Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass Superorder Order Suborder

Holuthuoridea
Echinodermata Asteroidea
Echinoidea
Enteropneusta
Hemichordata
Pterobranchia
Ascidiacea
Urochordata Larvacea
Thaliacea
Cephalochordata
Hesterostaci
Osteostraci
Ostracoderm
Anapsida
Agnatha
Coelopida
Petromyzontiformes
Cyclostomata
Myxiniformes
Acanthodii Freshwater
Primitive paleozoic sharks
Placodermi paleozoic sharks
Cladoselachii
Pleuracanthodii
Elasmobranchii
Chondrichtyes Squaliformes
Rajiformes
Holocephali Chimaeriformes
Actinistia
Sarcopterygii
Rhipidistia
Osteichthyes Chondrostei
Actinopterygii Holostei
Teleostei
Labryinthodontia
Lepospondyli
Amphibia Anura
Lissamphibia Urodela
Apoda
Cotylosauria
Chordata Anapsida
Chelonia
Rhynchocephalia
Craniata
Reptilia Lepidosauria Lacertilia
Squamata
Ophidia
Archosauria Crocodilia
Euryapsida
Archeornithes
Aves Odontognathae
Neornithes
Neognathae
Prototheria Monotremata
Marsupialia
Insectivora
Chiroptera
Primates
Carnivora
Pinnipedia
Ceatacea
Edentata
Mammalia Tubulidentata
Theria
Pholidota
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Perissodactyla
Artiodactyla
Proboscidea
Hyracoidea
Sirenia
Pilosa
Dumaguit, 2021
 Protochordata
Choradata (Early Cambrian - >540 mya)
Echinodermata Hemichordata Urochordata Cephalochordata Craniata
(Lower & Middle
Cambrian – 500
mya)
Deuterostomes/
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Enterocoelous
Invaginated
- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
D.N.C.
Pharyngeal Gill
- ✓ ✓ (Endostyle) ✓(Endostyle) ✓(Thyroid Gland)
Slits
Hollow
- - ✓ ✓ ✓
D. N.C.
Postanal Tail - - ✓ ✓ ✓
Notochord - - ✓ ✓ ✓
Bilateral ✓ ✓ ✓
- -
Symmetry
Dorsal and
- - - ✓ ✓
Ventral Aortae
Myomeres/
- - - ✓ ✓
Somites
Muscularized
- - - ✓ -
Notochord
Cranium - - - - ✓
Habitat Mud flats or Sand & rock

Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Class Holuthuroidea Asteroidea Echinoidea
(Sea Cucumbers) (Starfishes) (Sea Urchins)
Pentaradial Symmetry ✓ ✓ ✓

Tornaria larva 3 Parts of the

similar to Phylum HEMICHORDATA (500 mya) Body:
auricularia larva of Class Enteropeusta Pterobranchia 1. Anterior -
echinoderms (Peanut / Acorn Worm) muscular proboscis
- Nervous system Sessile ✓ ✓ as digging organ
with different nerves Bottom Dwelling ✓ ✓ 2. Collar - food
- Myomeres (?) Filter Feeders ✓ ✓ sorting
enervated by dorsal ✓ ✓
3. Trunk -
Solitary
nerve cord Colonial - ✓ reproductive
- Locomotion by Tube - ✓ organs
contraction of Tentacles - ✓
alternate sides Resembles tadpole larvae Barrel-shaped
Phylum UROCHORDATA
Class Ascidiacea Larvacea Thaliacea
(Sea Squirts) (Appendicularia) (Salps)
Stage Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adults
Hermaphrodites ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Tunic ✓ (Leathery) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Filter Feeders ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Mobile ✓ (Swimming) - ✓ (Swimming) ✓ (Swimming) ✓ (Floating) ✓ (Floating)
Tail ✓ - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Notochord ✓ - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
DHNC ✓ - ✓ ✓ - ✓
Anus - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Pharynx ✓ ✓ (Larger) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Digestive Tract ✓ ✓ (Shorter) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Solitary ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Colonial ✓ - - ✓ (Linear)
Pelagic Zone Benthic Euphotic Benthic
Opaque, colored, Chains to avoid
or transparent repetitive filtering

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Oral hood is the only part on the -Used to change
surface stiffness of
Class CEPHALOCHORDATA notochord
Side to side swimming
(Lancelets/ Amphioxus) - Aid to burying
mechanism
Filter Feeders ✓ and digging
- 60,000 known Sessile ✓ themselves in
species Tail ✓ sandy bottoms
- 4th largest group Notochord ✓ (Muscularized) - Vertebral column
- found in all types of Aortae ✓ (Dorsal and Ventral) strengthened
environments and Myomeres ✓ (Lateral) - Hip and
different habitats Fin ✓ (Dorsal and Ventral) shoulder bones
- most successful Habitat Muddy tropical – Subtropical Marine Waters braced against
animal grp. 310 mya backbone
VERTEBRATA (590 mya)
Jawless Gnathostomes (Silurian Period - 420 mya)
Fishes Tetrapods
Anamniotes (310 mya) Amniotes
Ectotherms Endoderms
Agnatha Acanthodii Placodermii Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Cranium ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Vertebral ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Column
Calcium ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Phosphate
Pronephric ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Type of
Kidney
Ossicles ✓ (1/ 2) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3) ✓ (3)
JPLA - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
with rasping tongue Oldest known vertebrates Restricted in terms of food items
Class AGNATHANS
Subclass Ostracoderms Cyclostomes
Order (Middle Ordovicial – 510mya) Myxiniformes Petromyzontiformes
(Cambrian Period) (Hagfishes) (Lampreys)
Extant - ✓ ✓
Notochord ✓ ✓ ✓
Caudal Fins ✓ ✓ ✓
Paired Fins - - -
Buccal Funnel (Keratin) - ✓ ✓ (denticles)
Filter Feeders ✓ - (Scavengers) - (Ectoparasites)
Hermaphrodite ✓ (Only 1 is functional)
Body Covering Bony plates Naked (mucus) Naked (mucus)
Sense Organs Eyes, Pineal Body, Nostril Single median nostril Single median nostril
Gill slits ✓ (7) ✓ (7)
Habitat Freshwater (Bottom dwellers) Marine (Bottom dwellers) Anadromous
- tile-like scales & not - prevents them
overlapping Class ACANTHODII 2 from encountering
- may not be a good (Spiny sharks) any phsyical injury
prey item Extant - - Makes them not a
- cannot hide Mouth (Ventral) ✓ good food material
themselves and Operculum ✓ (Large) For getting rid of
cannot swim faster
Paired Fins ✓ (Spines) excess water
Endoskeleton Partially ossified Some cartilaginous
- Jaws (not all had
true teeth) Body Covering Spines (rows) & Bony armor and some bones
plates (non-overlapping)
- Some had
sharpened plates
for cutting Class PLACODERMII (Palezoic) 1
Extant -
Paired Fins ✓ (Skeleton supported)
Fertilization Internal (Claspers)
Feeding Detritivore / Some predatory
Body Covering Armors and plates
Habitat Marine & Freshwater (Bottom dwellers)

Dumaguit, 2021
Placoderms or
acanthodii first?
 - Macrolecithal egg - Dorsoventrally flattened
Always paired - paired nostrils - Long gestation period (2 years)
Class CHONDRICHTHYES
(Cartilaginous Endoskeleton)
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Holocephali
(Naked Gill Slits)
Order Rajiformes
Squaliformes (Sharks) Chimaeriformes
(Sawfish, Skates, Rays)
Endosk. (Cartilage) ✓ ✓ ✓
Mouth (Ventral) ✓ ✓ ✓
Scales ✓ (Placoid) ✓ (Placoid) -
Oviparous - (Ovoviviparous) ✓ (Leathery shell) ✓
Operculum - - ✓
Spiracle ✓ (1st Gill slit) ✓ (1st Gill slit) -
Pectoral Fin ✓ (Paired) ✓ (Enlarged) ✓
Dorsal Fin ✓ ✓ ✓
Pelvic Fin ✓ (Paired) ✓ ✓
Anal Fin ✓ (Paired/Unp.) - ✓
Caudal Fin ✓ (Heterocercal) ✓ (whiplike) ✓
Large livers ✓ ✓ ✓
Swim Bladder - - -
Jaw Upper jaw fused with skull
Fertilization Internal (Claspers) Internal (Claspers) Internal (Pelvic & Cephalic Claspers)
Feeding Predatory Predatory Seaweeds (Vegetarian) & Mollusks
Thrusting For acquiring foods Largest group of extant vertebrates Roe (caviar)
Class OSTEICHTHYES
(Bony Fishes)
Subclass Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii
(Fleshy lobe-finned; Fins attached to (Ray-finned stiffened by lepidotrichia; Modern
appendage) fishes;)
SuperO./Order Actinistia Rhipidistia Chondrostei Holostei Teleostei
(Coelacanths (Reptile ancestors) (Sturgeon & (Bowfin (Eel, Perch, Puffer,
(opening) digestive, Latimeria) Dipnoi Paddlefish) &Garpike) Seahorse)
reproductive, excretory (True Lungfishes) (Paleozoic) (Mesozoic)
Endsk. (Cartilage) - - ✓ ✓ (Brain) -
Endsk. (Bones) ✓ ✓ - ✓ (V.C.) ✓
Operculum (2nd VA) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Swim Bladder ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Mouth (Terminal) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Cloaca ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Scales (Overlapping) ✓ (Cosmoid) ✓ (Cosmoid) ✓ (Ganoid) ✓ (Ganoid) ✓ (Cycloid/
(Thicker) Ctenoid) (Thinner)
Spiracle - ✓ - -
Internal nares ✓ (Open to ✓ (Open to - - -
oropharyngeal oropharyngeal
cavity) cavity)
Habitat Marine & Freshwater Any body of water
Freshwater
Diphycercal (Bottom Homocercal
feeders)
Feeding Predatory
Pelvic girlde attached to a single sacral vertebra = lose attachment = ability to hop
Class AMPHIBIA
Subclass Lissamphibia
Order Urodela
Labryinthodontia Lepospondyli Anura Apoda
(Tailed
(Frog & Toads) (Legless)
amphibians)
Moist body ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Lungs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Habitat (Land & ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Water)
Adult Gills - - - ✓ -
Can respire
Elongated urostyle Wormlike burrowing
through skin,
mouth, pharynx,
and lungs

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Amniotes: (1) Dessication resistant skin (2) Crawl by bending into a - Pelvic girdle articulate with
Thoracic breathing (3) Water conserving series of S-shaped curves 2 sacral vertebrate
kidneys (4) Internal fertilization - Classified on the presence or
absence of temporal openings
Class REPTILIA
Subclass Anapsida Lepidosauria Archosauria dinosaurs
Order Squamata Crocordilia Euryapsida
Chelonia (Most recent reptiles) (Marine
Cotylosauria (Turtles & Rhynchocephalia (Crocodiles,
Suborder (300 mya) (Tutatara) Lacertilia Ophidia alligators, & Reptiles)
Tortoises)
(Lizards) (Snakes) gargoyles)
Scales ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Lungs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Long Neck
(Cervical ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Vertebrae)
Internal
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Fertilization
Left and
right atria ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
separation
Digits with
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ - ✓ ✓
claws
Pentadactyl
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ - ✓
Limbs
Extant - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Bony dermal
- ✓ - - - -
plates
Eyelids Upper &
✓ ✓ ✓ Fused ✓
lower
Fangs - - - - ✓ - -
Type of Skull Anapsids Diapsids Diapsids Euryapsid
Ribs and trunk vertebrae are fused
Order Chelonia
Species Cuora Chelonia sp. Gopherus sp. Eretmochelys Tortoise
Amboinensis imbricata
Horny Beaks ✓ - - - -
Teeth - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Enormous - - - - ✓
Habitat Pond Sea Desert Hawksbill Land
Indonesian islands of Komodo
Suborder Lacertilia
Species Varnus sp. Draco
Gecko gecko Hemiphylodactylus sp. Komodo
(Giant or ornatus
(Tree Lizard) (House Lizard) Dragon
Monitor Lizard) (Flying Lizard)
Eyelids - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Digits ✓ (Adhesive) ✓ (Expanded) ✓ ✓ ✓
Tail ✓ ✓ ✓ (Longer than ✓ ✓
body)
Nocturnal ✓ - - - -
Lateral Folds - - - - ✓

Order Crocodilia
Species Crocodylus sp. Alligator sp.
(Crocodiles) (Alligator)
4th tooth of the lower jaw ✓ (Exposed in closed mouths) ✓ (Hides in the upper jaw)
Snout Narrow and pointed Broad and blunt
Behavior Aggressive Passive
Habitat Rivers &Lakes Coasts
Distribution Tropical Region Southern US

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 Single occipital condyle attached to
the vertebral column & diapsid skull

Class AVES
Subclass Neorinthes
Archeorinthes
Superorder Odontognathae Neognathae
Wings ✓ (Smaller) ✓ ✓
Oldest ✓ - -
Long reptilian tail ✓ - -
Forward nostril ✓ - -
Teeth ✓ ✓ -
To reduce the body weight:
1. Uropygial gland Synapsid skull
VERTEBRATA (1) Slender long bones w/
2. Forelimbs for flying
Hair ✓ air cavities (sacs)
3. Has a crop for
1 dentary Ossicles ✓ (2) No teeth
storage of seeds and
bone Diaphragm ✓ (3) Large sternal keel, carina
grain
articulatin Sweat glands ✓ for attachment of flight
4. Stomach is gizzard
g with Heterodont ✓ muscle
5. Females with left
squamosa Specialized VB ✓ (4) Reduced wrist bones,
ovary & left oviduct
l bone Developed CC ✓ palm digits
only ✓
BNN RBC (5) Absence of urinary
6. External Incbuation
bladder
Order Description Example Animal Animals
Monotremata - Cloaca - Platypus
(Monotremes)

* - Absence of mammary - Echidna

Oviparous

Protheria

glands
- Absence of pinna or
ear
- Male testes are located
WITHIN the abdomen
Marsupialia - Young is nursed in - Kangaroo
marsupium - Koala
- Distribution: Australia - Wallaby
Methatheria
(Marsupials)

- Opposum
- Phalanger
- Tasmanian
- Wolf

Insectivora - Most primitive placental - Hedgehog

mammals - Mole
- Shallow cloaca - Shrew
- Burrowing
- Plantigrade (flat footed)
Viviparous

- Absence of scrotal sac

- Sharp incisors
- Poorly developed
premolars
- Feeding Type:
(Placentals)

Insectivore
Eutheria

Chiroptera - Flying mammals - Bats

- Digits with Patagium
and a modified sternum
(keel)
- Pinna
- Hindlimb digits (with
claws)
- Echolocation
communication
- Feeding Type:
Insectivore (Smaller
bats); Frugivore
(Megachiropteran)

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Primates - Grasping hand - Platyrrhine –
- Opposal thumb nostrils open on
- Nails sides (New world
- Brain (larger) Monkey)
- Duplex uterus - Catarrhines –
- Plantigrade Nostrils open
- Habitat: Arboreal
anteriorly (Old
world monkey

Carnivora - Big group - Lions

- Foot with tori (pads) - Cats
- Long sharp canines - Dogs
- Poweful jaws - Racoons
- Feeding type: Carnivore

Pinnipedia* - No pinna of ears - Sea lion

- Flippers - Walrus
- Feeding type: Marine
Carnivore
- Habitat: Anadromous

Cetacea* - Flippers - Porpoise

- Tail fin - Whale
- One nostril (dorsal) - Dolphins
- Habitat: Marine

Edentata - Nocturnal - Armadillos

- Cheek teeth not
differentiated into
molars
- Can roll into a ball
(defense mechanism)
- Feeding Type:
Insectivorous
- Body Covering: bony
plates (armored)
Tubulidentata - 20 columnar - Aardvark
permanent teeth with (anteaters)
tube-like pulp cavity
(vasodentin)
- Last ancient line hoofed
mammals
- Digitigrade (walks on
toes and heels
permanently raised)
Pholidota - Toothless - Pangolin
- Hands, teeth, manus, (anteaters)
pes (long curved claw)
- Tongue (sticky and
long)
- Jaw muscles (weak)
- Stomach wall
(muscular)
- Grinding of food:
assisted by pebbles

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 - Body Covering:
Overlapping horn scale

Rodentia - Largest groups of - Mouse

mammals - Hamster
- Cellulose eaters - Guinea pig
(commensals) - Squirrel
- Feet (clawed)
- Plantigrade gait
- Caecum (Long coiled)
- Diastema
- Incisors (1 pair long
curled)
- Absence of canines
- Feeding type: Herbivore

Lagomorpha - Incisors (2 pairs on - Rabbits

upper jaw) - Hares
- Split upper lip (harelip) - Pikas
- Strong hind legs
- Fast runner (strong hind
legs)
- Feeding type: Herbivore

Perissodactyla - Hoofed mammals - Tapirs

- Most of body weight is - Horses
borne in a single digit - Rhinoceros
- Enlarged caecum (hind - Zebras
gut fermenters)
- Foot type: Unguligrade
(3) & Mexasonic
Artiodactyla - Most diverse - Pigs
- At least 3 chambered - Hippopotamuses
stomach (temporary - Cattles
storage of food, - Camels
fermentation, initial - Peccary
digestion) - Deer
- Ruminants (chew cud) - Antelopes
- Foot type: Ungulates (2) - Giraffe
Proboscidea - Proboscis - Elephant (semi-
- Trunk (modified digitigrade)
incisors) - Mastodons
- Scanty hair on thick (extinct)
wrinkled skin
- 5 toes ending hooflike
nails (semi digitigrade)
- Moral is grinders
- Bulk animals
Hyracoidea - Hunchback when at rest - Hyrax
- Harelip
- Plantigrade
- Small flat hoofs (except
1 digit)
- Forefeet (4 digits)
- Hindfeet (3 digits)
- Teeth (Crowned)
Sirenia* - Naked skin - Manatees
- Forelimbs (paddlelike - Dugong (sea cow)
and modified to flippers)
- Absent hindlimbs
(vestigial – attached to
pervic girdle)
- Nails (vestigial)
- Feeding Type: Herbivore
(sea grass)
- Habitat: Freshwater /
Marine

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 Pilosa - Closely related to - Sloth
anteaters
- tongue (longer)
- Strong hind legs (digging
termites)
- Moves in a sluggish
phase (Extremely slow
metabolic rates)
Mammals - lower jaw is made up of 1 dentary bone articulating with squamosal bone
Term Definition Term Definition
Filter Feeder Feeds on particulate Ratites Flightless birds (ostriches,
matter that is suspended in emu, cassowaries, rheas, and
the waters kiwi); Have long legs, heavy
bones, small wings and flat
breast bones (carina or ' keel ')
Allorecognition Ability of an individual Carina / Keel Birds having a keeled sternum;
organism to distinguish its Extension of the sternum
own tissues from those of (breastbone); important part
another for the attachment of flight
muscle
Incurrent Siphon Mouth Carinates Can fly; possess a keel
Excurrent siphon Atriopore; where water Oviparous “egg laying”; Lays egg with the
exits presence of the cloaca
Vanadium Trace elements in tunicates Monotremes Egg laying mammal
Brooders Entire larval stage occurs Viviparous “Give birth to a living young”
within adult
Tetrapod Presence of forelimbs Marsupials yolk sac serves as its placenta
Anamniote No extraembryonic Placentals with chorioallantoic placenta
membrane; Lay eggs in
water
Amniotes With a membrane that Chorioallantoic placenta A large chorion fused with a
protects the embryoLay large allantois
eggs on land or fertilized
within the mother
Ectotherms Cold-blooded Mammary gland provide nourishment for the
living young
Endotherms Warm-blooded Integumentary glands to maintain temperature since
mammals are endothermic
Denticles Attachment to the host for Pinna Mammalian outer ear with
scarping algae extensions
Anadromous Marine organisms but lay Specialized Voicebox Sound production
eggs in freshwater
Ear ossicles Derived from pharyngeal Developed cerebral cortex Thinking and memory
arches; incus, malleus, and
stapes
Cranial Kinesis the ability to move the Fenesetra any small opening or pore
upper bill or a part thereof
relative to the cranium
Intromittent Organ General term for an Deciduous teeth Baby teeth
external organ of a male
used to deliver sperm
during copulation
Fusiform Shape Fish characteristics that Marsupium Pouch
allow them to swim easily
in water
Placoid scales Made up of dentin and Echolocation Physiological process for
enamel which makes it locating distant or invisible
sturdy and hard objects (such as prey) by
means of sound waves
reflected back to the emitter
(such as a bat) by the objects
Lepidotrichia Jointed skeletal elements Sharp canines Used to tear the jugular vein
that form the rays of bony of their prey item
fishes
Roe Eggs of Chondrostean that Vasodentin The substance that makes up
is sold commercially as the 20 columnar permanent
Russian caviar teeth of tubulidentata; a
Dumaguit, 2021
 modified dentin permeated by
blood capillaries
Swim bladder Used in (1) Buoyancy (2) Cementum Held the vasodentin together;
Hearing (3) Sound One of the distinguishing
production features of tubulidentata;
forms along a tooth's root and
helps solidify it by connecting
to fibers that support the
tooth's place in the jawbone
6th Aortic Arch Supplies blood to the swim Convergent Evolution Process by which unrelated or
bladder; (higher distantly related organisms
vertebrates) pulmonary evolve similar body forms,
circulation coloration, organs, and
adaptations
Anthracosaurs Acenstors of amniotes Pterosaurs Flying archosaurian reptiles
Thoracic Breathing Employs negative pressure Pterosaur wing Supported by an elongated
fourth digit (imagine having a
“pinky finger” several feet
long, and using that to fly)
Water Conserving Kidneys Concentrate waste prior to Integument Can refer generally to any
elimination coating or covering; natural
covering of an organism or an
organ Occipital condyle
attached to the vertebral
column
Platymantis pygmaeus Smalles frog in the Diastema Space between incisor and
Philippines molar
Fanged Frog Largest frogs in the country Digitigrade Walking on its toes and not
touching the ground with its
heels, as a dog, cat, or rodent
Amnion Protects embryo in Unguligrades Walks with hoofed tips
amniotic activity
Yolk Sac Contains the yolk Ungulate can have an odd or even
number of toes (from one to
five); the number can vary for
the forelimbs and the hind
limbs
Allantois Disposal of wastes Mexasonic foot having the axis of the foot
formed by the middle digit
Chorion With allantois for gas Paraxonic foot having the axis of the foot
exchange between the third and fourth
digit
Female Reptiles Large, yolk-laden, shell- Ruminant Mammal that gets nutrients
covered eggs laid on land from plants by fermenting it
with microbes in a specialized
stomach before digestion
Crocodilia Giants of the living reptiles Omasum third compartment of the
stomach of the ruminant
digestive system
Synsacrum a solidly fused series of Abomasum fourth and final stomach
vertebrae in the pelvic
region in birds; comprising
usually the last rib-bearing
or thoracic vertebra, the
two sacral vertebrae, and a
varying number of caudal
vertebrae

FACTS

• Anura is a diverse group of amphibians with more than 112 native species about 89% are endemic
• Reptiles have at least 361 native species of Reptiles (lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and snakes) are known 266
species (73.7%) are endemics
• Birds are more closely related to the therapod dinosaurs than other reptiles

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 Skeletal rods
EVOLUTION OF JAWS

Lampreys Lower Vertebrates Higher Vertebrates

• Forms a jaw but it’s not distinct and • Attached to the • Attached to the lower jaw with the
present cranium cranium
• Used as bracket or reinforcements of • Reinforce Gill slits • Provides an idea on how widely an
the pharyngeal slits animal can open their mouth

TYPES OF CAUDAL FIN

Types of Caudal Fin Description Classification

(A) Heterocercal Unequal lobe Chondrichthyes
(B) Protocercal Single lobe Cyclostomes
(C) Homocercal Equal lobe Teleostei
(D) Duogtcercak Single lobe (dorsal movement of VC) Dipnoans

TYPES OF SKULLS

Type of Skulls Openings Classification

Anapsids 0 Stern reptiles & Turtles

Synapsids 1 Mammal-Like Reptiles
Diapsids 2 (2 Temporal arches) Rhynchocephalia, Lizards, & Snakes
Euryapsids 1 (Single Dorsal Temporal Fossae) Plesiosaurs (Extinct) & Ichthyosaurus
- Allowed muscles to expand and lengthen Dumaguit, 2021
- Greater bulk of muscles = Stronger jaw
- Longer muscle fibers = Increase in the gape
 Haiouella Pikaia
Possible chordate ancestor Possible chordate from the early Cambrian
There is a distinct head which probably houses the brain
Body with metamerism/ segmentation
Also possess an anus/ tail
Distinct dorsal side from the ventral side (possess bilateral symmetry, which may indicate that they are mobile

Lungs Swim Bladder

Homologous
May attach to another organ
Supplied by the aortic arch #6

PARTS OF A TELOEST FISH

Legend Description
1 Operculum Covers the gill slits
2 Dorsal fin
3 Caudal peduncle The narrow section of a fish's body
directly anterior to the insertion of
the tail but before the mid-body
4 Caudal fin Homocercal
5 Anal fin
6 Pelvic fin Paired; can be lateral or dorsally
7 Pectoral fin located

COMPARISON OF LIMB INTRINSIC SKELETON

Homologous structure Sarcoptyregian Tetrapods

Shoulde girdle Shorter Bigger
Humerus
Radius Undistinct Longer & Distinct
Ulna

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 SARCOPTYREGII ADAPTATIONS TO LIVE IN LAND
Adaptations Description
Loss of cranial bone - Fishes have more pieces of cranial bone as compared
to other vertebrates = Higher chance of fracture =
Heavier = Difficulty in movement
- Fusion of bones = sturdier when living in land
Mobile neck - To look and to move their head for protection
Loss of opercular bones - Opercular bone is not needed since they do not need
any gills when living in land
Reduction of the notochord - Notochord adds to the weight and has no function
Four muscular limbs with discrete digits - Will be used for crawling, creeping, moving in rough
or smooth surfaces
Loss of fin rays - Not needed
Presence of sacral vertebra - Fish vertebral column consists of only the trunk and
the tail, they do not differentiate into lumbar, sacral
etc.
- Sacral vertebra in vertebrates is fused in the pelvic
bone = Stronger support on the lower limbs as it is
attached directly to the main frame of the body
(Vertebral column)
- Fuses the vertebral column and the pelvis

EARLY TETRAPODS: ICHTHYOSTEGA

Appear in fossil record (Devonian Period – 370 mya)
Problems Solution
Support and locomotion Sacral bone, digits, and limbs,
Feeding and respiration Modified digestive tract, lungs
Reproduction Shelled eggs and internal fertilization

Dumaguit, 2021
 Annelida Arthropoda

Segmentation Divided into ring-like metameres from head to Divided into 3 regions: head, thorax, and
tail abdomen.

Body Covering Hydrostatic skeleton Exoskeleton primarily made up of chitin

Main Body Cavity Coelom Hemocoel

Appendages Paired unjointed appendages called parapodia Paired jointed appendages while some also
have wings

Circulatory Closed circulatory system that has aortic arches Open circulatory system that has dorsal
System (heart) and muscular blood vessels. contractile heart, hemocoel, and arteries.

Respiration Gas exchange occurs through parapodia, skin Occurs through body surface, gills, book lungs,
(moist), or gills. or tracheae (air tubes).

Excretory Organs Nephridia (comes in pair for each segment) Malpighian tubules: some have paired coxal,
antennal, or maxillary kidneys/glands

Sense Organs Tactile organs, taste buds, photoreceptor cells; Antennae, statocysts, simple eyes, and
some also have statocysts and/or eyes with compound eyes
lenses; specialized head region differentiated
into tentacles, palps, and eyespots of
polychaetes

Method of Annelids do not molt, instead, they grow in The growth of an arthropod is possible through
Growth length by way of insertion of new segments from a process called ecdysis or molting, wherein the
their tail. Annelids also have the capacity to old exoskeleton sheds periodically. Arthropods
regenerate as a form of growth for the lost or can also regenerate but limited only to their
amputated part in its body. appendages.

Protostomes/ Protostomes Protostomes

Deuterostomes
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Dumaguit, 2021