1.
Let A, B, C, D be four points on a conic K and M any straight line in the same
plane. Let N be the diameter of K which is conjugate to the line M and let M =
M∩N. If M is the midpoint of two points E = M∩AB and F =M∩CD, then M is the
midpoint of the points G =M∩AC and H =M∩BD and the midpoint of the points K
=M∩AD and L =M∩BC.
2. The orthoptic curve of a conic c in a non-Euclidean plane π is a concentric conic
o.
3. (Bodenmiller) Given a general quadrilateral in the Euclidean plane, then its three
diagonal segments have Thales-circles belonging to a pencil of circles.
4. (Non-EuclideanBodenmiller) Given a quadrilateral Q, then the Thales-conics over
the 3 diagonal segments belong to a pencil of conics.
5. (non-Euclidean version of Bodenmiller property(2))Given a general quadrilateral
Q in a hyperbolic or elliptic plane π, then (in algebraic sense) the four
Bodenmiller-points Bi, the four absolute poles of the sides ofQ, and the
fourorthocentresOi ofthepartialtrianglesof Q are points of a single conic b, the
“Bodenmiller-conic” of Q,
6. The centres of the pencils of lines defining a point conic are points of the point
conic.
7. Any five distinct points, no three collinear, determine a point conic where two of
the points are the centres of the respective pencils of lines.
8. Theorem of Apollonius. If two parabola tangents SA and SB, with the points of
tangency A and B intersect a third parabola tangent at P and Q with O the point
of tangency on the parabola, then SP PA QO OP QS SQ .
9. The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference
subtended by the same arc.
10. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
11. The angle subtended by a diameter at the circumference is equal to a right angle
(90◦).
12. The opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle sum to two right
angles (180◦). (The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary).
The converse of this result also holds.
13. Chord Central Angles Theorem
If two chords in a circle are congruent, then they determine two central angles
that are congruent.
14. Chord Arcs Theorem
If two chords in a circle are congruent, then their intercepted arcs are congruent.
15. Perpendicular to a Chord Theorem
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord is the bisector of the
chord.
16. Chord Distance to Centre Theorem
Two congruent chords in a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle.
17. Perpendicular Bisector of a Chord Theorem
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
Tangent Theorem A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the
point of tangency.
18. Tangent Segments Theorem
Tangent segments to a circle from a point outside the circle are congruent.
19. Inscribed Angle Theorem
The measure of an angle inscribed in a circle is one-half the measure of the
central angle.
20. Inscribed Angles Intercepting Arcs Theorem
Inscribed angles that intercept the same arc are congruent.
21. Angles Inscribed in a Semicircle Theorem
Angles inscribed in a semicircle are right angles.
22. Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
23. Parallel Lines Intercepted Arcs Theorem
Parallel lines intercept congruent arcs on a circle.
24. Intersecting Chords Theorem
The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect within a circle is
onehalfthe sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
vertical angle.
25. Tangent-Chord Angle Theorem
The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord drawn to the point of
tangency is one-half the measure of the intercepted arc.
26. Two Secant Angle Theorem
The measure of an angle formed when two secants intersect at a point outside
the circle is one-half the difference of the measures of the two intercepted arcs.
27. Tangent-Secant Angle Theorem
If an angle is formed by a secant and a tangent that intersects in the exterior of a
circle, then the measure of the angle is one-half the difference of the measures of
its intercepted arcs.
28. Tangent-Tangent Angle Theorem
If an angle is formed by two intersecting tangents, then the measure of the angle
is one half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs (the major arc
minus the minor arc)
29. Let Aij, Bij (1 ≤ i < j ≤ 3) be the points of intersection of ellipses Ei and Ej. Then
the lines A12B12, A13B13, and A23B23 are concurrent.
30. Let aij, bij be the two common tangents toEiandEj (1≤ i < j ≤ 3); denote by Kij the
point of their intersection. Then the points K12, K13, and K23 are collinear.
CIRCLE
CIRCLE GEOMETRY THEOREMS 1. When two
circles intersect, the line joining their centres bisects
their common chord at right angles. 2. Equal arcs on
circles of equal radii subtend equal angles at the
centre, and conversely. 3. Equal angles at the centre
stand on equal chords, and conversely. 4. The angle
at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference
subtended by the same arc. 5. The tangent to a circle
is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of
contact and conversely. 6. The perpendicular from the
centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. 7. The
line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a
chord is perpendicular to the chord. 8. The
perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the
centre of the circle. 9. Equal chords in equal circles
are equidistant from the centres. 10. Chords in a
circle which are equidistant from the centre are equal.
11. Any three non- collinear points lie on a unique
circle, whose centre is the point of concurrency of the
perpendicular bisectors of the intervals joining the
points. 12. Angles in the same segment are equal. 13.
The angle in a semi- circle is a right angle. 14.
Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary. 15. The exterior angle at a vertex of a
cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle. 16. If the opposite angles in a quadrilateral are
supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic. Note:
This theorem is also a test for four points to be
concyclic. 17. The products of the intercepts of two
intersecting chords are equal. 18. The products of the
intercepts of two intersecting secants to a circle from
an external point. 19. Tangents to a circle from an
external point are equal. 20. The angle between a
tangent and a chord through the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment. 21. The
square of the length of the tangent from an external
point is equal to the product of the intercepts of the
secant passing through this point.
SUPPLEMENTARY THEOREMS 1. Two circles touch
if they have a common tangent at the point of contact.
2. If an interval subtends equal angles at two points
on the same side of it then the endpoints of the
interval and the four points are concyclic.
