. All typ es
a re uniform ly sha ped a nd s ized , malUng th em
FENCE & GATE HARDWARE exce ptionall y easy to wo rk \\'1 th . I n addit io n to t he
All meta l ha rd\va re a nd fas tene rs used Fo r building fam ilia r bloc ks made spec ifica ll y fo r re tain ing wa lls,
fe nces must be co rros io n-res ista nt. T hi s incl ud es yo u can now buy building- type la ndsca pe bloc ks
hinges, latc hes, a nd bracke ts, as we ll as sc re\'vs, des igned for do- it-you rse lf wa lls, co lumns, ste ps,
na il s, a nd oth e r faste ne rs . Fo r fas te n e r ma te ri als, a nd p lante rs.

PlllIlllillg &- Basic Techniques • 47

 Tools

I n add ition to basic hand a nd power tools, your

project w ill like ly ca ll for some specialty too ls t hat
you can buy at yo u r loca l home ce nte r o r a well-
here is common ly available for rent at home centers
and rental o utlets. I n cases where han d tools ca n be
s u bstitu te d For pm-vcr e q u ip ment, these a re mentio ned
stocked hardware store. And with some jobs, heavy- \\'ithin th e give n project. Here's a picto ri al look at t he
duty power equip me nt can g reatl y speed up the various special ty too ls use d in this book, so you'l l know
work and im prove t he resu lts. The equip ment shown exact ly what to p ick up at t he store.

Landscaping tools for preparing sites for concrete projects include: power auger (A) for digging holes for posts or poles;
power tamper (8) and power sad cutter (e) for driveway and other large-scale site preparation. Smaller landscaping tools include:
pick (D) for excavating hard or rocky sOil; weed trimmer (E) for removing brush and weeds before digging; posthole digger (F) for
when you have Just a few holes to dig; come-along (G) for moving large rocks and other heavy objects without excessive lifting; and
garden rake (H) for moving small amounts of soil and debris.

48 • THE COMPLETE GUJDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

Concrete, masonry, and stone tools: Mortar hawk (AI, mason's trowel (BI, steel concrete finishing trowel (CI, wood and
magnesium concrete floats (D), pointing chisel (E), pitching chisel (F), stone chisel (G), brickset (HI, painting trowel (I), square-end
trowel (JI, jointing tool (K), mason's string with line blocks (Ll, concrete edger (M), mason's hammer (NI.

Layout, marking, and leveling tools: Framing square (A), speed square (B), line level ICI, plumb bob (DI, post level lEI,
chalk line IF), landscape marking paint IGI, combination square IHI, mason's string (I).

PlllIlllillg (7 Basic Techniques • 49

I

Fence & Gate

Projects
W hether yo u're a serious \veekend \,va rri a r or a
perfect stra nger to co nst ru c tio n too ls, building
you r ovm fe nce is a wo rth v.lhil e a nd doa ble project. It's
outdoor wo rk , it's si mpl e an d stra ightforwa rd , a nd in
most cases it can be done at yo ur own pace. On top of
all that, fence bui ldi ng is satisfying work, as you begin
to see th e fruits of you r labor in a very short time.
The projects in this chapte r inc lude all of the
most popu lar types o f fences and fence materials, as
wel l as severa l gate options. Ma ny of the fences are
custo m -bui lt, mean in g th at YO LI design and cons tru ct
t he fence to yo ur own specifi cations lIsing stock
mate ri als (don't wo rry, th e project steps give you plenty
of guidan ce), You'll a lso find a range of fe nces made
with prefab ri cated panels an d other modular parts.
v\food fe ncing can be ClIstom or pane lized, vv hi le vin yl,
or wood co mposite, and a ll types of me tal fencing are
stri ctl y prefab.
Before you get sta rte d , keep in min d that fe nce
building- like hanging drywa ll an d othe r jobs
invo lving long, heavy, or unwieldy materials- is ofte n
mu c h eas ier with th e help of a friend o r two.

In this chapter:
• Board & Stringer Fence • Chain Link Fence
• Wood Panel Fences & Gate
• Picket Fence • Trellis Fence
• Post & Board Fences • Bamboo Fence
• Split Rail Fence • Invisible Dog Fence
• Virginia Rail Fence • Brick & Cedar Fence
• Wood Composite Fence • Stone & Rail Fence
• Vinyl Panel Fence • Easy Custom Gates
• Ornamental • Arched Gate
Metal Fence • Trellis Gate

• 51
 Board & Stringer Fence

T he board a nd str inge r (a lso call e d ve rti ca l boa rd)

fe nce is hands dow n th e most pop ular type of
fe nce in Am eri ca n sub urb s. vVhy? Beca use it creates
The bas ic stru cture of a board and stringer fe nce
starts w it h 4 x 4 o r 6 x 6 posts a nc ho red in co nc rete,
typically a bout: e ig ht feet apa rt. Be twee n eac h pa ir of
an excellen t visual and phys ica l barri er between YO LI posts , three 2 x 4 stringe rs (ra ils) are insta lled wit h
and your ne ighbors. No offe nse to th e ne ighbors; it's me ta l fe nce bracke ts o r just p la in fasten e rs . T he
just: n ice to have a little pri vacy (es peciall y w he re stri ngers ca n be positio ned o n-e dge o r o n th e fl at ;
house lots are s mal l), not to mentio n a safe a nd secure in thi s project, on ly th e top str inger is se t fla t. T he
a rea fo r t he kj d s to pla y o r th e dog to rUIl a ro un d in. siding, o r infill boa rds, are faste ned o ne at a t ime to
t he strin ge rs a nd ca n be fit tig htly toge t he r (fo r a solid
barri e r) o r s paced in pi cke t-Fe nce Fas hi o n. Anothe r
popula r style is th e stagge red boa rd fe nce, in w hic h the
s idi ng boa rds a re insta lle d on both s ides of th e str inge rs
(v,lh ic h mu st be o n t he flat ) in alte rn ation . T hi s give s
t he fe nce vis ua l de pt h and prov ides ve nti la tio n w hi le
ma inta ining mos t of the privacy of a solid barri e r.
T he p iece- bu ilt des ig n of thi s fe nce ma kes it a
good optio n for slo p ing ya rd s . T he fe nce sec ti o ns ca n
eas il y be stepped o r c onto ure d as d es ired .

Tools & Materials ~

Too ls & mate rial s H .D. ga lva nized fe nce

fo r setting posts bracke t na iJs
Ta pe meas ure (2) WI piece of scrap wood
C ha lk li ne C o mpac table grave l
Line level Ha nd mau l
Paintbrush Hand ta mp
C irc ular saw Reciproca ting saw
Ha m mer or handsaw
Drill Plum b bob
Leve l Stakes a nd
Wood sea ler! mason's st ring
Gate Post La yout preservative Speed squa re
Prefabr icate d ga te Eye and ear protect io n
.....''''.""
,
~
::
''
.:'
& hardware
Press ure-treated
\No rk gloves
Wood bloc ks
Hing e
cedar or redwood C orrosion- res ista nt
lumbe r (4 x 4, screws
2 x 4, I x 6) H inge pi ns
On-center
pos t Gat e Ho t-dipped (H .D .) Masking ta pe
spacing
ga lva nized 2 x 4 Pe ncil
fe nce brac ke ts Spray paint
H .D. ga lvan ized nails Pe rm ane nt ma rke r
, _ _,.- L atch
H .D. galva nized
deck sc rews

52 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARD EN WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Board & Stringer Fence

Layout the fence posts, spacing them 96" on center, or Check the post alignment with a mason's string. Pull the
as desired (see pages 22 to 25). Dig the postholes 6" deeper string taut and make sure each post touches the line. Make
than the code-required depth. Add 6" of gravel to each hole any necessary adjustments to the post positions. Anchor the
and tamp it flat Position each post in Its hole, and brace it with posts with concrete, checking to make sure they are plumb
2 x 4 cross bracing so it is perfectly plumb. before the concrete sets (see pages 26 to 29) . Let the concrete
cure for 48 hours.

Mark the finished post height onto the end posts, Trim off the posts along the marked cutoff lines using a
12" below the planned height of the siding boards. Attach a chalk reciprocating saw or handsaw. Brush sealer-preselVative onto
line to the height marks on the end posts, and snap a cutoff line the cut ends of the posts.
across the Infill posts. (Board and stringer fences are usually
constructed so the siding boards extend above the posts.)
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 53

 cut 2 x 4 top stringers and coat the ends with sealer- Mark lines on each post to serve as reference lines for
preservative. Center the end joints over the posts, then attach installing additional stringers. Space the marks at 24" Intervals,
the stringers to the posts with galvanized screws or nails. or as desired.

At each stringer reference mark, use galvanized nails to Position a 2 x 4 stringer between each pair of fence
attach a 2 x 4 fence bracket to the sides of the posts. Brackets brackets. Hold or tack the stringer against the posts, then mark
should be flush with the front face of the posts. it for cutting by marking the back side along the edges of the
posts. (If the yard is sloped, stringers will be cut at angles.) Cut
stringers %" shorter than measurement so stringer Will slide
into brackets easily.

54 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Slide the stringers into the fence brackets and attach Install the first siding boards, beginning at an end post To
them with galvanized nails. If stringers are cut at an angle find the board length, measure from the ground to the top face
because of the ground slope, bend the bottom flanges on of the top stringer, and add 10". Cut a number of boards to
the fence brackets to match this angle before installing length. Position the first board so it is 2" above the ground, and
the stringers. use a level to make sure it is perfectly plumb. Fasten the board
to the post and stringers with galvanized screws or nails.

11

Install the remaining boards, leaving a gap of at least y," Install and finish a prebuilt gate, as shown in Tip, page 61.
between them (a piece of scrap hardboard or plywood works Finish the fence with a sealer-preservative or paint, as desired.
well as a spacing guide) . Check every third or fourth board
with the level to make sure it's plumb before fastening. At the
corners and ends of the fence, you may need to rip-cut boards
to fit

Felice & Galc Projects • 55

 Wood Panel Fences

P refa bri ca te d fence panels ta ke much of the wo rk

out of putting LIp a fe nce, and (surpri singly) lIsing
th e m is ofte n less expe nsive t han building a boa rd
(pages 59 to 61), \ve se t one post at a time as the
fe nce was bui lt, so the attac he d pane l positio n can
de termin e t he spac ing, not t he prese t posts.
and strin ge r fe nce from sc ratc h . They a re best suited A n a lte rn ative in stallation to se ttin g panels
for re lati ve ly flat ya rd s, but may be ste ppe d dow n on be tv·,1ee n posts is to a ttach th e m to th e post faces
s lopes that are n't too steep. (pages 62 to 63 ). Face-mounted panels are more
Fence panels come in many styles, rangi ng from forgiv in g of preset posts, s in ce the attachment point of
privacy to pic ket. Most te nd to be built lighter than fences st rin ge rs does n't need to be dead ce nter on the posts.
you'd make from scratch , wi th thinn er v/Ood for the V\!ood fe nce pa ne ls usuall y a re cons tructed in
stringers and siding. \;Vhe n shopping for panels, com pare e ither Sl."X- or e ight-foo t lengt hs . Ceda r an d pressu re-
quality and heft of lumbe r and fastene rs as wel l as cost. treated pine a rc th e most co mmon wood types used
Purc hase panels, ga te hardv,lare, an d ga te (if in malUng fe nce panels, a ltho ugh yo u may also find
yo u're not building one) before se tting and trimming redwood in so me a rea s. Ge nerally, the cedar pane ls
you r pos ts. Dete rmin e Cll so if panels ca n be trimmed cost one-an d-a-ha lf to t\,\IO times as mu c h for similar
or re produced from sc ratch for sho rt sec tion s. styles in PT lumbe r.
The most exact ing tas k whe n bu ilding a pane l V\!he n se lec ting wood fen ce pa nels, inspect eve ry
fe nce in vol ves insettin g the panels be twee n the posts . board in eac h pa ne l ca re full y (and be su re to c hec k
This regu ires that preset posts be precisely spaced both sides of t he pane l). These p rodu cts are fair ly
a nd pe rfectly plumb. I n our inset panel seque nce susce ptible to dam age d uring shippin g.

Building with wood fence panels is a great time-saver and allows you to create a more elaborate fence than you may be able
to build from scratch .

56 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

 Tools & Materials ~

Pressure-treated cedar or Prefabricated gate or power auger C lamps

redwood 4 x 4 posts & hardv,'are Gravel Scrap lumber
Prefabricated Wood blocks Hand tam p Shovel
fence pa nels Colored plastic Level Ham me r
Corros ion- res istan t Tape measu re 2 x 4 lu mber Speed square
fence brackets or Plumb bob Circular saw, hand sa\v, Eye and ear protection
panel hangers Masking tape or rec iprocat ing saw Work gloves
Post caps Stakes and Concrete Perm anent marker
Corros ion- res istan t mason's stri ng Drill Hinges (3)
deck screws ( I ") 3 W') C lams hell digger Li ne level

I Panel Board Pattern Variations

Louve red Lattice Top

• •
•

Stagge red Board

Felice & Gale Proj ects • 57

 I Installing Fence Panels

F
=

on a sloped lot, install the panels in a step pattern, trying to Metal fence panel hangers make quick work of hanging
keep a consistent vertical drop between panels. It IS difficult panels and offer a slight amount of wiggle room If the panel is
to cut most preassembled panels, so try to plan the layout so up to y," narrower than the space between posts.
only full-width panels are used.

With some panel styles, the best tactic is to flatten the Setting all of the posts in concrete at one time and then
lower tab after attaching It to the post and then bend it up or Installing the panels after the concrete sets has advantages as
down against the panel frame once the panel is in place. well as disadvantages. On the plus side, this approach lets you
pour all of the concrete at the same time and provides good
access so you can make absolutely certain the posts are level
and plumb. On the downside, if the post spacing is off even a
little bit, you'll need to tnm the panel (which can be tricky) or
attach a shim to the post or the panel frame (also tricky). Most
panel manufacturers recommend installing the posts as you go.

58 • T HE COM PL ETE GUIDE TO GAR DEN WA LLS & FENCES

I How to Build a Wood Panel Fence

Layout the fenceline, and mark the posthole locations with Dig the first posthole for a corner or end post uSing
colored plastic (Inset). Space the holes to fit the fence panels, a clamshell digger or power auger. Add 6" of gravel to the
adding the actual post width (3%" for 4 x 4 postsl plus '(." for hole, and tamp it flat. Set. plumb, and brace the first post with
brackets to the panel length. Tip: For stepped fences, measure cross bracing.
the spacing along a level line, not along the slope.

Dig the second posthole using a 2 x 4 spacer to set the Fill the first posthole with concrete or with tamped soil
distance between posts (cut the spacer to the same length as and gravel (see pages 26 to 29). Tamp the concrete with a 2 x 4
the stringers on the preassembled fence panels). as you fill the hole. Let the concrete set.
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 59

 Install the stringer brackets onto the first post using Set the first panel into the brackets. Shim underneath the
corrosion-resistant screws or nails. Shorter fences may have free end of the panel with scrap lumber so that the stringers
two brackets, while taller fences typically have three. Note: The are level and the panel is properly aligned with the fenceline.
bottom of the fence siding boards should be at least 2" above Fasten the panel to the brackets with screws or nails.
the ground when the panel is installed.

Mark the second post for brackets. Set the post in its hole Reset the second post, slipping the ends of the panel
and hold it against the fence panel. Mark the positions of the stringers into the brackets. Brace the post so it is plumb,
panel stringers for installing the brackets. Remove the post and making sure the panel remains level and IS aligned with the
Install the stringer brackets, as before. fenceline. Fasten the brackets to the panel with screws or nails.

60 • T H E COMPLETE CU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Anchor the second post in concrete. After the concrete Attach the post caps after trimming the posts to their
sets, continue building the fe nce, following steps 5 to 8. Option: finished height (use a level mason's line to mark all of the
YOU can wait to fill the remaining postholes with concrete until posts at the same height). Install the gate, If applicable; see
all of the panels are in place. Tip, below.

Installing a Prefab Gate ~

TO install a prefabricated gate, attach three evenly spaced hinges to the gate frame using corrosion-resistant screws
(left). Follow the hardware manufacturer's directions, making sure the hinge pins are straight and parallel with the edge of
the gate. Position the gate between the gate posts so the hinge pins rest against one post. Shim the gate to the desired
height using wood blocks set on the ground (right). Make sure there is an even gap (reveal) between the gate and the
latch post, and then fasten the hinges to the hinge post with screws (Inset).

Felice & Galc Projects • 61

 I How to Build a Face-mounted Panel Fence

set the posts for your project (see pages 22 to 291. Since Trim the posts to height. For level or nearly level fences,
spacing IS less critical for face-mounted panels than for inset mark the desired post height on the end posts, allowing for
panels, you can install all of the posts before adding the a 2" min. space between the bottom edge of the panels and
panels, if desired. Layout the posts according to the panel Size, the ground. Stretch a mason's stflng between the end/corner
leaving about y." for wiggle room . Note: Spaces before end, posts, and mark the infill posts at the string level. Cut the posts
corner, and gate posts must be smaller by half the post width, with circular saw, reciprocating saw, or handsaw
so that the end of the fence panel covers the entire post face.
Set the posts in concrete.

Position the first panel. To mark the height for all of the panels, run a mason's string between the end/corner posts to represent
the top of the top panel stringers. Use a line level to make sure the line IS level. Also make sure the panel will be at least 2" above
the ground when installed. Set the first panel onto blocks so the top stringer is touching the mason's string.

62 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Fasten the first panel. Holding the panel in position, drill pilot holes and fasten each stringer to the post with 3%" deck screws.
use two screws at each stringer end. At end, corner, and gate posts, the stringers should run all the way across the post faces.

Install the remaining panels. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to install Variation : Face-mounted privacy fence panels may be
the rest of the panels. Tip: If any posts are off layout, resulting fastened to post faces through the panels' vertical frame
in a stringer joint falling too close to the edge of a post, add members. To use this technique, make sure the panel edges
a 24 "-long brace under the butted stringer ends; the brace are perfectly plumb before fastening, and butt the panels
should have the same thickness as the stringer stock. Add post tightly together (or as directed by the manufacturer).
caps and other details, as desired.

Felice & Galc Projects • 63

 Picket Fence

T he quintes se ntial symbol of A mer ican hominess,

the cla ss ic picket fence remains a peren n ial
favo rite for more than its charm and good looks. I t's
pic ke ts. De pe nding on you r preference. th e posts
ca n be vis ibl e design e le me nts or th ey ca n hide
behind a co ntinuo us lin e of pic kets . Spac in g be twee n
also a dece pti ve ly effec ti ve boundary, crea tin g a clear the pi ckets is a qu es tion of fun c tion an d tas te: go
line of se paration while appearing to be nothing morc with whatever spac ing looks best and fulfills yo ur
than a fami liar decora tio n. T hi s unique charac teri sti c fun ctional needs.
of a welc omin g ba rri er makes the pi cke t fence a good
choi ce for encloS ing an area in fro nt of the hOllse.
I t's also a popu lar option fo r sepa rating a vegeta bl e or
fl ower ga rden from th e surrou ndi ng landsca pe.
Tools & Materials ~
Building a Cli stom pi c ket fen ce from sc ratch is a
Tools and materials Ga lva nized or stainless
great do-it-yourself project. The small sca le an d sim ple
for setting posts steel finish nails
stru cture of the ba sic fence design make it easy to add
Maso n's string Spacer
yo ur ow n crea ti ve deta il s and perso na l tOLlches. I n this
Line level Speed sq uare
projec t, yo u'll see hm,v to c ut c ustom picke ts and buil d
Circular saw Eye and ear protection
a fen ce using standard lumber (plus an easy upgrade
Drill C lam ps
of adding decorati ve post ca ps). As an alternati ve,
Powe r mite r saw Paint brush
yo u ca n build you r fence using prefab fence pane ls
Sander Tape measure
fo r th e picket in fi ll (see pages 59 to 6 1). You can also
2-ft. leve l 16d galva nized
buy prec llt pic kets at home cen te rs, lu mberya rd s, and
Lurnber (4 x 4, common nail s
on lin e re tail e rs to save on th e wo rk of c utting yo ur ovm.
2 x 4, I x 4) Wood sea lant
Traditionally, a picket fence is abo ut three to
Deck sc rews (3 Yi, 2") or pnme r
fo ur feet tall (if ta ller than four fee t, a picke t fen ce
Finishing mate rials Work gloves
starts to loo k like a barri cade) with I x 3 or I x 4
Post caps (optional) Pencil
pic ke ts. Fence posts can be spaced anyw he re up to
Hammer Fi nish materials
e ight feet apart if you' re using stan dard li gh twe ight

\\\\\
... -
A low picket fence adds curb appeal and a cozy sense of enclosure to a front yard or entry area without blocking views to or
from the house.

64 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

I Picket Fence Styles
~

- l- I- f-
- - - - - I- - - r- r

- l- f-
- l- I- f-
-= '-- '-- - '-- '-- '-- -

Highlighting the posts (left) gives the fence a sectional look, and the rhythm of the pickets is punctuated by the slower cadence
of the posts. To create this effect, mount the stringers on edge, so the pickets are flush with- or recessed from- the front faces of
the posts. Hiding the posts (right) creates an unbroken line of pickets and a somewhat less structural look overall. This effect calls
for stringers installed flush with- or over the front of- the post faces.

I How to Build a Picket Fence

Install and trim the posts according to your plan (see pages Mark the stringer positions onto the posts. Measure
22 to 29). In this project, the pickets stand at 36" above grade, and down from each post top and make marks at 8 and 28\1/' (or as
the posts are 38" (without the post caps). Set the posts In concrete, desired for your design). These marks represent the top edges
and space them as desired- but no more than 96" on center of the two stringer boards for each fence section.
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 65

 Calculating Picket Spacing ~
Determine the picket quantity and spacing. Cut a few
pickets (steps 5 to 7) and experiment with different
spacing to find the desired (approximate) gap
between pickets. Calculate the precise gap dimension
and number of pickets needed for each section uSing
the form ula shown in the example here.

Total space between posts: 92.5"

Unit size (picket width + approx. gap size):
3.5" + 1.75" = 5.25"
Number of pickets (post space 7 unit size):
92.5" 7 5.25" = 17. 62 (round down for slightly
larger gaps; round up for slightly smaller gaps)
Total picket area (# of pickets x picket width) :
17 x 3.5" = 59.5"
Remaining space for gaps (post space -
Install the stringers. Measure between each pair of posts. total picket area): 92.5" - 59.5" = 33"
and cut the 2 x 4 stringers to fit. Drill angled pilot holes, and
Individual gap size (total gap space 7
fasten the stringers to the posts with 3Y/ deck screws or 16d
galvanized common nails; drive one fastener in the bottom and (# of pickets + 1)): 33" 7 18 = 1.83"
top edges of each stringer end.

Cut the pickets to length using a power miter saw. To save Shape the picket ends as desired. For straight-cut designs,
time, set up a stop block with the distance from the block use a miter saw with a stop block on the right side of the blade
to blade equal to the picket length. Tip: If you're painting (the first pass cuts through the picket and the block). If the
the fence, you can save money by cutting the pickets from shape is symmetrical, such as this 90 point, cut off one corner,
0

12·ft.-long boards of pressure-treated lumber In this project, and then flip the board over and make the second cut- no
the pickets are 32" long; each board yields 4 pickets. measuring or adjusting is needed.

66 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

-
•
•
Variation: To cut pickets with decorative custom shapes, prime or seal all surtaces of the posts, stringers, and
create a cardboard or hardboard template with the desired pickets; and then add at least one coat of finish (paint, stain, or
shape. Trace the shape onto each picket and make the cuts. sealer), as desired. This will help protect even the unexposed
use a jigsaw for curved cuts. Gang several cut pieces together surfaces from rot.
for final shaping with a sander.

set up a string line to guide the Install the pickets. using a cleat Add the post caps. Wood post caps
picket installation. Clamp a mason's spacer cut to the width of the picket (with or without metal cladding) offer an
string to two posts at the desired height gap, set each picket in place and drill easy way to dress up plain posts while
for the tops of the pickets. Note: TO even pairs of pilot holes Into each protecting the end grain from water.
help prevent rot and to facilitate grass stringer. Fasten the pickets with 2" deck Install caps with galvanized or stainless
trimming, plan to install the pickets at screws. Check the first picket (and every steel finish nails, or as directed by the
least 2" above the ground. few thereafter) for plumb with a level manufacturer. Apply the final finish coat
before piloting. or touch-ups to the entire fence.

Felice & Galc Projects • 67

 Post & Board Fences

P ost and board fences inc lude an endless variety

of si m ple designs in wh ich "vide ly spaced
sq uare or ro u nd posts support severa l horizontal
and board structure to create any nu m ber of custo m
designs. T he fence styles shovm in the follo\,ving pages
are just a sa mpl ing of what you ca n build us ing the
boards. T his type of fence has been arou nd since bas ic co nstruction tech n ique for post a nd board fe nces .
th e carly I 700s, w hen it began to be praised fo r
its efficient use of lumber and land an d its refined
appearance. The post and board is st ill a great design
today. Eve n in a con temporary sub urban setti ng, a Tools & Materials ~
c lass ic, \,v h ite t h ree- or fo ur-boa rd Fe n ce evokes t he
stately e lega nce of a horse Farm or t he \,v e lcom ing, Tools and mate ri als 3" stai n less
down-home feci of a fa rm house fence borde ring a for se tt ing posts steel scre\'vs
country lane. Mason's string Post levels
Another des irable q ual ity of post and boa rd fe nc ing Line level Comb ination square
is its ease in co nfor m ing to slopes a nd roll ing ground. In Circular smv Eye a nd ear
fact , it often looks best whe n the fence ri ses and dips Speed sq ua re protection
wit h ground contou rs. Of course, you can also build Cla mps Lum ber ( I x 6, x 4,
the fence so it's level across the top by trimming the Circular saw 2 x 6, I x 3)
posts along a level line. Traditiona l agricu ltural vers ions D ri ll Deck screws
of post a nd board fences typ ically inc lude three to five 4 x 4 posts (2", 2W', 3Y2")
boards spaced eve nly apa rt or as needed to co ntain Fin ishing mate ri als Sd galva ni zed na ils
livestock. If yo u li ke the look of wide ly spaced boards Bar clamps Scrap 2 x 4
but need a more comp lete ba rrier for pets, cover the C hi sel Work gloves
back side of the fe nce with galvanized \,vire fe ncing, Primer pa int or stain Penci l
which is re latively un noticeab le be h ind the bo ld lines
of the fence boa rds . You can also usc the bas ic post

A low post and board fence, like traditional picket fencing, is both decorative and functional , creating a modest enclosure
without blocking views. The same basic fence made taller and with tighter board spacing becomes an attractive privacy screen or
security fence.

68 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Classic Post & Board Fence

set the posts in concrete, following the desired spacing (see pages 22 to 29). LaYing out the posts at 96" on center allows for
efficient use of lumber. For smaller boards, such as 1 x 4S and smaller, set posts closer together for better rigidity.

Trim and shape the posts with a circular saw. For a Mark the board locations by measuring down from the
contoured fence, measure up from the ground and mark the top of each post and making a mark representing the top
post height according to your plan (post height shown here is edge of each board. The traditional 3-board design employs
36"). For a level fence, mark the post heights with a level string even spacing between boards. use a speed square to draw a
(see page 29). If desired, cut a 45 chamfer on the post tops
0
line across the front faces of the posts at each height mark.
using a speed square to ensure straight cuts. Prime and paint Mark the post centers on alternate posts using a combination
(or stain and seal) the posts. square or speed square and pencil. For strength, It'S best to
stagger the boards so that butted end joints occur at every
other post (this requires 16-ft boards for posts set 8-ft apart).
The centerlines represent the location of each butted joint
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 69

 Install 1 x 6 boards. Measure and mark each board for Mark for mitered butt joints at changes in elevation.
length, and then cut It to size. Clamp the board to the posts, TO mark the miters on contoured fences, draw long centerlines
following the height and center marks. Drill pilot holes and onto the posts. Position an uncut board over the posts at the
fasten each board end with three 2W' deck screws or 8d proper height, and then mark where the top and bottom edges
galvanized box nails. use three fasteners where long boards meet the centerline. Connect the marks to create the cutting
pass over posts as well. line, and make the cut. Note: The mating board must have the
same angle for a symmetrical joint.

Variation: This charming fence style with crossed middle boards calls for a simple alteration of the classic three-board fence. To
build this version, complete the installation of the posts and top and bottom boards, fallowing the same techniques used for the
classic fence. Tip: If desired, space the posts closer together for steeper cross angles. Then, mark long centerlines on the posts,
and use them to mark the angled end cuts for the middle boards. When Installed, the middle boards lap over each other, creating a
slight bow In the center that adds Interest to the overall look.

70 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Notched Post & Board Fence
Side View-Post The notched-post fence presents a
slight variation on the standard face-
---------~,~ -~-l--- mounted fence design. Here, each run
of boards is let into a notch in the posts
9 %"
so the boards install flush with the post
faces. This design offers a cleaner look
and adds strength overall to the fence. In
this example, the boards are 1 x 4s so the
posts are set 6 ft. on center; 1 x 6 or 2 x 6
,----"'--,-....1-----,- . .. _._. . boards would allow for wider spacing
•• 19" (8 ft.). Note: Because the notches must be
1 - - --"""T=.• .1."
=-r-- - --'------ ---- - - precisely aligned between posts, the posts
are set and braced before the concrete
is added. Alternatively, you can complete
25"
the post installation and then mark the
"...----"'-:T:-'-----,-. ---. ---- ---- - notches with a string and cut each one
•• with the posts in place.
•• f---------·------- -
7%" gap

Cut and mark the posts. Cut the Create the notches. Make a series of Install the posts and boards. Set the
4 x 4 posts to length at 66". Clamp the parallel cuts between the notch marks posts In their holes and brace them in
posts together with their ends aligned, using a circular saw with the blade place using a level string to align th e
and mark the notches at 6, 9%,15%,19, depth set at '(,' . Clean out the waste notches (see pages 22 to 29) . Secure the
25, and 28W' down from the top ends. and smooth the bases of the notches posts With concrete. Prefinlsh all fence
with a chisel. parts. Install the 1 x 4 boards with 2"
deck screws (driven through pilot holes)
so their ends meet at the middle of
each post.

FelICe &- Gate Projects • 71

 I How to Build a Capped Post & Board Fence
2 x 6 Cap A cap rail adds a finished look to
a low post and board fence. This fence
design includes a 2 x 6 cap rail and an
infill made of alternating 1 x 4 and 1 x 6
1• 6 boards for a decorative pattern and a
somewhat more enclosed feel than you
get with a basIc 3-board fence. The cap
1• 4 pieces are mitered over the corner posts.
Where cap boards are Joined together over
1 '12" ---..;,:-""t---:r--------'
long runs of fence, they should meet at a
scarf jOint- made with opposing 30 or 45 0

1• 6 Mite r joint bevels cut into the end of each board . All
scarf and miter Joints should occur over
I'/," ---+-~==C====~ 1.4
Top View-De tail the cen ter of a post.

1• 6

4 X 4 post

Install and mark the posts. Set Install the boards. For each infill Add the cap rail. Cut the cap boards
the 4 .4 posts in concrete with 72" bay, cut two 1 x 4S and three 1 x 6S so they will install flush with the Inside
on-center spacing (see pages 22 to to length. Working from the top of the faces and corners of the posts; this
29). Trim the post tops so they are level posts down, fasten the boards with creates a 1%" overhang beyond the
with one another and approximately 2W' deck screws driven through pilot boards on the front side of the fence.
36" above grade. Prefinish all fence holes. Use a 1W' -thick spacer (such as Fasten the cap pieces to the posts
parts. use a square and pencil to mark a 2 x 4 laid flat) to ensure even spacing with 3W' deck screws driven through
a vertical centerline on each post where between boards. pilot holes.
the board ends will butt together.

72 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Modern Post & Board privacy Fence

This beautiful. modern-style post and board fence Install the posts, spacing them 60" on-center (see pages 22
is made with pressure-treated 4 x 4 posts and clear cedar to 29) or as desired. Mark the tops of the posts With a level line,
1 x 3, 1 x 4, and 1 x 6 boards. To ensure quality and color and trim them at 72" above grade. Note: This fence design is
consistency, it's a good idea to hand-pick the lumber, and best suited to level ground. Cut the fence boards to length. If
choose S4S (surfaced on four sides) for a smooth, sleek look. desired, you can rip down wider stock for custom board widths
Alternative materials include clear redwood, ipe, and other rot- (but you'll have to sand off any saw marks for a finished look).
resistant species. A high-quality, UV-reslstant finish is critical to
preserve the wood's natural coloring for as long as possible.

Fasten the boards to the post faces using 2y," deck Add the battens to cover the board ends and hide the
screws or 3d galvanized box nails driven through pilot holes. posts. use 1 x 4 boards for the infill posts and 1 x 6S for the
Work from the top down, and use 'j,"-thick wood spacers to corner posts. Rip %" from the edge of one corner batten so
ensure accurate spacing. the assembly is the same Width on both Sides. Fasten the
battens to the posts with 3" stainless steel screws (other screw
materials can discolor the wood) .

Felice & Galc Projects • 73

 Split Rail Fence

T he split rail , or post and rail , fence is essentially

a rustic ve rsion of th e post and board fence style
(pages 68 to 73 ) a nd is si mil arly a good choice for
fen ce, since the joints allow for plenty of movemen t). This
comes w ith a few adva ntages: the postholes are relatively
small , you save the e.."Xpense of concrete, and it's mu ch
a decorative acce nt, for delineat ing areas, or for eas ier to replace a post if necess3lY Plan to bury abo ut
mark in g boundaries without crea ting a so lid visual a third of the total post le ngth (or 24 inches min imum ).
barri er. Typically made from split cedar logs, t he This means a three-foot-tall fence should have 6O-inch-
fence materials have naturally random shaping and long posts. I f you ca n't fi nd long posts at your local hOllle
dimensio ns, wit h imperfect detail s and character center, try a lumberyard or fe ncing supplier.
marks that g ive th e wood an appeal in g h a n d~hewn
look. Nat ural wea th e ring of th e unt rea ted \\load only
enhances th e fence's ru sti c beau ty.
T he const ruc tion of a split rail fe nce cou ldn't
Tools & Materials ~
be sim ple r. The posts have holes or notc hes (ca lled
i\/laso n's string Precut split rail fence
ITwrti ses ) cut in to one or t\VO facets. The fence ra il s
Shovel posts and rai Is
have trimmed ends (ca lled tenons ) t hat fit into th e
C lamshe ll digger Co mpacta ble gravel
mortises. No fasteners arc needed. Posts come in three
or power auger (bank gravel
types to accommodate any basic configuration: co mmon
Digging bar or pea gravel)
posts have through mortises, end posts have half-dept h
(v.lith tamping Plastic tags
mortises on one facet, and corner posts have helif-depth
head) or 2 x 4 Lumber and screws for
mort ises on two adj acent face ts. The two standard fence
Level cross braci ng
styles are t\'vo~ rail, which stan d about three feet tall ,
Recip rocating sm.\' Wheelbarrow
and t hree-ra il , whi ch stand abo ut fo ur feet ta ll. Rails are
or hcll1ds;:wv Line leve l
commo nl y avai lable in eight- and ten - fee t le ngths.
Tape meas ure Shovel
In keeping with th e rustic simplicity of the fence
Stakes Eye and ear protection
design, split rail fences arc typica lly insta lled by setting
Soil vVork gloves
the posts \,vith tamped soil and gravel instead of concrete
Nails
footings ([ToSt heave is generally not a concern \vith this

A split rail fence looks great as a garden backdrop or a friendly boundary line. The rough-hewn texture and traditional wood
Joints are rem iniscent of homesteaders' fences bUilt from lumber cut and dressed right on the prope rty.

74 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Split Rail Fence

Determine the post spacing by dry-assembling a fence set up a string line using mason's stnng and stakes to
section and measuring the distance between the post centers. establish the fence's path, including any corners and return
Be sure the posts are square to the rails before measuring. sections. Mark each post location along the path using a nail
and plastiC tag.

Dig the postholes so they are twice as wide as the posts and Add 6" of drainage gravel to each posthole. Tamp the
at a depth equal to y, the total post length plus 6". Because gravel thoroughly with a digging bar or a 2 x 4 so the layer is
split posts vary In size, you might want to layout the posts flat and level.
beforehand and dig each hole according to the post size.

(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 75

 Set and measure the first post. Drop the post in its hole, Brace the post with cross bracing so it is plumb. Add 2" of
and then hold it plumb while you measure from the ground gravel around the bottom of the post Tamp the gravel with a
to the desired height If necessary, add or remove gravel and digging bar or 2 x 4, being careful not to disturb the post
re-tamp to adjust the post height

Fill and tamp around the post. one layer at a time. Assemble the first section of fence by setting the next
Alternate between 4" of soil and 2" of gravel (inset), tamping post In its hole and checking ItS height Fit the rails into the
each layer all the way around the post before adding the next post mortises, and then brace the second post in place.
layer. Check the post for plumb as you work. Overfill the top Note: Set a/l the posts at the same height above grade for a
of the hole with soil and tamp it into a hard mound to help contoured fence. For a level fence, see Variation, right.
shed water.

76 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FENCES

Variation: For a fence that remains level across the top, set up Secure the second post by filling and tamping with alternate
a level mason's line strung between two installed fence posts layers of gravel and soil, as with the first post. Repeat steps 5
or between temporary supports. Set all of the posts so their through 9 to complete the fence. Tip: Set up a mason's string
tops are Just touching the line. to help keep the posts in a straight line as you set them.

Custom Details ~

Custom-cut your rails to build shorter fence sections. Gates for split rail fences are available from fencing
Cut the rails to length uSing a reciprocating saw and suppliers in standard and custom -order sizes. Standard
long wood blade or a handsaw (be sure to factor in the sizes include 4 ft. for a walk-through entrance gate and
tenon when determining the overall length). TO cut the 8 or 10 ft. for a drive-through gate. For large gates, set
tenon, make a cardboard template that matches the post the side posts in concrete footings extending below the
mortises. Use the template to mark the tenon shape onto frost line.
the rail end, and then cut the tenon to fit.

Felice & Galc Projects • 77

 Virginia Rail Fence

T he Virginia Hail fence- a lso called a wor m, snake,

and zigzag fe nce- was actua ll y cons idered the
nat iona l fe nce by t he U.S. Department of Agriculture
Tools & Materials ~

prior to t he adve nt of \·vire fences in th e late 1800s. J\/lason's strin g 9 -ga uge
All states with farmla nd cleared from fore sts had them Shovel ga lva ni zed vv ire
in abundance . The simplest fe nces were built with C lams he ll di gger Wood bloc ks
an ext reme zig-zag, and didn 't require posts. To save Diggi ng bar Tape measure
o n lumber and land, farme rs bega n st rai ghtening the Plie rs or wire cutters Leve l
fe nces a nd bu rying pairs of posts at th e rail junctu res. Large sc rewdri ver Scrap wood
Feel free to accommodate the ove rl apping rail fence Sledge hamm er Eye and ea r
in this project to su it yo ur tastes and needs . Inc rcase Rec iproca tin g sa\v protec ti on
the zig-zag to clim b roll ing grou nd, decrease it to stretch or ha nd smv \A/ork gloves
the fe nce o ut. Lapped ra il fences should be rn ade from Stakes
rot resista nt wood , like ceda r, loc Ll st, or cyprus. Split ceda r fence
For the most a ut hentic-loo king fe nce, try to find split, posts a nd rai Is
rathe r than sawn, logs. For longevity, ra ise the bottom rail MarlUng paint
off the grou nd with stones . Posts may even tu a lly rot below Stones
ground, but the inheren tl y stable zig-zag form should keep C lothes line or rope
the fe nce sta nding until you can rep lace th em.

The Virginia Rail fence exhibits a very familiar style to anyone who has spent much time In countryside that was cleared and
farmed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since nails were scarce, these zig-zagging post and rail fences were popular because they
are held together with only wire or rope.

78 • THE COM PLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a virginia Rail Fence
1 Length of fence section

. - ' Distance from

..- outer edge to
fenceline
Fenceline

Rails stacked in
alternating pattern
to maintain level

Plan the layout of your fence by setting down three or four sections formed with single rails without posts. Set the ralls over a
mason's string, rope, or garden hose that represents the fenceline running down the middle of the fence. Experiment with different
angles of zigzag: more acute angles create a more stable fence over roiling contours, but this requires more lumber and takes up
more space. Also determine how much overlap you want at the rail ends. When you are satisfied with your layout, use a board
spanning across the open side of a fence section to measure the overall width, or path, of the fence.

Mark the fenceline with stakes and mason's string. Locate the posthole centers to coincide with the crossing
This will become the center of the fence's path. Then, using points of the rails. TO keep the posts in line, plot the postholes
the measurements taken from your layout, mark the ground along additional mason's strings representing the distance
on either side of the fenceline to represent the outer edges of from the fenceline to the rail crossing points. Make sure
the fence path. use marking paint or mason's strings to mark that the posts alternate from side to side with even spacing
the edges. throughout the fence run.
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 79

 Dig the first pair of postholes using
a clamshell digger. Make the holes about
three times the width of one post and
18 to 24" deep. Because of the fence's
inherent flexibility, the posts don't need to
extend below the frost line.

Place two posts in each hole, Thread a rail through the post pairs, propping it up near the ends with rocks or
leaving enough room for a rail to landscape blocks. Cinch the top ends of the posts together with clothesline or rope
pass In between them . Hold the posts to keep them parallel. The rail should extend past the posts an equal distance at
plumb, and backfill the holes with soil, both ends.
compacting it moderately to allow
for some movement of the posts,
if necessalY

80 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Continue building the fence in the same fashion . Bind the post pairs with wire once the fe nce sections are
Remember to alternate the rail placement to keep the ralls complete. Wrap 9-gauge galvanized wire a couple of times
roughly level. You can use chunks of scrap wood from the around the post, directly above the top-most rail. Twist the
rail or post material as spacers to help level uneven rails, wire ends together a couple of times, leaVing longish tails after
if desired . the twist

Tighten the wire with a screwdriver. Twist the wire tails Drive the posts in further, If necessary, to stiffen up the
around the shaft of a large screwdriver a few times, and post and rail junctures. Protect the tops of the post with a
then rotate the screwdriver in a circle (as if you're applying a wood block. YoU can also tamp around the posts with a digging
tourniquet) until the wire is tight and begins to bite into the bar to stabilize them. If necessary, trim the post tops of each
posts. Trim the wire tails and twist them under or drive them pair so they are even.
Into the wood for safety.

Felice & Galc Projects • 81

 Wood Composite Fence

W ood compos ite fe nc ing requires little

ma intenance a nd ca n last a lifetim e. For ma ny
homeowners, thi s \O\,v- main tenance longevity justifi es
Like vi nyl fencing, composite systems are assembled
from prec isely manufact ured co mponents an d pa nels.
Thi s makes it difficult to modify th e length of fence
th e h igh initi a l cos t of th e fenc ing. iVlanufac ture rs of sec tion s, shou ld yo ur pos t spacing be off. For thi s reason,
co mpos ite products claim th at th ey a rc less expensive you m ight pre fe r to set the pos ts as yo u go {instead of a ll
than wood in t he long run, w hen you factor in t he at once}, usi ng a fe nce stringer to determin e the exact
repa ir, refini shing, an d eve ntual replace m e nt of wood post placement. If your site is sloped, check "oth the
fe nces ove r the years. Qual ity co mpos ite fenci ng fencing ma nufactu re r for recommen da tions on step ping
is guaranteed for lip to 25 years not to split, c rack, or contouring the fe nce to follmv the slope.
splinte r, or rot. Pe rhap s bes t of a ll , it neve r nee d s to be
pain ted or sea led for protection from th e clements.
Compos ite fences are made from a blend of
wood fibers a nd plastic resi ns a nd can co ntai n a hi gh Tools & Materials ~
pe rcentage of recycled mate ri a ls (the co untry's la rges t
ma nufac ture r of wood composi te products uses seven Supplies for laying out Co mposite Fe nce
ou t of eve ry 10 groce ry bags recycled nat io na ll y). Most a nd se tti ng posts mate ria ls
of t he wood used co mes from rec la im ed sawdus t Drill a nd ha rd ware
from woodworki ng industries and di scarded ship ping C ircula r saw and Galvan ized fini sh nails
pa llets. The reuse of was te materials , co mb ined \vith carbide-tipped or adhesive
th e Fac t that th e Fe nc ing never needs to be fini shed wood blade Eye a nd ea r protection
a nd may neve r need to be rep laced, ma kes wood Hacksmv Ham me r
co mposite o ne of the most e nvironmenta lly friend ly Leve l Work gloves
fe nce materials ava il able.

Composite fencing is manufactured with a blend of wood fibers and plastic resins. It is denser than vinyl fencing and available in a
wide range of colors and textures; some even replicate the look of real wood. The privacy fence above is from the Seclusions line by Trex.

82 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 The composite fence system shown
ASSEMBLED PANEL Post cap in this project IS supported by hollow
composite posts set in concrete. Bottom
stringers include aluminum channels (for
strength) clad with composite sleeves.
The siding Infill is made up of interlocking
pieces (or pickets) that fit into the bottom
stringer channels and are covered with a
top rail. The bottom stringer and top rail
are anchored to the posts with brackets.

Post brackets

Composite stringer cladding

Aluminum stringer channel

I How to Construct a Wood Composite Fence

Dig the postholes according to your fence layout (see Set the posts in concrete using a layout string to ensure
pages 22 to 25 for general layout steps). Be sure to follow the precise alignment of the post faces (see pages 26 to 29).
manufacturer's directions for post spacing. Dig the holes 12" Brace each post with cross bracing so it is perfectly plumb. Fill
In diameter and 30" deep (or as directed). Add 6" of gravel to around the post with concrete, up to 2" below ground level.
each hole and tamp it flat. Tamp the concrete with a 2 x 4 to eliminate air pockets. Let the
concrete cure for 24 to 48 hours.
(continued)

Felice £;; Gale Project.\ • 83

 Install the post brackets with the Assemble each bottom stringer by Cut a stringer as needed for short
provided screws, using the manufacturer's sliding the composite cladding pieces sections of fence. Cut the aluminum
template (inset) to center the brackets on over the sides of the aluminum stringer channel with a hacksaw Trim the
the post faces. Install the bottom bracket channel. For short fence sections, see composite cladding pieces to match the
onto each post first, measure up from the step 5. channel with a circular saw and carbide -
bracket and mark the position of the top tipped wood blade.
bracket, and then install the top bracket

Set the stringer onto the bottom post Fasten the stringer ends to the post Trim the upper outside corner
brackets. Check the stringer with a level. brackets using the provided screws. of the first picket so it will clear the top
If necessary, remove the stringer and post bracket using a circular saw and
adjust the bracket heights (you may carbide-tipped wood blade.
have to adjust top brackets as well to
maintain the proper spacing).

84 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

install the first picket by slipping Its Assemble the fence panel by Fit the last picket into place after
bottom end into the stringer channel. fitting the pickets together along their trimming its top corner to clear the post
Align the picket to the top post bracket, Interlocking side edges and sliding their bracket, as you did with the first panel.
and fasten the picket to the post with bottom ends into the stringer channel. Fasten the picket to the post with three
three evenly spaced screws. screws, as in step 9.

Set the top rail over the ends of the Secure the top rail to each top post Add the post caps, securing them to
pickets until the rail meets the top post bracket, using the provided screws, the posts with galvanized finish nails or
brackets. driving the screws through the top of an approved adhesive. Tip: Some fence
the rail and into the bracket manufacturers offer more than one cap
style (inset).

Felice &- Gate Projects • 85

 Vinyl Panel Fence

T he best features of viny l fenc ing are its resilience

and du rab ility. Vinyl fe ncing is made with a for m
of tough , weat he r-resista nt, UV-protected PVC
Given the lim ited vvorkabi lity of mos t viny l panels,
t hi s fenC in g tends to \,vork best on level or ge n tl y
sloping ground. Kee p in m ind tha t installation of vin yl
(polyvinyl chloride), a plastic compound that's fo un d fe nces var ies \\'idely by ma nu fac tu rer and fence style.
in numerous household products , from plumbing
pipe to shower curtai ns. A vinyl fence never needs
to be pa inted and should be guaranteed for decades
not to rot , warp, or discolor. So if yo u like t he styling
Tools & Materials ~
of trad itio nal \.v oad fences , bu t m ini mal mainte na nce
Mason's string Vi nyl fence Illateria ls
is a prima ry consideration , vinyl m ight just be yo ur
Shovel (with ha rdwa re,
best option. Anot he r good op tion is wood composite
C lams hell digge r fas teners, and
fenci ng (see pages 82 to 85), wh ich comes in fewer
or power auger decora tive accessories)
styles th elll vin yl but is environ mentall y friendly and
Circu lar saw Pea gravel
ca ll rep licate the look of \-voad fe nCing.
Drill Concrete
In sta ll ing mos t vin yl fen c ing is similar to bu ilding
Tape measure Pressure-treated 4 x 4
a wood panel fence. With both materia ls, it's safest
Ha nd maul (for gate, if appl icable)
to set t he posts as you go, using the infil l pane ls to
Line level PVC cement or screws
he lp you position t he posts. Accurate post placeme nt
Post level (optional)
is critica l \vit h vin yl, beca use Illa ny types of pa nels
C lamps or duct tape \Nork gloves
ca nn ot be tr immed if the posts are too close together.
Concrete too ls Post caps
Sq ueezing the panel in can lead to buckling when the
St"kes Eye and e<Jr protection
vinyl expands on hot days, while setting t he posts too
2 x 4 lu mber
far apart resu lts in un sightly gaps.

vinyl fencing is now available in a wide range of traditional designs, including picket, post and board, open rail, and solid panel.
Color options are generally limited to various shades of white, tan, and gray

86 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Install a vinyl Panel Fence

Layout the first run of fence with stakes and mason 's string. Position the string Dig the first posthole, following
so it represents the outside or inside faces of the posts (you'll use layout strings to the manufacturer's reqUirements for
align the posts throughout the Installation). Mark the center of the first post hole by diameter and depth (improper hole
measuring in from the string half the post width. dimensions can void the warranty). Add 4
to 6" (or as directed) of pea gravel to the
bottom of the hole and tamp It down so it
is flat and level using a 2 x 4 or 4 x 4.

Attach the fence panel brackets Set up a post-top string to guide the post installation. Using the post height
to the first post using the provided dimension, tie a mason's string between temporary 2 x 4 supports so the string IS
screws. Dry-fit a fence panel into the centered over the post locations. use a line level to make sure the string is level.
brackets, then measure from the top of Measure from the string to the ground in several places to make sure the height is
the post to the bottom edge of the panel. suitable along the entire fence run.
Add 2" (or as directed) to represent the
distance between the fence and the
ground; the total dimenSion is the posts'
height above the ground.
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 87

 Set the first post. Drop the post in its hole and align it with Determine the second post's location by fitting a fence
the fencellne string and height string. Install cross bracing to panel Into the brackets on the first post. Mark the ground at
hold the post perfectly plumb. Tip: Secure bracing boards to the free edge of the panel. Measure out from the mark half the
the post with spring· type clamps or duct tape. Fill the posthole post width to find the center of the post hole (accounting for
with concrete and let It set completely any additional room needed for the panel brackets.)

Complete the fence section. Dig the hole for the second post, add gravel, and tamp as before. Attach the panel brackets to the
second post, set the post In place and check Its height against the string line. Assemble the fence section with the provided screws
(inset). Confirm that the fence panel is level. Brace the second post in place (as shown) and anchor it with concrete. Repeat the
same layout and construction steps to build the remaining fence sections.

88 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Cutting Panels ~

Cut panels for short runs on sOlid-panel fencing Add the post caps. Depending on the product, caps may
(if straight along the top) per manufacturer's be installed with PVC cement or screws. or they may be fitted
recommendations. without fasteners. Add any additional decorative accessories,
such as screw caps, to complete the installation.

I Installing a Vinyl Fence Gate

Hang the gate using the provided
hardware. Fasten the hinges to the gate
panel with screws. Position the gate In line
with the infill fence panels, and screw the
hinges to the hinge post Install the latch
hardware onto the gate and latch post.
Close the gate, position the gate stops
against the gate rails, and fasten the stops
to the latch post with screws.

Post Infills ~

Reinforce the hinge post With a

pressure-treated 4 x 4 inserted
inside the post Set the post in
concrete following the same
steps used for fence sections.
Check carefully to make sure
the post is plumb, as this will
ensure the gate swings properly.
Install the latch post according
to the manufacturer's specified
dimension for the gate opening.

Felice & Galc Projects • 89

 Ornamental Metal Fence

O rnam e ntal meta l fencing is so called to distinguish

it fro m the ot he r commo n meta l fence ma teria l,
c ha in link, w hi c h makes a Ll seFul Fence, bu t is Fa r
gates (wi th welde d co nst ruc tion for strength ) and
code-compl iant locking hard\vare as sta nd a rd options.
Some fe nce lines incl ud e spec ia l infill panels a nd
from o rn a me ntal. Orname ntal me ta l fences a rguabl y gates w ith c loser pi c ket spac ing t han sta ndard panels.
offer the best co mb inatian af strengt h, durability, and If yo u're insta llin g your fence as a pool s urround ,
visibili ty of any sta ndard fe nce type. In genera l, most c heck th e local codes fo r requirements.
o rn a me ntal meta l fences a re modern ite ratio ns of
traditional iron, or "wrough t iro n: ' fenC ing and offe r a
s im ila rly e legan t , for mal look (if pe rhaps no t th e sa m e
heft an d ha nd c rafte d c harac te r). Tools & Materials ~
Today, most ornamental metal fenc ing is made
wit h galva ni zed stee l or alum inum . Both are fin ished Mason 's st ring Lumber and screws
wit h durab le powder coatin gs for \veat he r res ista nce, Tape measure for cross bracing
Cl nd most fe nce systems are based on modula r Shovel W heelb<:lrrow
components des igned for easy DIY installati on. C lams he ll digge r MaslG ng tape
Compa ri ng the two mate ria ls, a ppea rances arc or pm,ver auger Marki ng paint
virt ually identical, w hile a lu minum is lighter in \veight. C lamps ar du ct tape Level
[t also tends to car ry a longer wa rranty than steel Drill Hacksaw
produ cts, probab ly beca use a lum inum is a naturally Conc rete tools Drainage grave l
ru st-proof materia l. T he o ther type of orname nta l Post leve l Eye a nd ea r
fe nce is iro n, w hich is ava ilable in a va ri e ty of forms, Stakes protection
incl uding ba lt-tagether modul ar systems (see page 93 ). 2 x 4 ar 4 x 4 lumber \Nork gloves
Thunks to its exce ptio nal sec ur ity a nd viSibility, Mad ular fence materia ls I x 3 ar I x 4 lumber
o rn a men ta l meta l fencing is a ve ry popula r c ho ice fo r Conc rete Permanent marker
upscale ya rd s. That's w hy mos t manufac t u rers offer

ornamental steel, aluminum, and iron fences come in prefabricated panels up to 6 ft. in height and 8 ft. in length, with
matching posts and optional decorative details. The most common color option is black (the better to mimiC the look of wrought
iron), but some products come in white, bronze, and other colors.

90 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Install an Ornamental Metal Fence

Layout the fenceline with stakes Mark the first post location with Dig the first posthole, following
and mason's string. Start at the corners, ground-marking spray paint. Assemble the manufacturer's specifications for
driving stakes a few feet beyond the panel onto the first post and align it depth and diameter. Shovel drainage
the actual corner so that the strings In the corner with the mason's strings. gravel Into the hole, and tamp it with
Intersect at 90" (as applicable). Mark a 2 x 4 or 4 x 4. Set the post in the
the approximate post locations onto the hole and measure its height above the
strings using tape or a marker. ground. If necessary add or remove
gravel until the post top is at the
recommended height.

Plumb and anchor the first post. Position the post Drill pilot holes for the brackets into the second post and
perfectly plumb using a post level. Brace the post with cross first panel. Align the fence assembly with the first post and
bracing. Use clamps to secure the bracing to the post. Fill the mark for the second post hole. Prepare the post hole as you
hole with concrete and let it set. did In step 3.

Felice & Galc Projects • 91

 Fill the second posthole with concrete and let it set. Align the second panel on the other side of the corner
Here. we have a temporary brace to hold the post plumb and post. Follow instructions in steps 2 through Sto set the post
at the desired height. The first panel, complete with posts on and install the panel. Repeat the same process to Install the
either sides, is now set. Remaining posts along this fenceline remaining fence sections. You can save time by positioning the
can be set by positioning posts with spacers to save time (see posts with spacers (see tiP on thiS page).
tip on this page).

Spacing Posts ~

Spacers help you locate the posts without having

to measure or install each panel for every post. The
panels are then added after the post concrete has set.
Create each spacer with two 1 x 3 or 1 x 4 boards.
Cut board{s) to fit flush from outside edge to outside
edge of the first and second post (once they are set in
concrete). Clamp the board in between an anchored
post and the next post to be installed. It is best to
position spacer boards near the top and bottom of
the posts. With the boards in place, the linear spacing
should be accurate, but always check the new post
with a level to make sure it IS plumb before setting
It in concrete. Use a level mason's stnng to keep the
post brackets at the same elevation.

Variation: For brick pillar corners, columns, or the side of

a house, install manufacturer-provided wall brackets. If wall
brackets do not come with the standard installation package of
your metal fence, contact the manufacturer.

92 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Cut Metal

Measure and mark panels for cuts. Hold the panel up to the Cut panels to the appropriate length using a hacksaw.
final post in the run and mark the cutting line. Often. designs will as needed.
not accommodate full panels around the entire fence perimeter.

Old (and Old-fashioned) Iron Fencing ~

Traditional iron fencing- commonly called "wrought
iron"- has been adorning and securing homes and other
buildings for many centuries and is still the gold standard
of ornamental metal fencing. The oldest forms of wrough t
iron fences were made with individually hand-forged
pieces, while cast-iron fences were assembled from
interchangeable pieces of molded iron. Wrought iron, the
material, is a pure form of iron that contains very little
carbon. Most modern iron fences are made of a form of
steel, not wrought iron.
While new Iron fencing can still be made by the hand of a
blacksmith, it's also commonly available in preassembled
panels and modular posts, much like the steel and
aluminum fenCing sold at home centers. Some iron
fenCing must be welded together on-site (by profeSSional
installers), while some is assembled with bolts, making
it suitable for DIY installation. Many styles of prefab Iron
fenCing can be surprisingly affordable.
If you have your heart set on the timeless look and feel of
iron, search online for local fabricators and dealers of real
iron fenCing. You can also hunt through local architectural
salvage shops, where you can find antique iron fence
Whether it was made yesterday or in the 1800S,
panels, posts, finials, and other adornments. Their condition iron fencing offers endUring beauty and unmatched
may not be perfect, but the patina of weathering and durability, making it worth the splurge on a small fence or
marks of use only add to the character of old iron fencing. a front entry gate.

Felice & Galc Projects • 93

 Chain Link Fence & Gate
f you're looking for a strong, durabl e, and eco nomical
I \\'a), to keep pets a nd child re n in-or out- of yo ur
ya rd , a c ha in li nk fe nce may be the pe rfec t solution.
Instruct ions fo r insta lling a chain lin k gate a rc given
on page 98 . If yo u're bu ildi ng a new fence, it's a good
idea to test-fit th e gate to make sure the gate posts a re
C ha in link fe nces re quire minim al ma in tenance set properly befo re yo u co mpl e te the fe nce assemb ly.
and provide exce llent sec urity. Erec ting a c hain link
fence is re lative ly easy, especiall y on leve l property.
Leave co ntoured fence lines to t he pros . Fo r a c ha in Tools & Materials ~
li nk fe nce with real a rc hi tect ura l bea uty, co ns ide r a
Ca lifornia~ sty l e c ha in link with wood pos ts and rail s Supp lies for
11
3 deck sc rews or
(see pages 99 to 100). setting posts 16d ga lvanized
A 4 8~i n ch~ ta ll c hain lin k fe nce- the most commo n Mason's string common nails
choice for residential use- is what we've demonstrated Ratchet wrenc h Post fin ials or caps
he re. The posts, fitt ings, and chain lin k mes h, v,lhich Pliers Tension \vire
me made from ga lva ni zed meta l, can be purc hased at Hacksaw or pipe cutter Large ga lva nized
home cente rs a nd fe ncin g reta ilers. The end, corne r, Chain link fe nce fence staples
and ga te posts, calle d termi na l posts, bear th e stress of materials Hog rings
the entire fen ce line . They're larger in diamete r than and hardv·,lare Lumbe r for
line posts and require larger co nc re te footings.!\ footing Duct tape cross brac ing
three times the post diam e ter is sufficient for te rminal Tie wire Level
posts. A properl y insta lled stringe r takes conside rable C irc ul ar saw, Perma ne nt marke r
stress off th e e nd pos ts by hold ing th e pos t tops apart. recip rocClting SClW, Speed square
VVh e n the fra mewor k is in p lace, th e mes h must or handsm-v C lamps
be tighte ned against it. This is do ne a sect ion at a t ime Drill Eye and ear protection
wi th a winc h tool ca lle d a come-a long. As you ti ghte n Come-along Hamme r
the co me-alon g, the tension is di stribute d evenly across vvith spread bar Tape measure
the e ntire len gth of th e mes h, stre tc hin g it ta ut aga inst and vdre grip Pe nc il
th e fram ewo rk. One note of ca ution: it's surprisingl y Hog ring plie rs VVork gloves
easy to topple the posts if YO LI over-ti ghte n the co me- 4 x 4 posts Pri vacy fabric tape
a long. To Cl vo id thi s proble m , t ighte n just until the links 2 x 4 lu mber Vinyl privacy slats
of th e mesh are d iffi cu lt to squ eeze toge th er by hand .

Chain link fencing is a strong, durable, and inexpensive way to create a barrier, increase your property's security, or keep pets
safely inside.

94 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 TOP VIEW
Terminal post

Tension band Stringe r end

Tension band

Stringer
Tension bar

Terminal post
Tension wire

:i
.. !O Loop cap
." ~g4 co
Footing

Fittings are designed to accommodate slight alignment and height differences between terminal posts and line posts. Tension bands,
which hold the mesh to the terminal posts, have one flat side to keep the mesh flush along the outside of the fence line. The stringer
ends hold the top stringer in place and keep it aligned. LOOP caps on the line posts position the top stringer to brace the mesh.

I How to Install a Chain Link Fence

Install the posts. Layout the fenceline, spacing the posts at 96" on-center (see Position the tension bands and
pages 22 to 29 for laYing out and setting posts). Dig holes for terminal posts 8" in stringer ends on the gate and end
diameter with flared bottoms; dig holes for line posts at 6" . Make all postholes 30" terminal posts, using a ratchet wrench
deep or below the frost line, whichever is deeper. Set the terminal posts in concrete to tighten the bands with the included
so they extend 50" above grade. Run a mason's string between terminal posts at 46" bolt and nut Each post gets three
above grade. Set the line posts in concrete so their tops are even with the string. If tension bands: 8" from the top, 24" from
desired, stop the concrete 3" below ground level and backfill with soil and grass to the top, and 8" above the ground (plus
conceal the concrete. Tip ' When plumbing and bracing posts, use duct tape to secure a fourth band at the bottom of the post
cross bracing to the posts. if you will use a tension wire). Make
sure the flat side of each band faces the
outside of the fence and pOints into the
fence bay. Also add a stringer end to
each post, 3" down from the top.
(continued)

Felice & Gale Projecls • 95

 Add bands and ends to the corner posts, Each corner post gets six tension TOP each terminal post with a post
bands, two at each location : 8" and 24" from the top and 8" from the bottom (plus cap and each line post with a loop cap.
two more at the bottom for a tension wire, if applicable). Also Install two stringer Make sure the loop cap openings are
ends, 3" from the top of the post Orient the angled side up on the lower stringer end perpendicular to the fenceline, with
and the angled side down on the upper stringer end . the offset side facing the outside of
the fenceline.

Begin installing the stringer, starting at a terminal post Feed the non-tapered Measure and cut the last stringer
end of a stringer section through the loop cap on the nearest line post, then into section to fit to complete the stringer
the stringer end on the terminal post Make sure It's snug in the stringer end cup. installation. Measure from where the
Continue feeding stringer sections through loop caps, and join stringer sections taper begins on the preceding section
together by fitting the non-tapered ends over the tapered ends. If necessary, use a to the end of the stringer end cup. Cut
sleeve to join two non-tapered ends. the stringer to length with a hacksaw or
pipe cutter. Install the stringer

96 • T H E COMPLETE CU IDE TO CARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Secure the chain link mesh to a terminal post, using a Stretch the mesh toward the terminal post using the
tension bar threaded through the end row of the mesh. Anchor come-along. Thread a spread bar through the mesh about 48"
the bar to the tension bands so the mesh extends about 1" from the end, and attach the come-along between the bar and
above the stringer. The nuts on the tension bands should face terminal post Pull the mesh until it's difficult to squeeze the
Inside the fence. If applicable, Install a tension wire as directed links together by hand. Insert a tension bar through the mesh
by the manufacturer Unroll the mesh to the next terminal post. and secure the bar to the tension bands. Remove excess mesh
pulling it taut as you go. by unwinding a strand. Tie the mesh to the stringer and line
posts every 12" uSing tie wire. See page 98 to install a gate.

Weaving Chain Link Mesh Together ~

If a section of chain link mesh comes up short between
the terminal posts, you can add another piece by weaving
two sections together
With the first section laid ou t along the fenceline,
estimate how much more mesh is needed to reach the
next terminal post. Overestimate 6" or so, so you don't
come up short aga in.
Detach the amount of mesh needed from the new
roll by bending back the knuckle ends of one zig-zag
strand in the mesh. Make sure the knuckles of the same
strand are undone at the top and bottom of the fence.
Spin the strand counter-clockwise to Wind it out of the
links, separating the mesh into two.
Place this new section of chain link at the short end
of the mesh so the zig-zag patterns of the links line up
with one another
weave the new section of chain link into the other
section by reversing the unwinding process. Hook the
end of the strand into the first link of the first section .
Spin the strand clockwise until it winds into the first
link of the second section, and so on . When the strand
has connected the two sections, bend both ends
back Into a knuckle. Attach the chain link mesh to the
fence framework.

Felice & Galc Projects • 97

 I How to Install a Chain Link Gate

Set fence posts in concrete spaced Set the gate on the ground in the Secure the bottom male hinge to
far enough apart to allow for the width gate opening, next to the gatepost. Mark the gatepost with nuts and bolts. Slide
of the gate plus required clearance for the positions of the female hinges onto the gate onto the bottom hinge. Then,
the latch. Position the female hinges on the gate post Remove the gate and lock the gate in with the downward-
the gate frame, as far apart as possible. measure up 2" from each hinge mark facing top hinge.
Secure with nuts and bolts (orient nuts on the gatepost. Make new reference
toward the inside of the fence). marks for the male hinges.

Test the swing of the gate and adjust the hinge locations Attach the gate latch to the free side of the gate frame,
and orientations, If needed, until the gate operates smoothly near the top of the frame. Test to make sure the latch and gate
and the opposite side of the gate frame is parallel to the other function correctly. If you need to relocate a post because the
fence post Tighten the hinge nuts securely opening is too large or too small, choose the latch post, not the
gate post.

98 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a California-style Chain Link Fence

install the posts. Set the 4 x 4 fence posts In concrete, Trim the posts so they are 4" higher than the installed height
spacing them at 6 to 8 ft. on center. The posts should stand at of the chain link mesh. Mark the post height on all four sides of
least 4" taller than the finished height of the chain link mesh. each post, and make the cuts with a circular saw, reciprocating
See pages 22 to 29 for help with laying out your fenceline and saw, or handsaw.
Installing the posts.

Add 2 x 4 top stringers between each pair of posts. Mark Wrap tension wire around a terminal post. about 1"
reference lines 4" down from the tops of the posts. Cut each above the ground. Staple the wire with a galvanized fence
stringer to fit snugly between the posts. Fasten the stringers staple, and then double back the tail of the wire and staple ilto
with their top faces on the lines using 3" deck screws or 16d the post.
galvanized common nails driven through angled pilot holes.

(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 99

 Staple the tension wire to the line Add finials or decorative caps to the Secure the fence mesh to the first
posts after gently tightening the wire post tops for a finished look and to help terminal post using a tension bar
(using a come-along with a wire gnp) protect the end grain of the wood. threaded through the end row of the
and securing the loose end of the wire mesh . Fasten the bar to the posts with
to the opposing terminal post. Option: a fence staple every 8". Make sure the
You can install 2 x 4 bottom stringers in bar IS plumb and the top of the mesh
place of a tension wire. overlaps the top stringer (and bottom
stringer, if applicable).

Unroll the mesh toward the other terminal post. and Attach the bottom edge of the mesh to the tension wire
then stretch the mesh gently with a come-along (see step every 2 ft, using hog rings tightened with hog ring pliers.
8, page 97). Secure the end of the mesh to the post with a Staple the mesh to the stringers every 2 ft and to the line
tension bar and staples, as before. Remove any excess mesh posts every 12".
by unwinding a strand (see page 97).

100 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Increasing Privacy on a Chain Link Fence ~

Privacy fabric tape cuts the wind and provides partial privacy. It's purchased in rolls with a limited number of color
options. It is relatively inexpensive, but threading it through the chain link mesh is time consuming.

Vinyl privacy slats create vertical lines and are easier to install than tape. They're available In a limited number of
colors at most building centers. Some varieties of strips also have a grass-like texture.

Felice & Galc Projects . 101

 I Trellis Fence
T hi s simple de s ign c reates a sop histicated tre ll is
fence that would work in man y se tti ngs . Part of its
appe al is that th e mater ia ls are inex pens ive a nd the
G lories or a Black-e yed Susan Vine . The possibilities go
on a nd on- just make sure that th e plants you select
are we ll-s u ited to t he amount of su nli ght th ey' ll receive.
construct ion remarkably simple. Depending o n the ove rall look YO LI wa nt to
It can be lIsed us a acce nt fea ture, a backdrop to a ac hi eve, YOLI can paint , stain, or sea l th e fe nce to
shallm,v ga rde n bed , or as a sc reen to bloc k a particular co ntrast with or co mpl e me nt yo ur ho use or oth er
view. As a ve rtic a l showcase for foliage or flowers , it can es tabli shed stru ct ures. Well ~c hosen post fi nials ca n
support a wide display of colorful choices. Try pere nnial also he lp tie the fe nce into th e look of yo ur landscape.
vines suc h as Go lde n C le matis or Trumpet Creeper. T his project c reates three pane ls. If you adapt it to
Or, for spectac ul a r a ut umn color, plant Boston Ivy. If use a different number of panel s, revise the mate ria ls
yo u pre fer an nu al vines, YOLI might c hoose Morning list accord in gly.

A trellis fence is a decorative way to incorporate minimal privacy. The basic Installation techniques shown in thiS project will allow
you to put your trellis to creative use. Shown here. the trellis ties into an arbor gate- a beautiful transition from yard to garden.

102 • THE COM PLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Tools, Materials & Cutting List

Post finial ~
Post finial }
Top stringer ) <
Post cap --1~1!.---\--- 4' 1" ----....;;r-[
- Post cap

./
1--0 1Post
,J Top stringer
'J }-I-'
1 x 4
vertical ....._"''''
frame
fJ l',Vt" stop

fool x 4 frame

%" thick
lattice
panel
,V2" lattice panel

-
Bottom
stringer
1 )( 4 horizontal frame
4 x 4 post
CROSS SECTION

Tools an d mate ria ls fo r setting posts Part Lumber Size Number

Maso n's li ne Posts 4x4 10 ft. 4
Li ne leve l
Stringers 2x 4 cut tofit 6
Dowel sc re\vs
Ha mm e r Bock frome
Ta pe meas ure Top & bottom 1x 4 41 Jj," 6
C irc ul ar $3\''.1 or reci proca tin g saw Sides 1x 4 71 %" 6
Drill Front frome
Cau lk gun Top & bottom 1x 4 48Jj," 6
Nai l set Sides 1x 4 64%" 6
Pressu re-treated cedar Of redwood lu mb er
Stops
(see cutti ng list) 1x l (u t tofit
Top & bottom 12
W' latti ce panels (3) Sides 1x 1 (u t tofit 12
1Od co rrosion -res ista nt cas ing na il s
Co rros io n-res ista nt fini sh na il s (4d , 6d ) Lottice ponels 4x8 48'1, x 71'!." 3
Constructi on adhes ive Post cops 1x 6 41/1 x 4W 4
Deck pos t finia ls (4 )
Fram ing sq uare or straigh tedge
Eye an d ea r protection
\-Vo rk gloves

Felice & Gate Projects • 103

 I How to Build a Trellis Fence

set the four 4 x 4 posts in concrete, with their tops at Install the stringers. On each post, make a mark 72" down
least 84" above the ground, and space them 52'/," on·center from the 77" mark made in step one. Measure and cut each
(see pages 22 to 29 for help with laying out postholes and 2 x 4 stringer to fit between these respective marks on each
setting posts). On one of the end posts, make a mark at 77" post pair. Install the top stringer on top of the 77" mark, and
and 83" above the ground. Using a level mason's line, transfer install the bottom stringer on the bottom of the lower mark.
both height marks to all of the posts, and then mark all sides of The framed opening should measure 49" x 72" . Fasten the
each post with a square. Trim the posts at the 83" mark with a stringers to the posts with lOd corrosion·resistant casing nails
circular saw or reciprocating saw. driven through angled pilot holes.

...
-
••••
• ..
Add the stops to the back edges of the fence frames.
••••
••• •••
_-•..
prepare the lattice frames. Cut all of the 1 x 4 frame
Measure and cut the 1 x 1 stops to fit the framed openings. pieces, following the dimensions in the cutting list on page
You can miter the stop pieces or fit them together with simple 103. Assemble each back frame by butting the pieces together,
butt loints. Position the stops so they are flush with the back and measuring diagonally between opposing corners to
sides of the posts and stringers, and fasten them to the posts make sure the frame is square (frame is square when the
and stringers with 6d corroSlon·resistant finish nails driven diagonal measurements are equal). Cut the lattice panels at
through pilot holes. 48%" x 71%". Apply a wavy bead of construction adhesive
along the center of the back frame boards.

104 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

complete the lattice frames. Set the lattice panel into the Install the lattice frames. Measure and cut each set of front
adhesive on each back frame so the panel edges are flush stops to fit a fence opening. Set each lattice frame into an
with the frame boards. Position the front frame pieces over opening and hold it against the back stops. Fit the front stops
the lattice (the butted jOints in the front frame should be offset over the lattice frame one at a time, pressing tightly against the
from those in the back frame). Fasten the frame boards and frame. Fasten the stops to the posts with 6d finish nails.
lattice together with 4d finish nails.

Easy Plant Ties ~

Tying vines requires a material that's both strong and

gentle- strong enough to support the vine and gentle
enough not to damage the tendrils.
Old 100 percent cotton t-shlrts make terrific,
Inexpensive ties that can go into the compost bin
for further recycling when the growing season
IS over.
Starting at the bottom, cut around the shirt
In a continuous spiral about Wi' wide. When you
reach the armholes, begin making straight cuts
from the edge of one sleeve to the edge of the
other. One shirt usually produces 15 to 20 yards of
tying material.

Add the post caps and finials. Cut the post caps from 1 x 6
lumber, making them 4'1," square. Center each cap over a post
and secure It with 6d finish nails. Mark the center of each cap
by drawing an x between opposing corners using a square or
straightedge. At the centerpoint, drill a pilot hole for a dowel
screw (a screw with coarse threads on both ends). secure the
finial to the cap with a dowel screw

Felice & Galc Projects • 105

 Bamboo Fence

B amboo is one o f nature's best building ma te rial s.

It's li ght\ve ig ht, natu ra ll y rot -res ista nt, a nd so
stron g that it's lIsed fo r scaffoldin g in many parts of
infi ll \,vith in a ne\v \vood framework, or they can a ttac h
direc tl y to an existin g wood or metal fe nce. Both o f
t hese po pular ap plicat io ns are shown he re. Ano th e r
th e \·vo rld . It's also a highly s ustain a ble reso urce, sin ce option is to build a n a ll -bam boo fe n ce us in g large
many species ca n be harves ted every t hree to fi ve bam boo pol es for th e posts an d stringe rs an d ro ll ~ up
years w ithout des troying th e pla nts. Yet, perhaps th e pane ls for the infil!.
best fea ture of ba mboo is its appearance- whe th e r it's
li ned LIp in orde rl y rows or hand -tied into d eco rati ve
patterns, bamboo fe nc ing has an exotic, orga ni c
qua lity tha t adds a brea th of life to a ny settin g. Tools & Materials ~
Bam boo is a g ra ss, but it sha res many properties
wit h wood . It ca n be cut, dr illed, and sand ed with the Tools and mate ri als J x 4 , 2 x 6)
same too ls, a nd it takes man y of the sam e fin ishes, for laying out an d Deck screws
incl uding stai ns an d exterio r seede rs. A nd , just li ke settjng posts (3" , 2Y2", 2")
wood , ba mboo is prone to sp litting, thou gh it re tains C ircular saw or Bamboo fe nce panels
much of its strength even whe n s ubjec t to la rge splits reciprocating saw with 1<."-dia. (or as
and crac ks . In ge neral , Iarger~diameter poles (w hich Drill desired) ca nes
can be upwards of 5 inches) are more like ly to spl it Counte rsink- Leve l
than sma ll e r (s uc h as -'l4~ in c h~di a.) ca nes . piloting bit Tape meas ure
Bam boo fen ci ng is common ly ava ilable in eight- Wire cutters Eye and ear protec tion
foot- long pane ls made from s im ilar ly sized ca nes held Plie rs Ga lvanized steel wire
togeth e r w ith interna l or ex terna l w ires. T he pa ne ls, Lumber (4 x 4, 2 x 4, \Nork gloves
w hi c h are roll ed up fo r easy transport, can be used as

Quality bamboo for fencing isn't hard to find , but you can't piek It up at your local lumberyard. The best place to start shopping
is the internet (see Resources, page 204). Look for well-established suppliers who are committe d to sustainable practices. Most
suppliers can ship product directly to your home.

106 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Wood-frame Bamboo Fence

Install and trim the 4 x 4 posts according to the size of your Install the top 2 x 4 stringers_Cut each stringer to fit
bamboo panels, setting the posts in concrete (see pages 22 snugly between the posts. Position the stringer on edge so it
to 29). For the 6 x 8-ft. panels in this project the posts are is flush with the tops of the posts and with the back or front
spaced 100" on-center and are trimmed at 75" ta ll (refer to the faces of the posts. Fasten the stringer with 3" deck screws
manufacturer's recommendations). driven through angled pilot holes. Use one screw on each edge
and one on the inside face of the stringer, at both ends.

Mark the location of each bottom stringer. The span Flatten the bamboo panels over the inside faces of
between the top of the top stringer and bottom of the bottom the stringers. Make sure the panels fit the frames on all
stringer should equal the bamboo panel height plus about 1". sides. USing a counterSink-piloting bit (inset)' drill a slightly
Cut and Install the bottom stringers in the same fashion as countersunk pilot hole through a bamboo cane and into the
the top stringers. Here, the bottom stringer Will be installed 2" stringer at a top corner of the panel. Fasten the corner with
above the ground for rot prevention. Unroll the bamboo panels. a 2" deck screw, being careful not to overtighten and split
the bamboo.
(continued)

Felice & Galc Projects • 107

 Reducing Panel Length ~

TO shorten the length of a bamboo panel,

cut the wiring holding the canes together at least two
Fasten the rest of the panel with screws spaced 12" canes beyond the desired length uSing wire cutters.
apart. Stagger the screws top and bottom, and drive them In Remove the extra canes, and then wrap the loose
an alternating pattern, working from one side to the other ends of wire around the last cane in the panel.
Repeat steps 4 and 5 to install the remaining bamboo panels.

Cover the top and bottom ends of Add the top cap, Center the 2 x 6 top cap boards over the posts so they overhang
the panels with 1 x 4 battens. These about 1" on either side. Fasten the caps to the posts and stringers with 3" deck
finish off the panels and give the fence screws. Use miter Joints for corners, and use scarf jOints (cut with opposing 30 0 or 45 0
a similar look on both sides. Cut the bevels) to join cap boards over long runs.
battens so the ends are flush against the
Inside faces of the posts and fasten them
to the panels and stringers with 2W'
deck screws driven through pilot holes.

108 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Cover an Old Fence with Bamboo

Unroll and position a bamboo panel over one or both Fasten the panel with deck screws driven through the
sides of the existing fence. Check the panel with a level and bamboo canes (and fence siding boards, if applicable) and into
adjust as needed. For rot prevention, hold the panel 1 to 2" the fence stringers. Drill countersunk pilot holes for the screws,
above the ground . Tip: A 2 x 4 laid flat on the ground makes it being careful not to overtighten and crack the bamboo. Space
easy to prop up and level the panel. the screws 12" apart, and stagger them top and bottom (see
pages 107 and 108).

Install the remaining bamboo panels, butting the edges Variation: To dress up a chain link fence with bamboo fencing,
together between panels for a seamless appearance. If the simply unroll the panels over the fence and secure them every
fence posts project above the stringer boards, you can cut the 12" or so With short lengths of galvanized steel wire. Tie the
bamboo panels flush with the posts. To trim the panels, follow wire around the canes or the panel wiring and over the chain
the technique shown in the Tip on page 108. link mesh.

Felice & Galc Projects • 109

 Invisible Dog Fence
he im~sibl e, or underground, pet fence can be
T the perfect option for those \-v ha love dogs but not
necessarily dog fences. The pet Fence is invis ible hecause
th e syste m, it's always possible for a dog to breac h the
bou ndary (a high-sp irited pooc h may be especia lly
pro ne to doi ng so). An d kee p in m ind th at this fence
th e ac tu al boundary is nothi ng morc than a th in elec tri cal \A.r ill not preve nt othe r dogs from ente rin g yo ur ya rd.
wire buried an inch or so underground. It can also be Afte r in stall ing the fence, it's c riti ca l that yo u take the
laid into hard \vaJkway and driveway surfaces and can time to t rain your dog properly so th at he knows where
be installed above ground, on fences and oth er fixed t he boundary lines are and understands the cor rection
structu res. Th is makes it easy to create a continuous system. The fe nce ma nu fact urer shou ld provide
barrier to enclose any or all of your property as well as detailed traini ng in structions.
specifi c areas inside th e boundary, slich as a garden or
swimming pool. Invis ible fe nces can also be used for cats,
provided th ey meet the weight minimum for safe use. Tools & Materials ~
Here's how th e pet fe nce works: the bou ndaI)' \v ire
receives a consta nt electri cal signal from a small, plug- Tape measure (I ~O- ft. ) Screws
in trans mitte r located in th e house or other protected Drill Stapler and staples
space. Your pet is fitted with a specia l collar that picks Straighte ned coat hanger (for wood fence
up the signal in the wi re and respo nds acco rdingly: if Flat spade installation on ly)
your pet approaches the boundary area, t he co llar beeps Paint stir-stick Electrical tape
and vibrates to give him wa rning that the bou ndary is C ircu lar saw and Zip ties (for
near. If he co nt inues beyond th e warning zo ne, he is masonry blade metal fence
given an e lectrical shock by the collar co ntacts- a clea r C oncrete or installation on ly)
message to back away from the boundary. asphalt caulk or W ire stripper
I nvis ib le pet fences effec ti vely conta in dogs of all patching material \Alire nuts
types and are su itable for small and la rge prope rties- Shop vacuum Si licone caulk
up to 10 ac res, in some cases . Howeve r, it's important Pet fence kit Caulk gun
to make su re this type of sys tem is ri ght for you r needs Eye and ear potection Work gloves
and yo ur pet. Wh ile most dogs guickly learn to respect

invisible pet fence systems are

available in complete kits and can be
installed in a day. The basic components
for insta lla tion Iphoto above) Include
from left to right: a transmitter and
power cord IA), insta llation manual or
A properly trained pet will stay within the invisible boundary, as long as the animal disc (8), boundary wire Ie), boundary
wears the collar that is part of the invisible fence system. flags ID), and receiver collar IE).

110 • THE CO lv lP LETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

I Boundary Layout Options
:-......- Static
correction
Fence zone
transmitter

zone
Warning Twisted Protected area
zone wire for
free passage

A perimeter layout uses a single run of wire encircling the Protecting areas within a perimeter boundary is
house and grounds. A single section of twisted wire runs from achieved by looping the wire around the area and returning
the boundary to the transmitter. Note: Twisting the boundary to the boundary. Twisting the wire between the boundary
wire around itself cancels the signal, creating a "free passage" and protected inner area allow for free passage around the
area for your pet. protected area .

Back-only
layout

Front-only
layout E

A front or back-only layout requires a doubled loop of wire Incorporating a fence into the boundary can help deter
to complete the boundary circuit Starting at the transmitter, your dog from Jumping over or digging under the fence. The
the wire encircles the containment area and then doubles wire can be fastened directly to the fence andlor can be buried
back, maintaining a 3 to 5-ft. space (or as directed) between in front of the fence. Burial allows you to protect gate openings.
runs to prevent canceling the signal. Run wires from the transmitter to A, A to S, S to C, C to D, D to
E, E to A, and then twist wire from A to transmitter.

Felice & Gale Projects • 111

 I How to Install an Invisible Dog Fence
2

I'"·.'
Plan the layout of the boundary wire . With a helper, use a 100-ft. tape measure Mount the transm itter on the inside
to determine the total distance of the wire run. Factor in extra length for twisted (free of an exterior wall, near a standard
passage) sections and for making adjustments. Order additional wiring, if necessary. 120-volt receptacle. The location can
Tip: Use the boundary flags that come with the kit to temporarily mark the comers be in the house, garage, basement, or
and other pOints of the wire route. crawlspace and must be convenient,
protected from the elements, not
subject to freezing temperatures,
and must be at least 3 ft. (or as
recommended) from appliances or
other large metal objects. Mount the
transmitter with appropriate screws.

3 I
Wall stud-j
I,' I
','
I T
II
II
II
II

. locatIons
WIre . ~I
I I I
I I II
-....._ _,___ _ _ _ _1 I II

Drill a hole through the wall for Begin running the wire along the planned route. Be sure to leave extra wire for
routing the boundary wire. The hole twisting at the termination point of the boundary (transmitter location), if applicable.
can be Just large enough to fit the wire Turn corners with the wire gradually, not at sharp angles.
(which will likely be twisted at this point;
see step 5, page 113). Alternatively, you
can route the wire through a window,
door, or crawlspace/basement-wall
vent, provided the wire will be safe from
damage. Identify stud and wire locations
before you drill but shut off electrical
power to be safe.

112 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

TWist the wire onto itself to cancel the signal for free passage areas, as desired. With a helper holding the wire at the end of
a loop (start of twisted section), circle the spool around the wire to create 10 to 12 twists per linear foot (or as recommended). Be
sure not to exceed the maximum length of twisted wire.

Splice together multiple boundary Seal inside and around the wire Fish the ends of the boundary wire
wires (required only when the boundary nut with silicone caulk to create a through the house wall (termination of
distance exceeds the length of wire waterproof connection and prevent the boundary run) using a straightened
provided with kit). Strip '/," of insulation corrOSion. When the caulk has dried coat hanger. Wrap the wire ends around
from the ends of both wires using a wire completely, reinforce the connection the fish tape bend and secure them with
stripper Hold th e ends together and join with electrical tape. Tip: Make note electrical tape. Once through the wall,
them with a wire nut, twisting the nut of each splice location, as these are twiSt the wires to provide free passage
on tightly. Tug on the wires to make sure the most common points of boundary from the house to the boundary line, as
they're held by the nut. wire failure. appropriate for your layout.

(continuedl

Felice & Gale Projcct.\ • 113

 Connect the wire ends to the Test the system using the receiver Excavate grass or soil, making a
transmitter after stripping y," of collar and testing tool. Adjust the collar continuous cut 1 to 3" deep. Drive a
insulation from each end. Secure the settings as directed. walk toward the spade into the ground, then rock the
wires to the appropriate terminals on boundary wire while holding the coliar handle back and forth to Widen the cut
the transmitter. Plug in the transmitter at the pet's neck height. Note when slightly, creating a straight or gently
and set the boundary controls for the warning and correction signals are curving slot.
testing the system, as directed. activated, indicated by the testing tool.
Test the system in multiple locations.
Make adjustments to the settings and/
or boundary wire as needed.

Lay the boundary wire into the slot, Cut slots into concrete or asphalt Option : Use eXisting control joints to
using a paint stir-stick to seat it into the driveways and walks using a circular pass the boundary wire over concrete
bottom of the slot. Be careful not to kink saw with a masonry blade. Vacuum the drives and walks. Control joints are the
or damage the wire. Carefully close the slot clean, and then lay the boundary shallow grooves formed in the concrete
slot by stepping along Its length with wire into the slot. Seal over the slot with to help control cracking. Clean and
one foot on either side of the slot. high-quality concrete or asphalt caulk or vacuum the joint, then lay in the wire.
patching compound. Cover the joint with concrete caulk.

1 14 • T i lE COM PLETE GU I DE TO GA BDEN \VA LLS & FENCES

 Fasten the boundary wire to fences,
14 as directed by the manufacturer. Use
staples for wood fences and plastic zip
ties for metal fences (or simply weave the
wire through chain link mesh). To protect
gate openings, bury the wire in the ground
in front of the opening.

Position the boundary flags using the

collar to find the inside edge of the warning
zone. Move toward the boundary until the
collar beeps (Warning signal) and place a flag
at that location. Place a flag every 10 ft. (or as
directed) over the entire boundary area. Fit
the collar to your pet as directed to begin the
training. After training period, remove flags
(follow manufacturer instructions).

Felice &- Cate Projects • 115

 Brick & Cedar Fence

T his elega nt fence is an attrac ti ve, durab le stru ct ure

that w ill be th e envy of the ne ighborhood. Th e 72-
inc h-tall bri ck pillars can be Ll se d in place of posts with
Tools & Materials ~

wood o r orname n ta l metal fe nc ing. If you'd like to Li se Tools a nd materials 2 x 6 co rro s i on ~

metal fence pa nels instead of the boa rd a nd stringer for setting footings resista nt
wood pa nels built in this project, co ns ul t the fencing Level fence brac ke ts
manufac ture r about options for anc horing the panels vVheelbarrow (6 pc r bay)
to th e brick p ill ars. jVlake SLI fe to have the panels a nd or mixing box Co ncrete drill bit
hardware on ha nd w hen laying Oll t and bu ild ing th e j\/]aso n's trowe l Pressure~treated cedar

pillars, to make SLi r e th e pi lla r spacing is accu rate. Jo inting tool or redvvood lumber:
Eac h pillar mLi st be built on its Q\ovn conc rete Aviation snips I x 6, 12 ft.
footing that exte nds be low the frost line; in th is project, Drill (8 pe r bay)
th e footings are 16 inc hes wide x 20 inches lo ng. See C ircu lar saw 2 x 6, 8 ft
pages 40 to 45 for tips o n \'\Io rkin g \,vith co ncrete and Jigsaw (3 pe r bay)
instructio ns for buildi ng struc tural Footi ngs. To maintai n Sta ndard Corros ion ~res iSla n t

an eve n %" mortar joint spacing betwee n bricks, c reate Ill odubr bricks dec k sc re\,\ls
a story pole us ing a 2 x 2 ma rked v./ith the spac ing. After (4 x 27\ x 8", (I Y.jll, I W')
every fe\v courses, ho ld the pole agai nst the p illar to c hec k 130 per pilla r) 1 W' finish nails
2 x 2 lumber 96!1~ l e ngth of
the joints for a consistent th ickness. Also ma ke SLire the
pilla rs remain as p lu mb, level, a nd square as possible to for story po le flexibl e !;."
increase th e strength and longevity of the pi llars. Type N morta r mL\: PVC pipe
Attaching t he strin gers to the pi llars is much Y.j" woode n dowel Vegeta ble o il
easier th an YOLI ma y imagine. Fence bracke ts a nd 1Ji'1 wire mesh C ha lk
co nc re te screws are ava ilable th at have as mu c h Capstone or C halk li ne
ho ld ing powe r as lag bolts and anc hors . Although co ncrete ca p Tape measure
othe r brands a rc avai lable, we used 1Ji!l ~dia. TapCon %!I~thi c k wood sc raps Eye and ear protection
co nc re te screws. The screv,is co me wit h a special drill I W' countersink \Mork gloves
bi t to make su re th e pilot holes a re t he right d iame te r co nc rete sc rews
a nd depth, wh ic h simpli fies the process fo r you.

This elegant fence creates a stable boundary, and adds aesthetically pleasing textures to your home landscape.

116 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Capstone
1 x 6 x 72" cedar sidina •

12 x 16" brick pillar

2 x 6 fence brackets ~-----Hl

1 x 6 x 96" cedar stringers

Concrete footing

I How to Build a Brick & Cedar Fence

Mark the outline of the first course of brick on the cured Use a pencil or dowel coated with vegetable oil to
concrete footing. Dry-lay the five bricks of the course so they create a weep hole In the mortar in the first course of bricks
are centered on the footing. Leave a '1." gap for each mortar before filling in the joints. The hole ensures drainage of any
Joint Remove the bricks, apply a bed of mortar inside the moisture that seeps into the pillar. Fill in the joint and then
reference lines, and then press the first course of brick into the remove dowel.
mortar to create a %"-thick bed layer.
(continued)

Felice & Gale Projecls • 117

 Lay the second course, rotating the pattern 180". Lay After every fourth course, cut a striP of %" wire mesh and
additional courses, rotating the pattern 180' with each place it over a thin bed of mortar. Add another thin bed of
course. use the story pole and a level to check each face of mortar on top of the mesh, then add the next course of brick.
the pillar after every other course. (It's Important to check
frequently, since any errors Will be exaggerated with each
successive course.)

After every five courses, use a jOinting tool to smooth For the final course, lay the bricks over a bed of mortar and
the joints that have hardened enough to resist minimal wire mesh. After placing the first two bricks, add an extra brick
finger pressure. in the center of the course. Lay the remainder of the bricks
around it. Fill the remai ning jOints, and work them with the
jointing tool as soon as they become firm .

118 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

Lay the concrete cap stone. Mark reference lines on the Install the fence brackets and stringers. Mark the inside
underside of the cap to help you center it on the pillar. Spread face of each pillar at 18, 36, and 60" down from the top using
a v,"-thick bed of mortar on top of the pillar. Center the cap on chalk. At each mark, make a second mark 6%" in from the
the pillar, and then strike the mortar joint under the cap so it's outside face of the pillar. Position a 2 x 6 fence bracket at
flush with the brick. Note: If mortar squeezes out of the joint, each mark intersection, and fasten the bracket to the pillar
press '%" -thick wood scraps into the mortar at each comer to with concrete screws driven through pilot holes (make the
support the cap. Remove the scraps after 24 hours and fill in holes %" deeper than the screw shaft). Cut a 2 x 6 stringer to
the gaps with mortar Let the pillars cure, as directed. fit between each correspon ding pair of brackets. Attach the
stringers with 1%" deck screws.

Mark and cut the fence boards. Cut the 12-ft. 1 x 6 boards Install the fence boards. Starting at one pillar, position the
In half. Set 16 pieces together on a flat surface, with their bottom first board so It is plumb and 2" above the ground. Fasten it
ends aligned, setting a W' (approx.) gap between each board. to the stringers with pairs of 1%" deck screws driven through
On each end board, drive a finish nail 64" up from the bottom pilot holes. Install the remaining boards, using the chalk line to
and 2" in from the outside edge. snap a chalk line between the align the boards for proper height. Maintain a 'j," -gap between
nails. At the center of the middle board, drive a third nail 70" boards, and check every few boards with a level to make sure
from the bottom . Bend flexible PVC pipe by placing it under the they're plumb.
side nails and over the center nail. Trace along the pipe to mark
the arch . Cut out the arch with a jigsaw and remove nails.

Felice & Galc Projects • 119

 I Stone & Rail Fence
T hi s 36"-tall , ru stic stone and rail fen ce is
cons tru cted in m uch the same \vay as the brick
and cedar fence, but wi th sto ne rather than brick and
s imple 2 x 4 rails ra th e r than sid ing.
Each pilla r requires a foo ting that ex tends 6"
beyond its base in all d irectio ns . Ca refull y plan th e
layou t and sort the ston es before yo u begin setti ng the
sto nc. [f necessary, use a stone cutter's ch isel and a
mau l to tr im stones or cut t hem to size.

Tools & Materials ~

Tape meas ure 1 y'! 1! countersi nk

Level conc rete screv.'s
Wheelbarrow Co nc rete drill bit
or mixing box Rough-c lit cedar
Mason's trowe l 2 x 4s, 8 ft.
Jointing tool (3 per bay)
Stone cutter's chisel Paint, stain, or sealer
& maul I W' corrosio n-resis tan t
Stiff~bri st le brush dec k sc rews
Drill Stakes
Pa intbrus h a nd roller J\llason 's st ring
Type M mortar S hovel
Wood sh ims Eye and ear protection
Stones of various C hal k
shapes and sizes Work gloves
Fence brackets Circ ular saw or
(2 x 4; 6 pe r bay)

2 x 4 cedar stringers

24 x 24" pillar

Stringers brackets - - - - - -

36 x 36" footing

120 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FENCES

I How to Build a Stone & Rail Fence
DRY-LAY THE FIRST COURSE
Plot the fcncclinc \vith stakes and maso n's stri ng (pages
22 to 25). For 72 " bays between 24 x 24" pillars, measure
and mark J 8" in from the end of the feneeline and then
every 96" on-cente r. Outline, dig, and pOllr 36 x 36 11
concrete footi ngs. Let the co nc rete Cli re for two days.
Sort indi vidual sto nes by size an d s hape. Set
as ide su itable tic sto nes for co rn e rs an d th e la rgest
sto nes fo r th e base. Dry- lay th e outside stones in the
first cou rse to form a 24 x 2411 base cente red o n t he
footi ng. Use c halk to trace a reference ou tlin e o n th e
footi ng arollnd the stones, th e n se t th e m as ide.
Spread a l"-thick bed of mortar on top of the footing, and
MORTAR THE FIRST COURSE beginning stacking the stones inside the pillar outline. Fill gaps
Trowe l a I II -thi ck bed of mortar ins ide the refe rence between stones with mortar and spread a bed of mortar over
outlin e, then place the sto nes in t he mortar, in t he the first-course stones.
sa me positions as in the dry- rull . Fill in th e center \""ith
sma ll ston es an d mo rtar (photo I). Leave the cen te r
s li gh tl y lower than the outer stones . Pack morta r
be twee n the outer stones, recess ing it rou ghl y [" .

LAY MORE COURSES & TOOL THE JOINTS

Set eac h sub sequ en t cou rse of ston e in a bed of
mortar laid over the precedin g co urse, staggering
th e ve rti ca l jo ints (p hoto 2). On eve ry other cou rse,
place tie ston es that exte nd into t he pi lla r ce nte r. Use
wood shims to su pport large ston es until th e morta r
set s. Build each pill ar 36" tall us ing a level to chec k
for p lumb. vVhe n th e mortar se ts e nou gh to resist
light fi nge r pressure, smoo th th e joi nts with a jo inting
tool. Remove any shim s a nd fill the holes with mortar. Build up courses of stones, checking with a level and
adding or subtracting mortar as you go to keep each course
Remove dry spattered mortar \-v ith a stiff-bri stle brush .
level. Fill gaps between stones and smooth with a Jointing tool.

LAY TOP CAP & ATTACH THE STRINGERS

Laya I "-thick bed of mortar on the pill ar top and
p lace t he capstones (photo 3) . Smooth t he jo ints. M ist
wit h \vate r regula rl y fo r one \veek, as the morta r cures.
On th e inn er face of each pilla r, measure up from the
footing and mark w ith chal k at 12,2 1, and 30 ". A t each
mark, measure in 6" from the outside face of the pillar
and mark, the n line up a 2 x 4 fe nce brac ket where these
two marks inte rsect. Mark the screw hol es on the pillar,
th en drill a I W'-deep embedment hole at each mark.
Ali gn th e brac ket sc re\-v holes with the e mbed me nt
holes, and attac h with I V4" counte rsin k co ncrete
sc rews. Re peut for eac h bracket. Meas ure th e di stance
from a fence bracke t o n one pillar to th e co rres po ndin g
Spread a l"-thick bed of mortar on the top course of
brac ket o n th e nex t for th e stringer size. iVlark a nd c ut stones and set the cap block into the mortar. Clean off excess
strin ge rs to size. Insert st ri nge rs into th e fe nce brac kets mortar and smooth out the mortar joints with a Jointing tool.
and attach th e m with I YJ:" co rrosio n-res istant sc rews. Attach fence rail hangers and fence ralls as described.

Felice & Gale Projecls • 121

 Easy Custom Gates

I f you un de rstan d th e bas ic e le me nts of ga te

constru cti o n, YOLl ca n build a st urdy gate to suit
almos t a ny situatio n. The ga tes shown he re illustra te
In both styles, the diagonal brace m ust run
from th e bottom of t he hin ge-side to the top of th e
la tc h-s ide to provide support a nd kee p th e ga te squ a re .
th e fund a me nta l eleme nts of a well-built ga te. Buy yo ur ga te hard\·vare befo re yo u build yo ur ga te,
To begi n wit h, adequ a te d istribution of th e ga te's sin ce it will affec t th e c lcara nce bctvvee n ga tc a nd
we ight is c rit ica l to its operati on. Because the pos ts post. Ta ke t he d iamete r of your ga te post an d a drawing
bear mos t of a gate's we ight, they're set at least J 2 of you r ga te to t he store to purc hase t he correct
in ches dee pe r than fence posts. Or, de pe nding on hardware. The place me nt a nd ori e nta tio n o f yo ur gate
building codes in yo ur a rea, th ey may need to be se t fra min g a nd th e v.ridth of yo ur pos ts w ill affec t whi c h
belm·v th e fros t line in sub sta ntia l co nc rete foo tings . hinges a nd latc hes may be pro pe rl y sec ured through
Howeve r they're set, th e posts must be plumb. A t he sid ing an d into th e gateposts an d gate fram ing.
saggi ng post ca n be reinforced by attac hing a sag rod at the
top of the post and funning it diagonally to the lowe r end of
the next post. Tighten the knuckJe in the middle until the Tools & Materials ~
post is prope rly aligned. A caster can be used with heavy
gates over smooth su rfaces to ass ist with the weight load. Tape measure Press ure-treated cedar
The fra mc a lso plays an important pa rt in propc rl y Level or redv.rood lumber
di stributing t he gate's weight. T he two bas ic ga te Fram ing squa re as needed:
fr.:IIn es fea tured he re a re th e fo undat ion fo r many ga te C irc ular saw I x 2s, 2 x 4s
designs. A Z-fra me ga te is idea l for a light, simple gate. Drill Gate handle or latc h
T hi s fram e co nsists of a pair of horizo ntal hraces with Spring clam ps Galvanized deck
a d iagona l b race run n ing be twee n the m . A pe ri me ter- Hinge hardware scre\'vs (2", 2W')
fram e ga te is necessary fo r a heavie r or more ela borate Painthrush \Mork gloves
ga te. It e mpl oys a solid , four-corn e red fra me vl ith a Paint, stain, or scale r Eye and car protec tio n
di agona l brace a ttac hed a t opposite co rn e rs .

A sturdy gate provides attractive access to a garden, path, or to your front door. A Z-frame gate is ideal for lightweight
Match your custom gate to the fence for a polished look. matenals. More elaborate or heavy-duty
gates wi ll requ ire a perimeter frame for
additional stability.

122 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Z-frame Gate

Check both posts for plumb and measure the gate opening. Measure the distance between the top and bottom
Consult your hinge and latch hardware for necessary stringers on the fence. Cut two 2 x 4s to this length to use as
clearances, and subtract that amount from the opening width. supports. Layout the frame with the supports between the
Cut 2 x 4s to this length. Paint, stain or seal the lumber for the braces. Square the corners with a framing square. Place a 2 x 4
gate and let it dry diagonally across the frame and mark and cut it to length.
Screw the brace into position with 2'/," deck screws.

Plan the layout of the siding to match the fence. Clamp a Shim the gate into position and mark the locations for the
2 x 4 against the bottom brace. Align the first and last boards with hinges. Drill pilot holes and install the hinges. Hang the gate
the 2 x 4 and attach them to the frame using pairs of 2" deck with the hardware provided and install the latch hardware
screws. Attach the rest of the siding uSing spacers as necessary according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Felice & Galc Projects • 123

 I How to Build a Perimeter-frame Gate

Follow step 1 for a Z-frame gate (page 123). Measure the Position the frame on a 2 x 4 set on edge running diagonally
distance between the top and bottom stringers on the fence. from one corner to the other. Use scrap 2 x 4 to support the
Cut two 2 x 4s to this length for the vertical braces. Layout the frame. Mark the diagonal brace and cut to length using a
frame and secure with 2W' deck screws. circular saw set to the desired bevel angle. Screw the brace
into position with 2W' deck screws.

Clamp a scrap 2 x 4 to the bottom edge to use as a guide. Variation: Dress up your gate with inset accent pieces. This
Align the first and last siding boards flush with the edges of the gate has a frame with a horizontal support to allow the inset of
vertical braces. Attach the boards with 2" deck screws. Align a stained glass window
and attach the rest of the siding uSing a spacer. Mount the
hardware and hang the gate as for a Z-frame gate (page 123).

124 • T HE COMPLETE CU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Prefabricated Gate Options

Chain link gates are available in a limited range of sizes Iron gates are available as prefab units or can be custom-
and styles at home centers. Specialty retailers may offer built for your needs. The strength and beauty of iron pair well
more options. with stone or brick walls and entry columns.

Painted aluminum gates are a lightweight option that can Vinyl fencing manufacturers offer a supnsingly wide
blend well with any fence style. selection of custom gates to help you individualize your fence
and landscape.

Fe lice &- Gate Projects • 125

 Arched Gate

W ith its height and strategica ll y p laced opening,

this gate is a great cho ice for mainta ining
pri vacy a nd e nhan c ing sec urity \vith style. No ord inary
th e \vrought iron makes for a heavy gate. To avoid
sagg,in g a nd to ease th e ga te's swin g, yo u'll need to
include a wheel a n th e latc h side of th e ga te . Ove r a
"pee phole," th e decorative \.v roll ght iron provides a solid s urFace slic h as concre te or asp ha lt, th e \,v hee i
stunning acce nt an d gives yo u th e opportunity to sec will help yo u open a nd c lose the gate eas il y.
who's headin g you r \Nay or passing by. The arch of t he Shaping th e top of the arc h is a simpl e matter: jus t
ga te also adds contrast to the fencel ine and draws e nl a rge the pattern provided on page 127 a nd trace it
attent ion to th e e nt ryway. onto the Siding. T he n c ut th e shape usin g a j igsaw.
Thi s ga te is bes t suited to a situati on where YO LI This piece of wro ught iron came from a ban iste r
ca n pos ition it ove r a hard surFace, suc h as a sidewa lk \ve found at a sa lvage yard. vVe used a rec iproca tin g
or driveway. The com bined we igh t of the lumber an d saw with a meta l-c utting blade to c ut it to a usa ble size.

This decorative piece of wrought iron salvaged from a banister adds intrigue and a functional peephole to this classic gate shape.

126 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

Tools, Materials & Cutting List

"-r-r-.,-,-,,rr-r--r,--,--r-rr-r-r-.,-, Each square equals 2"

GATE- REAR VIEW IL l I -I - 1-
I- - ",'? 1-
--r-..p.!...!--'1""
~,
VERTICAL BRACE DETAIL l
1/ 3V " f::r ",:_L__- _.J..,---'--lBL -L--'--'--...L-L-'--'-- l

~ +t-J-:-'~-~-~~I~II~~~ii~l~
g

L
8" / './:Mendin plates
r- ..l...
3112" .- : - - - "".1
" Orna mental Iron
Half·lap ioint B
"--;:,:-
63"

44 '12" C C

Tape meas ure Gate handle

C ircu lar smv v·"; wood & meta l clitting blade Exterior wood glLIe
Chisel Men d ing p la tes
D rill/drive r a nd b its Ratche t wre nch
Jigsaw Screwd river
Level Wood sh im s
Fram ing squCl re Humm er
Spring cla mps Eye an d caf protect ion
Cau lk g un \t\1ark gloves
Sa lvaged piece of o rn ame ntal me ta l
P ressure -treated KOAT ( (iln D ri e d Afte r
Trea tment ) cedar or redv/Ood lum ber:
2 x 4s, 10 ft. (3); I x 4s, 8 ft . ( 13 ) Key Part Typ e Size Number

Pos te rboa rd or ca rdboa rd A Siding brace Ix4 41'!."

Construction adhes ive
B Horizon tol bmces 1x 4 41'!."
Corros ion -res istant dec k screws (J \14", 2", 4" )
I W' cor rosion -resistant mending plates (8) Verticol broces 1x 4 63"
2W' corrosion- resistant bol ts an d nu ts (8 ) D Diogonol bmce 1x 4 6 II.
Ga te w hc el
Siding Ix4 Bft. 11
Hin ge & latch ha rdwa re

Fe lice & Gale Proj ects • 127

 I How to Build an Arched Gate

Measure the opening between your gate posts and Cut the half-lap joints using a circular saw and chisel. These
determine the finished size of the gate (check the packaging of appear on both ends of the horizontal braces and at the three
the hinge and latch hardware for recommended clearances). locations on the vertical braces, as shown on page 127. First
The finished gate in this project is 42%" wide, but you can make the shoulder cuts with a CIrcular saw set for a 'f, " -deep
modify any dimensions as needed to suit your project Cut all cut Then make a series of closely spaced cuts to the end of
pieces for the gate according to the cutting list on page 127. the board (or the other shoulder cut). Remove the waste and
smooth the bottoms of the notches with a chisel. Test-fit the
cuts and make any necessary adjustments.

Assemble the brace frame. Fit the pieces together back- Add the siding boards and siding brace. Screw the two
side-up, and measure diagonally from corner to corner to outer siding boards to the brace frame using pairs of 2" deck
check for square (when the diagonals match, the frame is screws. The boards should be flush with the ou tside edges
square). Secure the half-lap joints with exterior wood glue and and bottom of the brace frame. Install the remaining boards
1%" deck screws. Position the diagonal brace as shown (with in between, spacing them evenly as desired. On the back
its bottom end at the hinge-side of the frame) and mark the side, fasten the siding brace across the siding with glue (or
ends for cutting. Make the cuts, and fasten the diagonal brace construction adhesive) and 1y." screws so its top edge is 9"
to the vertical braces with 4" deck screws driven through above the top of the top horizontal brace.
angled pilot holes. Finish the wood, if necessary.

128 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

cut the display opening. Set your display piece onto the Shape the gate top. First create a cardboard template of
front of the gate so It is centered within the framed opening the arch shape: either enlarge the image on page 127 on a
(you can drill small holes to locate the braces). and trace its photocopier, or draw the shape using the grid as a gUide. Trace
outline onto the siding. Cut inside the outline with a circular the template shape onto the siding (front side) so the ends of
saw set just deeper than 'I,' , and then finish the corner cuts the arch are even with the siding brace. Make the cut with a
with a Jigsaw or chisel. jigsaw and a down-cutting blade, cutting from the front side to
prevent splintering. Finish all wood, as necessary.

Install the display piece, using small mending plates with Hang the gate. Mount the hinges onto the gate. Ideally, the
two or more holes. position the plates evenly around the edges hinge leaves should mount to the three 2 x 4 horizontal braces
of the piece, and mark the piece for bolt holes. Drill the bolt of the gate frame. Also install the gate wh eel. Set the gate into
holes (for iron, start with a small bit, then drill with successively position, and shim along the bottom and latch side to create
larger bits; use a slow drill speed throughout). Set the piece the desired gaps. Make sure the gate IS plumb, and fasten the
and plates in place on the gate and mark for bolt holes. Drill hinges to the hinge post. Install the latch hardware, as desired.
the holes and anchor the piece with bolts and nuts.

Felice & Galc Projects • 129

 Trellis Gate

T his trell is gate combination is a grand welcome to any

yard. But don't let its ornate appearance fool yo u-
th e simple components create an im pression far beyond
th e skills and materials in volved in its cons truct ion .
T h is gate is best suited to a location whe re it vvill
receive plenty of sunlight to ensure an abundant canopy of
fouage . C hoose perennials rather than annua ls, since they
will produce more 1LL\;urious growt h over time. He irloom
roses are a good choice, providing a c harmi ng com plement
to the gate's old-fas hioned look and air of elega nce.
Larger, traditiona l styles of ha rdware that
showcase we ll against the painted wood wi ll also
en ha nce the gate's imp ressive presentatio n . T he
ha rdware and the millwo rk vve used a re availab le at
most bu ild ing ce nters, hut yo u might wa nt to check
architectural salvage shops . They may have unique
111111
pieces t hat add specia l character to the gate.
As wit h most of our projects, you can alter the
dime nsions of th is project to fit an existing ope n ing. Just
recalc ulate th e materials a nd c utti ng lists, and make sure A trellis gate is a perfect home for climbing flowers and
you have enough lu mber to accom modate th e cha nges. vines, creating a lovely portal to your home or garden.

Tools, Materials & Cutting List ~

Tape measure Galvanized fi nish na il s Part Type Size Qty.
Circu lar sa\.I.' 24" pressure-treated Fram es
Pa in tbr ush stakes (4 )
Dri ll Galvanized lag sc re\'vs HOIizonlol braces 2x 2 12" 2
2x 2 15'1. 8
Carpente r's level (2". 3" )
2x 2 33" 6
Framing square Card board or
Jigsaw posterboard Verticol broces 2x 2 17" 4
Chisel Victorian mi ll work 2x 2 54 'I," 2
H a nd mau l brackets (4) 2x 4 87'1," 4
Ha mm er Hi nge hardwa re Stop Ix2 46'/,"
Wood shi ms Gate hand le
Top
Pressure- treated cedar Flexible PVC pipe
or redwood lumber: C lamps Tie beams 2x 4 72'1. 2
2 x 25 , 8 ft. (8); Ratchet \vrenc h Roilers 2x 2 33" 4
2 x 45, 8 ft. (9); Eye and ear protection
I x 45 , 8 ft. (4); Work gloves
Got,
I x6,8ft. ( I); Primer Har. braces 2x 4 40W 2
J x2,4ft. ( J ) Fram ing square
Vert. broces 2x 4 32%,' 2
Ga lvanized Paint
deck scre\vs ( I ~ n, Diog. broce 2x 4 49'1,"
2Y2", I WI, 21T, 3 11 ) Siding Ix4 45'1.
Ix6 45'1. 2

130 • THE COMPLETE GUtDE TO GARDE N WALLS & FE NCES

 Rafters ~ _
Tie beam

2 x 4-haU-lap joint

Half-lap joint

Vertical brace

Gate frame

Diagonal brace

Siding

Stakes ~
Gate posts

Tie Beam End Detail Hinge hardware

Footing

I How to Build the Trellis Gate

Build the trellis frames. Cut the
horizontal and vertical braces for each
tre llis frame, following the cutting list
on page 130. Cut notches for the half-
lap Joints on the top end of each 2 x 4
- - vertical brace (see page 128, step 2). The
wt;:::_ '\ notches are 3W' long x %" deep. Paint
the parts with primer and then lay them
on a flat surface. Assemble the frames
with 2W' deck screws. Use a framing
square to make sure the parts are square
before fastening.

(continued)

Felice & Gale Projects . 131

 Set gate posts in concrete (see pages 26 to 29) and then Secure the free ends of the frames. Measure diagonally
anchor the frames to the gate posts. Position each frame between opposing corners of the frames. and move the free
against the back face of a post so the inside edge of the frame ends of the frames as needed until the diagonals are equal.
is flush. Check to make sure the frame is plumb. Fasten the Drive 24"-long 1 x 2 or 2 x 2 stakes (pressure-treated) behind
frame brace to the post with 3" lag screws driven through the rear vertical brace of each frame. and fasten the stakes to
pilot holes. the braces with 2" lag screws driven through pilot holes (or use
2W' screws for 2 x 2 stakes).

Cut and install the tie beams. Measure across the frame Install the rafters. Make layout marks for the four rafters
braces to find the overall length of the tie beams. Make a on the inside faces of the tie beams. spacing them evenly
cardboard template of the Tie Beam End Detail using the between the Side frames. Cut the rafters to fit snugly between
drawing on page 131 as a gUide. Cut the tie beams to length. the beams. Fasten the rafters to the beams with 3" deck
Hold them in place against the frame braces and mark the screws driven through pilot holes.
half-lap joints. Cut the half-lap notches on the beams. Shape
the ends of the beams with a jigsaw. using the template to
draw the outline. Fasten the beams to the braces with 1%"
deck screws.

132 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Add the trim. Position a decorative bracket at each corner Construct the gate frame. Cut the horizontal and vertical
of the tie beam and vertical brace, and fasten It in place With braces for the gate, following the cutting list on page 130
appropriately sized finish nails driven through pilot holes. Add (or modify the dimensions to fit your project). Assemble the
brackets at all four corners. parts With 2W' deck screws. Check the frame for square.
Set the diagonal brace under the frame and mark the end
cuts, as shown here. Cut the brace and fasten It to the frame
with screws.

~.I

Install the gate siding. Cut the Siding boards to length. Cut the gate siding top profile. Drive a nail in the center
Clamp a 1 x 4 spacer to the bottom of the gate frame. Install of the gate, a little bit above the top horizontal brace. Bend a
the siding flush with the edge of the 1 x 4, starting with two length of flexible PVC pipe under the nail and clamp the ends
1 x 6S on the hinge-side of the gate. Gap the siding with %" to the top ou tside corners of the siding boards. Mark along the
spacers, and fasten the siding to the gate frame with pairs of pipe to draw the curve. Cut the boards with a jigsaw Touch up
2" deck screws. Hang the gate between the gate posts. primer and paint the gate trellis.

Felice & Galc Projects • 133

 I

Garden Walls
L ike fences, wa ll s for t he ho rn e landscape can be
crafted from a broad mnge of materials- from
a ncien t building bloc ks, slic h as natura l ston e and clay
bric k, to clever modern produ cts, like molded concrete
units de signed for casy, morta rl ess insta lla tion. Your
project might also call for po ured concrete, e ithe r in
a st ruct ural foot ing fo r th e \va ll or to c reate th e \va ll
itself. Whi c heve r materia l you c hoose, yo u'll find that
each type of wa ll offers not on ly a di st inc t look a nd
feel, but a lso an opportunity to lea rn a specia l ski ll ,
malzj ng th e building process al most as rev/a rdin g as
t he fini shed product.
As a ge neral rule of thumb, masonry wa ll s built by
a ma teurs should be ke pt at a bout three feet or shorte r.
The same is true fo r all reta ining wa ll s. T he reason is
that th e taller a \,va il is, th e more suppo rt it needs-
ei th er fro m th e base, spec ial stacking tec h niques,
inte rnal reinforce me nt, or a co mbination of e le men ts.
Building in thi s su pport requires expe rt know ledge
of th e specifi c ma te ri a l, a nd often so me engineering
ca lc ul at ions. At three feet and under, wa ll s have a
rel ati vely low center of grav ity a nd are less su bject to
\vind a nd other forces. If yo u need a ta ll barrie r, you
sho uld cons ide r hirin g a profess ional to build th e wa ll ,
or you can opt to build a ta ll fence instead .

-- .:/
. In this chapter:
• Patio Wall • Poured Concrete Wall
• Outdoor Kitchen Walls • Interlocking Block
& Countertop Retaining Wall

..
/
-."
•
•
Dry Stone Wall
Mortared Stone Wall
• Timber Retaining Wall
• Stone Retaining Wall
• Brick Garden Wall • Poured Concrete
• Mortarless Block Wall Retaining Wall

• 135
 Patio Wall

P erhaps due to the huge popularity of interlocki ng

co ncrete wa ll block, vv hi c h made bui lding
retaining wa lls a great do-it-yo urse lF projec t, YO LI can
a base of compacted gravel , but you cou ld build the
sa me wa ll right on top of a concrete pa t io slab. Keep
in m ind that frees ta nd in g wa lls li ke thi s are typ ica ll y
now find concrete la ndscape blocks made for a range s u bject to height limi ts , \"" hi c h might ra nge fro m 20
of appl ications, in c luding patio wa lls, freesta nd ing to 36 inc hes o r hig her. \t\1a lls with stra ight sect ions o r
columns, raised planters, and even outdoor kitc hens gentle curves may need a supporting feature, such as a
(see page 142 ). The bl ocks shown in this project co lumn or 90-degree turn ar jog, to stabilize the wal l.
req u ire no mortar and a re stacked LIp just like
retaining wa ll uni ts. Ye t unlike reta ining wa ll blocks ,
th ese "freestanding" un its have at least (\'vo faceted Tools & Materials ~
faces, so the wa ll looks good on both sides. f\nd t hey
have flat botto ms, a ll owi ng them to be stacked straig ht JVI<1so n's string Wood stakes
li p \v ithout a batter (the bacbvard lea n re qui red for Landscape Straigh t board
most retai n ing wa ll s). marking paint Compacta ble gravel
So lid conc re te blocks for frees tand in g wa ll s Excavation too ls Concrete wa ll block
come in a range of styles and co lors. Products that Li ne level and cap units
come in multiple sizes produce \,va lls with a hi gh ly P late compacto r Co ncrete ad hes ive
textured look t hat mim ics natural stone, wh il e wal ls o r hund tamp Tape measure
made w ith unifor m blocks have an appeanm ce closer Rake Eye and ea r protection
to weat hered brick. Ma ny b loc k produc ts ca n be 4-ft. level C ircu lar S3\V with masonry
used for hath c urve d an d straight wa ll s, an d mos t Caulk gun blade (optional)
are compatib le w ith cap units that give the wa ll an Brickset or Heavy rope or garde n hose
arc hi tectu ra ll y approp riate finis h , as wel l as a great pitch ing c h isel W heelbarrow
su rface fo r sitti ng. Hand mau l \Nark gloves
The wa ll in t hi s project fo r ms a uniform curve Stone chisel
to follO\,v t he shape of a ci rcu la r patio . It's bu il t ove r

Landscape block for freestanding walls is versatile and an easy material with which to build. You can use it to create low walls of
almost any shape, plus columns, steps, and other features. Quality block manufacturers offer a variety of styles and textures, along
with compatible specialty and accessory pieces for a well-integrated look.

136 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

I Laying Out Freestanding Block Walls

Draw the rough outline of the wall onto the ground with a can of marking paint. First measure the wall blocks and/or align
a few blocks in place as gUides. To mark end columns, first measure the blocks and then use the marking paint to outline the
footprint of the column (insetl.

Freeform curving walls: Use heavy rope or a garden hose to layout the wall's Straight walls: Mark the outlines of
shape. Follow the rope with marking paint to transfer the outline to the ground. To the wall and/or excavation with stakes
mark the other side of the wall and the edges of the excavation, reposition the rope and mason's string. position one string,
or hose the appropriate distance away from the first mark and trace with paint. then measure from it to position any
remaining strings as needed. Tip: Leave
the stakes marking one of the wall faces
in the ground; you'll use them later to
align the wall block.

Cardell Walls • 137

 I How to Build a Freestanding Patio Wall

Remove the sod and other plantings inside the excavation Set up level lines to guide the excavation using stakes and
area. For a gravel base, the excavation should extend 6" mason's stllng. For curved walls, you may need more than one
beyond the wall on all sides. If you are building adjacentto a string. Level the string with a line level (make sure multiple
sand set patio with pavers, take care not to disturb the rigid strings are level with one another). Measure from the string
paver edging. Alternatively, fully excavate the ground around to ground level (grade), and then add 12" (or as directed by
patio to compensate for wall addition and install new edging the block manufacturer)- thls is the total depth required for
around perimeter. Follow your manufacturer's instructions. the excavation.

Use a story pole to measure the depth as you complete the Tamp the soil in the trench with a rented plate compactor
excavation. To make a story pole, mark the finished depth of or a hand tamp. The bottom of the trench should be flat and
the excavation onto a straight board, and use It to measure level, with the soil thoroughly compacted. Take care not to
against the string; this is easier than pulling out your tape disturb or damage adjacent structures.
measure for each measurement.

138 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Spread compactable gravel over the trench in an even 2- to Check the gravel base with a level (or a level taped to
3"-thick layer. Tamp the gravel thoroughly. Add the remaining a straight board) to make sure the surface is uniform and
gravel and tamp to create a 6"-thick layer after compaction. perfectly level. Add gravel to any low spots and tamp again .

Set the first course. If you're using more than one thickness Set the second course. Begin the course at the more visible
of block, select only the thicker units for the first course. Lay end of the wall. Set the blocks In the desired pattern, making
out the blocks in the desired pattern along the layout line, sure to overlap the block joints In the first course to create a
butting the ends together for complete contact. If necessary, bond pattern. Alternate different sizes of block regularly, and
cut blocks to create the desired curve (see step 10). Place a check the entire course with a level. If necessary, cut a block
4-ft. level across the blocks to make sure they are level and flat for the end of the wall.
across the tops.

(continued)

Cardell Walls • 139

 End each course with a piece no narrower than 6". lf necessary, position a full unit Cut blocks using a brickset or pitching
at the end of the wall, then measure back and cut the second-to-Iast Unit to fit the chisel and a maul. First score along the
space. Glue small end pieces In place with concrete adhesive. cutting line all the way around the block,
and then chisel at the line until the block
splits. YOU can also cut a deep score
line (on thick block) or cut completely
through (on thin block) using a CIrcular
saw with a masonry blade.

Cut Facets ~

Complete the remaining courses, Install the cap blocks. Trapezoidal

fOllowing the desired pattern. Be sure cap block may fit your wall's curve well
to maintain a bond with the course enough without cuts (for gentle curves,
Round over the cut edges below by overlapping the joints in try alternating the cap positions). If cuts
of blocks to match the original the lower course. For the top two are necessary, dry-fit the pieces along
texture. Using a stone chisel courses, glue each block in place with the wall, and plan to cut every other
and mason's hammer or maul, concrete adhesive. block on both side edges for an even
carefully chip along the edges fit. Set all caps with concrete adhesive.
to achieve the desired look. Backfill along the wall to bury most or all
of the first course.

140 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Add Decorative Columns to a Wall
Set the first course of each column
after completing the first wall course
(mlddle-of-wall columns are set along with
each wall course). use four full blocks for
the first course, butting the column blocks
against the end wall block. Check the
column blocks for level. Note: Prepare the
ground as seen on pages 137 to 138.

Glue the second course and all

subsequent courses in place with
concrete adhesive or according to the
manufacturer's specifications.

cap the column with special cap units,

or create your own caps with squares of
flagstone. Glue cap pieces in place with
concrete adhesive or mortar in between
them, following the manufacturer's
instructions. Tip: The hollow space in the
column's center is ideal for running wiring
for adding a light fixture on top of a cap.

Cardell Walls . 141

 Outdoor Kitchen Walls & Countertop

L oaded ,,·,rit h co nvenie nt \vork s ur faces and a

ded icated grill space, the outdoor kit chen has
c han ge d bac kyard grilling foreve r. This roo my kit c hen
ston es, for a finished look. T hi s cou ntertop has a lower
surface for food pre p a nd a hi ghe r s ur face fo r se rving
or dining. A Im,v side wa ll co n nects th e countertop
ca n be the perfect ad dition to a ny pati o or garde n \\'it h th e grill area a nd ad d s just th e righ t amo un t of
retreat. It's made e ntire ly of co nc rete blocks and not enclosure to com ple te th e kitc hen space.
on ly looks great, it's also incredibl y easy to bui ld .
T he design of this kitc hen comes from a
ma nu facture r (see Resources, page 204) that sup plies
a ll of the necessary masonry materials on two pa llets. As Tools & Materials ~
shown, th e project's footpri nt is about 98 x 109 inc hes
and includes a 58~inc h -widc space for setting in a grill. rVlasonry outdoor Level
Square columns can provide work surfaces on e ither kitchen kit (concrete Caul k gun
side of the grill , so yo u'll vvan t to keep the m co nve ni ently wall bloc k, conc rete Exterior~grade
close, but if you need a little more or a little less room for patio stones) conc rete <:Id hesive
your grill , YOLI can simply adjust the number of blocks th at Chalk line Tape meas ure
go into th e front wa ll section enclosing the grill alcove. Framing square Eye and ear protection
Opposite the grill stat ion is a 32~ in ch~ tall Straight board \>\fork gloves
countertop capped with large sq uare pavers, or patio

This all-masonry outdoor kitchen comes ready to assemble on any solid patiO surface, or you can build it over a prepared
gravel base anywhere in your landscape (check with the manufacturer for base requirements). For a custom design, similar
materials are available to purchase separately and the installation would be more or less the same as shown here. Discuss the
project with the manufacturer for specifics. If you decide to build just a part of this kitchen (the bar, for example), review the setup
and site prep steps at the beginning of this proJect.

142 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build the Outdoor Kitchen
Dry-lay the project on the installation
surface. This overview of the first course
of blocks shows how the kitchen is
constructed with five columns and two
wall sections. Laying out the first course
carefully and making sure the wall
sections are square ensures the rest of the
project will go smoothly

create squared reference lines for the

kitchen walls after you remove the dry-laid
blocks. Snap a chalk line representing the
outside face of the front wall. Mark the point
where the side wall will meet the front
wall. Place a framing square at the mark
and trace a perpendicular line along the
leg of the square. Snap a chalk line along
the pencil line to represent the side wall,
or use the edge of a patio as this boundary
(as shown). To confirm that the lines are
square, mark the front-wall line 36" from
the corner and the side-wall line 48" from
the corner. The distance between the
marks should be 60". If not, re-snap one
of the chalk lines until the measurements
work out

(continued)

Cardell Walls • 143

 Begin laying the first course of block. Starting in the Finish laying the first course, including two more columns,
90° corner of the chalk lines, set four blocks at right angles starting at the side wall. use a straight board as a guide to
to begin the corner column. Make sure all blocks are placed make sure the columns form a straight line. To check for
together tightly. Set the long wa ll with blocks laid end to end, square, measure between the long wall and the short wall at
followed by another column. both ends; the measurements should be equal. Adjust the
short-wall columns as needed.

set the second course. Add the second course of blocks set the third course. Lay the th ird-course blocks uSing
to each of the columns, rotating the pattern 90° to the first the same pattern as in the first course. For appearance and
course. Set the blocks for the long and side walls, leaving stability, make sure the faces of the blocks are flush with one
about a 2" gap in between the corner column and the first another and that the walls and columns are plumb. use a level
block. Set the remaining wall blocks with the same gap so the to align the blocks and check for plumb.
blocks overlap the jOints in the first course.

144 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Install the remaining courses. The higher courses of Build the short wall overhang. Starling at one end of the
wall block are glued in place. Set the courses in alternating short wall, glue wall blocks along the tops of the columns with
patterns. as before. gluing each block in place with concrete adhesive. Position blocks perpendicular to the length
concrete adhesive. of the short wall, overhanging the columns by 3".

Complete the short wall top. create the coun ter surface Cap the corner columns. Finish the two corner columns
for the short wall by gluing patio stones to the tops of the with wall blocks running parallel to the side wall. Glue the cap
columns and overhanging blocks. Position the stones for the pieces in place on the colomns uSing concrete adheSive. Make
lower surface against the ends of the overhanging blocks. sure the blocks are fitted tightly together
Position the upper-surface stones so they extend beyond the
overhanging blocks slightly on the outside ends and a little
more so on the inside ends.

Cardell Walls • 145

 Dry Stone Wall

Y OU can construct a low stone wall \vithout mortar,

lIsing a ce nt uries-o ld method know n as Udry laying."
'vVith this tech ni q ue, the wa ll is ac tually fo rmed hy two
Because the \-va ll reli cs o n itself for suppo rt , a
concrete footi ng is un necessary, but the \va ll must
be a t least hal f as wide as it is ta ll. T h is means so me
separate stacks that lean togethe r sl ightly. Each stone stones may nee d to be shaped or split to ma intain the
overlaps a joint in t he previous co urse. T hi s tec h nique spaci ng a nd stru ctu re of the wall. See pages 30 to 33
avo ids long vert ica l joints, resulting in a wal l that is for tips o n working wit h stone.
attractive and strong. The position an d we ight of t he two
stacks support eac h othe r, fo rming a single, st u rdy wa ll .
\;Vhile dry walls are simple to construc t, they do
require a fai r amOll nt of patie nce. The stones mllst be Tools & Materials ~
carefully selected a nd sorted by size a nd shape. T hey must
also be correctly positioned in the wa ll so that weight is C ircular saw with Type M mortar
distributed evenl)( Long, fl at sto nes \,'<'ork best. A q uany or mason!)' blade Rough-textured rag
Clggrega te supply center \\lill have a vClriety of sizes, shapes, Ha nd sledge Co mpac ta ble gravel
and colors to choose from . For this project yo u'll need to Maso n's c hisel Excavation tools
purc hase a number of stones in t hese four sizes: 4-ft. level Mason's stri ng
i\/lason's trowe l Wood stakes
• Shap ing: ha lf the widt h of the wa ll Stones of varioLls Tape measure
• Tie: the same vvidth as t he wa ll shapes and sizes Eye and ea r pro tection
• Fi lle r: small shims th a t fit in to cracks Cap stones Work gloves
• Cap : large, Hat stones, wider t ha n t he wa ll

A dry stone wall is one of the oldest and strongest styles of garden wall out there. The wall's two stacks of stones rely on one
another for support.

146 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

 Flagstone cap

Tie stones (full width)

Shaping stone ---1A~;;:

I How to Build a Dry Stone Wall

Layout the wall site with stakes Lay two rows of shaping stones Form a corner by laying the last stone
and mason's string. Dig a 24"-wide along the bottom of the trench. Position of the outer row so it covers the end
trench that IS 6" deep at the edges and them flush with the edges of the of the stone In the outer row of the
8" deep in the center, creating a slight trench and sloping toward the center, adjacent wall course. Lay the inner row
V shape by evenly sloping the sides staggering joints. use stones similar in in the same manner.
toward the center. Compact any loose height. If stones have uneven surfaces,
soil. Add a 2" -layer of gravel, but do not position them with the uneven sides
compact it. facing down.
(continuedl

Cardell Walls • 147

 Lay the second course and fill any Lay the stones for the second course corner so they cover the joints of the first
significant gaps between the shaping course corner. Form corners using the same steps as for forming the first course
stones with rubble and filler stones. corner. use stones that have long, square sides. Place tie stones across the width of
each wall just before the corner. Build the wall ends in this same way. use stones of
varying lengths so that each joint IS covered by the stone above it. Wedge filler stones
into any large gaps.

Lay the third course. Work from the corner to the end of the wall. If necessary, When the wall is about 36" high,
shape or split the final stones of the course to size with a masonry saw or hand check for level. Trowel mortar onto the
sledge and chisel. Place tie stones approximately every 36". Lay shaping stones center of the wall, in at least 6" from
between the tie stones. Make sure to stagger the Joints; stones of varying lengths the edges. Center the capstones and
will help offset them. Continue to place filler stones into any cracks on the surface or set them as close together as possible.
sides of the wall. Continue laying courses, maintaining a consistent height along the Carefully fill the cracks between the
wall and adding tie stones to every third course. Check for level as you go. capstones with mortar. Let any excess
mortar dry until crumbly, then brush it
off. After two or three days, scrub off
any residue using water and a rough-
textured rag.

148 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Slopes & Curves ~
If slope is an issue along your wall site, you can easily build If you'd like a curved wall or wall segment, layout
a stepped wall to accommodate it. The key is to keep the each curve, as demonstrated on page 137. Then dig the
stones level so they won't shift or slide with the grade, and trench as for a straight wall, sloping the sides into a slight
to keep the first course below ground level. This means V toward the center. Lay the stones as for a straight wall,
digging a stepped trench. but use shorter stones; long, horizontal stones do not
Layout the wall site with stakes and mason's string. work as well for a tight curve. Lay the stones so they are
Dig a trench 4 to 6" deep along the entire Site, including tight together, offsetting the joints along the entire stretch.
the slope. Mark the slope with stakes at the bottom where Be careful to keep the stone faces vertical to sustain the
it starts, and at the top where it ends. curve all the way up the height of the wall.
Begin the first course along the straight-line section
of the trench, leading up to the start of the slope. At the
reference stake, dig into the slope so a parr of shaping
stones will sit level With the rest of the wall.
To create the first step, excavate a new trench into
the slope, so that the bottom IS level with the top of the
previous course. Dig into the slope the length of one-
and-a-half stones. This will allow one pair of stones to be
completely below the ground level, and one pair to span
the joint where the new trench and the stones in the
course below meet.
Continue creating steps, to the top of the slope. Make
sure each step of the trench section remains level with
the course beneath . Then fill the courses, laying stones
in the same manner as for a straight-line wall. Build to a
maximum height of 36", and finish by stepping the top to
match the grade change, or create a level top with the wall
running In to the slope.

If the wall goes up- or downhill, step the trench, the TO build a curved wall, layout the curve using a string
courses, and the top of the wall to keep the stones level. staked to a center point as a compass. Then, dig the
trench and set stones using the same techniques as for a
straight wall.

Cardell Walls • 149

 Mortared Stone Wall Tools & Materials ~

Tape meas ure As hlar sto ne

Penci l Type N or
T he mortared stone \va ll is a cl ass ic that brings
structure and appeal to any yard o r ga rd e n .
Sq uare- hevm ashla r is the eas iest to build wi th ,
C halk li ne
S mall w hisk broom
Type S morta r
S takes an d
th ough field sto ne and rubbl e also \.va rk and make Tools for mason's lin e
att rac ti ve wa ll s. mixi ng mortar Scra p wood
Beca use the mortar turns th e wa ll into a structu re TrO\.v e l iViuri ati c acid
that ca n c rack and heave \vith the freeze -tha\\' cyc le, a Jointin g tool 4-ft. level
co ncrete footing is required for a mortared stone wa ll . Line level Protec tive c lothing
To maintain strength in th e \.vall , Li se the heavies t, Sponge Buc ket
thi c kes t s ton es for the base o f th e wa ll and thi nner, Garden hos e Eye and
flatter stones for th e cap . Concre te mate ri als ea r protec ti on
As you pla n th e wa ll layout, insta ll tie stanes- for footing \Nork g loves
sto nes that span the \vid th of the \va ll - abo ut eve!),
three feet , staggered through the courses both
ve rti call y a nd horizo ntall y througho ut th e wa ll. U se
th e squarest, flattes t ston es to build the "leads," or Laying a morta re d stone wa ll is labor-i ntensi ve,
ends of th e wa ll first, th e n fill th e middle co urses. but satis fy ing wo rk. Make sure to wo rk safel y and
Plan for joints a round one inc h thi ck, an d make sure e nli st fri e nds to help with th e heavy li fting. See pages
jo ints in successive courses do not lin e up . 30 to 33 fo r tips on \vorki ng w it h s ton e.

A mortared stone wall made from ashlar adds structure and claSSIC appeal to your home landscape. Plan carefully and enlist
help to ease the building process.

150 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Mortared Stone Wall

Pour a footing for the wall and allow it to cure for one Dry-lay the entire first course. Starting with a tie stone at
week (pages 42 to 45). Measure and mark the wall location so each end, arrange stones in two rows along the chalk lines
It is centered on the footing. Snap chalk lines along the length with Joints about 1" thick. Use smaller stones to fill the center
of the footing, for both the front and the back faces of the of the wall. Use larger, heavier stones in the base and lower
wall. Layout corners using the 3A-5 right angle method as courses. Place additional tie stones approximately every 3 feet.
described on page 24. Trim stones as needed .

Mix a stiff batch of Type N or Type 5 mortar, following Firmly press the first tie stone into the mortar, so it is
the manufacturer's directions (see pages 38 to 39). Starting at aligned with the chalk lines and relatively level. Tap the top of
an end or corner, set aside some of the stone and brush off the stone with the handle of the trowel to set it. Continue to
the foundation. Spread an even, 2"-thick layer of mortar onto lay stones along each chalk line, working to the opposite end
the foundation, about V;' from the chalk lines- the mortar will of the wall.
squeeze out a little.

(continued)

Cardell Walls . 151

 After installing the entire first course, As you work, rake the joints using a Variation: You can also tool joints for
fill voids along the center of the wall scrap of wood to a depth of y," ; raking a cleaner, tighter mortared jOint Tool
that are larger than 2" with smaller joints highlights the stones rather than joints when your thumb can leave an
rubble. Fill the remaining spaces and the mortared joints. After raking, use imprint In the mortar without removing
joints With mortar uSing the trowel. a whisk broom to even the mortar In any It
the joints.

Drive stakes at the each end of the wall and align a If heavy stones push out too much mortar, use wood
mason's line with the face of the wall. use a line level to level wedges cut from scrap to hold the stone in place. Once the
the string at the height of the next course. Build up each end mortar sets up, remove the wedges and fill the voids with
of the wall, called the "leads," making sure to stagger the joints fresh mortar.
between courses. Check the leads with a 4-ft. level on each
wall face to verify plumb.

152 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Clean Up Spills ~

Have a bucket of water and a sponge handy Fill the middle courses between the leads by first dry
in case mortar oozes or spills onto the face of the laying stones for placement and then mortari ng them in
stone. Wipe mortar away immediately before it place. Install tie stones about every 3 feet, both vertically and
can harden . horizontally, staggering their position In each course. Make
sure Joints in successive courses do not fall in alignment.

Install cap stones by pressing flat stones that span the width Allow the wall to cure for one week, then clean it using a
of the wall into a mortar bed. DO not rake the jOints, but clean solution of 1 part muriatic aCid and 10 parts water. Wet the wall
off excess mortar with the trowel and clean excess mortar using a garden hose, apply the acid solution, then immediately
from the surface of the stones using a damp sponge. rinse with plenty of clean, clear water. Always wear goggles,
long sleeves and pants, and heavy rubber gloves when
uSing acids.

Cardell Walls • 153

 Brick Garden Wall

T raditional brick construction is a timeless symbo l

of craftsma nshi p an d a rch itec tura l per mane nce.
'vVith its sol id ye t wa rm ly text ured a ppea ra nce, a low
bri c k wa ll makes a g rea t backd rop for a ga rde n or a
pa rtition or acce nt wa ll for a patio.
The wa ll in this project is [Teestanding and buil t with
"double-wythe" construction (,,"th two layers of brick
tied together), whic h is necessary for su pport. Other
brick projects, slIc h as a square or rectangula r planter,
ca n be built with s i ngle~wythe co nstru ction, as long as
th e shape of the stru c ture provides its own support.
All brick struc tures must be bui lt upon a solid
co nc re te footing (at least tw ice as wide as the fini shed
wa ll ) O f a s uitabl e co nc rete slab. Cons ult yo ur c ity's
bu ildin g de pa rt ment to lea rn ahou t pe rmits a nd
stru ctu ra l req uirem e nts for you r foo tin g an d wa ll.
Often, specificati o ns a re less stringent for wa ll s that
are under a certain he ight, usual ly t hree feet.
See pages 40 to 4 5 for steps o n bu ild ing a Brick and mortar partition walls help define space in
co nc re te foo ti ng, an d pages 34 to 39 for tip s o n your landscape and add timeless sophistication to your
wo rking w ith brick a nd mortar. home's appearance.

Tools & Materials ~

Work gloves Line blocks Brick V£;"-dia. dOV\lel

Trowe l Maso n's st rin g Wall tics Tool s for c utting brick
C halk line Jointin g too l Hebar (optiona l) Eye a nd ear p ro tect ion
Leve l Mortar

I How to Build a Brick Garden Wall

Dry-lay the first course by setting down two parallel rows Dampen the concrete slab or footing with water, and
of brick, spaced % to 1" apart. Use a chalk line to outline the dampen the bricks or blocks if necessary. MIX mortar and
location of the wall on the slab. Draw pencil lines on the slab throw a layer of mortar onto the footing for the first two bricks
to mark the ends of the bricks. Test-fit the spacing with a of one wythe at one end of the layout. Butter the inside end of
%"-diameter dowel, then mark the locations of the jOint gaps the first brick, then press the brick into the mortar, creating a
to use as a reference after the spacers are removed. %" mortar bed. Cut away excess mortar.

154 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Plumb the face of th e end brick Butter and place a third brick, using Lay the first three bricks for the
using a level. Tap lightly with the handle the chalk lines as a general reference, other wythe parallel to the first wythe.
of the trowel to correct the brick if it is then check for level and plumb. Adjust Level the wythes, and make sure the
not plumb. Level the brick end to end. any bricks that are not aligned by end bricks and mortar Joints align. Fill
Butter the end of a second brick, then tapping lightly with the trowel handle. the gaps between the wythes at each
set it into the mortar bed, pushing the end with mortar.
dry end toward the first brick to create a
Joint of %".

Cut a half brick, then throw and furrow a mortar bed for a Add more bricks and half bricks to both wythes at the end
half brick on top of the first course. Butterthe end of the half until you lay the first bricks in the fourth course. Align bricks
brick, then set it in the mortar bed, creating a %" joint. Cut with the reference lines. Note: To build corners, lay a header
away excess mortar. Check bricks for plumb and level. brick at the end of two parallel wythes. Position the header
brick in each subsequent course perpendicular to the header
brick in the previous course (inset)
(continued)

Cardell Walls • 155

 Check the spacing of the end bricks with a straightedge. Every 30 minutes. stop laying bricks and smooth out all the
Properly spaced bricks will form a straight line when you place untooled mortar joints with a Jointing tool. Do the horizontal
the straightedge over the stepped end bricks. If bricks are joints first, then the vertical jOints. Cut away any excess mortar
not in alignment, do not move those bricks already set. Try to pressed from the Joints using a trowel. When the mortar has
compensate for the problem gradually as you fill in the middle set, but is not too hard, brush any excess mortar from the
(field) bricks (step 11) by slightly reducing or increasing the brick faces.
spacing between the joints.

Build the opposite end of the wall with the same methods as the first using the chalk lines as a reference. Stretch a mason's
string between the two ends to establish a flush, level line between ends- use line blocks to secure the string. Tighten the string
until It is taut. Begin to fill in the field bricks (the bricks between ends) on the first course, using the mason's string as a guide.

156 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Lay the remaining field bricks. The last brick, called the In the fourth course, set metal wall ties into the mortar bed
closure brick, should be buttered at both ends. Center the of one wythe and on top of the brick adjacent to it. Space the
closure brick between the two adjOining bricks, then set in ties 2 to 3 ft. apart, every three courses. If desired (or required
place with the trowel handle. Fill in the first three courses of by code), strengthen the wall by setting metal reba r Into the
each wythe, moving the mason's string up one course after cavities between the wythes and filling with thin mortar per
completing each course. code specifications ..

Lay the remaining courses, installing metal ties every third Lay a furrowed mortar bed on the top course, and
course. Check with mason's string frequently for alignment, place a wall cap on top of the wall to cover empty spaces and
and use a level to make sure the wall is plumb and level. provide a finished appearance. Remove any excess mortar.
Make sure the cap blocks are aligned and level. Fill the joints
between cap blocks with mortar.

Cardell Walls • 157

 Mortarless Block Wall

F ar from an ordinary concrete block wa ll , this til e-

topped mortarl ess bloc k wa ll offers the adva ntages
of concrete bloc k-afford ability an d durability- as
building depa rtm ent to learn about foot ing s ize and
de pth , maximum wa ll height, and other structural
requiremen ts For this type of wall. You may also
we ll as a dramatic tOllch of style. Co lor is th e magic be allowed to huild the wa ll on top of an ap proved
ingredient. Tint added to the su rface- bonding ceme nt conc rete s lab.
produces a buttery-ye ll ow that co ntrasts beautifull y
wit h th e coba lt blue til e. Of co urs e, you ca n use an y
color co mbination th at matc hes or compleme nts
yo ur settin g. Tools & Materials ~
Mortarless block wa lls are sim ple to build. YOLI set
the first course in mortar on a concrete footin g and Line leve l Circular saw \vith
stac k th e subsequent cou rses in a running bond pattern, Mortar box masonl)'-cutting blade
without mortar betv,lee n the blocks. The \vall gets its 4-ft. leve l Surface-bonding cement
strength from a cOClting of surfa ce-bonding cement C halk line 8 x 12" ceramic tile
that's app lied to the exposed surface . Tes ts have shown Maso nl)' chisel Matching bullnose til e
that the bond created in this type of constru ction is just Line hlocks Sand-mix exterior grout
as strong as traditiona l block-and-mortar wa lls. Maso n's trowel Grout sealer
In this project, the wa ll is 24 inches tall ancl uses Notched trowel Tape meas ure
three co urs es of standard 8 x 8 x l6 -inch co ncrete Tile cutter Spray bottle
blocks an d 8 x 12-inch ceramic til es for t he top ca p, Rubber grout float iVJason's string
with bullnose tiles to fini s h the edges . vVhen selecting Sponge Colori ng agen t
tile, be sure to get durable exte rior ceramic tile, Concrete bloc ks Finishing trowel
thin set ex terior tile mortar, and exte ri or tile grout. Type N mortar Mortar hawk
The footing he lm\' th e wa ll m ust be t\,vice as \t\/ire mesh Masking tape
wide as th e wall an d extend at least 12 inches beyon d Thinset mortar Work gloves
eac h e nd (sec pages 40 to 45 for instructions on Tile spacers Eye and ear protection
building a co nc rete footing). Cons ul t with your loca l

The mortarless block wall gets its

strength from a coating of surface-bonding
cement, which can also be tinted to match
your home's exterior decor.

158 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Bullnose tile Surface bonding cement

Cap tile,

I~

Cross section Three courses

0
•• .. .,
•
0 • ••
0

•
o·
- -- 0

. .
•• •
•
•
0 •0
0 •
•

Corner detail Concrete footing

I How to Build a Mortarless Block Wall

Complete a dry layout of the first course on a concrete Mark the corners of the end blocks on the footing with
footing. Where less than half a block IS needed, trim two a pencil. Then, remove the blocks and snap chalk lines to
blocks instead. For example, where three and one-third block indicate where to lay the mortar bed and the initial course
lengths are required, use four blocks, and cut two of them to of block.
two-thirds their length. You'll end up with a stronger, more
durable wall.
(continuedl

Cardell Walls • 159

 Mist the footing with water, then lay a %"-thlck bed of Lay the first course, starting at one end and placing blocks
mortar on the footing. Take care to cover only the area inside in the mortar bed with no spacing in between . Use solid-
the reference lines. The mortar must be firm enough to prevent faced blocks on the ends of the wall and check the course for
the first course from sagging. level. If your wall is longer than 20 ft., consider inclusion of an
expansion Joint.

Half IOCk~

Line block and string

Lay subsequent courses one at a time using a level to Variation: For walls with corners, begin the second course
check for plumb and line blocks to check for level. Begin with a full-size end block that overlaps the joint between wall
courses with solid-faced blocks at each end . Use half blocks to sections in the first course. Start the perpendicular run with
establish a running bond pattern. a full stretcher block butted against the end block, as shown
here. Repeat the alternation for each course.

160 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Lay wire mesh over the next to last Mix surface-bonding cement Apply the cement to the blocks
course. Install the top course, and then thoroughly in a mortar box to achieve after misting a workable section with
fill the block hollows with mortar, and a firm, workable consistency. Eliminate water (to prevent premature drying) .
trowel the surface smooth. all lumps during mixing. To color Working from the bottom up, spread the
the cement, add coloring agent to cement in an even %"-thick layer using
the mixing water, or as directed by a finishing trowel. Texture the surface,
the manufacturer. if desired.

Layout the tiles on top of the wall . Adjust the layout as Grout the tiles after the mortar has fully cured. Mix the
needed so that cut tiles at the ends of the wall will be roughly grout as directed, and spread it over the tiles with a rubber
the same size. Apply thinset mortar with a notched trowel, and grout float. packing it into the joints with the float held flat.
set the tile, using tile spacers to set the grout joints. After the Then, scrape off excess grout by dragging the float across the
mortar sets on the top tile, Install the bullnose tiles along both joints diagonally, With the float held at a 60 angle. Clean the
0

side edges, using tape to keep the tiles from slipping until the tiles With a damp sponge. Apply sealer to the grout after It has
mortar sets. cured completely.

Cardell Walls . 161

 Poured Concrete Wall Tools & Materials ~

Drill and W' bi t Quick-setting cement

Hac ksaw or (mixed with
B li dd ing vertica ll y wit h poured co ncrete int roduces
a \vho le nev,l d ime nsio n to this ever-versa ti le
materia l. And as m uc h as wa ll s may seem more Level
reciprocating saw concrete aCl)'lic
fortifier) or fast-set
cha llengi ng t ha n slabs or cas tin g projects, the basic Conc rete mixing too ls repair mortar
b u ild ing process is just as s im p le and stra ightforwa rd . Shovel Heavy-duty maso nry
Construct forms using ordinary materials, t hen fi ll Concrete trowel or float coati ng (optional)
them with concrete an d finis h the surface. W hi le ta ll Lumber Ham mer
co nc re te \va ll s a nd load-bea rin g st ruct u res req u ire (2 x 4, 2 x 2, I x 2)
Ha nd ma ul
carefu l engi neering an d professio nal skills, a Im,v Nai ls (8d, 16d) Straight 2 x 4
11
parti ti on wa ll fo r a pa tio or gard e n ca n be a great do- it- "1'4 exterior- Concrete edge r
you rself project. grade plywood Wi re c utte rs
The first rule of concrete wa ll bu il ding is knowing Steel re inforci ng bar Tape measure
tha t the entire job relies on the st rengt h of t he for m. (#3,114) Scrap wood
A cub ic foot of co nc rete \'veighs abo ut 140 po un ds, 8-gauge tie \\~re Eye and ear
whi c h mea ns t hat a three-foot- ta ll "val l th a t is SLX \t\food or dec k sc rews protection
in ches thick weighs 2 10 pounds fo r each li near foot . If Masonry brus h (optional) \tVork gloves
the \va ll is 10 feet long, th e fo rm m us t co ntain over a Vegetable oil or Ham mer drill and
ton of \vet concrete. And the ta lle r the wall, t he greater commercial 1Y/ msonl)' bit
th e pressure on the base of the fo rm . I f the for m has a release age nt Air co mpressor
weak spot a nd the concrete breaks th rough (kn own as Conc rete mix Stakes
a blovw ut), there's little c h ance of saving the project. Plast ic sheeti ng
So be sure to brace, stake, and tie your form careful ly.
This project sho\,\ls you the bas ic steps for b u ilding
a three- foo t-high pa rti tion wa ll. This type of wa ll can For he lp wi th bui ld ing a new foot ing, see pages 40
typ ica lly be bui lt on a poured concrete foot ing or a to 45 . T he footi ng shou ld be at least 12 inc hes wide
re inforced slab that's at least fou r in ches t hi ck. Whe n (twice the wa ll t hi ckness) and at leas t 6 inc hes thick
p lanning your project, consu lt your loca l bu il ding (eq ual to the wa ll t hi ckness), and it must extend below
depmtme nt for spec ific req u ireme nts suc h as wa ll t he frost line (or in accordance wit h the local Bui ld ing
s ize, foot ing specifica tio ns, and meta l reinforce ment Code). If yo ur wa ll will stand on a co nc rete patio or
in the wa ll. Note: This wall design is not suitable for ot her slab, the side bar on pages 164 an d 165 shows you
retaining walls, taU w"Us, or load-hearing wal/.s. how to instal l rebar in the slab for anc horing th e wa ll.

In any setting, a poured concrete wall

offers clean, sleek lines and a reassuringly
solid presence. You can leave the wall
exposed to display its natural colOring and
texture. For a custom deSign element, add
color to the concrete mix or decorate any
of the wall's surfaces with stucco, tile, or
other masonry finishes.

162 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

I Wall Form Construction
Typical Freestanding
Wall Form

0/..- plywood

2 x 2 frame
for stop board

v.."plywood
stop board

A typical wall form is built with two framed sides (much like a standard 2 x 4 stud wall) covered with 'I,' plywood . The two sides
are jOined together at each end by a stop board, which also shapes the end of the finished wall. The form is braced and staked
in position. Tie wires prevent the sides of the form from spreading under the force of the concrete. Temporary spacers maintain
proper spacing between the sides while the form is empty; these are pulled out once the concrete is placed .

Securing Braces on a Concrete Slab ~

Fasten sheets of %" plywood to
the slab as an anchoring surface
for form braces. Fasten the
plywood with a few heavy-duty
masonry screws driven into the
slab. Butt the sheets against the
bottom of the form to provide
the same support you'd get from
stakes. Screw diagonal form
bracing directly to the plywood.
You can also add a cleat behind
the braces for extra support.

Butt plywood to form base li t" plywood

Concrete slab anchored to slab

Gardell H'lIlL~ • 163

 I How to Create a Poured Concrete Wall
1 2

Build the frames for the form sides from 2 x 4 lumber and Cut one piece of %" plywood for each side frame. Fasten
16d nails. Include a stud at each end and every 16" in between . the plywood to frames with 8d nails driven through the
Plan an extra 2%" of wall length for each stop board . For walls plywood and into the framing. Make sure the top edges of the
longer than 8 ft., build additional frames. panels are straight and flush with the frames.

Drill holes for the tie wires. At each stud location, drill two Pour a concrete footing (see pages 42 to 45) and set #3
pairs of %" holes evenly spaced, and keep the holes close to rebar anchors into the concrete at 24" Intervals. Once the
the stud faces. Drill matching holes on the other form side. footing has dried, cut #3 rebar for three horizontal runs, 4"
shorter than the wall length. Tie the short pieces to the footing
anchors using 8-gauge tie wire, then tie the horizontal pieces
to the verticals, spacing them 12" apart and keeping their ends
2" from the wall ends.

164 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

 Building on a Concrete Slab ~

A standard, reinforced 4"-thick concrete slab can Mark the locations for the rebar anchors along the
be a suitable foundation for a low partition wall like the wall center: position an anchor 4" from each end of the
one shown in this project The slab must be in good wall and every 24" In between . At each location, drill a
condition, with no significant cracks or changes in level, 1%,,-diameter hole straight down into the concrete using
and you should place the wall several inches away from a hammer drill and 1y," masonry bit (above, left). Make
the slab edge to ensure adequate support To anchor the the holes 3" deep. Spray out the holes to remove all dust
new wall to the slab and provide lateral stability, you'll and debris using an air compressor with a trigger-type
need to install rebar anchors in the slab, following the nozzle. Cut six pieces of #4 rebar at 16". Mix exterior-use
basic steps shown here. But before going ahead with the anchoring cement to a pourable consistency Insert the
project, be sure to have your plans approved by the local rods into the holes, then fill the hole with the cement
building department. (above, right). Hold the rods plumb until the cement sets
(about 10 minutes). Let the cement cure for 24 hours.

5 Spacer

Spacer

"

Cut 1 x 2 spacers at 6", one piece for each set of tie wire Set the form sides in place. Install the stop boards with
holes. These temporary spacers will be used to maintain the 2 x 2 frames for backing; fasten the frames to the form sides
form width . Tie each pair of spacers to a pull wire, spacing with screws. Tie a loop of wire through each set of tie wire
them to match the hole spacing. Then attach a piece of scrap holes, and position a spacer near each loop. Use a stick or
wood to the end of the pull wile to serve as a handle. scrap of pipe to twist the loop strands together, pulling the
form sides inward, tight against the spacers.

(continued)

Cardell Walls • 165

 Make sure the form is centered over the footing . Check that the sides are plumb and the top is level. Secure the form with
stakes and braces: install a diagonal brace at each stud location. and stake along the bottom of the form sides every 12". Fasten all
stakes and braces to the form framing with screws. For long walls. Join additional side pieces with screws for a tight joint with no
gapping along the plywood seam. Brace the studs directly behind the Joint between sections. Coat the insides of the form with a
release agent. If building on a slab (above. right!. construct the form and then attach as a unit (see page 165).

Mix the first batches of concrete. being careful not to add Place the concrete in the forms. Start at the ends and work
too much water- a soupy mix results in weakened concrete. toward the center. filling the form about halfway up (no more
than 20" deep). Rap on the forms to settle out air bubbles and
then fill to the top. Remove the spacers as you proceed.

166 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Use a shovel to stab into the concrete to work it around the Screed the top of the wall flat with a 2 x 4, removing
rebar and eliminate air pockets. Continue to rap the sides of spacers as you work. After the bleed water disappears, float
the forms with a hammer to help settle the concrete against or trowel the top surface of the wall for the desired finish. Also
the forms. round over the edges of the wall with an edger, if desired.

Cover the wall with plastic and let it cure for two or three Cut the loops of tie wire and remove the forms. Trim the
days. Remove the plastic. Sprinkle with water on hot or dry tie wires below the surface of the concrete, and then patch
days to keep concrete from drying too quickly. the depressions with quick-setting cement or fast-set repair
mortar. Trowel the patches flush with the wall surface. Option:
to achieve a consistent wall color and texture apply heavy duty
masonry coating with acrylic fortifier using a masonry brush.

Cardell Walls • 167

 Interlocking Block Retaining Wall

S loping areas of a yard may be fun for th e ki ds to

play on, but th ey ca n certainl y limi t you r usabl e
space for ameni ti es like patios and ga rdens. \;Vhen
to a professiona l. f\s wa ll s get ta lle r, th e ph ys ica l
stresses involved and res ulting potenti al probl em s
ri se dramatica ll y. Re taining wa ll s of any size may be
you need more flat groun d or si mpl y \·va nt to reshape governed by th e local Bui ld ing Code; con tac t yo ur
nature's co ntours a bit, a lovv retai ning wa ll is the ci ty's building depart men t to learn abou t co nstru ction
answer. Heta inin g wa ll s cut into a s lope- and in some spec ificatio ns and perm it requ irements.
cases, replace th e slope- bridging the upper a nd lower
levels w hil e adding more useabl e area to both.
L ow re taini ng \"rail s ca n he built v.lith a variety Tools & Materials ~
o f mate rials, includin g landscape timbe rs (pages
174 to 175), natu ral sto ne (pages 176 to 179), and vVheelbarrow Ca ulk gu n
pou re d co nc re te (pages 180 to 186). But by fa r the Shovel C ircu lar saw with
most popular material for do-it-yo urse lf projects is Line level masonry c utt ing blade
in terlocki ng conc rete block made spec ifica ll y fo r Ha nd tampe r Stakes
re taining \va lls . This block requires no morta r-most Tamping mac hine Mason's stri ng
types arc si mpl y stac ke d in o rde red rows- a nd it has (ava ilable Landscape fabri c
flangcs (or pins) that automatica ll y sc t the ba tte r for re nt) Compactable gravel
fo r t he wa ll (th e backward lean t hat most re taining Small mau l Pe rfo rated drain pipe
wall s hClve for added strength ), Interl ocki ng block is Maso nty ch isel Coarse backfill material
ava ilab le at home an d garden ce nters an d la ndscape Eye and C onstruc tion adhesive
s upp li ers. Mos t types have ro ugh ly tex tured Faces to car protection Excavation tools
m imic th e look of natura l sto ne. Work gloves Inte rlocki ng bloc k
Due to th e struc tural factors invo lved, the 4-ft. level Flo ur or marking paint
recom m end ed height lim it for do- it-yourself retaining Tape meas ure
wa lls is th ree feet. Anythin g higher is best left

Interlocking concrete block is the only retaining wall material that cOmes ready to install. With little or no cutting, you can build
a wall With straight lines, curves, or steps, or have it conform to a slope on one or both ends.

168 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Options for Positioning a Retaining Wall
Structural features for all retaining walls
include: a compactable gravel subbase to
make a solid footing for the wall, crushed
stone backfill, a perforated drain pipe
to improve drainage behind the wall,
and landscape fabric to keep the loose
soil from washing into and clogging the
gravel backfill. There are a couple different
ways you can position a retaining wall on
your slope:

(A) Increase the level area above the wall

by positioning the wall well forward from
the top of the hill. Fill in behind the wall
with extra soil, which is available from
sand-and-gravel companies.

(B) Keep the basic shape of your yard by

positioning the wall near the top of the
hillside. Use the SOil removed at the base
of the hill to fill in near the top of the wall.

Tips for Building Retaining Walls ~

Backfill with crushed stone and install a perforated Make a stepped trench when the ends of a retaining
drain pipe about 6" above the bottom of the backfill. Vent wall must blend into an existing hillside. Retaining walls
the pipe to the side or bottom of the retaining wall, where are often designed so the ends curve or turn back into
runoff water can flow away from the hillside without the slope.
causing erosion.

Cardell H'rdis • 169

 I How to Build a Retaining Wall Using Interlocking Block

Interlocking wall blocks do not need mortar. Some types are held together with Excavate the hillside, if necessary.
a system of overlapping flanges that automatically set the backward pitch (batter) as Allow 12" of space for crushed stone
the blocks are stacked, as shown in this project. Other types of blocks use fiberglass backfill between the back of the wall
pins (inset). and the hillside. Use stakes to mark
the front edge of the wall. Connect the
stakes with mason's string, and use a
line level to check for level.

Dig out the bottom of the excavation below ground level, Line the excavation with strips of landscape fabric cut
so it is 6" lower than the height of the block. For example, if 3 ft. longer than the planned height of the wall. Make sure all
you use 6"-thick block, dig down 12". Measure down from the seams overlap by at least 6".
string in multiple spots to make sure the bottom base is level.

170 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

spread a 6" layer of compactable gravel over the bottom Lay the first course of block, aligning the front edges with
of the excavation as a subbase and pack it thoroughly. A the mason's string. (When using flanged block, place the first
rented tamping machine, or jumping Jack, works better than a course upside down and backward .) Check frequently with a
hand tamper for packing the subbase. level and adjust, If necessary, by adding or removing subbase
material below the blocks.

Lay the second course of block according to manufacturer's Make half-blocks for the corners and ends of a wall,
instructions, checking to make sure the blocks are level. (Lay and use them to stagger vertical joints between courses. Score
flanged block with the flanges tight against the underlying full blocks with a circular saw and masonry blade, then break
course.) Add 3 to 4" of gravel behind the block, and pack it with the blocks along the scored line with a maul and chisel.
a hand tamper.

(continued)

Cardell Walls • 171

 Add and tamp crushed stone, as needed, to create a slight Fill behind the wall with crushed stone, and pack it
downward pitch (about %" of height per foot of pipe) leading thorough ly with the hand tamper. Lay the remaining courses
to the drain pipe outlet. Place the drain pipe on the crushed of block, except for the cap row, backfilling with crushed stone
stone, 6" behind the wall, with the perforations face down . and packing with the tamper as you go.
Make sure the pipe outlet is unobstructed. Lay courses of
block until the wall is about 18" above ground level, staggering
the vertical Joints.

Before laying the cap block, fold the end of the landscape Apply construction adhesive to the top course of block,
fabric over the crushed stone backfill. Add a thin layer of then lay the cap block. Use topsoil to fill in behind the wall and
topsoil over the fabric, then pack it thoroughly with a hand to fill in the base at the front of the wall. Install sad or plants,
tamper. Fold any excess landscape fabric back over the as desired.
tamped soil.

172 • T HE COM PL ETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WA LLS & FENCES

I How to Add a Curve to an Interlocking Block Retaining Wall

Outline the curve by first driving a stake at each end and Excavate for the wall section, following the curved layout
then driving another stake at the point where lines extended line. To install the first course of landscape blocks, turn them
from the first stakes would form a right angle. Tie a mason's upside down and backward and align them with the radiUS
string to the right-angle stake, extended to match the distance curve. Use a 4-fl. level to ensure the blocks sit level and are
to the other two stakes, establishing the radius of the curve. properly placed .
Mark the curve by swinging flour or spray paint at the string
end, like a compass (see page 25).

Install subsequent courses so the overlapping flange SitS flush against the back use half blocks or cut blocks to
of the blocks in the course below. As you install each course, the radius will change create finished ends on open ends of
because of the backwards pitch of the wall, affecting the layout of the courses. Where the wall.
necessary, trim blocks to size. Install uSing landscape construction adhesive, taking
care to maintain the running bond .

Cardell Walls . 173

 Timber Retaining Wall Tools & Materials ~

CompacwbJe gravel Excava tio n too ls

IO\v retaining wal l built ,,·,rith timbers follows many Timber (5 x 6 or la rger) H and mau l
A of the sa me construction ste ps as a n interlocking It' ga lvan ized spi kes
Eye and ear protection
Drill with bits
Landscape fabric
block wa ll (see pages 168 to 173 ). All s te ps s pec ific to
ti mbe r co nst ruction are s hown he re. Rec iprocating saw Hand tamper
When built properly, a timber retaining \.va ll ca n a nd long wood blade \Vork gloves
have a life span of J 5 to 20 yea rs. Be s ure to use
pressure-t reated lumber rated for g rou nd con tact, and
build th e \va ll wit h 5 x 6 Of larger timbers; 4 x 4 and 4 C ut t he timbe rs \\l ith a reciprocating saw and
x 6 sizes are not strong enough for retain ing wa lls. Avo id long wood blade (or a c hain smv, if yo u prefer). Before
lIsin g old, discarded rai lroad ti es tha t have been soa ked building th e retaining wa ll , prepare th e si te as directed
in creosote, whic h can leach into th e soi l and kill p la nts. in steps one to three on page [ 70 .

Timber retaining walls must be

anchored with "deadmen" that extend
from the wall back Into the soil. Deadmen
prevent the wall from sagging under th e
weight of the soil. For best results with
timber retaining walls, create a backward
angle (batter) by setting each row of
timbers y," behind the preceding row.
The first row of timbers should be buried.

Tips for Strengthening a Timber Retaining Wall ~

Install vertical anchor posts

to reinforce the wall. Space the posts
3 ft. apart, and install them so the buried
depth of each post is at least half the
exposed height of the wall. Anchor
posts are essential if it is not practical to
install deadmen .

174 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Build a Retaining Wall Using Timbers

Spread a 6"-layer of compactable gravel subbase into Use 12" galvanized spikes or reinforcement bars to
the prepared trench, then tamp the subbase and begin laying anchor the ends of each timber to the underlying timbers.
timbers, following the same techniques as with interlocking Stagger the ends of the timbers to form strong corner joints.
blocks (steps 4 to 11, pages 171 to 172). Each row of limbers Drive additional spikes along the length of the timbers at 2-ft
should be set with a y," batter, and end joints should be intervals. If you have trouble driving the spikes, drill pilot holes.
staggered so they do not align .

Install dead men, spaced 4 ft apart, midway up the wall. Improve drainage by drilling weep holes through the second
Build the deadmen by joining 3-ft-long lengths of timber with row of landscape timbers and into the gravel backfill using a
12" spikes, then insert the ends through holes cut in the spade bit Space the holes 4 ft apart, and angle them upward.
landscape fabric Anchor deadmen to the wall with spikes.
Install the remaining rows of timbers, and finish backfilling
behind the wall (steps 6 to 11, pages 171 to 172).

Cardell Walls . 175

 Stone Retaining Wall

R ough-c ut wall stones may be dry stacked (without

mortar) into retai ning wa lls, garden wa ll s and
other stonescape feat ures. Dry-stac k walls move a nd
A we ll -bui lt retaining wa ll has a sl ight lean, call ed
a batter, bac k into the slope. It has a solid base of
com pac ted g rave l, an d the firs t co urse is set be lm'v
sh ift wi th th e frost, an d th ey drain we ll so they don 't grade for stability.
req uire deep footings a nd drain tiles.
In the project featured here, we use rough-sp lit
limestone blocks about e ig ht in c hes by about four
inc hes thi ck a nd in va rying le ngt hs. \t\1alls like th is may Tools & Materials ~
be built up to three feet tall, but keep th em sho rte r
if you can, to be safe. Bui ld ing m ultiple s hort wa lls is Mason's strin g Coa rse sand
often a morc effec tive way to ma nage a slope than to Line level Dra inage grave l
build one ta ll er wall. Ca ll ed terracing, this practice Stakes (i Y210 3"
re quires so me planning. Idea lly, the flat gro und bet\veen H and mau l ri ver ro ck is
pairs of walls will be approximately the same size. Torpedo leve l recommended)
A dry-la id natura l s tone re taining \,va ll is a very Strai ght 2 x 4 S ton e ch isel
orga ni c-loo king struc ture compared to interlocking Hand tamper 4-ft. leve l
block retaining wa lls (pages 168 to 173). One way Compac ta ble g ravel Tape measure
to exploit the natural look is to p la nt some of your Ashlar wa ll stone Hamme r
favor ite s ton e-garden pere n nials in t he joints CiS you La ndscape fa bri c Sc issors
build the wa ll. Usua lly o ne pla nt or a cluster of three Ca ulk gun \Na rk g loves
will add interes t to a wa ll w it ho ut suffocati ng it in Block and Eye and
vegetation or comprom is ing its stability. Avo id p lants stone adh esive car protection
thClt get ve ry large or develop t hi c k, woody roots or Excavatio n too ls
s tems that may a ffec t the sta bility of th e wa ll.

A natural stone retaining wall blends into its surroundings immediately and only looks better with age. Building the wall with
ashlar, or cut wall stone, is a much easier project than a wall built with round fieldstones or large boulders.

176 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Our single·row retaining wall has a Yi' batter, created by setting each course of stone 'Ii' back from the face of the course
below The base of the wall includes a compacted gravel subbase topped with sand to help level the first course of stones. Roots of
plants sewn into the wall crevices (an optional decorative embellishment) will eventually reach into the soli behind the wall.

I How to Build a Stone Retaining Wall

Begin excavating the wall site. Dig a trench for the base of Measure the depth of the trench against a level mason's
wall, making It 6" wider than the wall thickness. If necessary, string running parallel to the trench. The bottom of the trench
dig into the slope, creating a backward angle that roughly should be level and 8" below grade (ground level) for the main
follows the y," batter the wall will have. If desired, dig returns section of wall and any returns. If the trench becomes too
back into the slope at the end(s) of the wall. shallow due to natural contours, step it down the height of
one stone.
(continued)

Cardell Walls • 177

 Complete the wall base by tamping the sOil in the trench, Set the first course with heavy stones, laYing long,
and then adding a 3"-layer of compactable gravel and tamping square-ended stones at the corners first. Tip: Organize your
It flat and level. Cover the gravel with landscape fabric, draping stones by size, and plan to set each course with stones of
the fabric back over the slope. Add a 1"-layer of sand over similar thicknesses. Set up a level mason's string just in front
the fabric in the trench area. Smooth and level the sand with of the top front edge of the course, letting the stones roughly
a short 2 x 4 screed board, checking for level with a torpedo guide the string placement.
level set on the board.

Add or remove sand beneath the stones as needed so Begin the second course, starting with both ends of the wall
they are nearly touching the string. Level the stones front to face. Reset and level the mason's string at the height of the
back with a torpedo level and side to side with a 4-ft. level. second course. Place the second-course stones back W from
If necessary, use a hand maul and stone chisel to chip off the front edges of the first-course stones, overlapping all joints
irregularities from the edges of stones to improve their fit. of the first course to create a bond pattern.

178 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

Shim beneath stones as needed to Complete the returns, as applicable, Backfill behind the base of the wall
level them or add stability, using stone maintaining the offset jOint pattern with with drainage rock (not compactable
shards and chips. Complete the second the first course. You may need to dig gravel). For a low wall like this, 6 to 10"
course over the main part of the wall. into the slope to create a level base of gravel is usually sufficient; taller walls
for the return stones. Add a layer of may require more gravel and possibly
compacted gravel under each return a drainage pipe. pack the gravel down
stone before setting it. Complete the with a 2 x 4 to help it settle.
remaining courses up to the final
(capstone) course.

Fold the landscape fabric over the gravel. and backfill Install the final course using long, flat cap stones. Glue
over the fabric with soil. (The fabric is there to prevent the soil the caps in place with block and stone adhesive. After the
from migrating into the gravel and out through the wall stones.) glue dries, add soil behind the wall to the desired elevation
Trim the fabric Just behind the back of the wall, near the top. for planting

Cardell Walls • 179

 Poured Concrete Retaining Wall

P oured concrete has advantages and disadvantages

as a buildinQ. material fo r struct ural oarden
~ b '
\valls
slich as this retai nin g wa ll. On the plus side: it can
Tools & Materials ~

co nfo rm to just about any size and sha pe YOLI desire Shove l Lan d scape fabr ic
(wi thin spec ific structural limitations); depending on C irc ular saw Drainage gravel
your source, co ncrete can be a re latively inexpens ive Power miter saw Excavation tool s
material ; poured concrete is vel)' longlasting; with Ta bl e saw Compactable gravel
professional engineering YOLI can build higher with Drill/driver Eye and
poured conc rete than with most oth er wall materials. Level ea r protection
But if you live in a region \.vhere freeze/thaw cycles are Tam pe r or plate i\ llaso n's string
problematic, yo u'll need to dig down deep (at least a foot compactor Metal sta kes
past the frost line) an d provide plenty of good drainage to Bow rake Hand maul
keep you r wa ll from developing vertical cracks. Wheelbarrow Tie wi re
A properly engineered retaining \-v<:I 1l is designed Float Co nstruction
lIsing fairly complicated dim ensional and force rat ios. Edging tool adhesive
If th e wall will be three feet or ta lle r, )'ou should have 'Ii" plywood Cau lk gun
it enginee red by a professional. Shorte r retaining wa ll s, Lumber Concrete vib rator
sometimes called curb walls, often require less stringe nt (2x4,lx4) (ava ila ble
engineering, espec iull y if th ey are located in a garde n Deck screws for rent )
settin g or are to be used for planting beds or terracing. Concrete Rubbe r m a ll et
T he \vall seen here is built in a fairly cold climate, but release agent Angle iron
the fac t that the top is less than 36 inches above groun d #3 rebar Square tubing
allm·vs fo r a drainage base that is above the frostl ine. Concrete Sta pler
with th e understanding that some shifting is likely to Sheet plastic Staples
occu r. The project was built in conju nction with poured Concrete colo rant Work gloves
concrete steps. Because the steps and walls are isolated (optional ) Magnesi um trowel
with an isolat io n membrane th ey are regarded as 2Y,"-dia . ABS or darby
independent structures and neither is req uired to have plastic p ipe
footings that extend below the frostl ine.

A poured concrete retaining wall adds structure and permanence to your landscape. Build decorative forms and add colOring
agents to the concrete to add decorative flair to this utilitarian structure.

180 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FE NCES

 Counterfort

Gravity wall Semigravity wall Cantilever wall

Counterfort wall

Poured concrete retaining walls employ differing strategies to keep the earth at bay Some, called gravity walls, rely almost
exclusively on sheer mass to hold back the ground swell. These are very wide at the bottom and taper upward in both the front
and the back. Unless you feel like pouring enough concrete to build a dam, don't plan on a gravity wall that's more than 3 ft.
tall. A semlgravity wall is somewhat sleeker than a gravity wall and employs internal reinforcement to help maintain Its shape.
A cantilevered wall has an integral bottom flange that extends back into the hillside where it is held down by the weight of the
dirt that is backilled on top of it. This helps keep the wall in place. A counterfort wall is a cantilevered wall that has diagonal
reinforcements between the back face of the wall and the flange.

20' above grade

Weephole 2"·dia. 36"

black PE pipe total
height
-----+--- ------

--...
No.3 rebar -,.::;:;..--_~

-. ..:~
- . "" -.. "
t6" below
grade

I
-.: ~
, -- - . .- '

A cross-section of the concrete retaining wall built here reveals Internal re-bar reinforcement, and 2"-dia. pipe that's cast into the
wall to allow drainage slightly above the grade.
 I How to Build a Poured Concrete Retaining Wall

Excavate the construction area well beyond the edges Add a thick layer (at least 4 to 6") of compactable gravel
of the planned wall. Reserve some soil for backfilling and to the bottom of the excavation and tamp it thoroughly with
transport some to lower areas in your yard that need building- a hand tamper or a rented plate compactor to create a solid
up. For larger walls, you can save a lot of work by renting foundation for the wall. Add additional base material in sandy
power equipment, or hiring an excavator. If your utilities or marshy SOIl.
company has flagged any pipes in the area you must dig
around them using hand tools.

___- - - - Straightedge cutting guide

Cut the form boards, usually from %" -thick exterior-grade Level and stake the forms after doing as much pre-
plywood with one sanded face. You may also use dimensional assembly as you can, including attaching the 1 x 4 front forms
lumber. DO not use oriented-strand board or particleboard to create the lip. Run mason's lines at the tops of the forms
because they have Insufficient sheer strength. Do not use any to use as a reference. Drive 2 x 4 stakes into the ground next
sheet goods that can weaken and delaminate from exposure to the form braces and attach the braces to the stakes with
to wet concrete. Use a circular saw and cutting guide or a table deck screws. Wherever possible, stake the forms by driving
saw to cut panel to width screws through the outer member so they can be removed to
facilitate stripping off the forms.

182 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Stake the back forms as well as Add re-bar reinforcement to tie the Install weep holes_Choose drain pipe
the front forms. You'll have to get a Integral footing and the wall together. (black ABS plastic IS a good chOice) around
little creative for this task in many Drive a length of rebar into the bottom 2Yi' in diameter and cut lengths that are
cases, because much depends on of the wall area and then bend another equal to the distance between the inside
the condition of the sailor ground piece and attach it to the rebar stake faces of the p~ood form boards. Insert
surrounding the wall, as well as access with wire. Install these reinforcements the pipes into the bottoms of the form so
to the forms both during and after every 2 to 3 ft. For extra strength, each end is flush against the inside face of
the pour Here, strips of plywood are connect them with a horizontal piece the form Install a weep hole drain every 6
secured to metal stakes driven into the of rebar. ft. or so. Drive a long deck screw through
hill behind the forms. The strips are then the front panel and the back panel so the
screwed to the braces on the back wall screw penetrates the form inside the weep
forms to hold them in position. drain, near the top. The ends of the screws
Will create supports for the drain pipe If the
friction fails during the pour (as is likely).

Add Decorative Elements to Forms ~

One of the beauties of poured
concrete IS that It IS pliable
enough to conform to an
endless number of decorative
form ing schemes. For the
retaining wall seen here, a series
of particleboard panels with
beveled edges are attached at
regular intervals to the inside
faces of the outer form to create
a very familiar recessed panel
appearance. The panels (beveled
edges are cut on a table
saw) should be attached with Apply a release agent to the inside
construction adhesive and short surfaces of the forms. You can purchase
screws so there are not gaps commercial release agent product, or
simply brush on a light coat of vegetable
that concrete can seep into. Be
oil or mineral oil. Do not use soap (it can
sure to use a release agent weaken the concrete surface) or motor
oil (it IS a pollutant).
(continued)

Cardell Walls • 183

 Colored Concrete ~
The concrete mix seen here was pre-tinted at the
concrete mixing plant. If you do not want a gray
concrete structure, using tinted concrete adds color
without the need to refresh paint or stain. However,
the process is not cheap (an additional $60 per yard),
the final color is unpredictable, and you'll have to
tint the concrete to match if you need to repair the
structure in the future. The pigment that IS added
can also have unforeseen effects on the concrete
mixture, such as accelerating the set-up time.

Place the concrete. For most walls, 4000 psi mixture

(sometimes called 5-bag) is called for. You can mix concrete
by hand, rent an on-site power mixer, haul your own premixed
concrete in a rental trailer, or have the concrete delivered.
Begin filling the form at one end of the wall and work your way
methodically toward the other end. Have plenty of help so you
can start tooling the concrete as soon as possible.

use a splash guard to direct the concrete out of the chute Settle the concrete In the forms as you work. For best
and into the form without spilling. The concrete supplier should results, rent a concrete vibrator and vibrate thoroughly
have hoops, shovels and other tools to assist with form filling. before screeding. DO not get carried away- aver-vibrating
the concrete can cause the ingredients to separate. A less
effective alternative for vibrating (requiring no rental tools) is to
work the concrete in with a shovel and settle it by rapping the
forms with a rubber mallet.

184 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Strike off, or "screed," the concrete so it is level with Tool the concrete once the bleed water evaporates,
the tops of the forms. Use a piece of angle iron attached to if desired . For a smoother top, float the surface with a
square tubing, or a 2 x 4, as a screed. Move the screed slowly magnesium trowel or darby Run an edger along the top edges
across the forms in a sawing motion. Do not get ahead of the on at least the front edge, and preferably the back as well.
concrete. The material behind the screed should be smooth
and level, with no dips or vOids.

14

Cover the concrete surface with plastic sheeting to cure for TO backfill, fllst shovel in an 8 to 12" deep layer of drainage
at least 48 hours, especially during hot weather. If it is very hot gravel (1 to 2" dia.1. then place a layer of landscape fabric
and dry, lift the plastic off and douse the concrete with fresh over the gravel to keep weeds and other plants out. Shovel
water twice a day to slow down the drying. Drying too fast can dllt over the fabric and tamp it lightly until the desired grade
cause cracking and other concrete failures. Walt at least two is achieved.
days and remove the forms.

Cardell Walls • 185

I

Repairs for
Walls & Fences
ature takes its toll on all outdoor stru ctu res.
N \t\1ood fences are the most vu lnerable, being
con tinuollsly tested by \vater and su nli ght. Stone
wa lls, whil e extremely durabl e, ca n be prone to
shifting a nd se ttlin g soi l and to improper stacking
durin g const ruction. Brick structures wear most in
t he ir mortar joints, wh ich are softer tha n the brick cilld
inevitab ly deteriorate over time.
The re pair projects in this chapte r cover these
most common prob le m s for ston e and brick wa ll s
a nd \,v ood fe nces. Other types of fencing require
mu c h less maintenance than \,v oad . In fact, if
you r vinyl, compos ite, or meta l fen ce doc s need
re pairs (apart from basics like loose or missing
fasteners ), you' ll probably have to rep lace the
damaged parts \,v ith new o nes and sho uld co ntact the
manufactu rer fo r reco mm e ndations (or to disc uss your
\",a rranty coverage).
It's important to note that structural problems
wit h all wa ll s and fcn ccs should not be igno red .
Eve n short masonry wa lls can topple under the right
conditions, a nd fai ling fe nces ca n easi ly blow over in
a stro ng win d. Another thing to cons ide r is t he health
of the struc ture as a \,vhole. For example, iF o ne fen ce
post is rotted at its base, the two neighboring posts
must shou lder the added burden, leaving them more
vuln erable to prob lems and possible fa ilure.

In this chapter:
• Stone Walls
• Brick Structures
• Wood Fences

• 187
 Stone Walls

D amage to stonework is typ ica ll y caused by frost

heave, erosio n or deter iorat ion of mortar, or by
sto nes th at have wo rked Ollt of place. Dry-stone \.va ll s
are more susceptible to erosion a nd poppin g, whi le
mortared INa lls develop cracks that adm it wate r, \.v hi ch
ca n freeze and cause furt her damage.
I nspect stone structures once a year for signs of
da mage and deteri oration. Replaci ng a stone or repai nting
c fu mbli ng mortar I1 mv \·vill save YOll work in the lo ng ru n.
A lea nin g stone wa ll probably suffers from erosio n
or foundat ion p roble ms, and ca n be dangerous if
neg lected. If you have the time, you can tear dO\vn and
reb uild dry- laid struct ures, but mortared structures
with excessive lean need professional help.

Tools & Materials ~

Chalk Trowels for mixing and pointing

Maul Stiff-bristle brush
Chisel Carpet-covered 2 x 4
Camera Compactable grave l
Shovel Replacement stones
Hand tamper Type M mortar
Level Mortar tint
Batter gauge Screwdriver bent in a vice
Mortar bag Spray bottle
Masonry chisels Eye and ear protection Stones in a wall can become dislodged due to soil
Wood shims Work gloves settling, erosion, or seasonal freeze-thaw cycles. Make the
necessary repairs before the problem migrates to other areas.

Replacing Popped Stones ~

Return a popped stone to its original position. If other Use a 2 x 4 covered with carpet to avoid damaging
stones have settled in its place, drive shims between the stone when hammering it into place. After hammering,
neighboring stones to make room for the popped stone. make sure a replacement stone hasn't damaged or
Be careful not to wedge too far. dislodged the adjoining stones. Remove shims.

188 • THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

I How to Rebuild a Dry Stone Wall Section

Before you start, study the wall and determine how much of cap stones are often set in a mortar bed atop the last
It needs to be rebuilt. Plan to dismantle the wall in a "V" shape, course of stone. YOU may need to chip out the mortar with a
centered on the damaged section . Number each stone and maul and chisel to remove the cap stones. Remove the marked
mark Its orientation with chalk so you can rebuild It following stones, taking care to check the overall stability of the wall as
the original design. Tip: Photograph the wall, making sure the you work.
markings are visible.

Improve Drainage ~

Rebuild the wall one course at a time, using replacement

stones only when necessary. Start each course at the ends
and work toward the center. On thick walls, set the face If you're rebuilding because of erosion, dig a
stones first, then fill in the center with smaller stones. Check trench at least 6" deep under the damaged area, and
your work with a level, and use a batter gauge to maintain fill It with compactable gravel. Tamp the gravel with a
the batter of the wall. If your capstones were mortared, re-Iay hand tamper. This will improve drainage and prevent
them in fresh mortar. Wash off the chalk with water and a stiff- water from washing soil out from beneath the wall.
bristle brush.

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 189

 Repairing Mortared Stone Walls ~

Tint mortar for repair work so it blends with the Use a mortar bag to restore weathered and damaged
existing mortar. Mix several samples of mortar, adding a mortar Joints over an entire structure. Remove loose
different amount of tint to each, and allow them to dry mortar (see below) and clean all surfaces with a stiff~
thoroughly. Compare each sample to the old mortar, and bristle brush and water. Dampen the joints before
choose the closest match. tuck-pointing, and cover all of the joints, smoothing and
brushing as necessary.

I How to Repoint Mortar Joints

Carefully rake out cracked and crumbling mortar, Mix Type M mortar, then dampen the repair surfaces with
stopping when you reach solid mortar. Remove loose mortar clean water. Working from the top down, pack mortar into the
and debriS with a stlff~ bris t le brush. Tip: Rake the joints with a crevices using a pointing trowel. Smooth the mortar when
chisel and maUl, or make your own raking tool by placing an it has set up enough to resist light finger pressure. Remove
old screwdriver in a vice and bending the shaft about 45' . excess mortar with a stiff-bristle brush.

190 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Replace a Stone in a Mortared Wall

Remove the damaged stone by chiseling out the Brush out the cavity to remove loose mortar and debris. Test
surrounding mortar uSing a masonry chisel or a modified the surrounding mortar, and chisel or scrape out any mortar
screwdriver (opposite page). Drive the chisel toward the that isn't firmly bonded.
damaged stone to aVOid harming neighboring stones. Once the
stone is out, chisel the surfaces inside the cavity as smooth
as possible.

Dry-fit the replacement stone. The stone should be stable Mist the stone and cavity lightly, then apply Type M mortar
In the cavity and blend with the rest of the wall. You can mark around the inside of the cavity using a trowel. Butter all mating
the stone With chalk and cut it to fit (pages 32 to 33), but sides of the replacement stone. Insert the stone and wiggle It
excessive cutting will result in a conspicuous repair. forcefully to remove any air pockets. Use a pointing trowel to
pack the mortar solidly around the stone. Smooth the mortar
when it has set up.

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 191

 Brick Structures

T he mos t common repair for outdoor bri c k

s tru ct ures is tllc k-po int in g, the process of
filli ng o ld , faili ng mortar jo in ts "'l ith fresh m orta r.
Concrete Fortifier ~
T u c k-pointin g is a tim e-cons umin g a nd somc\v h a t
tediou s job, but it isn't d ifficult, a nd it 's th e bes t
way to restore as much of the origina l look and
st re ngth of the wa ll as poss ibl e. For m inor crackin g
and li m ited m ortar fai lu re, yo u ca ll a lso make
re pa irs \v it h a sanded mortar re pair ca ulk , wh ic h
has colo rin g a nd a roug h texture that mim ic th a t of
rea l morta r.
Other brick repairs in c lude replacing a damaged
bri ck and rebui lding a small section of a brick Add acrylic- or latex-based concrete fortifier to
st ruc t ure. These are genera ll y safe repa irs, provided mortar for making repairs. This increases the mortar's
strength and improves its ability to bond. For best
th e da m age is local ized an d the \,va ll is not ta ll or load-
results, tint the new mortar to match the original (see
bearing. For extensive damage to any type of brick page 190). Mortar repairs can be highly conspicuous
stru c ture, co nsu lt a professional before attempting when the coloring of the new mortar is off.
an y repairs.

Tools & Materials ~

Raki ng tool Bricklaye r's hammer Stiff-bristle brush Replaceme nt bricks

Mortar hawk Mason 's or sto ne chi sel Mortar Eye an d ear protection
Tuck-poi nte r Pointing trowe l Conc rete fortifie r Work gloves
Jointing tool Drill w ith maso nry di sc

Make timely repairs to brick structures. Tuck-pointing deteriorated mortar joints is a common repair that, like other masonry
fixes, improves the appearance of the structure or surface and helps prevent further damage.

192 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Tuck-point Mortar Joints

Clean out loose or deteriorated mortar to a depth of Mix the mortar, adding concrete fortifier; add tint if
y. to %" . Use a mortar raking tool (top) first, then switch to necessary. Load mortar onto a mortar hawk, then push it
a masonry chisel and a hammer (bottom) if the mortar is into the horizontal JOints With a tuck'pointer. Apply mortar In
stubborn. Clear away all loose debris, and dampen the surface Yo",thick layers, and let each layer dry for 30 minutes before
with water before applying fresh mortar. applying another. Fill the joints until the mortar is flush with the
face of the brick or block.

Apply the first layer of mortar Into the vertical joints by After the final layer of mortar is applied, smooth the
scooping mortar onto the back of a tuck,pointer, and pressing joints with a jointing tool that matches the profile of the old
It into the joint. Work from the top downward . mortar Joints. Tool the horizontal joints first. Let the mortar dry
until it is crumbly, then brush off the excess mortar with a stiff,
bristle brush.

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 193

 I How to Replace a Damaged Brick

Score the damaged brick so it will break apart more easily use a mason's chisel and hammer to break apart the
for removal: use a drill with a masonry-cutting disc to score damaged brick along the scored lines. Rap sharply on
lines along the surface of the brick and in the mortar joints the chisel with the hammer, being careful not to damage
surrounding the brick. surrounding bricks. Tip: Save fragments to use as a color
reference when you shop for replacement bricks.

Ch isel out any remaining mortar in the cavity, then brush Mix the mortar for the repair, adding concrete fortifier
out debriS with a stiff-bristle or wire brush to create a clean to the mixture, and tint if needed to match old mortar. use
surface for the new mortar. Rinse the surface of the repair area a pointing trowel to apply a 1"-thick layer of mortar at the
with water. bottom and Sides of the cavity

194 • T H E COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

Dampen the replacement brick slightly, then apply mortar Scrape away excess mortar with a masonry trowel ,
to the ends and top of the brick. Fit the brick into the cavity then smooth the jOints with a Jointing tool that matches the
and rap it with the handle of the trowel until the face is flush profile of the surrounding mortar joints. Let the mortar set until
with the surrounding bricks. If needed, press additional mortar crumbly, then brush the joints to remove excess mortar.
Into the jOints with a pointing trowel.

Tips for Removing & Replacing Several Bricks ~

For walls with extensive damage, remove bricks from For walls with internal damaged areas, remove only
the top down, one row at a time, until the entire damaged the damaged section, keeping the upper layers intact if
area is removed. Replace bricks uSing the techniques they are in good condition. Do not remove more than four
shown above and on pages 154 to 157. Caution: do not adjacent bricks in one area- if the damaged area is larger,
dismantle load-bearing brick structures like foundation it Will require temporary support, which is a job best left to
walfs-consult a professional mason for these repairs. a professional mason .

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 195

 Wood Fences

M ost wood fences are pretty simple. Unfortunately,

the bad effects of exposure to the elements take a
toll o n wood fe nces. Posts will rot where they mee t the
makes better se nse to reinforce the bottom of the post
with a st ub post installed right nex t to it.
Sometimes fence stringers are just loose and they can
gro und, as will bottom stringers that someti mes sit in be tightened by replaci ng the fasteners that hold them
snow for long periods and arc sp lashed with rain water the to the posts. Galvanized nails or screws are good fo r this
rest of the year. Older fe nces also have a tendency to lean job. If replacing the fasteners does n't stiffen the stringer
one way or the ot her, usually as a res ult of frost movement enough, add ga lvan ized T-brackets to the joint to prO\,de
in th e ground . And no matter hov,/ good the structura l extra support. But occasionall y a stringer is so rotted
condition of your fence, if it's bee n painted once it ,·vill that it has to be replaced. Th is job can be a pain but if
need to be pain ted again and aga in for the rest of its life. approac hed methodi ca lly sho ul d take only an hour or two.
This section ", II help you to deal with problems like these. T hanks to gravity, problems wi th wood gates
You can replace rotted posts, but it's a lot of \vark usua ll y involve loose hin ges or hinge mount ing screws,
and it's not rea lly necessary. After all, the problem w ith sagging ga tes, and lea nin g gate posts. Fortunate ly, a ll
th e post is \",here it meets th e ground . The pa rt that of these maladi es a re easy to remedy, often \v it ho Ll t
ho lds t he stri ngers and boards is us ua ll y fin e. So, it re plac ing any parts .

Specialized Tools ~

Come-along tool- A hand-operated winch, typically With a steel hook on one end and a cable -mounted steel hook
on the other. Made to allow one person to move heavy loads, or to tighten shipping straps.
Turnbuckle cable-A galvanized hardware fixture that has a right-hand threaded screw eye on one end and a left-hand
screw eye on the other, both of which are connected to galvanized steel cables. By turning the turnbuckle the wires are
tightened or loosened.

Fenee damage often looks worse than it is. You could undertake a back-breaking demolition and rebuild to deal with a rotted
post...but there is an easier way.

196 • THE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

I Tools & Materials for Fence and Gate Repairs*

A B

• • •

AA BB

Pictured: (A) dry concrete mix, (8) primer and paint, (C) caulk, (D) come-along tool, (E) random orbit sander, (F) cold chisel,
(G) drill, (H) hardware, (t) sandpaper, (J) nailset, (K) maul, (L) flat pry bar, (M) paint scraper, (N) hammer, (0) reciprocating saw, (P)
level, (Q) shovel, (R) 4-fl. length of 1);" steel pipe, (5) bar clamps, In waterproof glue, (U) drill and bits, 01) tape measure, 0N) v., x 2"
hardwood dowels, (X) screw eye, (y) turnbuckle cables, (Z) hammer, (AA)level, (88) turnbuckles, (CC) pipe clamp. 'Not pictured:
lumber (2 x 4, 4 x 4); screwdriver; putty knife or painter'S 5-in-1 tool; detail sander; caulk gun; paint brush; eye and ear protection;
protective mask; bits; rag.

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 197

 I How to Fix a Rotted Post and Stringer

TO repair a rotted post. first break up the concrete collar (if Brace the fence to compensate for the cut post, then
the post has one) and cut off the rotted section at the bottom cut a stub post to length and put it in the hole next to the
of the post with a hand saw or reciprocating saw. Then dig out old post. Plumb it and brace It in the plumb position. Then fill
the cut section of the old post and collar with a shovel. around the stub with concrete.

Make sure the fence stringers are level and the fence Tighten a loose stringer by replacing its fasteners with
boards are vertical. Drill countersunk guide holes all the way galvanized nails or screws. 8e sure to set the nail heads below
through the stub post, the old post and the fence stringers the surface with a nailset.
and fence boards. Tap a carriage bolt into each hole. Add and
tighten washers and nuts.

198 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WAL LS & FE NCES

To improve the strength of a stringer-to-post joint, To replace a rotted stringer, first remove the fasteners from
install a galvanized T-bracket with galvanized or stainless the face of the fence boards. If screws were used just back
steel screws. them out with a cordless drill. But if you find nails, the fence
boards have to be pried away from the stringer with a flat pry
bar. Once the nails are loose, pull them with a hammer.

Cut a new stringer to length and slide it between the posts. Attach the new stringer to the posts by driving angled
Support the stringer on a block of wood clamped to the post galvanized screws through the stringer and into the post Once
on both ends. the stringers are stable, screw the fence boards to the stringer.

Repairsfor H'tJils & Fellces • 199

 I How to Straighten a Leaning Fence

TO fix a leaning fence, first dig around the base of all the If you are working alone, you can straighten the fence
leaning posts to free them for movement. Then push against uSing a come-along tool. TO use it, first drive a screw eye near
the fence with several friends until it is plumb. When it is, brace the top of any leaning post.
it in place.

Next, drive a length of steel pipe into the ground, at a once all the posts have been pulled straight, recheck
45° angle, about 5 ft. from the post. Hook the come-along to the fence for plumb, then fill around the bottoms of the posts
the screw eye and the pipe and start ratcheting the come- with concrete. Wait at least 3 days for the concrete to dry, then
along. This will pull over the top of the fence until it's plumb. remove the braces.
Brace the first post and move on to others that are leaning.

200 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

I How to Paint a Fence

Scrape off loose and flaking paint from all surfaces Sand the scraped areas to smooth out the edges between
using a paint scraper. YOU can use smaller tools, such as a bare and painted wood using 80-grlt sandpaper. If necessary,
putty knife or painter's 5-in-1 tool, for fitting into corners sand other painted surfaces with 100-grit paper to ensure a
and tight spaces. If you find any loose fasteners, re-drlve or good bond with the new paint. Tip: An orbital sander works
replace them. best for large areas, and a detail sander (shown here) is great
for tight spots.

Prime and paint the fence. Start by applying a thorough Option: Paint your fence with a power sprayer. Many of
coat of exterior primer. When the primer dries, fill any holes today's DIY sprayers are ideal for fences and other jobs that
and cracks with paintable exterior caulk. Paint the fence with have painted surfaces. YOU can choose from corded and
2 top coats of quality exterior paint (either all-based or 100% cordless models. Most sprayers feed from a cup attached to
acrylic)' waiting a day between coats. the gun; many corded models can also feed directly from a
paint can or bucket.

Repairs for H'tJils & Fellces • 201

 I How to Fix a Worn Gate

If the hinge screws have loosened, remove the gate and coat % x 2" dowels with exterior-rated glue and drive them
drill %"-diameter holes Just under 2" deep In the posts at each into the holes with a hammer. Wipe up any glue squeeze-out
hinge screw hole. A spade bit works well for this job. with a rag.

Brace the gate in the opening and mark the exact location If your gate is out of square, use a pipe clamp to force it
of the hinge screws. Then bore pilot holes and drive the screws back into a square shape. Take diagonal measurements of the
flush to the surface of the hinge. frame and apply the clamp on the diagonal that has the longer
measurement Tighten the clamp screw until both diagonal
measurements are the same.

202 • T HE COMPLETE GU IDE TO GA RD EN WAL LS & FE NCES

Screw a temporary brace across one corner of the gate. Drive screw eyes into the top outside and bottom inside
ThiS should keep the gate square when you remove the corners of the gate. Then install a turnbuckle cable between
pipe clamp. the two. Tighten the turnbuckle, remove the temporary brace
and re-hang the gate.

Fixing a Leaning Gate Post ~

If your gate post leans, plumb the gate post (check with a level) and hold it in the plumb position with wood braces. Then
install a screw eye near the top of the gate post (right photo) and at the bottom of the next fence post. Install a turnbuckle
cable between the two screw eyes and tighten it. Remove the braces and check the posts for plumb again. If any
adjustment is required, tighten or loosen the turnbuckle.

Repairs for H'tJils & Fellces • 203

 I Photo Credits
California Redwood Association Clive Nichols
p. 56 p. 162
Designer: Jane Mooney (bright blue wall and raised
Todd Caverly bed planted with herbaceous plants); Sculpture by
p. 12 (top), 93 (sidebar top) John Brown.

Crandall & Crandall Jerry pavia

p. 149 (both) p. 4, 8 (top right), 10 (lower), 13 (lower left), 122 (left),
134-135,176
Tony Giammarino
p. 6, 9 (lower left), 50-51, 93 (lower), 102 Saxon Holt Photography I photobotanic.com
p. 130 (top)
iStock Photo
p 8 (lower), 12 (lower), 13 (top), 18 TREX
p.82
Shelley Metcalf I [email protected]
p. 7 (both), 9 (top) William Bocken Architecture and Walpole Woodworkers
Interior Design, Paul Adams Landscape Design 619· p. 125(all)
260'1162, 9 (lower right), 11 (top left & lower), 64

David Mortensen I featured on grassrootsmodern.com

p. 11 (top right)

Resources
Black & Decker Red Wing Shoes Co.
Portable power tools and more work shoes and boots shown throughout book
wwwblackanddecker.com 8007339464
wwwredwingshoes.com
Cali Bamboo
Bamboo fencing, flooring, and more Quikrete
888.788.2254 Cement and concrete products
wwwcalibamboo.com 800.282.5828
Featured on p. 3, 10 (top left), 106-109 wwwquikrete.com

California Redwood Association TREX

wwwcalredwood.com Wood·alternative fencing products
800.289.8739
North American One·Call Referral System wwwtrex.com
Call before you dig! Featured on p. 82-85.
888.258.0808

204 • THE COMP LETE GU IDE TO GARDEN WALLS & FENCES

I Conversion Charts
Metric Equivalent
Inches lin.) 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 II 12 36 39 .4
Feet (ft.)
Ymds Iyd.) I Vl1
Millimeters Imm) 040 0}9 I 1.593.186.359.5310 12} 15.9 19.1 22 .2 254 50.8 76 .2 101.6127 152 178 203 229 254 279 305 914 1,000
Centimeters (em) 0.95 I 1.271.591.912.222 .545 .087.6210.1612.7 15.2 17.8 20.3 22.9 254 27.9 30.5 91.4 100
Meters 1m) .30 .91 1.00

Converting Measurements
To Convert: To: MultiQly by : To Conv ert : To: Multi ply by:
Inches Millimeters 25.4 Millimeters Inches 0.039
Inches Cen timeters 2.54 Centimeters Inches 0.394
Feet Meters 0.305 Meters Feet 3.28
Ymds Meters 0.914 Meters Ya rds 1.09
Miles Kilometers 1.609 Kilometers Miles 0.621
Square inches Square cen timeters 6.45 Square centimeters Square inches 0.155
Sgume feet SgullIe meters 0093 Square meters Square feet 10.8
iquare yards Square meters 0.836 iQuore meters Squme mds 1.2
Cubic inches Cubic centimeters 164 (ubic centimeters (ubic inches 0.061
(ubideet Cubic meters 0.0283 Cubic meters (ubic feet 35.3
(ubic lords Cubic metels 0}65 Cubic meters (ubic lmds 1.31
Pints (U.s.) liters 0.473 (Im~. 0.568) liters Pints (U.s.) 2.114 Omp. 176)
Qumts IU.s.) liters 0.946 (imp. 1.136) liters Quarts IU.s.) 1.057 (im~ . 088)
Gallons (U.S.) Liters 3}8S Om .4.546) Liters Gallons IU.S.) 0.264 11m .0.22)
Ounces Grams 28.4 GlOms Ounces 0.035
Pounds Kilograms 0454 Kilograms Pounds 2.2
Tons Metric tons 0.907 Metric tons Tons 1.1

Converting Temperatures Fahrenheit Celsius

(anvert degrees Fahrenheit IF) to degrees (elsius (0 by following this simple
formula: Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature reading. Then mulitply that
number by %. Fm example, 77"F . 32 = 45 . 45 x ;;, = 25"C. 55" 25"
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenhei t, multiply the Celsius temperotUie SO" 20"
reading by 'Is, then odd 32. For example, 25 "( x 'Is = 45.45 + 32 = 77"F. 45" IS"
40" 10"
35" 5"
3~ " Freezing 0"
25" _5"
20" _10"
_IS"
_20"
_25"
_ 3~ "

Cm /l 'crs ioll C lulIi.\ • 205

 Index
A covering with bamboo, 109 o
Aluminum gates, 125 installing, 94-97 Decorative columns, adding to
Arbor gate idea, 9 Chain link gates wall,141
Arched gates, building, 126-129 about, 125 Design ideas, 6-13
installing, 98 Dog fences, invisible
B Columns about, 110
Bamboo brick, building, 116-119 boundary layout options, 111
about, 47 decorative, adding to wall, 141 installing, 112-115
chain link fences, covering with, 109 Come-along tools, 196 Double-wythe constructions, 34, 154
idea, 10 Composite (wood) Drainage
old fences, covering with, 109 about, 47 improving, 189
wood-frame fences, building, fences, building, 82-85 posts and, 29
106-108 fences, repairing, 187 Drawings, 17
Bankers, 32 Concrete Dry laying, 146
Batter, 30, 31 colored, 184 Dry stone walls
Batter boards, installing, 23 decorative forms, 183 building, 146-148
Blocks, interlocking concrete footings, 28, 42, 43-45 building on slopes, 149
cutting, 171 fortifier, 192 building with curves, 137, 149
idea, 13 landscaping tools and, 48 repairing, 189
retaining walls, building, 168-173 materials, 41
Board fences mixing, 28, 40 E
capped post &, building, 72 slabs, building, 165 Elevation drawings, 17
modern privacy, building, 73 slabs, building walls on, 165 Entry wall idea, 10
post &, building, 68-70 slabs, securing braces on, 163
post &, building notched, 71 F
tools, 49 Face-mounted wood panel fences,
stringer &, building, 52-55 weight of cubic foot, 162
Braces, securing on concrete building, 62-63
Concrete blocks Facets, cutting in blocks, 140
slabs, 163 about, 47
Brick & cedar fences, building, Fencelines, laying out, 22-25
cutting, 37
116-119 Fences
mortarless walls, building with, bamboo, building wood-frame,
Bricks 158- 161
about, 47 106-108
project planning, 34-35 bamboo for covering Old, 109
brick splitters, using, 37 Concrete blocks, interlocking
damaged, replacing, 194-195 board & stringer, building, 52-55
cutting, 171 brick & cedar, building, 116- 119
pillars, building, 116-119 idea, 13
project planning, 34-35 California-style chain link,
retaining walls, building, 168-173
scoring & cutting, 36 installing, 99-100
Concrete blocks, landscape
Brick walls chain link, installing, 94-97
about, 47 chain link, installing privacy
build ing, 154-157 cutting, 140
repairing, 192-195 filling, 101
freestanding patio walls, building, invisible dog, installing, 110-115
Building codes 136-141
footing requirements, 42 laying out lines for, 22-25
idea, 8 materials for, 46-47
planning and, 16 Concrete (poured) walls modern post & board privacy,
building, 162-167
C building, 73
building retaining, 180-185
California-style chain link fences, ornamental metal, building, 90-93
idea, 10 picket, building, 64-67
installing, 99-100 Contoured installation, 18, 19,20
Capped post & board fences, planning considerations, 5, 16-17
Countertops, building outdoor, post & board, building, 68-70
building, 72 142-145
Caps, flagstone, 33 post & board, building notched, 71
Curves post & board, building with
Cedar & brick fences, building, dry stone walls, building with,
116-119 capped rails, 72
137,149 slopes, installing on, 18-2 1
Chain link interlocking block retaining walls,
about, 47 split rail, building, 74-78
adding to, 173 stone & rail, building, 120-121
weaving mesh together, 97 laying out. 25
Chain link fences trellis, building, 102- 105
Custom-built fences and slopes, 18
California-style installations, vinyl panel, building, 86-89
99-100

206 • THE C O ~ IPLET E CUIDE TO CA RDE N WALLS & FE NCES

 virginia rail, building, 78-81 J Outdoor kitchen walls with
wood, painting, 201 Joints countertops, building, 142-145
wood composite, building, 82-85 repointing, 190
strong and weak, 30 p
wood panel, about, 56-57
wood panel, building, 58-61 tuck-pointing, 193 Painting wood fences, 201
wood panel, building face- Patio blocks
mounted,62-63 K about, 47
Fences, repairing wood, 196 Kiln-dried lumber (KDAT), 46 cutting, 140 . .
materials for, 197 Kitchen walls with countertops, freestanding patio walls, bUilding,
painting, 201 building, 142-145 136-141
posts and stringer, 198-199 idea, 8
l Perimeter-frame gates, building, 124
straightening leaning, 200
Landscape blocks pet fences, invisible
tools for, 196-197
about, 47 about, 110
Flagstone, cutting, 33
cutting, 140 boundary layout options, 111
Footings
freestanding patio walls, building, installing, 112- 115
building, 43
136-141 Picket fences
concrete, 28, 42, 43-45
idea, 8 building, 64-67
frost, 35, 42
Leaning gate posts, fixing, 203 idea, 11
Freestanding patio block walls,
Leaning wood fences, painting, 201
building, 136- 141
straightening, 200 repairing, 200
Frost footings, 35, 42
Line posts and gate posts, spacing, 23 on slopes, 18
G Pillars
M
Gates brick, building,116-119
Masonry tools, 49
aluminum, 125 decorative, adding to wall, 141
Metal fences
arched, building, 126-129 Planning
about wrought iron, 93
chain link, about, 125 considerations, 5, 16
building, 90-93
chain link, installing, 98 drawings/ maps, 17
ideas, 6,9,10
custom, 122 Plants
repairs, 187
hardware, 47 for trellis fences, 102
Metal gates, 125
idea, 9 trellis fence ties, 105
Modern post & board privacy fences,
iron, 125 Plot boundaries, 16
building, 73
metal,125 Post & board fences
Mortar
perimeter-frame, building, 124 building, 68-70
mixing & placing, 39
post spacing, 23 capped rail, building, 72
spills & oozes, cleaning, 153
prefab, installing, 61 modern privacy, building, 73
stone walls, repairing With,
prefab, options, 125 notched, building, 71
190- 191
for split rail fences, 78 post infills, 89
working with, 38
trellis, building, 130-133 Posts
Mortared block walls idea, 10
vinyl, installing, 89 contoured installations, 20
Mortared stone walls
Z-frame, building, 123 drainage and, 29
building, 150-153
Gates, repairing hinge, 89
repairing, 190- 191
leaning posts, 203 leaning gate, fixing, 203
tools for, 197 Mortar joints line and gate spacing, 23
worn, 202-203 repointing, 190 ornamental metal fence spacing, 92
tuck-pointing, 193 in picket fences, 65
H Mortarless concrete block walls, rotted, repairing, 198-199
Hardware, about, 47 building, 158- 161 setting, 26-29
Head joints, 30 spacing, 17,23
Hinge posts, 89 N
stepped installations, 20
Natural stone. See Entries beginning
Poured concrete walls
I with stone
building, 162-167
Interlocking concrete blocks Notched post & board fences,
idea, 10
cutting, 171 building, 71 retaining, building, 180- 185
idea, 13
o Prefabricated fence panels
retaining walls, building, 168- 173
Ornamental metal post spacing, 17
Invisible dog fences on slopes, 19, 58
about, 110 about, 46
cutting, 93 vinyl, building with, 86-89
boundary layout options, 111 wood, about, 56-57
installing, 112-115 Ornamental metal fences
building, 90-93 wood, building, 58-61
Iron gates, 125 wood, building face-mounted,
idea, 10
62-63

II/dex • 207
 Prefabricated gate options, 125 laying, 31 Walls, repairing
Pressure-treated (PT) lumber, 46 mortared,150-153 brick,192-195
Privacy fences Stone walls, repairing dry stone, 189
bamboo, building wood-frame, dry, 189 mortared stone, 190- 191
106- 108 mortared,190-191 Water runoff, 29, 189
chain link, 101 Straightening leaning wood Wood, about, 46
ideas, 8, 10 fences, 200 Wood composite
modern post & board, building, 73 Stringers about, 47
vinyl panel, building, 86-89 contoured installations, 18, 20 fences, building, 82-85
wood composite, building, 82-85 fences of board &, building, 52-55 fences, repairing, 187
rotted, repairing, 198- 199 Wood fences, building
R stepped installations, 20 board & stringer, 52-55
Racking a panel, 19 Stucco wall idea, 9 brick & cedar, 116-119
Rail fences, building T picket, 64-67
split, 74-78 Tie-rods, 43 planning considerations, 5, 16-17
stone &, 120-121 Tie stones, 30, 31 post & board, 68-70
Virginia, 78-8 1 post & board notched, 71
Timber retaining walls, building,
Repointing joints, 190 174-175 post & board privacy, 73
Retaining walls Tools, 48-49,196-197 post & board with capped rails, 72
building tips, 169 Trellis fences, building, 102- 105 on slopes, 18-21
ideas, 10, 13 Trellis gates, building, 130-133 split rail, 74-78
interlocking block, building, Tuck-pointing mortar joints, 193 stone & rail, 120-121
168- 173 trellis, 102-105
Turnbuckle cables, 196
positioning, 169 Virginia rail, 78-81
poured concrete, building, u Wood fences, repairing, 196
180-185 Utility lines, 16 materials for, 197
stone, building, 176-179 painting, 201
timber, building, 174-175 V posts and stringer, 198- 199
Right angles, laying out, 24 Vinyl fences straightening leaning, 200
Rotted posts & stringers, repairing, about, 47 tools for, 196- 197
198- 199 gate installation, 89 Wood-frame bamboo fences,
idea, 13 building, 106-108
S panels, building with, 86-89 Wood gates
Shiners, 30 repairs, 187 about custom, 122
Single-wythe constructions, 34, 154 on slopes, 18 arched, building, 126-129
Site maps, 17 Vinyl gates, 89, 125 perimeter-frame, building, 124
Slopes, managing Virginia rail fences, building, 78-8 1 trellis, building, 130-133
with dry walls, 149 Z-frame, building, 123
options, 18-21 W
Wood panel fences
panel fences for, 19, 58 Walls, building about, 56-57
with post & board fences, 68 brick,154- 157 building, 58-61
Split rail fences, building, 74-78 on concrete slabs, 165 building face-mounted, 62-63
Splitters for bricks, using, 37 dry stone, 146-148
on slopes, 18
Stepped installations, 18- 19, 21, 58 dry stone on slopes, 149
Wrought iron fencing
Stone & rail fences, building, dry stone with curves, 137, 149
about, 93
120- 121 freestanding patio block, 136- 141
idea, 6
Stone retaining walls, building, height of, 135
176-179 interlocking block retaining, Z
Stones 168- 173 Z-frame gates, building, 123
about, 47 materials for, 47
cutting, 32-33 mortared stone, 150- 153
damaged, replacing with mortarless concrete block,
mortar, 191 158- 161
popped, replacing, 188 outdoor kitchen with countertops,
tools for, 49 142-145
Stone walls, building planning considerations, 5, 16-17
amount needed, estimating, 30 poured concrete, 162-167
dry, 146- 148 poured concrete retaining,
dry on slopes, 149 180-185
dry with curves, 137, 149 stone retaining, 176-179
idea, 13 timber retaining, 174- 175

208 • THE COMP LETE GU IDETO GARDEN WALLS& FENCES