INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES

COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 241

PLASTICITY
IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS
AND APPLICATIONS

CH. MASSONNET
UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE

W. OLSZAK
POLISH ACADEMY Of SCIENCES
mTERNATIONAL CENTRE fOR 1\IECII/\NlCAL SC!El'\CES
UDJNE

A. PHILLIPS
YALE UNIVERSITY

SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN GMBH

 This work is subject to copyright.
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whether the whole or part of the material is concerned
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or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1979 by Springer-Verlag Wien
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1979

ISBN 978-3-211-81350-8 ISBN 978-3-7091-2902-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2902-9
 PREFACE

The rapid development of the Theory of Plasticity and of its methods is due to
both the challenging new cognitive results and the demand for more realistic w~ys of
assessing the inelastic response of engineering structures and machine parts when
subjected to severe loading programmes. So, for instance, in order to determine the
safety factor of structures or to explore their dynamic behaviour beyond the elastic
range, we have to know the whole spectrum of their response up to failure.

The notable progress of the Theory of Plasticity concerns both its foundations
and its engineering applications. These facts are clearly reflected in the lectures of
the CISM course on "Engineering Plasticity. Part I: Civil Engineering" organized
during its Saint- Venant Scientific Session. In this frame the following five course
series have been delivered:
1. H. Lippmann (Munich): On the incremental extremum theorems for
elastic-plastic media;
2. Ch. Massotznet (Liege}: Fundamentals and some civil engineering
applications of the Theory of Plasticity;
3. W. Olszak (Warsaw-Udine): Generalized yield criteria for advanced models
of material response;
4. A. Phillips (New Haven, Con.): The foundations of plasticity. Experiments,
theory and selected applications;
5. A. Sawczuk (Warsaw): Plastic plates.
The present volume contains the contributions 2, 3, and 4.

The course delivered by Ch. Massormet presents, in Part One, in a condensed

and clear manner, the fundamerltal laws governing the plastic response of materials
and the ensuing subsequent theory whereupon, in Part Two, the methods of limit
analysis and limit design of engineering structures are treated.
Under these headings, the topics treated are: The general theory of plasticity; the
II Preface

theorems of limit analysis in their both aspects, i.e. for proportional (one-parameter)
loadings and for loading programmes depending on several parameters. Afterwards
the concept of generalized variables and of the corresponding yield surfaces are
introduced, whereupon problems of limit analysis and design as well as shake-down
phenomena occurring in engineering structures are treated and discussed. Numerous
examples and technical applications, with emphasis on problems pertaining to civil
engineering, are presented and dealt with, so, e.g., frames, pile groups, grids,
minimum-weight design, etc. Finally, the last Ch~pter is devoted to various
approaches to the limit analysis of plates, disks, and shells.

A. Phillips presents in his contribution new experimental evidence on the

foundations of plasticity and re-evaluates on this basis the classical experimental
work. The constitutive equations of plasticity are developed on the basis of the new
experimental results and special emphasis is given to temperature changes. The initial
and subsequent yield surfaces and the loading surface are discussed. The theory is
extended to viscoplasticity and creep. Corners and nornality are examined.
Applications are given to selected problems of low cycle fatigue, viscoplasticity,
creep, and plastic stability.
Because the Author's lectures have been prepared well in advance of the course,
some time has since elapsed during which considerable progress both in experimental
and theoretical research has been achieved by the Author and his associates. To
cover some of this progress which enhances the results presented in the lectures, an
appropriate Appendix has been added. It is divided in two parts. The first one
discusses new experimental findings, whereas the second treats new theoretical
results. The related bibliography is also referred to.

The well known classical approach to formulating the yield criteria is based 011
the notion of mechanically isotropic and homogeneous media. The paper by rtJ.
Ols::ak shows how this approach has successively bee11 generalized by taking i11to
consideration new physical phenomena which originally were disregarded. First, tlte
mecharzical anisotropy and (macro)rwnhomogeneity were taken i11to accou11t.
_-lfterwards rheological material response is considered in both its forms: 1/ a) tlzt~t
which only sets in after the plastic limit has been exceeded: and (b) also tlzat one -
Preface III

considerably more difficult to be accounted for - which accompanies the

deformation process from its very beginning. The next steps consist in investigating
the consequences of a time-variable plasticity criterion, which may occur when, e.g.,
artificial irradiation effects or a time-variable humidity content of
elastic-visco-plastic soils are being analyzed.
All these considerations assume that the (original) investigated deformation and
stress fields are uniform (homogeneous). This assumption, as a rule, does not
correspond to physical reality. So the consequent step consists in introducing (space
and time dependent) nonhomogeneities of these fields. The influence of the stress
tensor gradient on the yield criterion is found to be of importance [in an analogous
manner as in the case of a (time) stress rate]. The ensuing consequences may, among
others, result, under certain conditions, in a considerable increase of the plastic limit.
This fact has already been known from experimental evidence for many years.

We hope the present volume will constitute a useful source of information on

the problems presented by the lecturers.

ftJ. Ols::ak
 CONTENTS

page

Preface

FUNDAMENTALS AND SOME CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

OF THE THEORY OF PLASTICITY
by Ch. Massonet

Introduction 3

PART ONE: General Theory

1. General Theory of Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

.
1.1. Structural Metals in Tension and Coi.Dpression . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. Yield Condition Under Multiaxial States of Stress . . . . . . . . .
4
9
1.3. Fundamental Laws of Plasticity- Perfectly Plastic Solids . . . 16
1.4. Hardening Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5. Prandtl-Reuss Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6. Variation of the Global Coefficient of Lateral Contraction in the
Course of a Tension Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7. Stress Measurements, at the Surface of a Plastically Deformed
Body, with the Help of Stress Rosettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2. General Theorems of Limit Analysis - Proportional Loading . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.1. Introduction.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2. Preliminary Concepts and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3. The Three Basic Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4. Additional Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2. 5. Elastic-Plastic and Rigid-Plastic Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.6. Influence of Changes of Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2. 7. Uniqueness of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3. General Theorems of Limit Analysis - General Loading 56

3.1. Structure with non Negligible Dead Load 56
3.2. Loading Depending on Several Parameters 56
VI Contents

page
PART TWO : Limit Analysis and Design of Engineering Structures

4. Generalized Variables ....................................... . 66

4.1. The Concept of Generalized Variables ................. . 66
4.2. Choice and General Properties of the Generalized Variables .. 72
4.3. Elimination of the Reactions .....•.•................. 73
4.4. Yield Conditions in Generalized Stress ................. . 76
4.5. Piecewise Linear Yield Surfaces 84
4.6. Discontinuities ................................... . 87
5. Frames- First Order Theory ............................... ·.. . 89
5.1. Specialized Versions of the Fundamental Theorems ...... . 89
5.2. Validity of the Fundamental Theorems for Carbon Steels .. . 92
5.3. Proportional Loading- Practical Methods of Solution .... . 94
5.4. Variable Repeated Loading - Shake Down Theorems ...... . 111
5.5. Minimum Weight Design ........................... . 120
5.6. Practical Solution of all Problems of Plastic Analysis, Incremental
Collapse and Minimum Weight Design by Reduction to Linear
Programming ................................... . 122

6. Other Structures Made of Bars ............................... . 133

6.1. Pile Groups ..................................... . 133
6.2. Torsionless Grids Loaded Perpendicularly to their Plane ... . 134
6.3. Torsionnally Stiff Grids- Rigid Space Frames- Arches ..... . 134
6.4. Masonry Structures ............................... . 135

7. Various Appraches to the Limit Analysis of Plates, Shells and Disks ... . 135
7.1. Introduction ................................... . 135
7.2. Limit Strength of a Wide-Flange I Beam with Circular Axis .. 136
7.3. Incremental Plasticity- Computer Solution of Plane Structure
for Perfectly Plastic or Strain Hardening Metals ......... . 144
7.4. Illustrative Examples ............................. . 152
7.5. Quasi-Direct Limit Analysis of Plane Structures Via the Finite
Element Method ................................. . 158
7.6. Illustrative Examples 172

Refererces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Contents VII

page
THE FOUNDATIONS OF PLASTICITY
Experiments. Theory and Selected Applications
by A. Phillips
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
1. Experimental Verification of a Theory. The Empirical Method . 191
2. Experimental Verification of a Theory. The Axiomatic Method 192
3. Plastic Flow Under Uniaxial Stress 193
4. The Initial Yield Surface . . . 207
5. The Subsequent Yield Surfaces . . 215
6. The Loading Surface . . . . . . . 230
7. The Plastic Strain Increment Vector and the Creep Strain Vector 233
8. Corners and Normality. Plastic Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7
9. Analytical Expressions of the Motion of the Yield- and Loading Surfaces. . 241
9.1. Hardening Rules 241
9.2. A New Hardening Rule 244
9.3 Application . . . . . . 246
9.4. Comparison of Rules 248
10. The Theory of Plasticity . . . . 251
11. Thermodynamic Considerations 253
12. Creep and Viscoplasticity 258
References 26 2
Appendix 26 5
References 268

GENERALIZED YIELD CRITERIA FOR ADVANCED MODELS OF

MATERIAL RESPONSE
by W. Olszak
I. Introductory Remarks 277
II. The Classical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
III. Anisotropy. Nonhomogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
IV. Rheological Effects ...................................... 284
V. Nonstationary Yield Criteria ................................ 289
VIII Contents

page

VI. Space and Time Variable Stress and Strain Fields ................. 293
VII. Final Methodical Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ch. Massonnet Professor at University of Liege, Belgium.

W. Olszak : Professor, Polish Academy of Sciences; International Centre for

Mechanical Sciences (C.I.S.M.), Udine, Italy.

A. Phillips Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University,

New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.