Hussain et al: Future importance and demand of Frameless Glass Structure

Review: Future Importance and Demand of Frameless

Glass Structure
Saddam Hussain1, Pei Shan Chen2
1
Ph.D. student, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Eng., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of

Technology, 1-1 Sensui- cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan

2
Dr.Eng. Prof., Dept. of Civil and Architectural Eng., Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of

Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan

Abstract

As the visual presence of the material diminishes, maximum transparency creates incredible
beauty. For greater transparency, you should use a clearer, lighter structure. Glass is very
noteworthy as a transparent load-bearing material, but the structural use of frameless glass is not
yet familiar to architects. This study was conducted to identify potential improvements in
frameless glass structure as a result of scientific and technological progress, as architectural
progress requires knowledge of the path of development. This study aims to investigate the
possibility of building a completely transparent building shortly through an analysis of existing
challenges and opportunities. The findings show that improvements in the field of materials,

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selection of appropriate forms, the emergence of innovative technologies, and fine-tuning of

existing technologies improve structural efficiency, safety, durability, and transparency of glass
buildings. This shows that it can enhance the imagination of modern architecture

Keywords: Frameless glass structure, transparency, toughened glass, durability, compression

1. Introduction:

There has been widespread utility of glass in the construction industry since approximately 2000
(1)
years . Glass structures along with steel grid cells played a vital role in the recognition and
rehabilitation of old historic buildings and now the glass is being considered widely as the
transparent material for the modern architecture (2). Following are the important properties due to
which glass is being replaced by other construction material in the past few decades: Very high
(3) (1) (4)
compressive strength corrosion resistive , and the reduction of energy consumption . To
uplift the transparency characteristics, the glass should be used both as cladding and structural
(5)
material . With the creation of strong and reliable glass structures in the modern world of
construction, there is wide use of frameless glass materials that are being recommended to the
construction industry (6).

The shell under the weight of simple and double-curved shell geometries is being supported and
loaded under compression, hence these geometries are being used with prime importance in the
(7)
glass construction industry . Many types of glass are used in the construction industry
depending upon their characteristics in which laminated glass is the modified form of structured
(8)
glass before and after breakage . Laminated glass is supported layer by layer and hence it is
more resistant to buckling (9). It also exhibits the quasi ductile type of behavior (10)
. Sentry glass
(2,11)
plus interlayer uplifts the properties of laminated glass resulting in thinner joints , Also the
SG interlayer maintains good bond strength and shear stiffness within the temperature range of -
20 C0 to +60 Co(8,12).

This review will introduce the method of assembling frameless glass structures in which glass
panels are used as structural materials against various loads, including earthquakes and wind
loads. The authors will introduce a frameless glass structure and some layout patterns for
construction importance review. The mechanical properties of the glass columns used in the

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proposed system are through plastic analysis and loading experiments. Facades and structural
glass are different as below chats:

Figure 1: Glass in architectural difference as structural and Facedes

The Frameless Glass Structures may meet the requirement of high translucency of architecture
design.

• The Frameless Glass Structures may meet the requirement of high translucency of
architecture design.

• The interaction between frame and glass was becoming problematic and the need for
more freedom in the movements of the glass seems inevitable.

• Glass is lightweight materials Architectural engineer want to reduce the dead load of the
structure

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Figure 2: Frameless glass Apple store’s glass cube (www.curbed.com)

2. Lecture review

(13)
The temperature of the glass is lowered slowly by formation or annealing , due to which
(14)
internal stress is created which significantly reduces the strength of the glass . The
compressive forces can be transferred by toughened /annealed glass even after breakage since its
breakage produces very large-sized shards. (15,16). In the same way, the laminated glass produced
by annealed technology preferably possesses more strength as compared with the ordinary
(6)
formed glass . Annealed glass is resistant to thermal shocks and also blocks the incidents of
fire cases (17). Artificial pre-stressing improves the structural performance of the glass (16,18). And
(6,19)
it also increases its resistance to both thermal shock and static fatigue . By using tempered or
(20)
toughened glass, the cross-section of the structural elements may be thinned . However
thinner cross-sections are more prone to buckling (21,22). There are two ways to make the glass
(13)
tempered chemically and thermally . According to the literature, it has been proved that the
chemically tempered glass produces shallow but intense surface compression and this
methodology can also be used to temper very thin glass panels (23).

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3. Structural Glass

Fire resistance is primarily important while making the process of construction but the poor
resistance of an ordinary type of glass towards fire resistance makes its uses lemmatized up to
great extent(17). So, one should use borosilicate glass instead of ordinary because it is fire
resistant, but this glass is not commonly used in construction procedures. In the same regard, the
utilization of transparent structures can also replace the use of glass infrastructure to be resistive
towards fires. For instance, the transparent intumescent coating can also lower the development
of thermal strains on the upper surface of the glass. Furthermore, it has also been observed that
the application of the upper mentioned coating is also a solution to the replacement of complete
(17,24)
glass structure after the attack of fire. It has also been observed that when the above-
mentioned layer is subjected to heat it swells and turns into a yellow color opaque foaming type
of material which also enhance the quality of glass against heated conditions and also leads to
slowing down of the development of thermal strain (17,23).

There are many techniques used in the manufacturing of glass, laminated glass is being produced
in any type of shape (25). however bent glass is more expensive to fabricate than flat glass (26)
. In
(13)
the same way, a double-curved element is more significant than a single curved . Curved glass
ordinary produced in two ways cold bending (plastic deformation) and warm bending (strain
(26,27)
deforming) . During the warm bending process flat glass is placed on a mold then
sufficiently heated while still in plastic. It is then allowed to be cooled slowly(28) . The outcome
of this process is annealed glass or toughened glass and can also be tempered(20,23). Single curved
toughened glass can be produced thermally or chemically although the complex structures of
glasses can only be produced by the thermal processes. And after applying the process of
tempering curved panes are laminated (29). To improve the quality of laminates the flat panels are
placed over other panes and then bent simultaneously, this procedure also minimizes the
tolerance between the panes. Furthermore, when the welding technology is newly introduced
(25,29)
more complex types of shapes can be manufactured .To produce a very fine type of welded
(18,22)
glass substrate material must be heated uniformly . In this study welded glass elements are
(30)
limited to tubular shapes only because evenly heating of glass panes is quite difficult It has
also been noticed that cold-formed glass has better visual. During the process of forming of

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(1)
tempered type of glass very fine type of coating can also be used ; however, only tempered
glass with long-term durability can be bent through the process of cold-forming (26). This process
also diminishes the heavy load-bearing capacity of curved sheets because it induces permanent
bending stresses in them (10) . In the glass formation procedures, stress is being enhanced with the
increase in the size of deformation and also by an increase in the tightness of the radius. By the
process of the cold forming only a single curved surface is being produced(29). In this way, it is
being recommended that a double-curved surface should be transformed into a single curved to
produce double-curved shells through this technique (31).

(2)
During the process of cold forming glass can be bent either before or after lamination .
Frameless cold-bent glass can also be synthesized through this procedure or lamination with a
stiff interlayer(32).

When we talk about tubes it is one of the best columnar shapes of glass and it is highly
important in the construction of glass-containing buildings(33). Its first important property is that
it cannot buckle because its buckle strength is much higher than its compression strength (33) .
Secondly, a tubular column is much more transparent than a stacked one; thirdly it the chances of
de-lamination is much lower in the tubular laminated glass because the exposed length of
interlayer in this type of glass is shorter in this column; furthermore, a tubular laminated glass
column also possesses gradual and safe failure trend in the pure compression because the
damaged glass tubes can still carry loads until a complete cross-section is being completely de-
(19)
laminated . However structural use of these columns possesses different types of specific
problems (15). For instance, the following conditions can cause local stress in them

 Minute difference between inner and outer tubes of glass (33)

 The presence of distortions at the end of the tube(33).
 The presence of inappropriate support conditions (33)
 Furthermore, it has also been recorded that the connection of these glass tubes to the
external tubes also presents different types of issues (34).

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4. Frameless construction

Many problematic situations are being encountered in the construction of glass for the frameless
glass structures and interfacing these problems has enhanced the interaction between design and
optimization procedures. Interfacing problems associate different software with each other, for
instance, the structural analysis can be transformed into a part of interleaved designed processing
by an interfacing program that could provide a direct link between geometric modeling software
(31)
and structural analysis software unless a long time is required for modeling and analysis .
Concerning the glass designing process, the modeling and analysis procedures are being
accelerated with the aid of software developments. For instance, the performer has diminished
the period required to generate both geometric and finite element models of the facetted shells
from 02 to 07 weeks to a matter of minutes (35). The other example is related to the utility of solid
(7)
shell elements which can solve the problem of analyzing large glass structures . Recently, our
ability to understand the complex structural behavior of laminated glass is significantly improved
due to the advancements in computational tools and knowledge of the instruments and interlayer
properties. On the one hand, Finite element analysis helps in predicting the structural behavior of
glass in a matter of hours v/s days (6).

Many problems are being faced in the construction of glass structures, one of the most important
being static fatigue. The density of the flaws on the glass surface and edges(32)and duration of
loading (17) determines the tensile strength of the glass. The tensile strength of the glass is greatly
reduced due to stress concentration at the tip of a flaw(3,17) . Prolonged exposure to humidity and
(32)
sustained loading results in the formation of the surface micro-cracks . The long-term load
application, results in the flaws or cracks reaching up to the critical condition of danger, even
with the limited amount of stress being applied on them. The expected stress failure is reduced as
(36)
the duration of loading is increased, this phenomenon is termed static fatigue . Static fatigue
deteriorates the characteristics of glass easily in many ways because it is very harmful to glass
structures(36). So, under prolonged conditions of stress, the laminated glass possesses less load-
bearing resistance when compared to the single layer of the glass of the same resistance or
(10) (36)
thickness . Thermal cycling and humidity accelerate static fatigue and its effects on glass

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structures. Moreover, the maximum loads below which glass becomes free of static fatigue are
yet not recognized.

To reduce the harmful impact of static fatigue, cutting which reduces the edge strength of glass
up to 20% (37), plays a vital role in designing the structural elements like glass beams. Advanced
types of heating elements are being generated to rectify the flaw cases in glass structures and the
healing substances have the following important characteristics:

 The transparent coating heals itself.

 Transparent healings that heal themselves again and again upon exposure to external
stimuli and external changes in the environment or any factor which can be harmful to
them
 Materials that can repeatedly heal themselves over a very short and fine period and
restoring their original properties as well.
 Self-healing plastics that change their color to warn damage
The segmented glass absorbs the shock waves thereby keeping the damage localized so
(38)
that the aged structural elements can be replaced. without producing damage to the
intact component of glass segmented structures by utilizing alternative load path and
selective disassembly capability. Glass pieces can be connected by utilizing debond on-
demand adhesives (39). Few adhesives contain magnetic nanoparticles that oscillate when
exposed to high frequency alternating magnetic fields and glues are thus being heated
(29)
locally, thereby making bonding very easy in glass structures . In addition to these
magnetic nanoparticles also enhance the shear strength of these adhesives as well
(34)(6)(32)
. Geko-inspired reversible adhesives are being developed which can be easily
attached and removed from the glass structures(11). Shortly plans are being underway to
produce transparent, flexible, and double-sided screens

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Figure 3: glass structure according to strength and durability

Curved shells also play a significant role in the construction procedures i.e., the shells of positive
(31)
curvatures are proved to be perfect for the construction of glass buildings . They also
(5) (12,40)
minimize bending stresses and also transfer the load via membrane stress . They absorb
loads with their overall shape instead of a particular specific cross-sectional area and hence they
(12)
have a high stiffness-to-weight ratio . Transparent shell structures can be constructed by
utilizing adhesive technologies.(31,39). Adhesive joints can also be formed free of any optically
(31)
interrupting element In addition to this, they join glass panes along with their edges thereby
(7)
reducing their stress concentrations . Corrugated panels can also be incorporated along with
(41)
column glass structures both as faceted and as load-carrying walls . Corrugated panels carry
loads for a short term through shell action and the diaphragm action, they support the permanent

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load and provide permanent stress in laminates and joints. However, the size of the bent panels
limits the utilization of corrugated walls, which cannot be fabricated to a length of more than
6mm (10). Double curved shells are highly efficient (38) and so they carry both the axial forces and
(31)
uneven loads without bending . Thus, they minimize the long-lasting bending moments and
prevents the creeping of interlayer(11).

Figure 4 : Glass columns: tubular glass columns (1)

There is a widespread application of faceted shell structures to reduce the high production of cost
(42)
of double curved glass structures . The facets here form ultra-smooth and curved glass
structures. It has also been observed that a faceted shell structure with three ways vertices carries
the load with the help of membrane stress in the facets and distributes shear along with the edges
(35)
. In this way, high stiffness-to-weight ratio is being maintained and stress concentrations are
also avoided (43).

Stress concentrations can also be avoided by the following ways:

 By incorporating the design characteristics following the continuous support

 By avoiding the direct contact of glass structures with the hard surface
 Incorporation of additional support also proved to be useful to maximize the
protection procedures
 Materials having thermal expansion and conductive properties similar to glass should
be incorporated for the protection of glass structures

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Figure 5 : Frameless shell structure (44)

5. Beam and columns

According to an investigation in the process of construction of glass structures, it is strongly

(20)
recommended to utilize the redundancy mechanisms . This system is highly efficient because
the function of one broken load-bearing component can be performed by the other, in a very
(36)
similar manner . Take for an example, the roof rests being placed both on the walls and the
columns, if one of the support gets collapsed totally, the roof still does not fall immediately,
(30)
rather the other support takes up the load and prevents it from complete deterioration . The
ordinary glass walls are more susceptible to fire while borosilicate columns resist the fire in a
(17)
better way . On contrary, the columns are more resistant to static fatigue caused by moisture
when compared to the walls, which means the outer load path can resist the adverse conditions in
a more better way while the inner load path can remain intact even during strong fire conditions,
if joints can be selectively disassembled, damaged structural elements can be thus replaced
(19,38,41)
. For example, if a facet is completely removed in faceted shells in three-way vertices the
shell structures remain effective (35).

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Figure 6 : Glass beam (44)

6. Joints and connections

(31)
There are many reasons that adhesive joints are very ideal in glass structures The visual
(31,45)
effects of joints in glass structures is lowered by efficient adhesive joints balance
themselves for tolerances against many harsh conditions(45,46), and dampen shock loads (47)
. By
using adhesive joints, they provide a large surface area to distribute the stress on glass evenly
(40)
hence making it stronger a better in terms of building strength . Just like glass adhesive joints
(30)
have more strength than compression . However, it has also been observed that the design of
these joints accounts for its problems, for example, increasing the thickness of the adhesive layer
(47)
reduces the bond strength, although the level of stress of local peaks is being minimized . In
this way, the effect of the increase in the thickness of layers should be considered while
designing the adhesive joints as they play a significant role in the designing of glass structures as
well as their strength but by contrast atmospheric factors also influence greatly the strength of
glass structures but this is another case (47). For instance, the increase in temperature, decrease in
moisture also diminish the bond strength and shear strength of adhesive joints respectively
(24,46)
UV radiations of high wavelength also causes adhesive to crack (34). There is also some sort
of weakening being observed in the glass structures with the aging factor (6). However, this effect
of aging on the adhesives at different time intervals is not being observed significantly because
the aging effect does not relate itself with the factor of time linearly(48).

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Figure 7: joints and connection consideration

7. Discussion

This review through some light on how the scientific and technological advancements may
improve the longevity, protectivity, esthetics, and compatibility of glass with insurgent and
advanced type of screen by the utmost cost-effective and economic solutions. The transparent
buildings in the near generation can be designed more efficiently, quickly, and easily. The
digital advancements simplify and speeds up the processes of modeling and analyzing the
original designs of these buildings more critically and carefully. Thus, the models that can
design various forms of desirable glass structures can be prepared.

The longevity of the transparent structures and buildings can be extended by the efficient
utilization of available possibilities. For instance, the appropriate use of joints in glass structures
reduces the quantity of stress being applied to them. Also, the right type of glass with structured
forms can reduce the stress concentration on the glass along this also enhances their durability. In
the same way, the effect of aging of glass can also be reduced by using the appropriate type of
resistive glass structures, suitable glass forms, and adhesives. Thus, the existing possibilities can

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b optimally utilized to reduce the risk of damage by reducing the stress concentration, static
fatigue and by increasing the resistance of glass structures.

The esthetical appearance of the glass structures can be improved by reducing their weight and
by increasing transparency and diversity. For example, we can reduce the thickness of the glass
structures by incorporating more resistant structures like laminated or SG interlayer. Along with
this, these materials also increase the stiffness to weight ratio, thereby reducing the number of
glass materials. Through proper segmentation, they also provide the opportunity to utilize the
curved glass of enhanced quality. Thus, the diversity and transparency of glass structures are
greatly enhanced by recently discovered possibilities and facilitated management. This review
also opened up the fact that the damaged structural elements can be safely replaced by
incorporating alternative load paths and de-bonds on-demand joints in the design. Self-healing
adhesives also provide an opportunity for the quick response of glass structures against every
type of environmental stimuli to make it more sustainable. The paper also explained the use of
double-sided screens making them more transparent and beautiful are also proved to be useful in
these types of structures.

Conclusions:

Technological and scientific advancements can improve both the efficiency and esthetic
appearance of glass buildings to a greater extent for the following main reasons:

The designing of the future glass generation can be appropriately and precisely achieved in a
superficial and trouble freeway

The weight of the transparent structures and their stress concentrations can be greatly reduced by
the utilization of technical advancements

More possibilities can be made available to the designers by refining the existing manufacturing
techniques.

The addition of debonding on demand joints and alternating load paths lead to the easy
replacement of aged elements

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The transparent wound can also be used as an adhesive that can heal itself when exposes to
external stimuli in a very short period making it better and resistive

The damaging effects of static fatigue can be diminished by utilizing new methods of
replacement and repair.

The advanced and coming generation of reversible adhesives provides the opportunity to fully
escapade the transparent double-sided screen in glass structures, making them more durable and
safer in many ways as well as beautiful.

Recommendations

The designers are being updated with the latest advancements in science and Technology have
more chances to keep or take new developments in the field of construction of glass buildings. In
addition to this, a conceptual frameless work for deep research which is also necessary to
overcome the remaining obstacles can be provided given the solution of limitations. Lastly when
most of the obstacles are being eradicated more glass will be utilized and making this world
more transparent and beautiful.

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